WWW Vietmaths Com Bai Tap Dai So So Cap Hoang Huy Son 5851 PDF

B GIO DC V O TO
(Gio trnh o to gio vin

trung hc h i hc,
Cao ng s ph m)
NH XUT BN GIO DC
B GIO DC V O TO
HONG HUY SN
BI TP
I S
S CP
Gio trnh o to gio vin trung hc

h i hc, Cao ng s ph m
( Ti bn ln th 10)
NH XUT BN GIO DC
512/GD-01/1536/358-00
M s: 7K300T1
LI NI U
Khi bin son ti liu i s s cp chng ti c gng a nhiu v d v thc
hnh gii ton nhm gip sinh vin c iu kin rn k nng thc hnh khi hc l thuyt.
Tuy nhin, qua thc t ging dy, chng ti thy rng khi gii cc bi tp trong sch, sinh
vin gp rt nhiu kh khn. Ngay c khi bit cch gii th vic trnh by li gii sao cho
cht ch v logic th cng cn cha t so vi yu cu. V th, gip sinh vin c mt b
ti liu hon chnh v i s s cp, chng ti tip tc bin son cun Bi tp i s s
cp ny phc v nhu cu hc tp v k c cng vic ging dy ca sinh vin sau khi ra
trng.
Ti liu Bi tp i s s cp gm c hai phn:
Phn I. Tm tt l thuyt v bi.
Phn II. Li gii v hng dn.
Mi phn gm su chng:
1. Chng I: Hm s;
2. Chng II: Phng trnh H phng trnh;
3. Chng III: Bt ng thc Bt phng trnh;
4. Chng IV: Phng trnh, bt phng trnh v t;
5. Chng V: Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v logarit;
6. Chng VI: Phng trnh lng gic.
Th t cc chng c trnh by theo ng th t cc chng mc trong ti liu
i s s cp. Ti liu c 170 bi tp vi khong gn 550 cu nh. Hu ht cc bi tp
trong ti liu Bi tp i s s cp c chng ti trnh by li gii tng i chi tit
nhm gip sinh vin nht l sinh vin cc lp h o to Lin thng Cao ng ln i hc
d dng trong vic cng c l thuyt v gii cc bi tp tng t. Mt s bi c trnh by
nhiu cch gii, mc ch gip sinh vin c cch tip cn v i n kt qu ca bi ton t
nhiu hng. So vi ti liu i s s cp th trong ti liu ny chng ti c cp nht
thm mt s lng rt ng k cc dng ton rt hay gp trong cc k thi tuyn sinh i
hc v Cao ng theo chng trnh mi ca mn Ton bc Ph thng Trung hc.
Mt li khuyn ca chng ti i vi sinh vin l khi gii cc bi tp trong ti liu
khng nn qu l thuc vo phn li gii c sn trong ti liu, m trc ht hy t mnh c
gng tm ti li gii, sau so snh bi gii ca mnh vi bi gii trong ti liu nhm rt ra
nhng kinh nghim trong gii ton. C nh vy cun ti liu ny mi thc s c ch khi
hc mn i s s cp.
Cui cng, chng ti rt mong nhn c cc kin ng gp qu bu cho ni dung
cng nh hnh thc trnh by trong ti liu ca cc bn ng nghip trong B mn Ton v
Hi ng Khoa hc Khoa S phm cng nh cc bn sinh vin cun sch ny c th
c hon chnh tt hn.
Tc gi
MC LC
Trang
LI NI U
BNG MT S K HIU V CH VIT TT S DNG

TRONG TI LIU
PHN I: TM TT L THUYT V BI
Chng I. Hm s
A. Tm tt l thuyt
B. Bi tp
Chng II. Phng trnh H phng trnh
4
12
17
A. Tm tt l thuyt
17
B. Bi tp
24
Chng III. Bt ng thc Bt phng trnh
31
A. Tm tt l thuyt
B. Bi tp
Chng IV. Phng trnh, Bt phng trnh v t
A. Tm tt l thuyt
B. Bi tp
Chng V. Phng trnh, Bt phng trnh m v lgarit
31
37
43
43
45
51
A. Tm tt l thuyt
B. Bi tp
Chng VI. Phng trnh lng gic
51
55
64
A. Tm tt l thuyt
64
B. Bi tp
71
PHN II: LI GII V HNG DN
76
Chng I. Hm s
76
Chng II. Phng trnh H phng trnh
98
Chng III. Bt ng thc Bt phng trnh
151
Chng IV. Phng trnh, Bt phng trnh v t
188
Chng V. Phng trnh, Bt phng trnh m v lgarit
242
Chng VI. Phng trnh lng gic
312
TI LIU THAM KHO
361
BNG MT S K HIU V CH VIT TT S DNG TRONG TI LIU

: Tp hp cc s t nhin: {0;1; 2;...}.
: Tp hp cc s nguyn: {...; 2; 1; 0;1; 2;...}.
: Tp hp cc s hu t: / a, b , b 0 .
b
: Tp hp cc s thc.
* : Tp hp cc s thc khc khng.

+ : Tp hp cc s thc dng.
n
: Php ly tng t 1 n n.
1
{... / ...} : Tp hp.

T f : Tp (min) gi tr ca hm s f .
Max f ( x) : Gi tr ln nht ca hm s f trn tp D.

xD
Min f ( x) : Gi tr nh nht ca hm s f trn tp D.

xD
: Thuc.
, : Tp con.
: Tp hp rng.
: Mi.
: Khc.
\: Hiu ca hai tp hp.

: Hp ca hai tp hp.
: Giao ca hai tp hp.
n
: Php ly hp t 1 n n.
1
n
: Php ly giao t 1 n n.
1
: Hoc (tuyn ca hai mnh ).

: Php ko theo, phng trnh h qu.
: Php tng ng (khi v ch khi), phng trnh tng ng.
pcm: Kt thc chng minh, iu phi chng minh.
PHN I. TM TT L THUYT V BI
CHNG I
HM S
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. KHI NIM HM S
1. nh ngha
Gi s X v Y l hai tp hp ty . Nu c mt quy tc f cho tng ng m i x X

vi mt v ch mt y Y th ta ni rng f l mt hm t X vo Y , k hiu
f : X Y
x y = f ( x)
Nu X , Y l cc tp hp s th f c gi l mt hm s. Trong chng ny chng ta ch
xt cc hm s thc ca cc bin s thc, ngha l X ; Y .
X c gi l tp xc nh (hay l min xc nh) ca hm s f . (Ngi ta hay dng k
hiu tp xc nh ca hm s l D ).
S thc x X c g i l bin s c lp (gi tt l bin s hay i s). S thc

y = f ( x ) Y c gi l gi tr ca hm s f ti im x. Tp hp tt c cc gi tr f ( x )
khi x ly m i s thc thuc tp hp X gi l tp gi tr (min gi tr) ca hm s f v
c k hiu l T f , (nh vy T f = { f ( x ) | x X } = f ( X )).
Hin nhin T f Y . Ch rng T f c th l mt tp hp con thc s ca Y hoc

bng tp Y .
Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi ta cho hm s f di dng x f ( x ) hoc
y = f ( x ) m khng nu r tp xc nh X v tp hp Y cha tp cc gi tr ca f . Khi
, ta hiu rng Y = v X l tp hp cc s thc x sao cho quy tc cho th
f ( x ) tn ti.
2. th ca hm s
Cho hm s y = f ( x ) c tp xc nh D, ta gi tp hp cc im ( x; f ( x ) ) vi
x D l th ca hm s y = f ( x ) .
Vic biu din cc im ( x; f ( x ) ) thuc th ca hm s y = f ( x ) ln mt phng

ta Oxy gi l v th ca hm s.
Ch rng mt ng ( ) (ng cong hoc ng thng) trong mt phng ta
ch c th l th ca mt hm s no , nu n ct mt ng thng cng phng vi
trc Oy ti khng qu ti mt im.
3. Hm s n iu
3.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s y = f ( x ) c tp xc nh l tp D, khong ( a; b ) l
tp con ca D. Khi ta c
Hm s y = f ( x ) gi l ng bin (hay tng) trn khong ( a; b ) , nu vi
x1 , x2 ( a; b ) , x1 < x2 f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ) .
Hm s y = f ( x ) gi l nghch bin (hay gim) trn khong ( a; b ) , nu vi

x1 , x2 ( a; b ) , x1 < x2 f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ) .
Mt hm s ng bin hoc nghch bin trn khong ( a; b ) th ta ni hm s n iu

trn khong .
3.2. Tnh cht
3.3.1. Nu hm s y = f ( x ) ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( a; b ) , th
hm s y = f ( x ) + c (c l hng s) cng ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( a; b ) .

3.3.2. Nu hm s y = f ( x ) ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( a; b ) , th
hm s y = kf ( x ) ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( a; b ) nu k > 0 ; hm s

y = kf ( x ) nghch bin (ng bin) trn khong ( a; b ) nu k < 0.
3.3.3. Nu hm s y = f ( x ) v y = g ( x ) ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong
( a; b ) th hm s
y = f ( x ) + g ( x ) ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( a; b ) .
3.3.4. Nu hm s y = f ( x ) v y = g ( x ) khng m trn khong ( a; b ) v cng

ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( a; b ) , th hm s y = f ( x ) .g ( x ) ng bin (nghch
bin) trn khong ( a; b ) .
Ch . th ca hm s ng bin hoc nghch bin trn khong ( a; b ) ct ng thng

cng phng vi trc Ox nhiu nht ti mt im.
Gi s hm s y = f ( x ) ng bin trn khong ( a; b ) ; hm s y = g ( x ) nghch bin
trn khong ( a; b ) . Khi trn khong (a; b), th ca cc hm s y = f ( x ) v
y = g ( x ) ct nhau khng qu ti mt im.
4. Hm s chn, hm s l
4.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s y = f ( x ) c tp xc nh trn D.
Hm s f gi l hm s chn nu vi m i x D , ta c x D v f ( x ) = f ( x ) .
Hm s f gi l hm s l nu vi m i x D , ta c x D v f ( x ) = f ( x ) .
4.2. th ca hm s chn v hm s l
Gi s hm s y = f ( x ) c tp xc nh D l hm s chn v c th l ( G ) . Vi
5
m i im M ( x0 ; y0 ) thuc th ( G ) , ta xt im i xng vi n qua trc tung l

M ' ( x0 ; y0 ) .
T nh ngha hm s chn, ta c x0 D v f ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) . Do
M G y0 = f ( x0 ) y0 = f ( x0 ) M ' ( G ) .
iu chng t ( G ) c trc i xng l trc tung.
Nu f l hm s l th l lun tng t, ta cng c ( G ) c tm i xng l gc ta

O.
5. Hm s tun hon
5.1. nh ngha. Hm s y = f ( x ) c tp xc nh D c gi l hm s tun
hon nu tn ti mt s dng T sao cho vi m i x D ta c

i ) x + T D v x T D ;
ii ) f ( x T ) = f ( x ) .
S nh nht (nu c) trong cc s T c cc tnh cht trn gi l chu k ca hm s tun

hon f ( x ) .
Ch . Chng ta c mt s du hiu nhn bit mt hm s cho khng phi l mt hm

s tun hon, chng hn ta c hai du hiu sau.
+ Nu mt hm s c tp xc nh dng D = \ A, vi A l mt tp hp hu hn th hm
s khng phi l mt hm s tun hon.
+ Nu phng trnh f ( x ) = k c nghim, nhng s nghim l mt s hu hn, th hm s
y = f ( x ) khng phi l mt hm s tun hon.

6. Hm s hp
6.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s y = f ( x ) xc nh trn tp D1 v y = g ( x ) xc
nh trn D2 . Khi ta gi hm s hp ca hai hm s f v g k hiu g f c xc
nh y = ( g f )( x ) = g f ( x ) xc nh trn tp D = { x D1 | f ( x ) D2 } .
7. Hm s ngc
7.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s
f : X Y
x y = f ( x)
nu vi m i gi tr y T f = f ( X ), c mt v ch mt x X sao cho f ( x ) = y, tc l
phng trnh f ( x ) = y vi n x c nghim duy nht, th bng cch cho tng ng vi m i
y f ( X ) phn t duy nht x X , ta xc nh c hm s
g : f (X ) X
y x = g ( y)
( x tha mn f ( x ) = y ).
Hm s g xc nh nh vy c g i l hm s ngc ca hm s f .
Theo thng l, ngi ta thng k hiu i s l x v hm s l y. Khi hm s ngc
ca hm s y = f ( x ) s c vit li l y = g ( x ) .
Gi s hm s y = f ( x ) c hm s ngc, tm hm s ngc ca hm s y = f ( x )
ta gii phng trnh f ( x ) = y n x, phng trnh ny c nghim duy nht x = g ( y ) , i
k hiu theo cch vit thng thng ta c hm s ngc y = g ( x ) .
Ch .
Ngi ta thng k hiu hm s ngc ca hm s y = f ( x ) l y = f 1 ( x ) .
T nh ngha ca hm s ngc, suy ra rng: Tp xc nh ca hm s ngc
y = f 1 ( x ) l tp gi tr ca hm s y = f ( x ) , tp gi tr ca hm s ngc l tp xc nh
ca hm s y = f ( x ) .
D nhin hm s y = f ( x ) li l hm s ngc ca hm s y = f 1 ( x ) . V vy ta ni
hai hm s y = f ( x ) v y = f 1 ( x ) l hai hm s ngc nhau.
7.2. iu kin hm s c hm s ngc
7.2.1. nh l. M i hm s ng bin (hay nghch bin) trn tp xc nh ca n
u c hm s ngc.
7.3. th ca hm s ngc
7.3.1. nh l. Trong h trc ta Cc vung gc Oxy, th ca hai hm
s ngc nhau y = f ( x ) v y = f 1 ( x ) i xng nhau qua ng phn gic th nht

y = x.
Ch .
T tnh cht ca th hm s ngc ta suy ra rng th ca hai hm s ngc nhau, nu
ct nhau th ct nhau trn ng thng y = x.
T ta c th p dng gii cc phng trnh dng f ( x ) = f 1 ( x ) bng cch a v
phng trnh f ( x ) = x hoc f 1 ( x ) = x.
II. MT S PHP BIN I TH
1. Trc i xng, tm i xng ca th
Chng ta bit th hm s chn nhn trc Oy lm trc i xng, th hm s l

nhn gc ta O lm tm i xng. Sau y chng ta a ra du hiu cho bit th ca
mt hm s c trc i xng, tm i xng. (Trong phn ny chng ta ch xt trc i

xng ca th hm s, cng phng vi trc tung).
1.1. nh l. th ca hm s y = f ( x ) nhn ng thng c phng trnh x =
lm trc i xng khi v ch khi f ( 2 x ) = f ( x ) vi m i x D.

Tht vy, mun cho ng thng c phng trnh x = l trc i xng ca th
y = f ( x ) th t c v l nu im M ( x; y ) thuc th th im M ' i xng vi i m
M qua cng thuc th. y im M ' c ta ( 2 x; y ) , nh vy vi m i
x D ta c f ( 2 x ) = f ( x ) .
1.2. nh l. th hm s y = f ( x ) nhn im I ( ; ) lm tm i xng khi v ch
khi f ( 2 x ) = 2 f ( x ) , x D.
Ch . Trong nh l 1.1 cho = 0 v trong nh l 1.2 cho = = 0, ta c kt qu
+ th ca hm s chn nhn trc tung lm trc i xng.
+ th hm s l nhn gc ta lm tm i xng.
Trong thc t mun chng minh th hm s y = f ( x ) nhn ng thng x = x0 lm trc
i xng th ta c th lm nh sau:
Di h trc ta Oxy v h trc IXY , vi I ( x0 ; 0 ) theo cng thc
x = X + x0
y = Y
Lp hm s mi bng cch thay x = X + x0 ; y = Y vo hm s y = f ( x);

Chng minh hm s mi Y = g ( X ) l hm s chn kt lun x = x0 l trc i xng.
Tng t nh trn, mun chng minh I ( x0 , y0 ) l tm i xng ca th ( C ) ca hm s
y = f ( x ) , ta di h trc ta Oxy sang h trc IXY , bng php t
x = X + x0
y = Y + y0
Sau chng minh hm s mi Y = g ( X ) l hm s l kt lun im I ( x0 ; y0 ) l tm

i xng ca th.
2. Php i xng qua trc ta
2.1. nh l. th ca cc hm s y = f ( x ) v y = f ( x ) i xng nhau qua trc
honh.
2.2. nh l. th ca cc hm s y = f ( x ) v y = f ( x ) i xng nhau qua trc
tung.
3. Php tnh tin song song vi trc tung
3.1. nh l. th ca hm s y = f ( x ) + b ( y = f ( x ) b ) , b > 0 suy ra t th

y = f ( x ) bng mt php tnh tin theo vect Oy Oy mt on bng b.
4. Php tnh tin song song vi trc honh

4.1. nh l. th hm s y = f ( x + a ) ( y = f ( x a ) ) , a > 0 suy c t th

hm s y = f ( x ) bng php tnh tin theo vect Ox Ox mt on bng a.
( )
Ch .
Ngoi
php t nh tin theo cc trc ta ngi ta cn a ra php tnh tin theo vect
v 0.
T th hm s y = f ( x), tnh tin theo vect v = ( a; b ) th c th hm s

y = f ( x a ) + b.
5. th ca mt s hm s cha du gi tr tuyt i
5.1. th hm s y = f ( x )
f ( x ) ;
f ( x) 0
Ta c y = f ( x ) =
f ( x ) ; f ( x ) < 0
Do th ca hm s y = f ( x ) gm
+ Phn t trc honh tr ln ca th hm s y = f ( x ) ;
+ i xng phn th hm s y = f ( x ) pha di trc honh qua trc honh.
5.2. th hm s y = f ( x )
Thy ngay y = f ( x ) l hm s chn nn th c trc i xng l Oy. Vi x 0 th

y = f ( x ) = f ( x ) . Vy th gm hai phn
+ Phn bn phi Oy ca th y = f ( x ) ;
+ i xng phn trn qua Oy.
5.3. th hm s y = u ( x ) .v ( x )
u ( x ) .v ( x ) ; u ( x ) 0
Ta c y = u ( x ) .v ( x ) =
u ( x ) .v ( x ) ; u ( x ) < 0
Do ta v th y = f ( x ) = u ( x ) .v ( x ) v t th y = u ( x ) .v ( x ) gm
+ Phn th y = f ( x ) trn min u ( x ) 0.
+ i xng phn th y = f ( x ) trn min u ( x ) < 0 qua trc honh.

5.4. T th hm s y = f ( x ) suy ra ng biu din y = f ( x ) , ( )
Ta c nhn xt: Gi s im ( x0 ; y0 ) thuc ( ) th ( x0 ; y0 ) cng thuc ( ) .

Vy, ( ) c trc i xng l Ox. Vi y 0 th y = f ( x ) y = f ( x ) .
Do ( ) gm hai phn
+ Phn th t trc honh tr ln ca th y = f ( x ) .
+ i xng phn trn qua trc honh c phn cn li.
III. GI TR LN NHT V GI TR NH NHT CA HM S
1. nh ngha
Cho hm s y = f ( x ) xc nh trn tp D.
a) S M c gi l gi tr ln nht ca hm s y = f ( x ) trn tp D nu
i ) x D : f ( x ) M ;
ii ) x0 D : f ( x0 ) = M .
K hiu M = Max f ( x ) .
xD
b) S m c gi l gi tr nh nht ca hm s y = f ( x ) trn tp D nu
i ) x D : f ( x ) m;
ii ) x0 D : f ( x0 ) = m.
K hiu m = Min f ( x ) .
xD
2. Mt s phng php tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s

2.1. Phng php min gi tr
Ni dung ca phng php ny nh sau.

+ Xem y = f ( x ) l phng trnh i vi n x v y l tham s;
+ Tm iu kin ca y phng trnh y = f ( x ) c nghim;
+ T iu kin trn, bin i a n dng m y M . Xt du = xy ra v kt lun
Minf ( x) = m; Maxf ( x ) = M .
2.2. Phng php o hm
+ Kho st s bin thin ca hm s y = f ( x ) ;

+ Da vo bng bin thin kt lun Maxf ( x); Minf ( x).
10
Ch . Trong trng hp tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s y = f ( x ) trn

on [a; b], ta c th trnh by n gin nh sau.
Bc 1. Tm f ( x ) v tm cc im ti hn x1 , x2 ,..., xn ca f ( x ) trn on [a; b];

Bc 2. Tnh f ( x1 ) , f ( x2 ) ,..., f ( xn ) , f ( a ) , f ( b ) ;
Bc 3. Tm s ln nht M v s nh nht m trong cc s trn, khi
M = Max f ( x ) ; m = Min f ( x ) .
x[ a ;b ]
x[ a ;b ]
(Nu hm s y = f ( x ) lin tc trn on [a; b], th gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca

hm s trn on [a; b] bao gi cng tn ti).
2.3. Phng php dng bt ng thc
Dng bt ng thc quen thuc chng minh f ( x ) M hoc f ( x ) m.

Phi ch ra tn ti x0 ; x1 D sao cho f ( x0 ) = M , f ( x1 ) = m. Khi
M = Max f ( x ) ; m = Min f ( x ) .
x[ a ;b ]
x[ a ;b ]
Cc bt ng thc quen thuc sau y thng c dng tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr

nh nht ca hm s.
+ Bt ng thc Csi. (Augustin Louis Cauchy,1789 1857. Nh Ton hc Php).
Cho n s thc a1 , a2 ,..., an khng m. Th th
a1 + a2 + ... + an n
a1.a2 ...an
n
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a1 = a2 = ... = an .

+ Bt ng thc Bunhiacpski. (Victor Yakovlevich Bunyakovsky, 1804 1889. Nh Ton
hc Nga).
Cho n cp s thc (ai ; bi ), i = 1, 2,, n.

Th th
2
n
n 2 n 2
a
b
i i ai bi
i =1
i =1 i =1
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi tn ti k sao cho bi = kai , i = 1, 2,, n.

+ Bt ng thc v du gi tr tuyt i. Cho a, b, ai , i = 1, 2,..., n l cc s thc. Th th
a + b a + b (*); a b a b (**); a1 + a2 + ... + an a1 + a2 + ... + an (***)
Du = trong (*) v (**) xy ra, khi v ch khi ab 0. Du = trong (***) xy ra, khi
v ch khi ai 0 hoc ai 0, i = 1, 2,..., n.
2.4. Phng php ta vc t
11
Ta c cc bt ng thc v vc t nh sau
a + b a + b . Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a , b cng hng.
a b a b . Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a , b cng hng.
a.b a . b . Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a , b cng phng.

B. BI TP
I.1. Tm tp gi tr ca hm s
y=
I.2. Cho hm s y =
2 x 1
.
x + x+4
2
x +1
. Tm cc gi tr a > 0 tp gi tr ca hm s cho cha
x2 + a
on [0;1].
I.3. Tm cc gi tr ca m hm s
y=
1
x (m + 1) x + m
2
l hm s chn.
I.4. Cho hm s y = f ( x ) xc nh trn tha f (a + b) = f (a ) + f (b), a, b . Chng
minh rng
1) f (0) = 0;
2) y = f ( x ) l mt hm s l.
I.5. Cho hm s y = f ( x ) xc nh trn v l hm s l, tha f (0) 0. Chng minh
rng s nghim ca phng trnh f ( x ) = 0 l mt s chn.
I.6. Cho hm s y = f ( x ) xc nh trn tha f ( x ) 0, x v
f ( x1 + x2 ) + f ( x1 x2 ) = 2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ), x1 , x2 .
Chng minh rng

1) f (0) = 1;
2) y = f ( x ) l mt hm s chn.
I.7. Chng minh cc hm s cho sau y l hm s tun hon, tm chu k (nu c)
1) y = cos(2 x + 3);
2) y = sin 2 x.
I.8. Chng minh cc hm s cho sau y khng phi l mt hm s tun hon
1) y = x 3 + 2 x 2 ;
2) y = x 1 ;
12
3) y =
x
.
x 1
2
I.9. Chng minh hm s irichl
1, x
f ( x) =
0, x \
l mt hm s tun hon nhng khng c chu k.
I.10. Cho cc hm s y = f ( x) =
x +1
v y = g ( x ) = 2 x 1
x 1
1) Xc nh hm s y = f ( f ( x ));
2) Xc nh hm s y = f ( g ( x )).
I.11. Cho hm s y = f1 ( x ) =
1
. K hiu f n ( x ) = f ( f n 1 ( x )) , vi n v n 2. Xc
1 x
nh hm s y = f100 ( x).
1 2 x, x < 2
x 1, x 1
I.12. Cho cc hm s y = f ( x) =
v y = g ( x ) =
1 x, x < 1.
2 x 1, x 1
2
Xc nh cc hm s hp y = f ( g ( x )), y = g ( f ( x)).
I.13. Cho hm s y = f ( x) = 2 1 x .
Tm hm s ngc y = f 1 ( x) .
I.14. 1) Hy xc nh vc t v = (a; b), sao cho khi tnh tin th ca hm s

y=
x2 + x 3
x+2
theo vc t v ta c th ca hm s cho trong cc trng hp sau y
a) y =
x2 x 7
;
x+2
x2 + 7 x + 9
b) y =
;
x+5
c) y =
x2 + 2x 4
.
x+3
2) T th ca hm s y =
x2 + x 3
, suy ra th ca cc hm s sau bng cc php
x+2
bin i no ?
13
a) y =
x2 x + 3
;
x+2
x2 + 5
b) y =
;
x+2
I.15. T th ca hm s y =
ca hm s y =
1
, bng cc php bin i th no nhn c th
x
3x 7
?
x2
I.16. Cho hm s
y=
x 2 3x + 1
.
x 3
1) Dng th (C) ca hm s cho;

2) T th (C) hy suy ra th ca cc hm s sau
a) y =
x 2 3x + 1
;
x 3
b) y =
x 2 3x + 1
;
x3
2
x 3 x +1
c) y =
;
x 3
2
d) y =
x 3 x +1
x 3
I.17. Chng minh th ca hm s

y=
5
x 4x + 3
2
nhn ng thng x = 2 lm trc i xng.

I.18. Chng minh th ca hm s y = x 4 + 4 x 3 + 3 x 2 2 x
c ng mt trc i xng cng phng vi trc tung.

I.19. Chng minh th ca hm s
y=
x2 + 4 x 2
x2 +1
khng c tm i xng.
I.20. Cho hm s y = x 4 + 4ax 3 2 x 2 12ax.
14
Tm cc gi tr ca a th ca hm s cho c trc i xng cng phng vi trc

Oy.
I.21. Cho hm s y =
x 2 + 2m 2 x + m 2
c th l (Cm ).
x +1
Tm m trn (Cm ) tn ti hai im i xng nhau qua gc to .

I.22. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca cc hm s cho sau y
1) y = 2.33 x 4.32 x + 2.3x trn on [1; 1];

3
2) y = cos 3x 15cos x + 8 trn on [ ;
];
3 2
3) y = x 3 3 x 2 + 5 trn on [0; 3].

I.23. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca cc hm s cho sau y
1) y =
x2
3
trn on [ ; 2];
2x 1
4
2) y = (cos x + 1) sin x, x [0, 2].

x + y = 2 a
I.24. Gi s ( x, y ) l mt nghim ca h phng trnh 2
2
x + y + x y = 3.
Tm cc gi tr ca a biu thc M = x 2 + y 2 x y t gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht.

I.25. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s y = ( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3)( x + 4).
4 1
5
.
I.26. Cho x > 0, y > 0 tha mn x + y = . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc A = +
4
x 4y
I.27. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s y = x + 1 + x 2 + 2 x 5 .
I.28. Cho hai s dng x, y thay i tha mn iu kin x + y 4 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc
3x 2 + 4 y 3 + 2
A=
+
.
4x
y2
I.29. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
T=
1
( yz x 3 + zx y 4 + xy z 5).
xyz
I.30. Xt cc s dng x, y, z tha mn iu kin x + y + z = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca

biu thc
x 2 ( y + z ) y 2 ( z + x) z 2 ( x + y )
P=
+
+
.
yz
zx
xy
15
I.31. Cho cc s a, b, c dng thay i tha mn iu kin abc = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht

ca biu thc
A=
a3
b3
c3
+
+
.
(1 + b )(1 + c ) (1 + c )(1 + a ) (1 + a )(1 + b )
I.32. Cho cc s a, b, c dng thay i tha mn iu kin a + b + c 3. Tm gi tr nh

nht ca biu thc
a
b
c
+
+
.
b
c
a
A=
I.33. Cho cc s x, y, z dng thay i tha mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. Tm gi tr nh

nht ca biu thc
S=
xy yz zx
+ + .
z
x
y
I.34. Cho cc s a, b, c dng thay i tha mn iu kin a + b + c = 1. Tm gi tr nh

nht ca biu thc
A=
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) .
(1 a )(1 b )(1 c )
I.35. Cho cc s a, b, c dng thay i tha mn iu kin a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 3. Tm gi tr nh

nht ca biu thc
M=
ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2
( ab + bc + ca )
.
2
I.36. Cho cc s x, y, z thay i tha mn iu kin ( x 1) + ( y 2 ) + ( z 1) = 1. Tm

gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
A = x + 2 y + 3z 8 .
I.37. Cho cc s a, b, c dng thay i tha mn iu kin a + b + c = 1. Tm gi tr nh

nht ca biu thc
A = a 2 + b2 + b2 + c 2 + c2 + a 2 .
I.38. Cho cc s x, y thay i tha mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 = 1. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr

nh nht ca biu thc
A=
xy + y 2
.
1 + 2 x 2 + 2 xy
I.39. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng thay i. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
x 1
y 1 z 1
P = x + + y + + z + .
2 zx 2 xy
2 yz
16
I.40. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng thay i tha mn iu kin xyz = 1. Tm gi tr nh

nht ca biu thc
P=
x2 ( y + z )
y y + 2z z
y2 ( z + x )
z z + 2x x
z2 ( x + y)
x x + 2y y
I.41. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s
sin x
4

y=
, x ; .
2
2
sin x + 1 + 2cos x
CHNG II
PHNG TRNH H PHNG TRNH
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. CC KHI NIM C BN
1. Phng trnh
1.1. nh ngha
Cho hai hm s ca n bin thc x1 , x2 ,..., xn l f ( x1; x2 ;...; xn ), g ( x1; x2 ;...; xn ). Ta gi b n

s thc ( x1; x2 ;...; xn ) n l mt im trong n . Khi cc hm s
f ( x1; x2 ;...; xn ), g ( x1; x2 ;...; xn )
c xem l cc hm mt bin x trong n .
Ta gi Phng trnh n x l mnh cha bin dng f ( x) = g ( x ) (1)

trong , f ( x ) v g ( x) l nhng biu thc cha x. Ta gi f ( x ) l v tri, g ( x) l v phi
ca phng trnh (1). Nu coi f v g l hm ca n bin trong khng gian th (1) l
phng trnh ca n n x1 , x2 ,..., xn .
Gi s f(x) c tp xc nh l D1, g(x) c tp xc nh l D2 th D = D1 D2 gi l tp
(min) xc nh ca phng trnh (1).
Nu xo D sao cho f ( xo ) = g ( xo ) l mt mnh ng th xo c g i l mt
nghim ca phng trnh (1).
Gii phng trnh (1) l tm tt c cc nghim ca n, tp hp cc nghim ca phng
trnh k hiu l S.
Nu S = th ta ni phng trnh v nghim.
Ch . Trong mt phng trnh (mt hoc nhiu n), ngoi cc ch ng vai tr l cc n
s, cn c th c cc ch khc c xem nh nhng hng s v c g i l tham s. Gi i
v bin lun phng trnh cha tham s, ngha l xt xem vi gi tr no ca tham s th
phng trnh v nghim, c nghim v tm cc nghim .
1.2. Phng trnh tng ng, phng trnh h qu
1.2.1. Phng trnh tng ng. Hai phng trnh c gi l tng ng v i
nhau khi chng c cng tp hp nghim.
17
Khi hai phng trnh f ( x) = g ( x ) ; f1 ( x ) = g1 ( x) tng ng vi nhau ta dng k hiu

f ( x ) = g ( x ) f1 ( x ) = g1 ( x).
Ch . Nu theo nh ngha trn th hai phng trnh v nghim cng c coi l tng
ng vi nhau v c cng tp hp nghim l tp hp . V vy, cch vit sau cng coi
nh l ng, tuy nhin trong thc t t khi gp. Chng hn, x 2 + 3 = 0 cos x = 3.
S tng ng ca hai phng trnh c tnh cht phn x, i xng, bc cu.
1.2.2. Phng trnh h qu
Nu m i nghim ca ca phng trnh f ( x) = g ( x ) u l nghim ca phng trnh

f1 ( x ) = g1 ( x) th phng trnh f1 ( x ) = g1 ( x) c gi l phng trnh h qu ca phng
trnh f ( x) = g ( x ) .
Ta dng k hiu f ( x ) = g ( x ) f1 ( x ) = g1 ( x ).
1.2.3. Cc php bin i tng ng phng trnh
Qu trnh gii mt phng trnh l qu trnh bin i phng trnh i n mt

phng trnh n gin hn m ta bit cch gii. Nu php bin i khng lm thay i
tp xc nh ca phng trnh th phng trnh cho c bin i tng ng, cn nu
lm thay i tp xc nh ca phng trnh th c th tp hp nghim ca phng trnh
cho cng b thay i. Sau y ta xt mt s php bin i tng ng.
1.2.3.1. nh l. Cho phng trnh f ( x) = g ( x ) . Nu h( x) c ngha trong tp xc nh
ca phng trnh cho th f ( x ) = g ( x ) f ( x ) + h( x) = g ( x) + h( x ). (1)
H qu 1. C th chuyn cc hng t t v ny sang v kia ca phng trnh, nhng
phi i du ca n.
H qu 2. Mi phng trnh u c th a v dng m v phi bng khng.
Do vy, ta lun c th k hiu phng trnh l F(x) = 0.

Ch . iu kin h(x) c ngha trong tp xc nh ca phng trnh f(x) = g(x) l iu kin
nhng khng cn. Ni khc i, nu c iu kin y th
f ( x) = g ( x ) f ( x) + h( x ) = g ( x ) + h( x)
l php bin i tng ng, cn nu khng c iu kin y th php bin i trn c th
tng ng hoc c th khng.
1.2.3.2. nh l. Cho phng trnh f(x) = g(x). Nu h(x) c ngha v khc khng trong
tp xc nh ca phng trnh cho th
f ( x) = g ( x ) f ( x)h( x) = g ( x)h( x ).
H qu. C th nhn hai v ca mt phng trnh vi mt s khc khng ty .
Ta cng c nhn xt v h(x) tng t nh nh l 1.2.3.1.

1.2.3.3. nh l. Nu nng hai v ca mt phng trnh ln mt ly tha bc l th ta
c mt phng trnh tng ng vi phng trnh cho.
18
Ch . Php bin i nng hai v ca phng trnh ln mt ly tha bc chn l php bin
i h qu, n ch l php bin i tng ng nu hai v ca phng trnh u khng m
trn tp xc nh.
2k
2k
f ( x) = g ( x ) [ f ( x) ] = [ g ( x)] , ( f ( x ) 0, g ( x) 0).
Nu sau mt php bin i no , tp xc nh ca phng trnh cho m rng ra
th tp hp nghim ca n cng c th m rng ra, khi c th xut hin nhng nghim,
ta gi l nghim ngoi lai ( i vi phng trnh cho). Nhng nghim ngoi lai (nu
c) l nhng nghim ca phng trnh sau khi bin i v thuc vo phn m rng ca tp
xc nh. Nu tp xc nh m rng ra nhng khng c nghim ngoi lai th phng trnh
cho v phng trnh bin i vn tng ng.
Nu sau mt php bin i no , tp xc nh ca phng trnh cho b thu hp li
th tp nghim ca n cng c th b thu hp li, mt s nghim no c th mt i.
Nhng nghim mt i (nu c) l nhng nghim ca phng trnh cho nhng thuc
vo phn b thu hp ca tp xc nh. Nu tt c cc gi tr ca n s b mt i khi tp xc
nh b thu hp khng tha mn phng trnh cho, th phng trnh cho v phng
trnh bin i vn tng ng.
2. H phng trnh Tuyn phng trnh
2.1. nh ngha. Cho m phng trnh
f1 ( x ) = g1 ( x)
f 2 ( x) = g 2 ( x)
.....................
f m ( x) = g m ( x )
(c th coi x = ( x1 ; x2 ;...; xn ) , khi cc fi ( x ), g i ( x), i = 1, 2,..., m l nhng hm n bin).
Gi s m phng trnh cho c tp xc nh ln lt l D1 , D2 ,..., Dm .
Ta gi h m phng trnh k hiu l
f1 ( x ) = g1 ( x)
f 2 ( x) = g 2 ( x)
(1) ....................
f m ( x) = g m ( x )
m
D = Di l tp xc nh ca h (1).
i =1
Mt gi tr a D ca bin x lm cho tng phng trnh ca h (1) u tr thnh ng

thc ng c gi l mt nghim ca h (1). K hiu Si l tp hp nghim ca phng
m
trnh th i ca h (1) th tp hp nghim ca h (1) l S = Si . Khi S = ta ni h v

i =1
nghim.
2.2. nh ngha. Ta cng gi tuyn ca m phng trnh k hiu l
19
f1 ( x ) = g1 ( x)
f 2 ( x) = g 2 ( x)
...................
f m ( x) = g m ( x )
(2)
Tp xc nh ca tuyn phng trnh (2) cng l D = Di , vi Di l tp xc nh ca

i =1
phng trnh th i.
Nu c mt gi tr a D ca x lm cho mt phng trnh no ca tuyn phng
trnh (2) tr thnh ng thc ng th a c g i l mt nghim ca tuyn phng trnh (2).
m
Tp hp nghim ca tuyn phng trnh (2) l S = Si , Si l tp hp nghim ca phng

i =1
trnh th i ca tuyn phng trnh (2).

Khi nim tng ng ca h phng trnh, tuyn phng trnh cng tng t nh
phng trnh.
2.3. Cc nh l v h phng trnh tng ng
2.3.1. nh l. Nu F ( x1; x2 ;...; xn ) = 0 x1 = f1 ( x2 ;...; xn ) th
F1 ( x1; x2 ;...; xn ) = 0
x1 = f1 ( x2 ;...; xn )
F2 ( x1; x2 ;...; xn ) = 0
F2 ( f1 ( x2 ;...; xn ) ; x2 ;...; xn ) = 0
...........................
..........................................
F ( x ; x ;...; x ) = 0
F ( f ( x ;...; x ) ; x ;...; x ) = 0
n
n
2
n
m 1 2
m 1 2
2.3.2. nh l
F1 = 0
F1 = 0
F2 = 0
n12 F1 + n22 F2 = 0
F3 = 0 n13 F1 + n23 F2 + n33 F3 = 0
........... ................................
Fm = 0
n1m F1 + n2 m F2 + ..... + nmm Fm = 0
2.4. nh l v tuyn phng trnh tng ng

F1 = 0
F2 = 0
F1.F2 ...Fm = 0
.......
Fm = 0
II. PHNG TRNH BC NHT, BC HAI MT N

1. Phng trnh bc nht mt n
1.1. nh ngha. Phng trnh bc nht mt n l phng trnh
ax + b = 0, a, b , a 0.
20
b
Phng trnh bc nht c mt nghim duy nht x = .
a
1.2. Gii v bin lun phng trnh dng ax + b = 0 (1)

b
a 0 , phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht x = .
a
a = 0, b 0 , phng trnh (1) v nghim.

a = 0, b = 0 , phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
1.3. Mt s phng trnh qui v phng trnh bc nht mt n
l cc phng trnh dng:
ax + b
= 0; ax + b = cx + d ; ax + b = cx + d .
cx + d
ax + b
= 0 ta phi t iu kin cho mu khc khng. gii
cx + d
cc phng trnh ax + b = cx + d ; ax + b = cx + d , ta phi kh du gi tr tuyt i bng
Khi gii phng trnh dng
nh ngha v tnh cht ca du gi tr tuyt i. Cho A, B l cc biu thc cha bin, ta c
A; A 0
A =
A; A < 0
A = B
A = B
A = B
B 0
A = B A = B
A = B
2. Phng trnh bc hai mt n

2.1. nh ngha. Phng trnh bc hai mt n l phng trnh c dng ax 2 + bx + c = 0
(1), vi a, b, c l cc tham s thc, a 0 .
Biu thc = b 2 4ac c gi l bit thc ca phng trnh (1).

Xy ra ba trng hp sau:
i) Nu < 0 th phng trnh (1) v nghim;
ii) Nu = 0 th phng trnh (1) c nghim kp x1 = x2 =
b
;
2a
iii) Nu > 0 th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit x1,2 =
b
.
2a
b
th ' = b '2 ac gi l bit thc thu gn ca phng trnh (1).
2
Ta cng c ba trng hp sau:
Ngoi ra, nu t b ' =
i) Nu ' < 0 th phng trnh (1) v nghim;

21
ii) Nu ' = 0 th phng trnh (1) c nghim kp l x1 = x2 =
b'
;
a
iii) Nu ' > 0 th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit l x1,2 =
b ' '
.
a
2.2. nh l Viet
Nu phng trnh bc hai ax 2 + bx + c = 0 c nghim x1 , x2 th

x1 + x2 =
b
c
v x1.x2 = .
a
a
o li nu hai s x, y tha mn x + y = S v x.y = P th x, y l nghim ca phng trnh

bc hai X 2 SX + P = 0 (*) (iu kin (*) c nghim l S 2 4 P 0).
T , ta c h qu sau:
2.2.1. Nu a + b + c = 0 th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim bng 1 v nghim kia bng
c
.
a
2.2.2. Nu a b + c = 0 th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim bng 1 v nghim kia

c
bng .
a
3. Mt s phng trnh bc bn c th a v phng trnh bc hai mt n (qua php
t n ph)
3.1. Phng trnh trng phng: ax 4 + bx 2 + c = 0 , t t = x 2 0 , khi phng trnh
cho c a v phng trnh bc hai i vi bin t.
3.2. Phng trnh dng: ( x + a )( x + b)( x + c)( x + d ) = k , vi a + b = c + d .
t t = ( x + a)( x + b), khi phng trnh cho c a v phng trnh bc hai i
vi bin t.
4
3.3. Phng trnh dng: ( x + a ) + ( x + b ) = c. t t = x +
a+b
, phng trnh c a
2
v phng trnh trng phng

2t 4 + 12(
a b 2 2
ab 4
) t + 2(
) = c.
2
2
3.4. Phng trnh dng: ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + bx + a = 0, (a 0) (Phng trnh bc bn h i

quy).
Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho x 2 (v x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng

1
1
trnh), phng trnh tr thnh a x 2 + 2 + b x + + c = 0.

x
x
1
t t = x + , t 2, ta c phng trnh bc hai theo bin t
x
22
at 2 + bt + c 2a = 0.
i vi phng trnh dng ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 bx + a = 0, (a 0) (Phng trnh bc bn phn
h i quy), ta cng c cch bin i nh trn vi php t
1
t = x , t , khi phng trnh cho c a v phng trnh bc hai theo bin t
x
at 2 + bt + c + 2a = 0.
III. H PHNG TRNH
1. H gm mt phng trnh bc nht v mt phng trnh bc hai hai n
H phng trnh c dng

Ax + By + C = 0
2
2
ax + bxy + cy + dx + ey + f = 0
Phng php gii.

S dng phng php th: Rt x hoc y t phng trnh bc nht ri thay vo phng
trnh bc hai trong h, ta c mt phng trnh mt n. Gii phng trnh mt n ny, sau
tm n cn li.
2. H phng trnh ng cp bc hai
H phng trnh ng cp bc hai i vi hai n x, y l h phng trnh c dng

ax 2 + bxy + cy 2 = d
2
2
a ' x + b ' xy + c ' y = d '
Phng php gii.

Xt xem x = 0 c tha h phng trnh hay khng;
Khi x 0 , t y = kx
+ Th y = kx vo h phng trnh, kh x ta c phng trnh bc hai theo k;
+ Gii phng trnh tm k, sau tm ( x; y ).
3. H phng trnh i xng
3.1. H phng trnh i xng loi I
Ta qui c gi mt h hai phng trnh cha hai n x, y l h phng trnh i xng

loi I, nu ta thay th x bi y v y bi x th m i phng trnh ca h khng thay i.
Phng php gii.
t S = x + y , P = xy a h phng trnh v h phng trnh n S v P.
Tm S, P, khi x, y l nghim ca phng trnh: X 2 SX + P = 0, ch phi c iu
kin S 2 4 P 0 .
3.2. H phng trnh i xng loi II
23
Ta qui c gi mt h hai phng trnh cha hai n x, y l h phng trnh i xng

loi II, nu tro i vai tr ca x, y cho nhau th phng trnh ny chuyn thnh phng
trnh kia.
Phng php gii.
Tr tng v cc phng trnh cho ta c phng trnh mi, a phng trnh ny
v phng trnh tch.
ng vi tng trng hp xy ra, kt hp vi mt trong hai phng trnh ca h c
mt h phng trnh con, gii h phng trnh con ny.
Tng hp nghim.
B. BI TP
II.1. Gii v bin lun cc phng trnh
1) m2 x + 4m 3 = x + m 2 ;
2) (a + b)2 + 2a 2 = 2a(a + b) + (a 2 + b 2 ) x;
3) a 2 x + 2ab = b 2 x + a 2 + b 2 ;
4) a(ax + b) = 4ax + b 2 5.
II.2 Gii v bin lun cc phng trnh
1)
2x + m x + m 1
= 1;
x 1
x
mx 2
2)
m | x |= 2m + 1;
| x | 1
3)
2mx 1
m +1
2 x 1 =
.
x 1
x 1
II.3. Gii v bin lun phng trnh
m2 x 2 m(5m + 1) x (5m + 2) = 0.
II.4. Gii v bin lun phng trnh sau theo hai tham s a v b
(a + b) x 2 (a 2 + 4ab + b 2 ) x + 2ab(a + b) = 0.
II.5. Cho a, b, c l ba s khc nhau v khc 0. Chng minh rng
Nu cc phng trnh x 2 + ax + bc = 0 v x 2 + bx + ca = 0 c ng mt nghim chung th

nghim cn li ca chng tha mn phng trnh x 2 + cx + ab = 0.
II.6. Cho phng trnh
mx 2 2(m 3) x + m 4 = 0
Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh c ng mt nghim dng.
24
II.7. Cho phng trnh
(m 1) x 4 + 2(m 3) x 2 + m + 3 = 0
Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh trn v nghim.
II.8. Cho phng trnh
x 2 2 x m x 1 + m2 = 0
Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh trn c nghim.

II.9. 1) Tm cc gi tr ca k phng trnh sau c bn nghim phn bit
( x 1)2 = 2 | x k | .
2) Tm cc gi tr ca a phng trnh 2 x 2 + 10 x 8 = x 2 5 x + a c bn nghim
phn bit.
II.10. Gii cc phng trnh sau
1) ( x 1)( x + 5)( x 3)( x + 7) = 297;

2) ( x + 2)( x 3)( x + 1)( x + 6) = 36;
3) x( x 2)( x + 2)( x + 4) = 18.
1) x 4 + ( x 1)4 = 97;
2) ( x + 3)4 + ( x + 5)4 = 16;
3) ( x + 2)4 + ( x + 6)4 = 2.
1) 6 x 4 35 x 3 + 62 x 2 35 x + 6 = 0;
2) x 4 + x 3 4 x 2 + x + 1 = 0;
3) x 4 5 x 3 + 10 x 2 10 x + 4 = 0;
4) 2 x 4 21x 3 + 74 x 2 105 x + 50 = 0 ;
5) 2 x 4 + 5 x3 + x 2 + 5 x + 2 = 0 .
II.13. Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh
( x + 3)( x 1)( x + 5)( x 3) 40 = m.

II.14. Gii cc h phng trnh
25
2 x + y + 1 x + y = 1
1)
3 x + 2 y = 4;
2 xy 3 y = 15
2)
xy + x = 15;
y
2
x xy = 12
3) 2
y xy = 28;
x + y 3x + 2 y = 1
4)
x + y + x y = 0;
1
1
2
2
x + y + x2 + y 2 = 4
5)
1 1
x + y + + = 4;
x y
x2 + y 2 + 6 x + 2 y = 0
6)
x + y + 8 = 0;
2
2
x + y xy = 13
7)
x + y xy = 3;
x + y + x2 + y 2 = 8
8)
xy ( x + 1)( y + 1) = 12;
x2 + y2 + x + y = 4
9)
x( x + y + 1) + y ( y + 1) = 2;
( x 2 + y 2 ) xy = 78
10)
x 4 + y 4 = 97;
3
3
x y = 7( x y )
11) 2
2
x + y = x + y + 2;
12)
x + 2 + y 3 = 10
4
x + 2 + 4 y 3 = 4;
( x 1)( y 1)( x + y 2 ) = 6
13) 2
2
x + y 2 x 2 y 3 = 0;
26
xy + x + 1 = 7 y
14) 2 2
2
x y + xy + 1 = 13 y ;
x ( x + y + 1) 3 = 0
15)
5
2
( x + y ) 2 + 1 = 0.
x
x 2 3xy = 4 y
1) 2
y 3 xy = 4 x;
7 x + y
2)
7 y + x
1
=0
x2
1
= 0;
y2
x2 = y 1 + 2x 1
3)
y 2 = x 1 + 2 y 1;
1
1
x = y
x
y
4)
2 y = x3 + 1;
x 4 + 2 x3 y + x 2 y 2 = 2 x + 9
5) 2
x + 2 xy = 6 x + 6;
xy + x + y = x 2 2 y 2
6)
x 2 y y x 1 = 2 x 2 y;
x 4 x3 y + x 2 y 2 = 1
7) 3
2
x y x + xy = 1;
x 3 3 x 2 y + 2 x 6 y = 15
8)
x 3 + x 2 y + 2 x + 2 y = 9;
x 2 + y 2 3x + 4 y = 1
9)
3 x 2 2 y 2 9 x 8 y = 3;
( x y ) 2 y = 2
10) 3
3
x y = 19;
27
x 3 + y 3 = 1
11) 2
2
3
x y + 2 xy + y = 2;
3
3
2
x y = x y
12) 2
2
x + y = x y.

3 x y = x y
1)
x + y = x + y + 2;
x 2 + y 2 = 25 xy
2)
y ( x + y ) = 10;
x + y = 2
3)
x + 3 + y + 3 = 4;
3 x 2 + xy + 3 x + y = 3
4)
xy 2 + 2 x 2 + y 2 + 2 x = 2;
x 2 y 2 2 x 2 + y 3 2 y = y 2
5)
x 2 + y 2 y 2 = 0;
x + x 2 2 x + 2 = 3 y 1 + 1
6)
y + y 2 2 y + 2 = 3x 1 + 1;
xy 3 x 2 y = 16
7) 2
2
x + y 2 x 4 y = 33;
x 3 + y + 2 = 3
8)
x + y = xy + 2 x 3 y 6 + 4;
( x + y )(2
9)
( x y )(2 +
1
)=
xy
1
)=
xy
9
2
5
;
2
x 2 + xy = 2
10) 3
2
x + 2 xy 2 y = x;
28
x
y
7
+
=
+1
x
xy
11) y
x xy + y xy = 78;
x 1 + y 1 = 3
12)
x + y ( x 1)( y 1) = 5;
x 2 + 6 y = y + 3
13)
x + y + x y = 4.
II.17. Chng minh rng vi a 0, h phng trnh
2
a2
x
=
y
+
2
2
2 y 2 = x + a
c nghim duy nht.

II.18. Cho h phng trnh
x 2 4 xy + y 2 = k
2
y 3 xy = 4
1) Gii h vi k = 1;
2) Chng minh rng h phng trnh cho lun lun c nghim vi m i k .
II.19. Tm cc gi tr ca a h phng trnh sau c nghim
x + 1 + y + 2 = a
x + y = 3a.
II.20. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c nghim
4 x y m = 0
3 x + x( y + 1) = 1.
II.21. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht
2
x = y y + m
2
y = x x + m
29
x 2 5 x + 4 0
2
3 x mx x + 16 = 0.
x + 1 + y = m
y + 1 + x = 1.

x + xy + y = m + 1
2
2
x y + xy = m.
1) Gii h phng trnh vi m = 2;

2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c t nht mt nghim ( x; y ) tha mn
x > 0; y > 0.
m( x 2 + 1) + y 2 = m + 1
2
2
x + my = 1
1) Gii h phng trnh khi m = 1;

2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c nghim.
x 2 my 2 + 2 x + 2 m = 0
m( x 2 + 2 x + 2) y 2 = m + 2

2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c nghim.
x( x + 2)(2 x + y ) = 9
2
x + 4 x + y = m.
Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh cho c nghim

x + 1 + y 2 = m
x 2 + y + 1 = m .
Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh cho c nghim

30
CHNG III
BT NG THC BT PHNG TRNH
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. I CNG V BT NG THC
1. nh ngha
Cho hai s a, b K (K l trng s hu t hay trng s thc ). Ta ni a ln hn

b v k hiu a > b nu a b l mt s dng. Khi , ta cng ni b b hn a v k hiu
b < a.
Ta ni a ln hn hay bng b v vit l a b nu a b l mt s dng hay bng
khng. Khi , ta cng ni b b hn hay bng a v vit b a.
Gi s A( x), B( x ) l hai biu thc ton hc vi tp xc nh chung l D ca bin s x
(hoc c th xem l hai biu thc ton hc ca cng n bin s x1 , x2 ,..., xn nu ta xem
x = ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) K n ).
Ta ni A( x ) < B( x ) hay B( x ) > A( x)

( A( x ) B( x ) hay B( x ) A( x ) )
Nu ti m i gi tr ca bin s x D ta u c:
A( x0 ) < B( x0 ) hay B( x0 ) > A( x0 )
( A( x0 ) B( x0 ) hay B( x0 ) A( x0 )) l cc bt ng thc ng.
Ta gi a > b; a b; A( x) < B( x); A( x ) B( x ) l bt ng thc.
2. Tnh cht c bn ca bt ng thc
Ta chng minh c d dng cc tnh cht sau y, trong A, B, C ,... l cc s hoc

cc biu thc ton hc ca cng mt s bin s xt trn cng mt trng s K .
2.1. A < B B > A
2.2. A > B, B > C A > C
2.3. A > B A + C > B + C
A > B
2.4.
A+C > B+ D
C > D
Am > Bm; m > 0
2.5. A > B
Am < Bm; m < 0
A > B
2.6.
AD > BC
C > D
31
A > B > 0
2.7.
AC > BD
C > D > 0
2.8. A > B > 0 An > B n (n * )
2.9. A > B > 0 n A > n B (n * \ {1})
2.10. A > B > 0 hoc B < A < 0
1 1
> .
B A
3. Mt s bt ng thc quan trng
Cc bt ng thc sau y thng c dng gii cc bi ton v bt ng thc.

3.1. Bt ng thc v du gi tr tuyt i. Cho a, b, ai , i = 1, 2,..., n l cc s thc. Th th
a + b a + b (*); a b a b (**); a1 + a2 + ... + an a1 + a2 + ... + an (***).
Du = trong (*) v (**) xy ra, khi v ch khi ab 0.
Du = trong (***) xy ra, khi v ch khi cc s ai 0 hoc ai 0, i = 1, 2,..., n.
3.2. Bt ng thc Csi
Cho n s thc a1 , a2 ,..., an khng m. Th th
a1 + a2 + ... + an n
a1.a2 ...an
n
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a1 = a2 = ... = an .

3.3. Bt ng thc Bunhiacpski
Cho n cp s thc (ai ; bi ), i = 1, 2,, n.
Th th
2
n
n 2 n 2
a
b
i i ai bi
i =1
i =1 i =1
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi tn ti k sao cho bi = kai , i = 1, 2,, n.

4. Cc phng php chng minh bt ng thc
4.1. Phng php qui v nh ngha

chng minh A > B (hoc A B ), ta chng minh A B > 0 ( hoc A B 0 ).
4.2. Phng php bin i tng ng

chng minh bt ng thc cho l ng, ta bin i bt ng thc cho tng
ng vi mt bt ng thc hin nhin ng. Khi ta c kt lun bt ng thc cho l
ng.
4.3. Phng php vn dng cc bt ng thc bit

32
T cc bt ng thc bit l ng ta suy ra bt ng thc cn chng minh.

4.4. Phng php s dng tam thc bc hai
4.5. Phng php chng minh qui np
4.6. Phng php vec t
Mt s kt qu sau c th suy ra t cc tnh cht ca cc php ton vc t.
Gi s a = (a1 ; a2 ), b = (b1 ; b2 ). Ta c
a = a12 + a22
a b = (a1 b1 ; a2 b2 )
ka = (ka1 ; ka2 )
a.b = a1b1 + a2b2
a.b = a . b .cos(a , b )
2
2
(a) = a 0
a + b a + b . Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a , b cng hng.
a b a b . Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a , b cng hng.
a.b a . b . Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a , b cng phng.

II. BT PHNG TRNH
1. nh ngha
Cho hai hm s f ( x), g ( x), vi x n trong f ( x ), g ( x ) ln lt c min xc nh

l D1 , D2 . Hai hm s f ( x ), g ( x ) c xt trong D = D1 D2 .
Bt phng trnh f ( x) > g ( x) (1) l k hiu ca hm mnh Gi tr ti x ca hm s f
ln hn gi tr ti x ca hm s g .
Gii bt phng trnh l tm cc gi tr x0 D sao cho f ( x0 ) > g ( x0 ) l mt bt ng
thc ng. Gi tr x0 c gi l mt nghim ca bt phng trnh (1).
Ch .
Nu n =1 th ta c bt phng trnh mt n x trn .
Nu n >1 th ta c th xem x = ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) n .
Khi , ta c bt phng trnh n n x1 , x2 ,..., xn .
Hon ton tng t nh trn ta nh ngha c khi nim cc bt phng trnh
f ( x ) < g ( x ); f ( x ) g ( x ); f ( x ) g ( x) .
33
Cc khi nim h bt phng trnh, tuyn bt phng trnh c nh ngha tng t

nh trng hp phng trnh.
2. S tng ng ca cc bt phng trnh
Khi nim bt phng trnh tng ng, bt phng trnh h qu cng c nh

ngha tng t nh i vi phng trnh. Sau y ta a ra mt s nh l v bt phng
trnh tng ng.
Ta k hiu cc v ca bt phng trnh bi f , g ,..., khng ghi tn cc n cho gn,
nhng c th hiu l mt n hoc cng n n.
2.1. nh l. f > g g < f .
2.2. nh l. f > g f + h > g + h.
( h c ngha trong min xc nh ca bt phng trnh cho).

2.3. nh l.
fh > gh
h > 0
f >g
fh < gh
h < 0.
2.4. nh l.
f .g > 0
f
> 0.
g
Ch . Tuy nhin, i vi cc h bt phng trnh th cc nh l lm c s cho cc phng

php th v phng php kh trong l thuyt h phng trnh khng cn ng na.
Chng hn, cc h bt phng trnh
F > 0
(I) 1
v (II)
F2 > 0
F1 > 0
F1 + F2 > 0
l khng tng ng.

Tht vy, (II) l h qu ca (I), song (I) li khng phi l h qu ca (II).
3. ng dng ca gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht vo vic gii phng trnh v bt
phng trnh
Cho hm s y = f ( x ) c tp xc nh l D, gi s hm s y = f ( x ) c gi tr ln nht
v gi tr nh nht trn D, khi ta c:
Bt phng trnh f ( x ) c nghim x D khi v ch khi

Max f ( x) .
xD
Bt phng trnh f ( x ) nghim ng vi m i x D khi v ch khi

34
Min f ( x) .
xD
Bt phng trnh f ( x ) c nghim x D khi v ch khi

Min f ( x ) .
xD
Bt phng trnh f ( x ) nghim ng vi m i x D khi v ch khi

Max f ( x ) .
xD
Nu hm s y = f ( x) lin tc trn D th phng trnh f ( x ) = c nghim x D khi

v ch khi Min f ( x ) Max f ( x ).
xD
xD
III. BT PHNG TRNH BC NHT, BC HAI MT N

1. Bt phng trnh bc nht mt n
1.1. Bt phng trnh bc nht mt n

nh ngha. Bt phng trnh bc nht mt n l bt phng trnh c dng
ax + b > 0 (1), hoc ax + b < 0; ax + b 0; ax + b 0 (a, b , a 0).
Cc trng hp nghim ca bt phng trnh bc nht ax + b > 0 (1)

b
Nu a > 0, (1) c tp nghim l S = x / x >

;
a
Nu a < 0, (1) c tp nghim l S = x / x <

.
a
1.2. Gii v bin lun bt phng trnh ax + b > 0

Nu a > 0 th (1) x >
b
b
. Vy, tp nghim ca (1) l S = ; + ;

a
a
Nu a < 0 th (1) x <
b
b
.Vy, tp nghim ca (1) l S = ; ;

a
a
Nu a = 0 th (1) tr thnh 0 x > b. Do

(1) v nghim nu b 0;
(1) nghim ng vi m i x nu b > 0.
1.3. nh l v du ca nh thc bc nht f ( x ) = ax + b; a 0
t x 0 =
b
l nghim ca f ( x ). Khi , ta c
a
i) f ( x ) cng du vi h s a khi x0 >

ii) f ( x ) tri du vi h s a khi x0 <
b
;
a
b
.
a
35
Kt qu ca nh l c tm tt trong bng sau
f ( x ) = ax + b
tri du vi a
b
a
+
cng du vi a
Ch .
1. S dng nh l v du ca nh thc bc nht ta c th gii c cc bt phng trnh
dng
P (x )
P (x )
P (x )
P (x )
<0;
> 0;
0;
0.
Q (x )
Q (x )
Q (x )
Q (x )
Trong , P( x ) v Q (x ) l tch ca nhng nh thc bc nht.

2. gii cc bt phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i, ta kh du gi tr tuyt i bng
nh ngha v cc tnh cht sau
f ( x) < g ( x )
f ( x ) < g ( x)
f ( x) > g ( x )
f ( x) > g ( x)
f ( x) > g ( x)
f ( x) < g ( x)
f ( x ) > g ( x) [ f ( x)]2 > [ g ( x )]2

f ( x ) < g ( x) [ f ( x)]2 < [ g ( x )]2 .
2. Bt phng trnh bc hai mt n
2.1. nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c; a 0

nh l. Cho tam thc bc hai f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c
+ Nu < 0 th f ( x ) cng du vi h s a vi m i x ;
+ Nu = 0 th f ( x ) cng du vi h s a vi m i x
b
;
2a
+ Nu > 0 th f ( x ) c hai nghim phn bit x1 , x2 , ( x1 < x2 ) .

Khi f ( x ) tri du vi h s a nu x nm trong khong ( x1; x2 ), f ( x ) cng du vi h
s a nu x nm ngoi on [ x1 ; x2 ] .
2.2. Bt phng trnh bc hai mt n
nh ngha. Bt phng trnh bc hai n x l bt phng trnh c dng ax 2 + bx + c > 0
(hoc ax 2 + bx + c 0; ax 2 + bx + c < 0; ax 2 + bx + c 0 ). Vi a, b, c v a 0.
Cch gii.
36
gii bt phng trnh bc hai ta p dng nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai.
Ch . Cng nh trng hp bt phng trnh bc nht, ta cng gii c cc bt phng

trnh dng
P (x )
P (x )
> 0;
<0 ;
Q (x )
Q (x )
P( x )
P (x )
0 ;
0.
Q (x )
Q( x )
Trong P ( x ) ; Q ( x ) l tch cc tam thc bc hai.

2.3. nh l o v du ca tam thc bc hai
Theo nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai th ch trong trng hp f ( x ) c nghim
x1 , x2 th af ( x)< 0 v x2 < x < x1 , do ta c nh l o ca nh l v du ca tam thc
bc hai nh sau.
nh l. Cho tam thc bc hai f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c, nu tn ti s thc sao cho af ( ) < 0
th f ( x ) c hai nghim phn bit x1 , x2 ( x1 < x2 ) v nm trong khong ( x1 ; x2 ).
T nh l o v du ca tam thc f ( x ) ta c php so snh nghim ca f ( x ) vi mt s

nh sau.
+ Nu f ( ) = 0 th l nghim ca f ( x);
+ Nu af () < 0 th nm gia hai nghim x1 , x2 ca f ( x);
+ Nu af ( ) > 0 v f ( x) c hai nghim x1 , x2 th nm ngoi on [ x1 ; x2 ] v hn na
< x1 < x2 nu
s
> ;
2
x1 < x2 < nu
s
< .
2
H qu. iu kin tam thc bc hai f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c c hai nghim, trong c mt

nghim nm trong khong (; ), cn nghim kia nm ngoi on [; ] l f (). f () < 0.
B. BI TP
III.1. 1) Chng minh rng vi m i a, b, c ta c
a) a 2 + b 2 + 1 ab + a + b; ng thc xy ra khi no?

b) a 2 + b 2 + 4 ab + 2 ( a + b ) ; ng thc xy ra khi no?
c)
a2
+ b 2 + c 2 ab ac + 2bc. ng thc xy ra khi no?
4
2) Cho x, y, z l cc s dng. Chng minh rng
x 2 + xy + y 2 + y 2 + yz + z 2 + z 2 + zx + x 2 3 ( x + y + z ) .
3) Cho a, b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng
37
1 1 1 3 ( a b )( b c )( c a )
+ + +
9.
abc
a b c
( a + b + c )
4) Cho x 0, y 0. Chng minh rng
( x + y)
x+ y
2x y + 2 y x.
2
III.2. Chng minh rng
1)
a b
c
1 1 1
+ +
2 + , (a, b, c > 0);
bc ca ab
a b c
2) 1 <
a
b
c
d
+
+
+
< 2, (a, b, c, d > 0).
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a d +a +b
3) 1 <
a
b
c
+
+
< 2 , ( a, b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic).
b+c c+a a +b
III.3. 1) Chng minh rng
a) (a + b)(ab + 1) 4ab (a, b > 0);

b) (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 8abc (a, b, c > 0);
c) a 2 (1 + b 2 ) + b 2 (1 + c 2 ) + c 2 (1 + a 2 ) 6abc.
2) Cho a > 0, b > 0, c > 0. Chng minh rng
a2
b2
c2
a+b+c
+
+
.
b+c c+a a +b
2
III.4. 1) Cho u , v, x, y tha u 2 + v 2 = x 2 + y 2 = 1 . Chng minh rng
a) ux + vy 1;
b) u ( x + y ) + v( x y ) 2 .
2) Cho x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 v xyz = 1. Chng minh rng
x2
y2
z2
3
+
+
. Khi no ng thc xy ra?
y+ z z+ x x+ y 2
3) Cho a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 v a + b + c = 1. Chng minh rng
1
1
1
1
+
+ + 30. Khi no ng thc xy ra?
2
2
a + b + c ab bc ca
2
III.5. 1) Cho a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 = 1 . Chng minh rng
( x 2 + ax + b)2 + ( x 2 + cx + d )2 (2 x 2 + 1)2 , x .
2) Cho a, b, c l ba s thc dng tha mn iu kin ab + bc + ca = abc. Chng
minh rng
38
1
1
1
3
+
+
<
.
a + 2b + 3c 2a + 3b + c 3a + b + 2c 1 + 2 + 3 2
III.6. 1) Chng minh (sin 2 x +
1 2
1 2 25
) + (cos 2 x +
) . Khi no ng thc xy
2
sin x
cos 2 x
2
ra?
2) Cho x, y > 0 v tha x 2 + y 2 = 1. Chng minh rng
(1 + x ) 1 +
1
1
+ (1 + y ) 1 + 4 + 3 2. Khi no ng thc xy ra?
y
x
III.7. 1) Chng minh rng vi m i x ; x 0, x
+ k , x k , k , ta lun c
2
tan 2 x cot 2 x
1
+ 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 . Khi no ng thc xy ra?
x2
x
x
2) Cho a, b, c l ba s thc dng tha mn iu kin ab + bc + ca = abc.

Chng minh rng
b 2 + 2a 2
c 2 + 2b 2
a 2 + 2c 2
+
+
3.
ab
bc
ca
Khi no ng thc xy ra?
3) Cho x, y, z > 0 v tha x + y + z 1. Chng minh rng
x2 +
1
1
1
+ y 2 + 2 + z 2 + 2 82.
2
x
y
z
4) Cho x, y, z > 0 v tha xyz = 1. Chng minh rng

1 + x3 + y3
1 + y3 + z 3
1 + z 3 + x3
+
+
3 3.
xy
yz
zx

III.8. 1) Chng minh rng vi m i x, y th
x 2 (1 + sin 2 y ) + 2 x (sin y + cos y ) + 1 + cos 2 y > 0 .

2) Cho a b > 0. Chng minh rng
b
a 1 b 1
2 + a 2 + b .
2
2
3) Chng minh: 2sin x + tan x 3 x > 0 , vi 0 < x <
x3
4) Chng minh: x < sin x < x, vi m i x > 0.
6
39
III.9. 1) Cho a, b, c l cc s khng m. Chng minh rng
a 2 (b + c a) + b 2 (c + a b) + c 2 (a + b c ) 3abc.
2) Cho a, b, c, l cc s dng. Chng minh rng
a
b
c
3
+
+
.
2a + b + c 2b + c + a 2c + a + b 4
3) Chng minh rng vi m i s thc dng x, y, z tha mn x ( x + y + z ) = 3 yz ,

3
ta c ( x + y ) + ( x + z ) + 3 ( x + y )( x + z )( y + z ) 5 ( x + z ) .
III.10. 1) Cho a, b l cc s dng, n . Chng minh rng
a
b
(1 + )n + (1 + )n 2n +1.
b
a
2) Cho a 0, b 0, n *. Chng minh rng

n
an + bn
a+b
2
2
III.11. Cho a, b, c, l cc s dng. Chng minh rng
1)
1
1
1
1
+ 3 3
+ 3
;
3
3
a + b + abc b + c + abc c + a + abc abc
2)
a2
b2
c2
a +b+c
+
+
.
b+c c+a a+b
2
III.12. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau

1)
2x 5
+ 1 > 0;
| x 3|
2) x 2 1
3)
2
;
x2
| x2|
3;
x 5x + 6 |
2
2 3| x |
1;
1+ x
| x + 2 | x
5)
2;
x
| x 2 4 x | +3
6) 2
1.
x + | x5|
4)
III.13. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
40
1)
2 x
1 2x
> 3
;
3
2
x +x
x 2x2
2)
x 4 3 x3 + 2 x 2
> 0;
x 2 x 30
3)
x3 3x2 x + 3
0;
2x x2
x 4 4 x2 + 3
4) 2
0;
x 8 x + 15
5)
1
2
2x + 3
+ 2
< 3
;
x +1 x x +1 x +1
6) x 2 + ( x + 1) 2
15
;
x + x +1
2
7) 2 x3 + x 2 5 x + 2 > 0;
8) 2 x3 + x + 3 0.
III.14. Gii v bin lun cc bt phng trnh sau theo tham s m
1) ( m 3) x 2 2 m x + m 6 0;
2) ( m 4) x 2 2( m 2) x + m 1 0;
3) m x 2 2( m 3) x + m 4 < 0.
III.15. Cho tam thc bc hai
f ( x ) = (m + 1) x 2 2(m 1) x + 3m 3
Tm cc gi tr ca m
1) Bt phng trnh f ( x) < 0 v nghim;
2) Bt phng trnh f ( x) 0 c nghim.
III.16. Tm cc gi tr ca m cc bt phng trnh sau c tp hp nghim l
3x 2 mx + 5
< 6;
2x2 x +1
x 2 + mx + 1
2)
< 2.
x2 +1
1) 1
III.17. Tm cc gi tr ca m cc phng trnh sau y c cc nghim x1 , x2 tha iu
kin c ch ra
41
1) x 2 (2m + 3) x + m 2 = 0; x1 < 3 < x2 ;

2) mx 2 + 2(m 1) x + m 5 = 0; x1 < x2 < 2;
3) (m 1) x 2 (m 5) x + m 1 = 0; 1 < x2 < x2 .
III.18. Bin lun theo m v tr ca s 1 vi cc nghim ca phng trnh
(3 m) x 2 2(2m 5) x 2m + 5 = 0.
III.19. Tm cc gi tr ca m cc phng trnh sau c nghim x1 , x2 tha iu kin c
ch ra
1) mx 2 2(m + 1) x + m + 5 = 0; x1 < 0 < x2 < 2;
2) (m 2) x 2 2mx + 2m 3 = 0; 6 < x1 < 4 < x2 .
III.20. Bin lun theo m v tr ca s 0 v s 2 i vi nghim ca phng trnh
mx 2 2(m 1) x + m 3 = 0.
III.21. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh
2 x 2 + (2m 1) x + m 1 = 0
c mt nghim nm trong khong (1;3), cn nghim kia nh hn 1.
III.22. Cho phng trnh
(m 1) x 2 2mx + m + 5 = 0
Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh
1) C hai nghim u ln hn 2;
2) C t nht mt nghim ln hn 2.
III.23. Cho f ( x ) = mx 2 2(m + 1) x m + 5 .
Tm cc gi tr ca m f ( x) > 0, x < 1.
III.24. Cho f ( x ) = 2 x 2 (3m + 1) x (3m + 9) .
Tm cc gi tr ca m f ( x) 0, x [ 2;1] .
III.25. Cho f ( x ) = (m 2) 2 x 2 3(m 6) x m 1 .
Tm cc gi tr ca m f ( x ) < 0, x ( 1, 0 ) .
III.26. Cho bt phng trnh
( x + 2)( x + 4)( x 2 + 6 x + 10) m.

Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi x .
42
2cos 2 x + 3mcosx +1 0.
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi x [0; ].
x2 +
1
1
+ (2m + 3)( x + ) + 2(m + 2) > 0.
2
x
x
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi x 0.

x 3 (2m + 1) x 2 + 3(m + 4) x m 12 > 0.

Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi x > 1.
( x 1)( x + 1)( x + 3)( x + 5) > m.

Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi x > 1.
x( x 2)( x + 2)( x + 4) < 2m.

Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh c nghim x > 0.
III.32. Chng minh rng phng trnh 4 x ( 4 x 2 + 1) = 1 c ng ba nghim phn bit.
CHNG IV.
PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH V T
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. PHNG TRNH V T
1. nh ngha v cc nh l
1.1. nh ngha
Ta g i phng trnh v t, m i phng trnh c cha n di du cn hay ni khc i

l phng trnh dng f ( x ) = 0, trong f ( x ) l mt hm s c cha cn thc ca bin s.
1.2. Cc nh l. (Cc nh l sau lm c s cho vic gii phng trnh v t).
2 k +1
1.2.1. nh l. f ( x) = g ( x ) [ f ( x)]
= [ g ( x)]2k +1
1.2.2. nh l.
2 k +1
f ( x) = g ( x ) f ( x) = [ g ( x )]2 k +1
1.2.3. nh l.
2 k +1
f ( x) = 2 k +1 g ( x ) f ( x ) = g ( x)
1.2.4. nh l.
2k
g ( x) 0
f ( x ) = g ( x)
2k
f ( x) = [ g ( x)]
43
1.2.5. nh l.
2k
f ( x ) 0 g ( x) 0
f ( x) = 2k g ( x)
f ( x) = g ( x)
(Vi k l s t nhin khc 0).

2. Cc phng php gii phng trnh v t
2.1. Phng php nng ln ly tha

2.2. Phng php t n ph
2.3. Phng php lng gic ha
Trong mt s trng hp, nu chng ta t n ph bi cc hm s lng gic, th vic gii
quyt bi ton tr nn d dng hn. Kin thc cn nh nh sau.
+ Nu trong phng trnh, iu kin ca n x l k x k , k > 0 hay phng trnh c cha

k 2 x 2 th t x = k sin t , t [ ; ]; hoc t x = k cos t , t [0; ].
2 2
+ Nu trong phng trnh, iu kin ca n x l x k , k > 0 hay phng trnh c cha
x 2 k 2 th t x =
3
k
; t [0; ) [; ); hoc t x =
, t [ ; 0) (0; ].
cos t
2
2
sin t
2
2
+ Nu trong phng trnh, n x nhn mi gi tr thuc hay phng trnh c cha

th t x = k tan t , t ; .
2 2
x2 + k 2
Ngoi ra, ty tng trng hp, cng c th t x = cos 2 t; x = sin 2 t ,...

2.4. Mt s phng php khc
II. BT PHNG TRNH V T
1. nh ngha v cc nh l
1.1. nh ngha
Bt phng trnh v t l mt bt phng trnh c cha n di du cn thc. Ni khc

i l mt bt phng trnh c dng f ( x ) > 0, (hoc f ( x) < 0, f ( x ) 0, f ( x) 0 ), trong
f ( x ) l hm s c cha cn thc ca bin s.
1.2. Cc nh l
1.2.1. nh l.
2 k +1
f ( x) g ( x ) f ( x ) g 2 k +1 ( x) .
1.2.2. nh l.
2 k +1
f ( x) g ( x ) f ( x ) g 2 k +1 ( x) .
1.2.3. nh l.
44
2k
g ( x) 0
f ( x) 0
f ( x) g ( x )
g ( x) 0
f ( x ) g 2 k ( x )
1.2.4. nh l.
2k
f ( x) 0
f ( x ) g ( x) g ( x) 0
f ( x) [ g ( x )]2 k
2. Cc phng php gii bt phng trnh v t
2.1. Phng php nng ly tha

B. BI TP
IV.1. Gii cc phng trnh
1) (16 x 2 ) 3 x = 0;
2) (9 x 2 ) 2 x = 0;
3)
4 + 2 x x 2 = x 2;
4) 1 + 4 x x 2 = x 1;
5)
2x +1 + x 3 = 2 x;
6)
x + 1 + 4 x + 13 = 3 x + 12;
7) ( x + 3) 10 x 2 = x 2 x 12;
8)
x + 4 1 x = 1 2x.
1) 3 x 2 + 15 x + 2 x 2 + 5 x + 1 = 2;
2)
x 2 3x + 3 + x 2 3x + 6 = 3;
3)
x + 2 + 5 x + ( x + 2)(5 x) = 4;
4)
x + 4 + x 4 = 2 x 12 + 2 x 2 16;
5) 1 +
2
x x2 = x + 1 x ;
3
6) 1 + 1 + x x 2 24 = x;
7)
x + x + 11 + x x + 11 = 4;
8) x 3 35 x3 ( x + 3 35 x 3 ) = 30;
9) x 3 + 2 = 3 3 3 x 2;
45
10) 2 3 (1 + x) 2 + 3 3 1 x 2 + 3 (1 x )2 = 0;
11) 2 x + 6 3 1 x + 2 = 0;
12) 3 x + 1 = 3 x 2 8 x + 3;
x + 3 x + 1 = x 2 + x + 1.
13)
1) x x 2 + 15 x 4 x 2 + 15 = 2;
4
= 2;
2 x +3
2)
2 x +
3)
9 5x = 3 x +
4
4)
x + x2 + x
6
;
3 x
1
3
= ;
x x2 + x x
x 2 + 2 x + 1 + x 2 2 x + 1 = 2;
5)
6) (2 x 2 + 6 x + 10) x 2 + 3 x 11x 2 33 x + 8 = 0.
2 x 2 + 4 x 3 x + 2 2 x + 3 2 x = 0;
7)
8) 2 3 3x 2 + 3 6 5 x 8 = 0;
9)
x + 1 = 32 4 x 4 x + 1 x;
10)
2 x = 1 x 1;
11)
9 x = 2 x 1;
12) 2 3 1 x 2 + 4 x 2 = 4.
1)
x + 2 x 1 + x 2 x 1 =
x+3
;
2
2) 2 x + 2 + 2 x + 1 x + 1 = 4;
3)
2( x 2 2 x + 4)
= 2 x + 2 + 3 x 2 2 x + 4;
x+2
4) 2( x 2 3x + 2) = 3 x3 + 8;
5) x 3 + (1 x 2 )3 = x 2(1 x 2 ) ;
46
3
6) 1 + 1 x 2 (1 x )
(1 + x )
= 2 + 1 x2 ;
7) 1 x 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 + 1 = 0;
8)
9)
x2 + 1 +
x 2 + 1 ( x 2 + 1)2
=
;
2x
2 x (1 x 2 )
2x +1 + 3 2x =
( 2 x 1)
IV.5. Gii cc bt phng trnh
1) ( x 1) x 2 x 2 0;
2) ( x 2 1) x 2 x 2 0;
3)
2 x x 2 < 5 x;
4)
x 2 3x + 2 x 3 > 0;
5)
x + 3 + x + 2 2 x + 4 > 0;
6)
3x 2 + 5 x + 7 3 x 2 + 5 x + 2 > 1;
7)
x + x + 9 x + 1 + x + 4;
8)
5 x 1 x 1 > 2 x 4;
9)
x 2 + 3 x + 2 + x 2 + 6 x + 5 2 x 2 + 9 x + 7;
10)
x 2 + x 2 + x 2 + 2 x 3 x 2 + 4 x 5;
11)
1 1 4 x2
< 3.
x
1) 2 x 2 4 x + 3 x 2 + 4 x 5;
2) 5 x +
3)
5
2 x
2x +
x 1 + x + 3 + 2
1
+ 4;
2x
( x 1)( x + 3) > 4 2 x;
4) x 3 + x 2 + 3 x x + 1 + 2 > 0;
5)
7 x + 7 + 7 x 6 + 2 49 x 2 + 7 x 42 < 181 14 x;
6) 2( x 2)2 + 2 x x 2 + x ;
47
2( x + 2)2 + 2(2 x 1) > x + 2 + 2 x 1;
7)
8) x 2 + 4 x ( x + 4) x 2 2 x + 4;
9) x 2 1 2 x x 2 + 2 x ;
10) ( x 1) 2 x 1 3( x 1);
11) ( x 2 1)
x 2 1 1 + x 2 1 6 > 0;
12) x 2 x 1 5 4 x;
13)
x3 2 x 2 + x < x x + x 2 2 x .
1)
41
16 2
+ 3;
x x
2) x 2 x (2 + 12 2 x x 2 );
3)
4)
4 x2 +
x
0;
x
x 2 13x + 40
19 x x 2 78
0;
5) x 1 x < 0;
6)
7)
8)
9)
2( x 2 16)
x3
+ x 3 >
7
x3
x 2 + 4 x + 4 x + 4 2 x 8 x > 0;
1
3x
+1 >
;
2
1 x
1 x2
x > 1 + 3 x 1;
10) x +
2x
x2 4
> 3 5.
IV.8. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c ng hai nghim phn bit
x 52 x 6 + x 4 x 6 2 = m .
IV.9. Tm cc gi tr ca m cc phng trnh sau c nghim
1) x + 4 x 2 + x 4 x 2 = m;
48
2)
1
4
1
+
+ 4 x = 4( + 2 x ) + m.
2
x
x
x
IV.10. Cho phng trnh

5
x 2 + ( m 2 ) x 2 + 4 + 2 m3 = 0.
3
Chng minh rng phng trnh c nghim vi m i m > 0.

x + 1 + x + 4 + x 2 + 5 x + 4 + x + 2m = 0.
Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh c nghim khng m.

IV.12. Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh
5+ x + 7 x + m
( 5 + x )( 7 x ) = 2m + 1.
IV.13. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c nghim

3 x 1 + m x + 1 = 2 4 x2 1 .
IV.14. Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh
m( x 2 2 x + 2 + 1) x 2 2 x + 6 + x 2 2 x + 2
c nghim thuc on [0; 2].
IV.15. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh
x4 + 4 x + m + 4 x4 + 4 x + m = 6
c hai nghim.
IV.16. Chng minh rng vi m i m > 1, phng trnh sau lun lun c hai nghim phn
bit
x 2 2 x 3 = ( m + 1)( x 3).
( x 1)3 + mx = m + 1.
Chng minh rng phng trnh lun lun c mt nghim duy nht vi m i m.
(4 + x )(6 x ) x 2 2 x + m
nghim ng vi m i x [ 4; 6] .
49
mx x 3 m + 1
c nghim.
IV.20. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c hai nghim phn bit
x 2 + mx + 2 = 2 x + 1.
IV.21. Cho bt phng trnh
( x + 1)( x + 3) m x 2 + 4 x + 5
1) Gii bt phng trnh khi m = 1;
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi m i x [ 2; 2 + 3].
(3 + x )(7 x ) x 2 4 x + m.
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi m i x [3; 7].

4 x 2 + 16 4 x m.
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh c nghim.
1 x 2 m x.
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh c nghim.

12 3 x 2 x m.
Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh c mt nghim duy nht.

m 2 x 2 + 7 < x + m.
1
1) Gii bt phng trnh khi m = ;
2
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi m i x .

x 2 2mx > 1 x.
1
Tm cc gi tr ca m tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho cha on [ ;1].
4
IV.28. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh m
50
x 2 + 2 4 x2 4 x + 2 = 2 4 x2 4
c nghim thc.
IV.29. Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh x 3 + 3x 2 1 m
x x 1
c nghim.
IV.30. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c ng hai nghim phn bit
4
2 x + 2 x + 2 4 6 x + 2 6 x = m.
IV.31. Tm cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh sau c nghim x < 1
x 2 + mx 1 > ( x + m ) x 2 1.
IV.32. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c nghim
x 2 + mx 4 = ( x + m ) x 2 4.
CHNG V
PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. NHC LI LOGARIT
1. nh ngha. Cho a l mt s dng khc 1 v b l mt s dng. S thc sao
cho a = b c gi l logarit c s a ca b v k hiu l log a b tc l
= log a b a = b.
Ch .
Khi vit log a b th phi hiu l a > 0, a 1; b > 0.
Trng hp c s a = 10 th logarit c s 10 ca s dng b ta vit l lg b v c l
logarit thp phn ca b.
Vi a = e th logarit c s e ca s dng b ta vit l ln b v c l logarit t nhin ca
1
b, hay logarit Npe ca b. (S e l gii hn lim (1 + ) x xp x bng 2, 718281828...).
x +
x
T nh ngha ta c mt s kt qu sau.
log a 1 = 0 , log a a = 1;
log a a b = b
a loga b = b
2. Cc tnh cht ca logarit
2.1. nh l.
i ) log a (bc) = log a b + log a c;1 a > 0; b, c > 0

b
ii ) log a = log a b log a c;1 a > 0; b, c > 0
c
51
iii ) log a b = log a b;1 a > 0; b > 0; .
Ch . Trong iii) nu = 2k , k * th log a b 2 k = 2k log a b ;1 a > 0; b 0.

H qu
1
i ) log a = log a b;1 a > 0; b > 0
b
ii ) log a n b =
1
log a b;1 a > 0; b > 0; n , n 2.
n
2.2. nh l
log b c =
log a c
hay log a b.log b c = log a c;1 a > 0;1 b > 0; c > 0.
log a b
H qu
i ) log a b =
1
hay log a b.log b a = 1;1 a > 0;1 b > 0. .
logb a
ii ) log a c =
1
log a c;1 a > 0; c > 0; 0.
iii) a logb c = c logb a ;1 b > 0; a, c > 0.

II. PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH M
1. nh ngha. Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m l phng trnh, bt phng trnh m
n s c mt s m ca ly tha.
Trong mt s trng hp ta xt thm n s c mt c c s ca ly tha, khi ta

phi xt hai trng hp: c s a > 1 v 0 < a < 1.
2. Mt s phng php gii phng trnh m
2.1. Phng php logarit ha

Cc dng c bn
a f ( x) = a g ( x)
a > 0
a = 1
f ( x ) = g ( x )
a f ( x ) = b f ( x) = log a b, 1 a > 0; b > 0.

2.2. Phng php t n s ph
2.3. Phng php s dng tnh cht n iu ca hm s
S dng tnh cht n iu ca hm s gii phng trnh l cch gii kh quen
thuc. Ta c ba hng p dng nh sau.
1. Bin i phng trnh v dng
52
f ( x ) = k (1)
vi k l hng s.
Nu hm s f ( x ) ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong (a; b) th phng trnh (1) c
nhiu nht mt nghim trn khong (a; b). Do nu tm c x0 thuc khong (a; b) sao
cho f ( x0 ) = k th x0 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
f ( x) = g ( x ) (2)
Nu hm s y = f ( x ) ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong (a; b), nhng hm s
y = g ( x ) nghch bin (ng bin) cng trn khong th phng trnh (2) c nhiu nht
mt nghim trn khong (a; b). Do , nu tm c x0 thuc khong (a; b) sao cho
f ( x0 ) = g ( x0 ) th x0 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
f (u ) = f (v ) (3)
Xt hm s y = f ( x), nu hm s ny n iu trn khong (a; b) th khi phng
trnh (3) tng ng vi u = v; u , v (a; b).
3. Mt s phng php gii bt phng trnh m
3.1. Phng php logarit ha

Cc dng c bn
a f ( x) < a g ( x)
a f (x)
a > 1
f ( x) < g ( x )
.
0 < a < 1
f ( x ) > g ( x)
a >1
f ( x ) < log a b
< b (b > 0)
.
0 < a < 1
f ( x) > log a b
a f ( x ) > b (1). (0 < a 1)

i) Nu b 0 th (1) f ( x ) c ngha.
ii) Nu b > 0 th:
+ Trng hp 1: a > 1. Khi (1) f ( x ) > log a b
+ Trng hp 2: 0 < a < 1. Khi (1) f ( x ) < log a b
53

C hai hng p dng nh sau:
1. Bin i bt phng trnh v dng
f ( x) > k (1) ( k l hng s)
Nu hm s f ( x ) n iu trn khong (a; b) (gi s ng bin).
Khi ta c nhn xt: Gi s x0 thuc (a; b) l nghim ca phng trnh f ( x ) = 0, th
Vi x x0 f ( x) f ( x0 ) = k (1) v nghim.
Vi x > x0 f ( x ) > f ( x0 ) = k (1) nghim ng.
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh l x > x0 .
2. Bin i bt phng trnh v dng
f (u ) < f (v) (2)
Xt hm s y = f ( x), gi s hm s ng bin trn khong (a; b) , khi
f (u ) < f (v ) u < v; u, v (a, b).
III. PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH LOGARIT
1. nh ngha. Phng trnh, bt phng trnh logarit l phng trnh, bt phng trnh
c n cha trong biu thc di du logarit.
Trong mt s trng hp c xt c n cha c s ca logarit, khi ta phi xt hai

trng hp ca c s: a > 1 v 0 < a < 1.
2. Mt s phng php gii phng trnh logarit
2.1. Phng php m ha

Cc dng c bn
a > 0, a 1
log a f ( x ) = b
b
f ( x) = a
a > 0, a 1
log a f ( x ) = log a g ( x) f ( x) > 0, ( g ( x ) > 0)
f ( x) = g ( x)

3. Mt s phng php gii bt phng trnh logarit
3.1. Phng php m ha

Cc dng c bn
54
a > 1
0 < a < 1
log a f ( x ) < b
b
b
0 < f ( x ) < a f ( x ) > a
log a f ( x) > b
a > 1
f ( x ) > a b
0 < a <1
b
0 < f ( x ) < a
a >1
0 < a <1
log a f ( x ) > log a g ( x ) f ( x ) > g ( x ) f ( x ) < g ( x)

g ( x) > 0
f ( x) > 0

B. BI TP
V.1. Gii cc phng trnh
1) 4 x 10.2 x 1 = 24;
2) 4.22 x 6 x = 18.32x ;
2
3) 3log3 x + x log 3 x =162;

4) 9
log 1 ( 2 x 2 +1)
log 1 ( x +1)
x2 5
5) 4 x
6) 9 x
+ x 1
=5
;
x 2 5
12.2 x 1
10.3x
+ x2
+ 8 = 0;
+ 1 = 0;
7) 3.4 x + (3 x 10).2 x + 3 x = 0;
8) x 2 + (2 x 3) x + 2(1 2 x ) = 0;
9) 4.33 x 3x +1 = 1 9 x .
10) 4 x
11) e
3 x +2

sin x
4
+ 4x
+6 x +5
= 42x
+3 x + 7
+ 1;
= tan x.
V.2. Gii cc bt phng trnh
1) 4 x 2.52 x 10x > 0;

2)
9 x 3x + 2 > 3x 9;
55
3)
4x + 2 x 4
2;
x 1
4) 15.2 x +1 + 1 2 x 1 + 2 x +1 ;
2
5) 2(log 2 x ) + x log 2 x 4;
6) ( 10 3)
x +1
x+3
7) 4 x 2 + x.2 x
8)
+1
( 10 + 3)
x3
x 1
0;
2
+ 3.2 x > x 2 .2 x + 8 x + 12;
8 + 2 x +1 4 x + 2 x +1 > 5;
x+2
1 2 x
> 9.
9)
3
V.3. Gii v bin lun phng trnh
2
2m x +6 24 x +3 m = (4 m 2 ) x + 3m 6.
V.4. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh sau c nghim
4 x + 4 x = m(2 x + 2 x + 1).
V.5. Gii cc h phng trnh
4 x + y = 128
1) 3 x 2 y 3
= 1;
5
8log 9 ( x 4 y ) = 1
2) x 2 y
7.2 x 2 y = 8;
4
23 x = 5 y 2 4 y
3) 4 x + 2 x +1
= y;
x
2 +2
9log 2 ( xy ) = 3 + 2( xy )log 2 3
4)
x 2 + y 2 = 3x + 3 y + 6;
( x 2 + y )2 y x = 1
5)
2
x2 y
9( x + y ) = 6 ;
2
3x 3 y = ( y x )( xy + 8)
6)
x 2 + y 2 = 8;
56
3x + x = 3 + y
7)
3 y + y = 3 + x;
2 x +1 3.2 x = y 2 2
2
8)
2 y 2 3 y = 22 x 2;
4log 3 ( xy ) = 2 + ( xy )log3 2
9)
x 2 + y 2 3 x 3 y = 12;
22 x + 42 y = 2
10)
x
y
x+2 y
= 3;
2 + 4 + 2
y
x2 1
y 2 1
= ln
2 2
x
11)
2
y + 3 + 2 y = 3 + x;
x + y = 1
12) x
y
2 2 = 2;
23 x +1 + 2 y 2 = 3.23 x + y
13)
2
3 x + xy + 1 = x + 1;
32 x + 2 + 22 y + 2 = 17
14) x +1
y
2.3 + 3.2 = 8.
V.6. Gii cc phng trnh
1) log 3 ( 3x 8 ) = 2 x;
2) log x 1 3 = 2;
3)
4)
log 2 ( 9 2 x )
3 x
= 1;
1
1
log 2 ( x + 3) + log 4 ( x 8)8 = log 2 (4 x);
2
4
5) log 2 4 x + 15.2 x + 27 + 2 log 2
1
= 0;
4.2 x 3
6) log 7 ( 2 x 1) + log 7 ( 2 x 7 ) = 1;
7) 2 log 2 x + 1 log 4 x + log 2
1
= 0;
4
57
8) 2log 3 ( 4 x 3) + log 1 ( 2 x + 3) = 2;
3
9) log 3 log 21 x 3log 1 x + 5 = 2;

2
2
10) log x 2 + 2 log 2 x 4 = log

11) log
2x
8;
3
x + 1 log 1 ( 3 x ) log 8 ( x 1) = 0;
2
12) log 3 ( 9 x + 9 ) = x + log 3 ( 28 2.3x ) ;

13) 16log 27 x3 x 3log 3 x x 2 = 0;
14)
log 2 2 x 2 + log 4 16 x = log 4 x 3 ;
15) log 2 (2 x + 1) .log 2 (2 x+1 + 2) = 6;

16) log 2 2 x2 (2 x 2 x 4 ) = 2
1
;
log 3 (2 2 x 2 )
4
17) ( x +1) log 32 x + 4 x log 3 x 16 = 0;

x3 1
3
18) log3 .log 2 x log3

= + log 2 x ;
x
3 2
19) log 34 x2 (9 16 x 4 ) = 2 +
1
;
log 2 (3 4 x 2 )
20) log 2 (4 x +1 + 4) .log 2 (4 x + 1) = log
1
2
1
;
8
9
21) log 2 (2 x 2 ) .log 2 (16 x ) = log 22 x;
2
22) lg x + 1 + 3lg 1 x = lg 1 x 2 ;
23) x + lg(1 + 2 x ) = x lg 5 + lg 6;
24) log 2
2x 1
= 1 + x 2x ;
x
1
25) log 3 ( x 3 x + 2 + 2) +
5
2
26) log 3 ( x + 2) = log 2 ( x + 1);
58
x 2 + 3 x 1
= 2;
27)
3
= 1;
2 + 1 + log 2 x
x
28) log 2
29)
30)
2+ 3
( x 2 2 x 2) = log 2 + 3 ( x 2 2 x 3);
2 lg x = 1 lg x 1;
3 + log 2 ( x 2 4 x + 5) + 2 5 log 2 ( x 2 4 x + 5) = 6;
31) log 22 x + log 2 x + 1 = 1.

V.7. Gii cc bt phng trnh
1) log 1 x + 2 log 1 ( x 1) + log 2 6 0;

2
2) log x log 3 (9 x 72) 1;

3) log 2 x +3 x 2 < 1;
1
4) log 9 x2 ( x 2 + 2 x + 6) ;
2
5) log 1 (4 x + 4) log 1 (22 x +1 3.2 x );

2
6) log x 3 2( x 2 10 x + 24) log x 3 ( x 2 9);

7)
1
1
<
;
log 3 ( x + 1) 2log9 x 2 + 6 x + 9
8)
(log 2 x) 2 + 3
> 2;
log 2 x + 3
9) log 2 (2 x 1) .log 1 (2 x+1 2) > 2;

2
10) log 4 (18 2 x ) .log 2
18 2 x
1;
8
3x 1 3
11) log 4 (3x 1) .log 1
;
4
4 16
12) log x ( 9 x 2 x 1) 1;
13)
log 21 x + 4log 2 x < 2(4 log16 x 4 );

2
14) log x 2 x log x 2 x 3 ;
59
15)
lg 2 x 3lg x + 3
< 1;
lg x 1
log 1 ( x + 3) 2 log 1 ( x + 3) 3
16)
x +1
17) log 5 x + log x

18)
> 0;
x (2 log 3 x) log 5 x
<
;
3
log 3 x
x2 4
< 0;
log 1 ( x 2 1)
2
19) log x 2 x log x (2 x)3 ;

20) log 2 x + log 3 ( x + 1) < 2;
21) log 2 x + 1 + log 3 x + 9 > 1;
V.8. Gii cc h phng trnh
log 4 x log 2 y = 0
1)
x 2 2 y 2 = 8;
1
2
2
x + y = 2 y + 4
2)
log 3 ( x + 2 y ) + log 1 ( x 2 y ) = 1;
3x 2 y = 972
3)
log 3 ( x y ) = 2;
2 x.8 y = 2 2
4)
1 1 1
log 9 + = log3 (9 y );
x 2 2
log x log 2 y = 0
5) 24
2
x 5 y + 4 = 0;
2log 2 x 3 y = 15
6)
3 y.log 2 x = 2log 2 x + 3 y +1 ;
log 2 x + log 4 x = 2 log 1 4
2
7)
log x + log y = 5;
4
2
60
log x ( xy ) = log y x 2
8)
y 2log y x = 4 y + 3;
1
log 1 ( y x) log 4 = 1
y
9)
4
x 2 + y 2 = 25;
log 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 5
10)
2log 4 x + log 2 y = 4;
log y xy = log x y
11)
2 x + 2 y = 3;
log x ( x 3 + 2 x 2 3x 5 y ) = 3
12)
log y ( y 3 + 2 y 2 3 y 5 x) = 3;
x 4 y + 3 = 0
13)
log 4 x log 2 y = 0;
log 4 x log x y =
14)
6
xy = 16;
log 2 x + 2log 2 y = 3
15)
x 2 + y 4 = 16;
x 1 + 2 y = 1
16)
3log 9 (9 x 2 ) log 3 y 3 = 3;
ln(1 + x) ln(1 + y ) = x y
17)
2
2
x 12 xy + 20 y = 0;
x log8 y + y log8 x = 4
18
log 4 x log 4 y = 1;
log 2 x + 3 = 1 + log 3 y
19)
log 2 y + 3 = 1 + log 3 x;
61
3lg x = 4lg y
20)
(4 x)lg 4 = (3 y )lg3 ;
x + log3 y = 3
21)
2
x
( 2 y y + 12 ) .3 = 81 y;
log x 2 + y 2 ) = 1 + log 2 ( xy )
22) x2 2xy(+ y 2
= 81;
3
x 1 1 y
4 =
2
23)
3log 9 x = y ;
3 4 x
x + 1 1 3y =
24)
x
y + log x = 1;
log 4 ( x 2 + y 2 ) log 4 ( 2 x ) + 1 = log 4 ( x + 3 y )
25)
x
2
log 4 ( xy + 1) log 4 ( 4 y + 2 y 2 x + 4 ) = log 4 1.
y
V.9. Cho phng trnh
log 32 x + log32 x + 1 2m 1 = 0 (1)

1) Gii phng trnh khi m = 2;
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh (1) c t nht mt nghim thuc on
[1; 3 ] .
3
V.10. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh: 4(log 2 x ) 2 log 1 x + m = 0

2
c nghim thuc khong (0;1).

V.11. Tm cc gi tr ca a phng trnh: 25
1 t 2
(a + 2)5
1t 2
+ 2a + 1 = 0 c nghim.
V.12. Tm cc gi tr ca a phng trnh

2 log 32 x log 3 x + a = 0 c bn nghim phn bit.
V.13. Chng minh rng vi m i gi tr ca a > 0 h phng trnh sau c mt nghim duy
nht
62
e x e y = ln(1 + x ) ln(1 + y )
y x = a.
V.14. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c nghim.
22 x + 4 2 y = m
2 x + 4 y + 2 x + 2 y = m
V.15. Cho h phng trnh
2 x +1 = y y + 1 + m + 1
y + 1 = 22 x + 2 2 x +1 + m

2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c nghim;
3) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c mt nghim duy nht.
2 x 2 y = y x
2
2
2 x 4mx y = 3m
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c ng hai nghim.
3x + x = 3m + y
3 y + y = 3m + x
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh v nghim.
V.18. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c mt nghim duy nht
x 2 + y 2 = 17
log 2 x + log 2 y = m.
V.19. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c nghim ( x; y ); x > 1, y < 4.

x2 y 4 = 0
x
log 2 = m log y x.
y
V.20. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c ng bn nghim
63
4 x.4 y = 8.2 xy
2
2
3 + log 2 x + log 2 y = log 2 ( x + y + m).
x + 2 lg y = 3m
2
x 3lg y = 1
1) Gii h phng trnh vi m = 1;
2) Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh c nghim ( x; y ); x 1.
lg 2 x + lg 2 y = 1
x
lg = m.
y

2x
2y
2 + 3 = 1
x
y
2 + 3 = m.
Tm nghim .
V.24. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c nghim
22 x + 4 2 y = 2
x
y
x+2 y
= 1 m.
2 + 4 2
V.25. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c ba nghim phn bit
22 x + 22 y = 16
2x
2y
x
y
x + y =1
= 2m2 .
2 + 2 + m 2 + 2 + 2
log 32 x + log 22 y 2 = 4m
2
log 3 x + 2 log 2 y = 10
CHNG VI.
PHNG TRNH LNG GIC
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. CC CNG THC BIN I LNG GIC
Ta quy c cc biu thc trong cc cng thc sau u c ngha.

1. Cng thc cng
1) cos(a + b) = cos a cos b sin a sin b

64
2) cos(a b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin b

3) sin(a + b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b
4)sin(a b) = sin a cos b cos a sin b
tan a + tan b
1 tan a tan b
tan a tan b
6) tan(a b) =
.
1 + tan a tan b
5) tan(a + b) =
2. Cng thc nhn

2.1. Cng thc nhn i
1) cos 2a = cos 2 a sin 2 a

2)sin 2a = 2sin a cos a
3) tan 2a =
2 tan a
.
1 tan 2 a
2.1.1. Cng thc h bc
1 + cos 2a
2
1 cos 2a
2)sin 2 a =
.
2
1) cos 2 a =
2.1.2. Cng thc tnh theo cos 2a
1) cos 2 a =
1
(1 + cos 2a)
2
2) sin 2 a =
1
(1 cos 2a )
2
3) tan 2 a =
1 cos 2a
.
1 + cos 2a
2.1.3. Cng thc tnh theo tan
1) cos a =
1 t2
1+ t2
2)sin a =
2t
1+ t2
3) tan a =
2t
.
1 t2
a
=t
2
2.2. Cng thc nhn ba

1) cos 3a = 4 cos 3 a 3cos a
2)sin 3a = 3sin a 4 sin 3 a
65
3) tan 3a =
3 tan a tan 3 a
.
1 3 tan 2 a
3. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng
1
1) cos a cos b = [cos(a + b) + cos(a b)]
2
1
2)sin a sin b = [cos(a + b) cos(a b)]
2
1
3) sin a cos b = [sin(a + b) + sin(a b)].
2
4. Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch
a +b
a b
cos
2
2
a+b
a b
2) cos a cos b = 2 sin
sin
2
2
a +b
a b
3) sin a + sin b = 2 sin
cos
2
2
a+b
ab
4)sin a sin b = 2 cos
sin
.
2
2
1) cos a + cos b = 2 cos
Mt s cng thc quen thuc
1) cos a + sin a = 2 cos(a )

4
2) cos a + sin a = 2 sin(a + )

4
3) cos a sin a = 2 cos(a + )

4
4) cos a sin a = 2 sin(a )

4
5) cos 4 a + sin 4 a = 1 2sin 2 a cos 2 a
6) cos 6 a + sin 6 a = 1 3sin 2 a cos 2 a.
II. PHNG TRNH LNG GIC C BN
1. Phng trnh sin x = a (1)
Nu a > 1 th phng trnh (1) v nghim.

Nu a 1 th phng trnh (1) c nghim.
Gi l s o ca gc sao cho sin = a
66
x = + k 2
Ta c (1) sin x = sin
, ( k ).
x = + k 2
(nu cho bng radian).
x = + k .3600
,(k ).
Hay (1)
x = 1800 + k .3600
(nu cho bng ).
Cc trng hp c bit
sin x = 1 x =
+ k 2, ( k ) .
2
sin x = 1 x =
+ k 2, ( k ) .
2
sin x = 0 x = k , ( k ) .
2. Phng trnh cos x = a (2)
Nu a > 1 th phng trnh (2) v nghim.

Nu a 1 th phng trnh (2) c nghim.
Gi l s o gc sao cho cos = a
Ta c ( 2 ) cos x = cos
x = + k 2
,(k ).
x = + k 2
x = + k .3600
Hay ( 2 )
,(k ).
x = + k .3600
(nu cho bng ).
Cc trng hp c bit
cos x = 1 x = k 2, ( k ) .
cos x = 1 x = + k 2, ( k ) .
cos x = 0 x =
+ k , ( k ) .
2
3. Phng trnh tan x = a ( 3)
67
(3) xc nh vi m i x
+ k , ( k ) .
2
Gi l s o gc sao cho tan = a, th
( 3) tan x = tan
x = + k , ( k ) .

Hay (3) x = + k .1800 , ( k ) .
(nu cho bng ).
Ch . Nu phng trnh ban u dng tan u = tan v (*)
Th iu kin l u
+ k , v + k , ( k ) .
2
2
Khi (*) u = v + k , ( k ) .
4. Phng trnh cot x = a ( 4 )
(4) xc nh vi m i x k , ( k ) .
Gi l s o gc sao cho cot = a, th
( 4 ) cot x = cot
x = + k , ( k ) .

Hay (4) x = + k .1800 , ( k ) .
(nu cho bng ).
Ch . Nu phng trnh ban u dng cot u = cot v ( **)
th iu kin l u k , v k , ( k ) , khi (**) u = v + k , ( k ) .

III. MT S PHNG TRNH LNG GIC THNG GP
1. Phng trnh bc nht, bc hai, bc cao i vi mt hm s lng gic
Cch gii.
+ i vi cc phng trnh bc nht i vi mt hm s lng gic ta bin i ngay v

phng trnh lng gic c bn.
+ i vi cc phng trnh bc hai, bc cao i vi mt hm s lng gic ta t n ph,
sau gii phng trnh theo n ph.
Ch . Nu t t = cos x hay t = sin x th iu kin t 1.
2. Phng trnh bc nht i vi sin x v cos x
68
Phng trnh bc nht i vi sin x v cos x l phng trnh c dng

a sin x + b cos x = c (1), a, b, c
Cch gii.
a 2 + b 2 , ta c
Cch 1. Chia hai v ca (1) cho

a
2
a +b
t cos =
sin x +
a +b
a
a +b
cos x =
c
2
a + b2
,sin =
a + b2
Khi (2) tr thnh cos sin x + sin cos x =

Hay sin ( x + ) =
(3) c nghim
c
2
a + b2
a +b
a + b2
1 a 2 + b2 c2
Cch 2. Chia hai v ca (1) cho a ri t
Ta c sin x + tan cos x =
c
a
sin x cos + sin cos x =
c
cos (*)
a
sin ( x + ) =
c
2
( 3)
c
2
( 2)
b
= tan
a
c
cos
a
y l phng trnh xt trong 1.
Ch rng (*) c nghim khi v ch khi
c
cos x 1.
a
3. Phng trnh thun nht bc hai i vi sin x v cos x

l phng trnh dng
a sin 2 x + b sin x cos x + c cos 2 x = 0 ( 2 ) , a, b, c
Cch gii.
Xt x =
+ k xem c phi l mt nghim ca phng trnh khng.

2
Xt x
+ k , khi cos2 x 0, chia hai v ca phng trnh cho cos2 x 0 ta c

2
a tan 2 x + b tan x + c = 0 .
69
y l phng trnh bc hai i vi tan x ta bit cch gii.
Ch .
Nu phng trnh vi v phi khc 0

a sin 2 x + b sin x cos x + c cos2 x = d
Ta vit phng trnh dng

a sin 2 x + b sin x cos x + c cos2 x = d ( cos 2 x + sin 2 x )
ri chuyn v phi sang v tri.

Cng c th gii phng trnh (2) bng cch bin i v phng trnh bc nht i vi
sin 2x v cos 2 x, nh cc cng thc
cos 2 x =
1 + cos 2 x
;
2
sin 2 x =
1 cos 2 x
;
2
1
sin x cos x = sin 2 x.
2
i vi phng trnh thun nht bc ba i vi sin x v cos x

a cos3 x + b cos 2 x sin x + c sin 2 x cos x + d sin 3 x = 0
Ta cng bin i a v phng trnh bc ba i vi tan x.

4. Phng trnh i xng i vi sin x v cos x
Phng trnh i xng i vi sin x v cos x l phng trnh dng

a ( sin x + cos x ) + b sin x cos x + c = 0 ( 3) , a, b, c
Cch gii. t t = sin x + cos x = 2 sin x + , iu kin: t 2.

4
Khi t 2 = 1 + 2sin x cos x

t 2 1
Suy ra sin x cos x =
. Thay vo phng trnh (3) ta c
2
at +
b ( t 2 1)
+ c = 0 hay bt 2 + 2at + ( 2c b ) = 0. (*)
Gii phng trnh (*) tm t v chn nghim tha t 2.

Ch . Phng php gii trnh by trn cng c th p dng cho phng trnh
a ( sin x cos x ) b sin x cos x + c = 0
bng cch t t = sin x cos x = 2 sin x ; iu kin: t 2.

4
70
Khi sin x cos x =
1 t2
.
2
IV. CC PHNG TRNH LNG GIC KHC
C nhiu phng trnh lng gic m gii chng, ta cn s dng cc php bin i
lng gic a v cc phng trnh xt trn.
1. S dng cng thc h bc, gc nhn i, gc nhn ba
2. Dng phn thc
Ch . Khi gii cc phng trnh c cha n di mu, ta phi t iu kin cho mu khc
khng.
3. Dng cha tan x v cot x

Ch . i vi cc phng trnh cha tan x v cot x, ta phi t iu kin cho tan x v
cot x xc nh.
4. Mt s phng trnh gii bng phng php c bit

Ngoi cc phng php c bn gii phng trnh lng gic nu cc mc trn,
chng ta cn c mt s cch gii c bit, s dng cc kt qu sau:
A m
A = m
B m
B = m
A = B
A = 0
A2 + B 2 = 0
B = 0
A A1
A = A1
B B1
B = B1
A + B = A1 + B1
B. BI TP
VI.1. Gii cc phng trnh
1)
3 sin x cos x =
2;
2) cos x + 2cos2 x = 1;
3) cos4 x + 2cos2 x = 0;
4) 2cos 2 x + 4cos x = 3sin2 x;
5) cos x sin x + 3sin2 x 1 = 0;
6) 2sin2 x 3 3 (sin x + cos x ) + 3 3 = 0;
7) sin2 x +
2 sin( x ) = 1;
4
8) sin2 x + 2sin x coss x 2cos2 x =

9) cos x + sin x =
1
;
2
cos2x
;
1 sin 2 x
10) sin3 x cos3 x = 1 + sin x cos x.

71
1) 2cos2 x 1 = sin3 x ;
2)
1 + tan x
= (sin x + cos x )2;
1 tan x
1 sin 2 x
;
cos 2 2 x
3) 1 + tan2 x =
4) tan3 x tan x = sin2 x ;

5) (sin x sin2 x )(sin x + sin2 x ) = sin23 x ;
6) sin x + sin3 x + 4cos3 x = 0;
7) sin2 x = 1 +
6
2 cos x + cos2 x ;
4
8) 2cos x + sin x + cos2 x = 0;

9) 2cos2 3 x cos2 x cos 2 3 x + sin 2 x 1 = 0 .
1) sin x + cot
x
= 2;
2
2) sin2 x + cos2 x + tan x = 2;

3) cos 4 x
4)
3 (1 tan 2 x )
1+ tan 2 x
+ 2 = 0;
tan x 1
+ cot 2 x = 0, (0 < x < );
tan x + 1
5) tan 3 x 1 +
3
3cot( x ) = 3, ( < x < );
2
cos x
2
2
6) cos3 x sin x sin3 x cos x =
2
;
8
7) sin23 x cos24 x = sin25 x cos26 x ;

8) cos3 x 4cos2 x + 3cos x 4 = 0, x [0,14];
x
1
9) sin4 x + sin4( + ) + cos4 x = sin22 x ;
2 8
2
10) 2 cos 2 x 8cos x + 7 =
1
.
cos x
cos 3 x + sin 3x
1) 5 sin x +
= cos 2 x + 3, x (0; 2);
1 + 2sin 2 x
72

2) sin 2 x.cos x = tan 3 x.sin( x + ) cos 2 x.sin x ;
6
3) cot x 1 =
cos 2 x
1
+ sin 2 x sin 2 x ;
1 + tan x
2
4) sin 4 x sin 2 x + sin 9 x sin 3 x = cos 2 x ;

5) cos2 x sin 4 x + cos 2 x = 2cos x(sin x + cos x ) 1 ;
6)
3 cos 4 x + sin 4 x 2cos 3 x = 0 ;
7) 4cos2 x 2 cos2 2 x = 1 + cos 4 x ;
8) 2sin 2 ( x ) = 2sin 2 x tan x ;

4
9) cos 3x + 2 cos 2 x = 1 2 sin x sin 2 x ;

10) (2sin x 1)(2 cos x + sin x ) = sin 2 x cos x;
11)
3 cos 5 x 2 sin 3x cos 2 x sin x = 0;
12) sin x + cos x sin 2 x + 3 cos 3 x = 2 ( cos 4 x + sin 3 x ) .

1) tan 4 x + 1 =
2)
(2 sin 2 2 x ) sin 3x
;
cos4 x
sin 4 x + cos4 x 1
1
= cot 2 x
;
5sin 2 x
2
8sin 2 x
3) 1 + sin x + cos x + sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 0 ;
1
4) 2 cos 2 x sin 2 x + cos( x ) sin(3 x ) = 0 ;
4
4 2
x
5) cot x + sin x(1 + tan x tan ) = 4 ;
2
6)
2(cos6 x + sin 6 x) sin x cos x

=0;
2 2sin x
7) cos 3x + cos 2 x cos x 1 = 0 ;

8) 13 18 tan x = 6 tan x 3;
9) cos 4 x sin 4 x = cos x + sin x ;
10) cos13 x + sin14 x = 1.
1) tan x = cot x + 4 cos 2 2 x;

73
2) sin 2 x = sin x +
;
4
4 2
3)
3 ( 2cos2 x + cos x 2 ) + ( 3 2cos x ) sin x = 0;
4) (1 + 2cos 3 x ) sin x + sin 2 x = 2sin 2 2 x + ;

4
x
x
x
5) 1 + sin sin x cos sin 2 x = 2 cos2 ;
2
2
4 2
1
6) cos 2 ( x + ) + sin 2 ( x + ) = 2sin x ;
3
6
4
sin 3x 4 cos x 3
6
7)
= 0;
sin 3x 1
8) cos 3x cos3 x sin 3x sin 3 x =
2+3 2
;
8
9) 4sin 3x sin x + 4 cos 3 x cos x + cos2 2 x + + 1 = 0;

4
4
4
10) sin 3x + 3 cos 3 x + cos 2 x 3 sin 2 x = sin x + 3 cos x;

11) sin 2 x (1 + tan x ) = 3sin x ( cos x sin x ) + 3;
12)
sin 2 x cos 2 x
+
= tan x cot x;
cos x
sin x
13)
1
+
sin x
= 4 sin
x ;
3
sin x
2
14) sin 3 x 3 cos 3 x = sin x cos 2 x 3 sin 2 x cos x;

15) 2sin x (1 + cos 2 x ) + sin 2 x = 1 + 2 cos x;
16)
(1 2sin x ) cos x =
(1 + 2sin x )(1 sin x )
3.
11 5 x
7 x
3x
1) cos
+ sin
= 2 sin + ;
2
4
4 2
2 2
2)
74
2 sin x
4
1 + sin 2 x = 1 + tan x;
(
)
cos x
3) sin 3 x + cos 3 x = cos 2 x ( 2 cos x sin x ) ;
4) 2sin 2 x = 2sin 2 x tan x ;

4
5)
1
x 1
x
+ cos 2 = sin 2 ;
4
3 2
2
6)
3 sin + cos x =
1
;
cos x
7) 3 tan 2 x + 4 tan x + 4cot x + 3cot 2 x + 2 = 0;

8) sin 2 x tan x + cos 2 x cot x sin 2 x = 1 + tan x + cot x;
9) sin 4 2 x + cos4 2 x = (1 + cos2 4 x ) sin 6 x ;
10) 3 ( 2cos2 x + cos x 2 ) + sin x ( 3 2 cos x ) = 0;
11) tan x tan x + sin 3 x = sin x + sin 2 x;

6
6
12) (1 tan x )(1 + sin 2 x ) = 1 + tan x;

13)
sin 2 x cos 2 x
= tan x cot x;
cos x
sin x
3x
5x
x
14) sin cos = 2 cos ;
2
2 4
2 4
15) 2cos2 x + 2 3 sin x cos x + 1 = 3 sin x + 3 cos x .

VI.8. Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m cc phng trnh cho sau y c nghim
1) tan 2 x + cot 2 x + m(tan x + cot x) + 2m = 0;

2) m(sin x + cos x ) + sin 2 x + m 1 = 0;
3) 4(cos x sin x ) + sin 2 x = m.
VI.9. Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m phng trnh sau c nghim tha
< x<
2
2
cos 2 x 2m cos x + 4 ( m 1) = 0.
VI.10. Gii v bin lun phng trnh sau theo tham s m
sin 2 x + 2sin x cos x 2 cos2 x = m.

VI.11. Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m phng trnh: m cos2 2 x 2sin 2 x + m 2 = 0 c

nghim trong khong 0; .
4
75
PHN II: LI GII V HNG DN

CHNG I.
HM S
I.1. Gi s y0 T f , khi y0 =
2 x 1
(1) c nghim i vi x.
x + x+4
2
(1) y0 ( x 2 + x + 4 ) = 2 x 1
y0 x 2 + ( y0 2 ) x + 4 y0 + 1 = 0 (2)
Xt cc trng hp sau:
+ Xt y0 = 0.
Khi , ( 2 ) 2 x + 1 = 0 x =
1
. Vy, y0 = 0 T f .
2
+ Xt y0 0. Khi , (2) c nghim khi v ch khi

2
= ( y0 2 ) 4 y0 ( 4 y0 + 1) 0
15 y02 8 y0 + 4 0
4 2 19
4 + 2 19
y0
15
15
4 2 19 4 + 2 19
;
Vy, tp gi tr ca hm s l T f =
.
15
15
I.2. Hm s cho c tp xc nh D = .
Gi s y0 T f , khi y0 =
(1) y0 ( x2 + a ) = x + 1
x +1
(1) c nghim i vi x.
x2 + a
y0 x 2 x + ay0 1 = 0 (2)
Xt cc trng hp sau
+ y0 = 0. (2) x = 1 y0 = 0 T f .
+ y0 0. khi , (2) c nghim x khi v ch khi = 1 4 ( ay0 1) y0 0
4ay02 + 4 y0 + 1 0
1 a +1
1+ a +1
y0
.
2a
2a
Nh vy tp gi tr ca hm s cha on [ 0;1] khi v ch khi a > 0 v h iu kin sau

1
1 +
76
1+ a
0
5
2a
0<a .
4
1+ a
1
2a
I.3. Hm s cho c tp xc nh l D = \ {m;1}. Tp xc nh D l tp i xng khi
v ch khi m = 1. Vi m = 1 th hm s tr thnh y =
1
. Hm s ny l mt hm s
x 1
2
chn. Vy, khi m = 1 th hm s cho l hm s chn.

I.4. Hm s cho c tp xc nh l: D = .
1) a D, ta c f (a) = f (0 + a) = f (0) + f (a) f (0) = f (a ) f (a) f (0) = 0.

Vy, f (0) = 0 (pcm).
2) Theo gi thit hm s y = f ( x ) xc nh trn nn tp xc nh ca hm s cho l
tp i xng. Mt khc ta li c: 0 = f (0) = f ( a + a ) = f ( a ) + f (a) f ( a ) = f (a ).
Vy, f l hm s l.
I.5. Trng hp phng trnh f ( x ) = 0 v nghim th s nghim ca phng trnh bng 0.
Gi s phng trnh f ( x ) = 0 c nghim. G i x0 l mt nghim ca phng trnh

f ( x ) = 0, ta c f ( x0 ) = 0 v x0 0. V y = f ( x ) l hm s l nn f ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) .
Suy ra f ( x0 ) = 0 v do x0 cng l mt nghim ca phng trnh f ( x ) = 0. T y

ta c nu x0 l mt nghim ca phng trnh f ( x ) = 0 th x0 cng l mt nghim ca
phng trnh f ( x ) = 0. Nh vy, s nghim ca phng trnh f ( x ) = 0 l mt s chn.
I.6. a) Ta c: f ( x1 + x2 ) + f ( x1 x2 ) = 2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) (1), x1 , x2 .
Thay x1 = x2 = 0 vo 2 v ca (1) ta c
2
2 f ( 0 ) = 2 f ( 0 ) f ( 0 ) = 0 f ( 0 ) = 1 . Nhng theo bi ra ta c f ( x ) 0 x , do
f ( 0 ) = 1 .
b) Hm s y = f ( x ) xc nh trn nn tp xc nh ca hm s cho l tp i xng.
Thay x1 = 0; x2 = x vo (1) ta c:
f ( x) + f (x) = 2 f ( x)
f ( x ) = f ( x ) . x .
Vy, f ( x ) l mt hm s chn.
I.7. 1) y = cos ( 2 x + 3) . Tp xc nh ca hm s cho l D = .
Hm s y = f ( x) = cos ( 2 x + 3) l hm s tun hon v c T = 2 sao cho
77
ix x 2 .
ix f ( x 2 ) = cos 2 ( x 2 ) + 3 = cos ( 2 x + 3) 4 = cos ( 2 x + 3) = f ( x )
Chu k ca hm s l T0 = . Gi s cn c 0 < l < sao cho

f ( x + l ) = f ( x ) , x
cos 2 ( x + l ) + 3 = cos ( 2 x + 3) (1), x
Chn x =
3
ta c (1) cos 2l = 1 , vi 0 < l < , (V l).
2
Vy, chu k ca hm s l T0 = .
2) y = sin 2 x. Tp xc nh ca hm s cho l D = .
Hm s y = f ( x ) = sin 2 x =
1 cos 2 x
l hm tun hon v c T = 2 sao cho
2
ix x 2
ix f ( x 2 ) =
1 cos 2 ( x 2 )
2
1 cos ( 2 x 4 )
2
1 cos 2 x
= f ( x)
2
Chu k ca hm s l T0 = .
Gi s cn c 0 < l < sao cho
f ( x + l ) = f ( x ) , x
1 cos 2 ( x + l )
1 cos 2 x
, x
2
2
cos 2 ( x + l ) = cos 2 x (1), x
Chn x = ta c (1) cos 2l = 1, vi 0 < l < (V l)

Vy, chu k ca hm s l T0 = .
I.8. 1) y = f ( x ) = x 3 + 2 x 2 . Tp xc nh ca hm s cho l D = . ta c
x = 0
f ( x) = x 3 + 2 x 2 = 0
x = 2.
Gi s f ( x ) l hm s tun hon, khi tn ti s dng T sao cho

f ( x + T ) = f ( x), x D. Chn x = 0, ta c f (0 + T ) = f (0) = 0 T > 0 l nghim ca
phng trnh f ( x ) = 0 (v l). Vy, hm s cho khng phi l hm s tun hon.
2) y = f ( x) = x 1 . Tp xc nh ca hm s cho l D = [1; +).
f ( x ) = 0 x = 1. Gi s f ( x ) l hm s tun hon, khi tn ti s dng T sao cho

f ( x + T ) = f ( x), x D. Chn x = 1, ta c f (1 + T ) = f (1) = 0 T + 1 > 1 l nghim ca
phng trnh f ( x ) = 0 (v l). Vy, hm s cho khng phi l hm s tun hon.
78
3) y = f ( x) =
x
. Tp xc nh ca hm s cho l D = \ {1;1}.
x 1
2
Gi s f ( x ) l hm s tun hon, khi tn ti s dng T sao cho

x D x T D. Do D = \ {1;1} nn1 + T D (1 + T ) T D 1 D (V l).
Vy, hm s cho khng phi l hm s tun hon.
I.9. Tp xc nh ca hm s irichl l D = . Vi T > 0, T ta u c
x T nu x , x T \ nu x \ .
1 , x .
Suy ra f ( x T ) =
0 , x \ .
Nh vy, f ( x T ) = f ( x), x . Suy ra hm s f ( x ) l hm s tun hon. Tuy nhin

trong tp cc s hu t dng khng c s dng b nht, v vy hm s irichl l hm s
tun hon nhng khng c chu k.
x +1
f ( x ) + 1 x 1 +1 2x
I.10. 1) Ta c: y = f ( f ( x ) ) =
=
=
=x
f ( x ) 1 x + 1 1 2
x 1
Vy, y = f ( f ( x ) ) = x.
2) Ta c: y = f ( g ( x ) ) =
Vy, y = f ( g ( x ) ) =
g ( x) +1
g ( x ) 1
2x 1 + 1
2x
x
=
=
2x 1 1 2x 2 x 1
x
.
x 1
I.11. Ta c
f 2 ( x ) = f ( f1 ( x ) ) =
1 x x 1
1
1
, f3 ( x ) = f ( f 2 ( x ) ) =
=
= =x
x 1 1
x
x
1
x
x
1
1 x
1
f4 ( x ) = f ( f3 ( x )) =
= f1 ( x ) .
1 x
1
Nh vy, f1 ( x ) = f 4 ( x ) = f 7 ( x ) = ... = f1+3k ( x ) , k .

Do f100 ( x ) = f1 ( x ) =
1
.
1 x
I.12. Ta c
1 2 x, x < 2
y = f ( x) =
, f ( x ) = 2x 1 .
2 x 1, x 1
2
79
x 1, x 1
y = g (x) =
1 x, x < 1
= x 1
Vy, f [ g ( x )] = 2 x 1 1 , g [ f ( x)] = 2 x 1 1 .
I.13. Hm s y = f ( x ) = 2 1 x xc nh trn na khong ( ;1] .
Trn tp xc nh ( ;1] phng trnh y = 2 1 x c nghim duy nht i vi n x l

2
x = 1 ( 2 y ) = y 2 + 4 y 3.
Vy, hm s ngc cn tm l y = f 1 ( x) = x 2 + 4 x 3, x (; 2].

I.14. 1) a) Ta c y =
x2 x 7 x2 + x 3
=
2 = f ( x) 2
x+2
x+2
x2 + x 3
x2 x 7
T th hm s y = f ( x) =
suy ra th y =
bng php t nh tin
x+2
x+2
theo vc t v = (0; 2).
b) Ta c y =
x 2 + 7 x + 9 ( x + 3)2 + ( x + 3) 3
=
= f ( x + 3)
( x + 3) + 2
x+5
theo v = (3; 0).
x2 + x 3
x2 + 7 x + 9
suy ra th y =
bng php t nh tin
x+2
x+5
c) T th hm s y = f ( x) =
x2 + x 3
tnh tin theo vect v = (a; b) c th
x+2
x2 + 2x 4
y=
khi v ch khi
x+3
x 2 + 2 x 4 ( x a) 2 + ( x a ) 3
=
+ b, x 3
x+3
( x a) + 2
( x 2 + 2 x 4) [ ( x a) + 2] = ( x a)2 + ( x a)(1 + b) 3 + 2b ( x + 3) , x 3
x3 + (4 a ) x 2 2ax + 4a 8 = x3 + (4 + b 2a ) x 2 (a 2 7a ab + 5b) x +
+3(a 2 a ab + 2b 3), x 3
4 a = 4 + b 2a
a = 1
2a = (a 2 7 a ab + 5b)
b = 1
4a 8 = 3(a 2 a ab + 2b 3)
Vy, tnh tin th hm s y =

80
x2 + x 3
theo vect v = (1; 1) c th hm s
x+2
y=
x2 + 2x 4
.
x+3
2) a) Ta c y =
x2 + x 3
x2 x + 3
=
= f ( x)
x+2
x+2
x2 + x 3
x2 x + 3
suy ra th hm s y =
bng php i
x+2
x+2
xng qua trc honh.
b) Ta c y =
x2 + x 3
x2 + 5
=
+ 1 = f ( x) + 1
x+2
x+2
Do c th hm s y =
x2 + 5
ta thc hin hai bc
x+2
+ Bc 1: i xng th hm s y = f ( x ) qua trc honh ta c th (C1 ) ca hm s

y = f ( x).
x2 + 5
+ Bc 2: Tnh tin (C1 ) theo vect v = (0;1) ta c th hm s y =
.
x+2
3x 7
1
= 3
. Do ta thc hin lin tip cc bc bin i sau:
x2
x2
1
+ Tnh tin th ca hm s y = theo vc t v = (2; 0) th c th hm s
x
1
y=
.
x2
I.15. Ta c y =
1
1
qua trc honh ta c th hm s y =
.
x2
x2
1
+ Tnh tin th ca hm s y =
theo vc t u = (0;3) ta c th hm s
x2
+ i xng th hm s y =
y=
3x 7
.
x2
I.16. 1) y =
x 2 3x + 1
.
x3
Kho st v v th hm s
y=
x 2 3x + 1
x3
dnh cho bn c. th (C) ca hm s y =
x 2 3x + 1
nh sau
x3
81
1
O
x 2 3x + 1
; f ( x) 0
x 2 3 x + 1 x 3
= 2
2) a) y = f ( x ) =
x 3
x 3x + 1 ; f ( x ) < 0
x3
Do th hm s y =
x 2 3x + 1
gm hai phn:
x 3

+ i xng ca phn th hm s y = f ( x ) pha di trc honh qua trc honh.
th ca hm s y = f ( x) nh sau
y
1
O
b) y =
x 2 3x + 1
;
x3
x 2 3x + 1
; x>3
x 2 3x + 1
x 3
Ta c: y =
2
x3
x 3 x + 1 ; x < 3
x3
82
Do th hm s y =
x 2 3x + 1
gm hai phn:
x3
+ Phn th y = f ( x ) trn min x > 3;

+ i xng ca phn th y = f ( x ) trn min x < 3 qua trc honh.
th hm s y =
x 2 3x + 1
nh sau
x3
y
2
x
O
-1
c) y =
x2 3 x + 1
x 3
; Do hm s y = f ( x ) l hm s chn nn th c trc i xng l trc
Oy. Vi x 0 th y = f ( x ) = f ( x ) .
th hm s y =
x2 3 x + 1
x 3
gm hai phn:
+ Phn bn phi trc tung ca th hm s y = f ( x ) ;

+ i xng ca phn th hm s y = f ( x ) pha bn phi trc tung qua trc tung.
th hm s y = f ( x ) nh sau
y
1
-4
-2
83
x2 3 x + 1 x 2 3 x + 1
0
;
x 3
x2 3 x + 1 x 3
d) Ta c y =
= 2
2
x 3
x 3 x + 1 ; x 3 x + 1 < 0
x 3
x 3
Do th hm s y =
x 3 x +1
x 3
gm hai phn:

+ i xng ca phn th hm s y = f ( x ) pha di trc honh qua trc honh.
2
th hm s y =
x 3 x +1
x 3
nh sau
y
1
-2
-4
x = X + 2
I.17. t
y = Y
Hm s cho tr thnh
Y=
( X + 2)
4 ( X + 2) + 3
5
5
. Hm s Y = 2
l hm s chn.
X 1
X 1
2
Vy, ng thng x = 2 l trc i xng ca th hm s cho.

I.18. ng thng x = x0 l trc i xng ca th hm s cho khi v ch khi
f ( 2 x0 x ) = f ( x ) , x
4
( 2 x0 x ) + 4 ( 2 x0 x ) + 3 ( 2 x0 x ) 2 ( 2 x0 x ) = x 4 + 4 x 3 + 3x 2 2 x, x
x 4 4 ( 2 x0 + 1) x3 + 3 8 x02 + 8 x0 + 1 x 2 2 16 x03 + 24 x02 + 6 x0 1 x +

4
0
3
0
2
0
+16 x + 32 x + 12 x 4 x0 = x + 4 x + 3x + 3 x 2 x, x
84
x0 = 1
( 2 x0 + 1) = 1
2
x0 = 1 x0 = 0
8 x0 + 8 x0 + 1 = 1
3
( x + 1) 16 x 2 + 8 x 2 = 0 x0 = 1
2
0
0
16
x
+
24
x
+
6
x
1
=
1
0
0
0
0
16 x 4 + 32 x 3 + 12 x 2 4 x = 0
x x + 1 4x2 + 4x 1 = 0
0
0
0
0
0
0( 0 ) 0
Vy, th hm s y = x 4 + 4 x 3 + 3 x 2 2 x c duy nht mt trc i xng cng phng vi

trc tung l x = 1.
I.19. Ta c y =
x2 + 4x 2
4x 3
= 1+ 2
(1)
2
x +1
x +1
Gi s I ( x0 , y0 ) l tm i xng ca th hm s cho.
Di h trc to Oxy v h trc to mi IXY vi I ( x0 , y0 ) bi php t
x = X + x0
y = Y + y0
Thay vo (1) ta c Y = g ( X ) = 1 +
4 ( X + xo ) 3
( X + xo )
+1
yo
Nu th ( C ) nhn I ( xo ; yo ) lm tm i xng th hm s Y = g ( X ) phi l hm s l

tc l
4 ( X + xo ) 3
( X + xo )
+1
+ 1 yo =
4 ( X + xo ) + 3
( X + x0 )
+1
1 + yo ( ) ng vi m i X .
Cho X th ( ) tng ng vi: 2 yo = 2 yo = 1 . Vi yo = 1 ( ) tr thnh

4 ( X + xo ) 3
( X + xo )
3 =
+1
4 ( X + xo ) + 3
( X + xo )
+1
; X . ( ) t X = xo th ( ) tr thnh
8 xo + 3
12 xo2 8 xo + 6 = 0. Phng trnh ny v nghim.
4 xo2 + 1
Vy, I ( xo ; yo ) khng phi l tm i xng ca th hm s cho.

I.20. Gi s x = m l trc i xng ca th hm s cho.
x = X + m
t
y = Y
Khi ta c hm s
Y = f ( X ) = ( X + m)4 + 4a( X + m)3 2( X + m)2 12( X + m)a
= X 4 + 4 X 3m + 6 X 2 m 2 + 4 Xm3 + m 4 + 4a ( X 3 + 3 X 2 m + 3 Xm 2 + m3 )
2( X 2 + m 2 + 2mX ) 12a( X + m)
85
= X 4 + (4m + 4a) X 3 + (6m 2 + 12am 2) X 2 + (4m3 + 12am 2 4m 12a ) X

+ m 4 + 4am3 2m2 12am (2)
ng thng x = m l trc i xng ca th hm s cho khi v ch khi hm s

Y = f ( X ) phi l hm s chn, iu ny tng ng vi
4m + 4 a = 0
3
2
4m + 12am 4m 12a = 0
m + a = 0
3
2
m + 3am m 3a = 0
m = a
3
2
( a) + 3a ( a) ( a) 3a = 0
m = a
m = a
m = a
m = a
a = 0
3
3
a = 0
3
a + 3a + a 3a = 0
2a 2a = 0
a 2 = 1
a = 1
a = 1
a = 0
Vy, vi a = 1 th th hm s c trc i xng cng phng Oy.
a = 1
I.21. Gi s trn th ( Cm ) c hai im M ( x1 ; y1 ) , N ( x2 ; y2 ) i xng nhau qua gc ta

x = x1
, khi ta c 2
y2 = y1
Nh vy ta c
x12 2m 2 x1 + m 2
x 2 + 2m 2 x1 + m 2
x 2 2m 2 x1 + m 2 x12 + 2m 2 x1 + m 2
= 1
1
=
x1 + 1
x1 + 1
x1 1
x1 + 1
2m 2 1 x12 = m 2 (1)
2
x1 1(*)
Trn th ( Cm ) c hai im M ( x1 ; y1 ) , N ( x2 ; y2 ) i xng nhau qua gc ta khi v

ch khi phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit tha iu kin (*), iu ny tng ng
vi
m2
2 1
>0
2
2
m >
m >
2m 1
2
2
2
m
1
m 1
m 1.
2m 2 1
I.22. 1) y = f ( x) = 2.33 x 4.32 x + 2.3x trn on [ 1;1] .
86
t t = 3x > 0. Khi hm s cho tr thnh y = f (t ) = 2t 3 4t 2 + 2t.

1
Vi x [1;1] th t [ ;3].
3
Ly o hm theo bin t ta c
y = 6t 2 8t + 2
t = 1
y = 0 1
t =
3
1 8
Ta c f (1) = 0; f = ; f ( 3) = 24.
3 27
Vy, Maxf ( x ) = 24 v Min f ( x ) = 0.

x[ 1;1]
x[ 1;1]
3
2) y = f ( x ) = cos3 x 15cos x + 8 trn on ; .
3 2
y = f ( x ) = cos3 x 15cos x + 8 = 4 cos 3 x 3cos x 15cos x + 8 = 4 cos 3 x 18 cos x + 8
t t = cos x.
Khi hm s y = f ( x ) = 4 cos3 x 18 cos x + 8 tr thnh

1
3
y = f ( t ) = 4t 3 18t + 8. Vi x ; th t [1; ].
2
3 2
Ly o hm theo bin t ta c:
f ( t ) = 12t 2 18
3
1
t =
. C hai gi tr ny khng thuc [1; ].
2
2
f (t ) = 0
3
t =
2
1
1
f = ; f ( 1) = 22.
2
2
1
Vy, Maxf ( x ) = 22 v Min f ( x ) = .
2
3
x ;
3 2
3
x ;
2 2
3) y = f ( x ) = x 3 3 x 2 + 5 trn on [ 0;3] . Xt hm s y = x3 3x 2 + 5. Ta c
y = 3x2 6 x
87
x = 0 y = 5
y = 0 3x ( x 2) = 0
x = 2 y = 1
Ti x = 3 y = 5. V trn on [ 0;3] hm s y = x 3 3 x 2 + 5 ly gi tr dng, do
Maxf ( x ) = 5 v Minf ( x ) = 1.
x[ 0;3]
x[0;3]
x2
x2
1
3
I.23. 1) y = f ( x ) =
. Tp xc nh ca hm s y = f ( x) =
l D = \ .
2x 1
2x 1
2
2 ( x 1)
Ta c y ' =
, y ' = 0 x = 1.
3 ( 2 x 1) 3 x ( 2 x 1)
3
3
im ti hn ca hm s thuc on ; 2 l x = 1 . Ta c
4
3
3
36
36
3 3 9
f (1) = 1 ; f =
; f ( 2) =
. Vy, Max f ( x ) =
; Min f ( x ) = 1.
3
3
3
3
4 2
x ;2
x ;2
4
2) y = f ( x ) = ( cos x + 1) sin x , x [ 0; 2 ] .
Tp xc nh ca hm s l D = [ 0; 2 ]
1
Ta c y = ( cos x + 1) sin x = sin 2 x + sin x
2
y = cos 2 x + cos x = 2cos 2 x 1 + cos x, y ' = 0 2 cos2 x + cos x 1 = 0

cos x = 1
cos x = 1
. Vi cos x = 1 x = [0; 2 ]
.
x = [ 0; 2 ]
1
3
Vi cos x =
5
2
x=
[ 0; 2]
3 3
5 3 3
f (0) = 0 ; f =
; f ( ) = 0; f ( 2 ) = 0; f =
.
4
4
3
3
Vy, Max f ( x ) =
x[0;2 ]
3 3
3 3
; Minf ( x ) =
.
4
4
x[0;2 ]
I.24. Gi s ( x, y ) l mt nghim ca h phng trnh
88
x + y = 2 a
(1)
2
2
x + y + xy = 3
x + y = 2 a
x + y = 2 a
x + y = 2 a
Ta c (1)
(I )
2
2
2
( x + y ) xy = 3 xy = ( x + y ) 3 xy = a 4a + 1
Khi x; y tha phng trnh X 2 ( 2 a ) X + a 2 4a + 1 = 0 ( )

Phng trnh ( ) c nghim khi v ch khi
2
0 ( 2 a ) 4 a 2 4a + 1 0 3a 2 + 12a 0 0 a 4.
2
Xt M = x 2 + y 2 xy = ( x + y ) 3xy ( 2 )
2
Th ( I ) vo ( 2 ) ta c M = ( 2 a ) 3 a 2 4a + 1 = 2a 2 + 8a + 1.
Khi vic tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc M = x 2 + y 2 xy tr thnh
vic tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc N = 2a 2 + 8a + 1 trn on [ 0; 4] .
Xt f ( a ) = 2a 2 + 8a + 1 f ' ( a ) = 4a + 8, f ' ( a ) = 0 4a + 8 = 0 a = 2.
Ta c f ( 2 ) = 9; f ( 0 ) = 1; f ( 4 ) = 1.
a = 0
Vy, khi
th M t gi tr nh nht v khi a = 2 th M t gi tr ln nht.
a = 4
I.25. Tp xc nh ca hm s l D = .
y = ( x + 1)( x + 2 )( x + 3)( x + 4 ) = ( x + 1)( x + 4 ) ( x + 2 )( x + 3)
)(
) (
)(
= x 2 + 5x + 4 x2 + 5x + 6 = x2 + 5 x + 4 x 2 + 5 x + 4 + 2
= ( x 2 + 5x + 4 ) + 2 ( x2 + 5x + 4 ) + 1 1
2
= ( x 2 + 5 x + 5) 1 1, x .
Du " = " xy ra khi v ch khi x 2 + 5 x + 5 = 0 x =
5 5
5 5
x=
.
2
2
Vy, Miny = 1.
I.26. Theo bt ng thc Bunhiascopki ta c
2
2
2
1
1
5 1
=
1
+
+ y.

= x .
x
4 y
4 4
1 2 1 2
2
2
= ( x + y ) . 1 + 1
x + y .
+
x 4 y
x 16 y
( ) ( )
89
25 5 1 4 1
5
. +
(Do x + y = )
4
16 4 4 x 4 y
4 1
+
A 5.
x 4y
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
1
x=
x
x = 1
y=
1
4 y
y = 4
5
x + y =
4
Vy, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc cho l MinA = 5.
I.27. Xt ba vect u = ( x + 1; 0), v = ( x 2; 0), w = (5 2 x; 0)
Khi u + v + w = (4; 0). Ta c bt ng thc
u + v + w u + v + w x + 1 + x 2 + 5 2 x 42 + 0 = 4.
5
Du ng thc xy ra khi ba vect u , v, w cng hng, khi v ch khi 2 x .
2
Vy, gi tr nh nht ca hm s cho l Miny = 4.

I.28. A =
1 y y x+ y
3
1
2 1
1
x + + y + 2 = x + + 2 2 + + +
.
4
x
y
4
x
8 8
2
y
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng
1
1
x v
ta c
4
x
1
1
1 1
x+ 2
x. = 1(1) .
4
x
4 x
Tng t, ta cng p dng bt ng thc Csi cho ba s dng
1 y y
1 y y 3
+ + 3 3 2 . . = ( 2) .
2
y
8 8
y 8 8 4
Ta li c x + y 4
x+ y
2 ( 3) .
2
3
9
T (1), (2), (3), ta suy ra A 1 + 2. + 2 = .
4
2
90
1 y y
; ; ta c
y2 8 8
x 1
4 = x
x = 2
y
1
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi 2 =

8
y = 2
y
x + y = 4
9
Vy, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc cho l MinA = .
2
I.29. iu kin x 3, y 4, z 5.
x3
+
x
Biu thc c vit li T =
y4
z 5
+
y
z
p dng bt ng thc Csi i vi hai s khng m ( x 3);3 ta c

x 3. 3 = ( x 3).3
x 3+ 3 x
=
2
2
1
x3
.
x
2 3
Lp lun tng t nh trn, ta cng c

y4
1
1
=
y
2 4 4
z 5
1
z
2 5
Nh vy, ta c T
1
2 3
1
1
+
.
4 2 5
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
x 3 = 3
x = 6
y 4 = 4
y = 8
z 5 = 5
z = 10.
x 3, y 4, z 5
Vy, MaxT =
1
2 3
1
1
+
.
4 2 5
x2 x2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2
I.30. Ta c P = + +
+
+ + (*). Ta nhn thy x 2 + y 2 xy xy , x, y .
y
z
z
x
x
y
Do x 3 + y 3 xy ( x + y ) , x, y > 0 hay
x2 y 2
+
x + y , x, y > 0.
y
x
Tng t ta cng c
91
y2 z2
+ y + z , y , z > 0
z
y
z 2 x2
+
z + x, z , x > 0.
x
z
Cng theo tng v ba bt ng thc va nhn c trn v kt hp vi (*) ta c
1
P 2( x + y + z ) = 2, x, y , z > 0 v x + y + z = 1. Hn na ta c P = 2 khi x = y = z = .
3
Vy, MinP = 2.
I.31. A =
a3
b3
c3
+
+
(1 + b )(1 + c ) (1 + c )(1 + a ) (1 + a )(1 + b )
p dng bt ng thc Csi ta c

a3
1+ b 1+ c
a3
1 + b 1 + c 3a
+
+
33
.
.
= (1)
8
4
(1 + b )(1 + c ) 8
(1 + b )(1 + c ) 8 8
Tng t ta cng c
b3
1 + c 1 + a 3b
+
+
(2)
8
4
(1 + c )(1 + a ) 8
c3
(1 + a )(1 + b )
1 + a 1 + b 3c
+
(3)
8
8
4
Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c

A+
3 a + b + c 3 3 abc 3
3
= A .
4
2
2
2
4
3
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1. Vy, MinA = .
4
I.32. A =
a
b
c
+
+
.
b
c
a
Ta c A2 =
a 2 b 2 c 2 2a b 2 c 2c a
+ + +
+
+
.
b
c a
c
a
b

a2 a b a b
a2 a b a b
+
+
+ c 44 .
.
.c = 4a(1)
b
b
c
c
c
c
Tng t ta cng c
b2 b c b c
+
+
+ a 4b(2)
c
a
a
92
c2 c a c a
+
+
+ b 4c(3)
a
b
b
A2 3 ( a + b + c ) 9 A 3.
Du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1. Vy, MinA = 3.

I.33. S =
xy yz zx
+ +
z
x
y
x2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x 2
Ta c S = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2
z
x
y

x2 y 2 y2 z2
x2 y 2 y2 z2
+
2
. 2 = 2 y 2 (1)
2
2
2
z
x
z
x
Tng t ta cng c
y 2 z2 z2 x2
+ 2 2 z 2 (2)
2
x
y
x 2 y 2 z 2 x2
+ 2 2 x 2 (3)
2
z
y
x2 y 2 y 2 z2 z2 x2
+ 2 + 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
2
z
x
y
Suy ra S 2 =
x2 y 2 y 2 z2 z2 x2
+ 2 + 2 + 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 3 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 S 3.
z2
x
y
) (
x, y, z > 0
3
ng thc xy ra khi x 2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x 2 x = y = z =
.
3
z 2 = x2 = y2
Vy, MinS = 3.
I.34. A =
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) .
(1 a )(1 b )(1 c )
1 a = b + c > 0
Theo gi thit a + b + c = 1 1 b = a + c > 0

1 c = a + b > 0

93
1 + a = (1 b ) + (1 c ) 2 (1 b )(1 c ) (1)
Tng t ta cng c
1 + b 2 (1 a )(1 c ) (2)
1 + c 2 (1 a )(1 b ) (3)
Nhn cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) 8 (1 a )(1 b )(1 c )
(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) 8
(1 a )(1 b )(1 c )
Suy ra A 8.
1
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = .
3
Vy, MinA = 8.
I.35. M =
ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2
( ab + bc + ca )
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski i vi hai b s
)(
a ; b; c , b a ; c b ; a c
Ta c
( ab + bc + ca )
M
( a + b + c ) ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2
ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2
1
=
(1)
( a + b + c ) ab2 + bc 2 + ca 2 a + b + c
Cng theo bt ng thc Bunhiacpski th
(a + b + c)
3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 9 a + b + c 3(2)
1
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra M .
3
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1.
1
Vy, MinM = .
3
I.36. A = x + 2 y + 3 z 8
Ta c A = x + 2 y + 3 z 8 = 1( x 1) + 2 ( y 2 ) + 3 ( z 1)
(1; 2;3) , ( x 1; y 2; z 1)
94
Ta c
A = x + 2 y + 3 z 8 14
( x 1) + ( y 2 ) + ( z 1)
= 14
x + 2 y + 3z 8 = 14
ng thc xy ra khi x 1 y 2 z 1 x + 2 y + 3 z 8
14
=
=
=
=
2
3
1+ 4 + 9
14
1
H phng trnh trn c nghim chng hn
14
x = 1+
14
14
. Vy, MaxA = 14.
y = 2 +
7
3 14
z = 1+
14
I.37. A = a 2 + b 2 + b 2 + c 2 + c 2 + a 2
(1;1) , ( a; b )
Ta c
(1.a + 1.b )
2 a2 + b2 a 2 + b2
1
( a + b ) (1)
2
Tng t ta cng c
b2 + c 2
c2 + a 2
1
2
1
2
( b + c ) (2)
( c + a ) (3)

A
2
( a + b + c ) = 2.
2
1
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = .
3
Vy, MinA = 2.
xy + y 2
I.38. A =
.
1 + 2 x 2 + 2 xy
x = sin
Do x 2 + y 2 = 1 nn ta t
, [0; 2 ].
y = cos
95
sin cos + cos 2

.
1 + 2sin 2 + 2sin cos
Khi A =
Ta c 1 + 2 x 2 + 2 xy = ( x + y ) + 2 x 2 , (Do x 2 + y 2 = 1 ). Suy ra A xc nh vi m i x, y tha

x2 + y2 = 1 .
sin cos + cos 2
sin 2 + cos 2 + 1
A=
=
(1)
2
1 + 2sin + 2sin cos 2 ( sin 2 cos 2 + 2 )
(1) ( 2 A 1) sin 2 ( 2 A + 1) cos 2 = 1 4 A (2)
(2) c nghim khi v ch khi

2
( 2 A 1) + ( 2 A + 1)
(1 4 A)
8 A2 8 A 1 0
2 6
2+ 6
.
A
4
4
2+ 6
2 6
MaxA =
, MinA =
.
4
4
x 1
y 1 z 1
I.39. P = x + + y + + z + .
2 zx 2 xy
2 yz
Ta c P =
x2 y 2 z 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2
+
+ +
.
2
2
2
xyz
Do x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
x 2 + y 2 y 2 + z 2 z 2 + x2
+
+
xy + yz + zx
2
2
2
x2 1 y 2 1 z2 1
Nn P + + + + + .
2 x 2 y 2 z
Xt hm s f (t ) =
t2 1
+ , t > 0.
2 t
3
9
Lp bng bin thin ca hm f (t ) ta suy ra f (t ) , t > 0. Suy ra P .
2
2
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1.
Vy, gi tr nh nht ca P l
I.40. P =
x2 ( y + z )
y y + 2z z
9
.
2
y2 ( z + x )
z z + 2x x
z2 ( x + y )
x x + 2y y
Ta c x 2 ( y + z ) 2 x x ; y 2 ( z + x ) 2 y y ; z 2 ( x + y ) 2 z z .
96
2y y
2x x
2z z
+
+
.
y y + 2z z z z + 2x x x x + 2 y y
Suy ra P
t a = x x + 2 y y ; b = y y + 2 z z ; c = z z + 2 x x
x x=
4c + a 2b
4 a + b 2c
4b + c 2a
;y y =
;z z =
9
9
9
Do
2 4c + a 2b 4a + b 2c 4b + c 2a
P
+
+
9
b
c
a
2 c a b a b c 2
c a b
a b c
= 4 + + + + + 6 4.3 3 . . + 3 3 . . 6 = 2.
9 b c a b c a 9
b c a
b c a
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1.
Vy, MinP = 2.
sin x

4
I.41. y =
, x ; .
2
2
sin x + 1 + 2cos x
Ta c y =
2
sin x cos x

.
, x ; .
2
2 sin x + 1 + 2 cos x
2
Xt trng hp x =
: Ta c y =
2
.
4
2
tan x 1
Xt trng hp x ( ; ] : Ta c y =
.
.
2
2 tan x tan 2 x + 3
t t = tan x, vi x ( ; ] th t (; 0].
2
Hm s tr thnh
2
t 1
.
, t (; 0].
2 t t2 + 3
y = f (t ) =
f (t ) =
(t
2
2
t
t 2 + 3 1
( t 1)
2
2
t 2 + 3 + t 1
t +3
=
.
.
2
2
2
2
2
t +3 t t +3
t t +3
f (t ) = 0 t = 1.
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f (t ) ta kt lun c Maxy =

x ;
2
2
2
, Miny =
.
3 x ; 4
2
97
CHNG II.
PHNG TRNH H PHNG TRNH
II.1. 1) m 2 x + 4m 3 = x + m 2 (1)
(1) m 2 1 x = m 2 4m + 3 (*)
m = 1
+ m2 1 = 0
m = 1
. m = 1, phng trnh (*) tr thnh 0 x = 0 phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
. m = 1, phng trnh (*) tr thnh 0 x = 8 phng trnh (1) v nghim.
m 1
+ m2 1 0
phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht.
m 1
m2 4m + 3 m 3
x=
=
.
m2 1
m +1
Kt lun:
+ Nu m = 1 th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
+ Nu m = 1 th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
m 1
m3
+ Nu
th phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht x =
.
m +1
m 1
2
)
+ 2ab + ( a
2) ( a + b ) + 2a 2 = 2a ( a + b ) + a 2 + b 2 x (1)
(1) a 2 + 2ab + b 2 + 2a 2 = 2a 2
+ b2 x
a 2 + b 2 x = a 2 + b2 ( *) .
a = 0
+ Nu a 2 + b 2 = 0
th phng trnh (*) tr thnh 0 x = 0 suy ra phng trnh (1)
b
=
0
c nghim ty .
a 0
a2 + b2
th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht x = 2
= 1.
+ Nu a 2 + b2 0
2
b
0
a
+
b
Kt lun:
a = 0
+ Vi
th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
b = 0
a 0
+ Vi
th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht x = 1.
b 0
3)a 2 x + 2ab = b 2 x + a 2 + b 2 (1)
2
( a 2 b 2 ) x = ( a b ) (* )
98
a = b
+ a2 b2 = 0
a = b
a = b th (*) tr thnh 0 x = 0 suy ra phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
a = b th (*) tr thnh 0 x = 4b 2 . Nu b = 0 th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty . Nu
b 0 th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
2
a b
(a b) a b .
+ a b 0
phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht x = 2 2 =
a b
a+b
a b
2
Kt lun:
+ Nu a = b th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
a = b
+ Nu
th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
b 0
a b
ab
+ Nu
th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht x =
a+b
a b
4)a ( ax + b ) = 4ax + b 2 5 (1)

a 2 x + ab = 4ax + b 2 5
a 2 4a x = b 2 ab 5 (*)
a = 0
+ a 2 4a = 0
a = 4
Vi a = 0 th phng trnh (*) tr thnh 0 x = b 2 5.
b 5
Nu b 2 5 0
b 5
b = 5
Nu b 2 5 = 0
b = 5
Vi a = 4 th phng trnh (*) tr thnh 0 x = b 2 4b 5
b 1
Nu b 2 4b 5 0
b
b = 1
Nu b 2 4b 5 = 0
b = 5
a 0
b 2 4b 5
+ a 2 4a 0
th phng trnh (*) c nghim duy nht x = 2
.
a
4
a
4
a
Kt lun:
99
a = 4
a = 0
+ Nu
b 1 th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
b 5
b 5
a = 0
a = 4
+ Nu b = 5 b = 1 th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
b = 5
b = 5
a 0
b 2 4b 5
phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht x = 2
.
+ Nu
a 4a
a 4
II. 2. 1)
2x + m x + m 1
= 1(1)
x 1
x
x 0
iu kin:
x 1
(1) ( 2 x + m ) x ( x + m 1)( x 1) = x ( x 1)
2 x 2 + mx x 2 + x mx + m + x 1 = x 2 x
3x + m 1 = 0
1 m
x=
.
3
x=
1 m
l nghim ca phng trnh (1) khi v ch khi
3
1 m
3 0
m 1
m 2
1 m 1
3
m 1
1 m
Kt lun: + Nu
th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht x =
.
3
m 2
m = 2
+ Nu
m = 1
2)
mx 2
m x = 2m + 1(1)
x 1
x 1
iu kin:
x 1
x 0
+ Xt trng hp
th phng trnh (1) tr thnh
x 1
100
mx 2
mx = 2m + 1
x 1
mx 2 mx ( x 1) = ( 2m + 1)( x 1)
( m + 1) x = 2m + 1(*)
Nu m = 1 th (*) v nghim. Nu m 1 th (*) x =

x=
2m + 1
.
m +1
2m + 1
m +1
2m + 1
1
1
0
m + 1
m < 1 m
m < 1 m
2
2
2
m
+
1
m 0
m 0.
1
m + 1
m < 1 m
Vy, vi
2 th phng trnh (1) c nghim.
m 0
x < 0
+ Xt trng hp
x 1
mx 2
+ mx = 2m + 1
x 1
mx 2 + mx ( x 1) = ( 2m + 1)( x 1)
( m + 1) x = 2m 1(**)
Nu m = 1 th (**) v nghim. Nu m 1 th (**) x =
x=
2 m 1
.
m +1
2m 1
m +1
2m 1
m 0
m + 1 1 m 0
1
1
2m 1 < 0
m < 1 m > 2
m < 1 m > 2 .
m + 1
Kt lun:
m 0
2m + 1
2m 1
+ Nu
, x2 =
.
1 th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 =
m
+
1
m
+
1
m
<
2
1
(Trng hp m = th hai nghim ny bng nhau v bng 0)
2
101
1 m <
+ Nu
2 th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
m = 0
3)
2mx 1
m +1
2 x 1 =
(1)
x 1
x 1
iu kin x > 1.
(1) 2mx 1 2 ( x 1) = m + 1
( 2m 2 ) x = m(*)
Nu m = 1 th (*) v nghim.
Nu m 1 th (*) x =
x=
m
.
2(m 1)
m
2(m 1)
m
2m
>1
> 0 1 < m < 2.
2(m 1)
2(m 1)
Kt lun: Khi 1 < m < 2 th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht x =
m
.
2(m 1)
m 1
phng trnh (1) v nghim.
Khi
m 2
II.3. m 2 x 2 m(5m + 1) x (5m + 2) = 0 (1)
+ Xt m2 = 0 m = 0, (1) tr thnh 2 = 0 (1) v nghim.

+ Xt m 2 0 m 0 th (1) l phng trnh bc hai.
2
= m ( 5m + 1) + 4m 2 ( 5m + 2 ) = 25m4 + 30m3 + 9m 2 = m 2 (5m + 3) 2 0, m .

m = 0
m2 = 0
+ = 0 m (5m + 3) = 0
, kt hp vi gi thit m 0, ta
2
m = 3
(5m + 3) = 0
5
c m =
3
5
, th phng trnh (1) c nghim kp x1 = x2 = .
5
3
m 0
+ > 0 m (5m + 3) > 0

3 th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit
m 5
2
102
x1 =
5m + 2
1
x2 =
.
m
m
Kt lun:
+ m = 0, phng trnh (1) v nghim.
+ m=
3
5
, phng trnh (1) c nghim kp x1 = x2 = .
5
3
m 0
5m + 2
1
+
; x2 = .
3 , phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit l x1 =
m
m
m 5
II.4. ( a + b ) x 2 a 2 + 4ab + b 2 x + 2ab ( a + b ) = 0 (1)
+ Xt a + b = 0 a = b, phng trnh (1) tr thnh 2b 2 x = 0.

b = 0 : Phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
b 0 : Phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht x = 0.
+ Xt a + b 0 a b, ta c
2
= ( a 2 + 4ab + b 2 ) 8ab ( a + b ) = ( a 2 + b 2 )
Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit x1 =
2ab
; x2 = a + b.
a +b
Kt lun:
Nu a = b = 0 th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
Nu a = b 0 th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht x = 0.
Nu a b th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit x1 =
2ab
; x2 = a + b.
a +b
II.5. Gi s x1 , x2 l nghim ca phng trnh x 2 + ax + bc = 0(1). x1 , x3 l nghim ca
phng trnh x 2 + bx + ca = 0.(2) ( x1 l nghim chung ca cc phng trnh (1) v (2)).

Ta chng minh x2 , x3 tha mn phng trnh x 2 + cx + ab = 0(3).
Theo nh l Viet ta c
x1 + x2 = a
x1 + x3 = b
(*) v
(**)
x1 x2 = bc
x1 x3 = ca
Do x1 l nghim chung ca cc phng trnh (1) v (2) nn ta c

103
x12 + ax1 + bc = x12 + bx1 + ca

(a b) x1 = c (a b)
x1 = c
(Do a, b, c khc nhau i mt v khc 0).

Thay x1 = c vo (*) v (**) ta c
x2 = b = a c
x3 = a = b c
Thay gi tr x2 = b = a c vo v tri phng trnh ( 3) ta c
(a c )2 + c(a c) + ab = a 2 + 2ac + c 2 ac c 2 + a (a c )
= a 2 + 2ac + c 2 ac c 2 a 2 ac = 0
x2 l nghim ca phng trnh ( 3) .
Thay gi tr x3 = a = b c vo v tri phng trnh ( 3) ta c

(b c) 2 + c(b c) + ab = (b c )2 + c(b c ) + (b c)b
= b 2 + 2bc + c 2 bc c 2 b 2 bc = 0
x3 l nghim ca phng trnh ( 3) .
Vy, x2 , x3 l nghim ca phng trnh x 2 + cx + ab = 0. (pcm)

II.6. mx 2 2(m 3) x + m 4 = 0 (1)
+ Xt m = 0, (1) tr thnh 6 x 4 = 0 x =
2
m = 0 tha bi.
3
+ Xt m 0, phng trnh (1) c ng mt nghim dng trong cc trng hp sau

Phng trnh (1) c mt nghim kp dng:
= 9 2m = 0
9
iu kin l
m= .
2 ( m 3)
2
>0
S =
m
Phng trnh (1) c mt nghim dng v mt nghim bng 0:

m4
P = m = 0
iu kin l
m = 4.
2
m
3
(
)
S =
>0
Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim tri du:

iu kin l P =
104
m4
< 0 0 < m < 4.
m
Vy, vi 0 m 4 m =
9
th phng trnh (1) c ng mt nghim dng.
2
II.7. ( m 1) x 4 + 2 ( m 3) x 2 + m + 3 = 0 ( 1)
t X = x 2 0
Khi (1) tr thnh ( m 1) X 2 + 2 ( m 3) X + m + 3 = 0 ( 2 )

+ Nu m 1 = 0 m = 1 khi ( 2 ) tr thnh X = 1 x = 1.
Nh vy m = 1 khng tha yu cu bi.
+ Xt m 1 khi ( 2 ) l phng trnh bc II.
(1)
v nghim khi v ch khi (2) hoc v nghim hoc c hai nghim u m
= ( m 3) 2 ( m 1)( m + 3) < 0
3
m > 2
2
3
= ( m 3 ) ( m 1)( m + 3) 0
m 3
m>
2
2
S = 2 ( m 3 ) < 0
m < 3
m 1
m < 1 m > 3
m < 3 m > 1
P = m + 3 > 0
m 1
Vy, vi m < 3 m >
3
th (1) v nghim.
2
II.8. x 2 2 x m x 1 + m 2 = 0 (1)
2
Ta c (1) ( x 1) m x 1 + m2 1 = 0.
t X = x 1 0 ta c phng trnh X 2 mX + m 2 1 = 0(2)
Phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (2) c nghim khng m. Ta gii
bi ton ngc tc l tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh (1) v nghim. Phng trnh
(1) v nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (2) hoc l v nghim hoc c hai nghim u
m. iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi
2 3
2 3
m<
m>
3
3
= 4 3m 2 < 0
2 3
2 3
2 3
m < 1
m
<
m
>
2
2
3
= 4 3m 0
m
3
3

(*)
3
3
2
m > 2 3
P
=
m
1
>
0
2
3
m < 1 m > 1
m < 1
3
S = m < 0
m < 0

Nh vy, phng trnh (1) v nghim khi v ch khi m tha iu kin (*).
105
Vy, gi tr cn tm ca m l 1 m
2 3
.
3
II.9. 1)( x 1) = 2 x k (1)
( x 1) 2 = 2 ( x k )
x 2 2 x + 1 = 2 x 2k
(1)
2
2
x 2 x + 1 = 2k 2 x
( x 1) = 2 ( k x )
x2 4x +1
1
1
k
=
= x2 + 2x
x 4 x + 1 = 2k
2
2
2
2
x +1 1 2 1
x + 1 = 2k
k = 2 = 2 x + 2
2
1
1
1
1
V cc ng Parabol ( P1 ) : y = x 2 + 2 x , ( P2 ) : y = x 2 + v y = k trn cng mt
2
2
2
2
h trc ta . S nghim ca phng trnh (1) chnh bng s giao im ca ng thng
y = k vi cc Parabol ( P1 ), ( P2 ).
Cc Parabol ( P1 ), ( P2 ) v ng thng y = k c v hnh sau

y
3
2
1
O
y=k
Da vo th ta kt lun c phng trnh (1) c bn nghim phn bit khi v ch khi

1
3
< k < 11 < k < .
2
2
2 ) 2 x 2 + 10 x 8 = x 2 5 x + a ( 2 )
(2) 2 x 2 + 10 x 8 x 2 + 5 x = a . Xt hm s
2
x 5 x + 8; x < 1 x > 4
f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 10 x 8 x 2 + 5 x =
2
3x + 15 x 8;1 x 4
V cc ng Parabol ( P1 ) : y = x 2 5 x + 8, x < 1 x > 4, ( P2 ) : y = 3 x 2 + 15 x 8,1 x 4

v y = a trn cng mt h trc ta . S nghim ca phng trnh (2) chnh bng s giao
im ca ng thng y = a vi cc Parabol ( P1 ), ( P2 ).
106
Cc Parabol ( P1 ), ( P2 ) v ng thng y = a c v hnh sau

y
43
4
y=a
4
5
2
O
Da vo th ta kt lun c phng trnh ( 2 ) c bn nghim phn bit khi v ch khi

4<a<
43
.
4
II.10. 1) ( x 1)( x + 5 )( x 3 )( x + 7 ) = 297 (1) .
(1) ( x 1)( x + 5 ) ( x 3)( x + 7 ) = 297
)(
x 2 + 4 x 5 x 2 + 4 x 21 = 297
2
t t = x 2 + 4 x 5 = ( x + 2 ) 9 9
Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh

t ( t 16 ) = 297
t 2 16t 297 = 0
t = 27
t = 11
Ta nhn t = 27 v ta c phng trnh
x = 4
x 2 + 4 x 5 = 27 x 2 + 4 x 32 = 0
x = 8.
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh l x = 4 x = 8 .
2) ( x + 2 )( x 3)( x + 1)( x + 6 ) = 36 (1)
(1) ( x + 2 )( x + 1) ( x + 6 )( x 3) = 36
)(
x 2 + 3x + 2 x 2 + 3x 18 = 36
t t = x 2 + 3 x + 2.
107
t ( t 20 ) = 36
t 2 20t + 36 = 0
t = 2
t = 18
Vi t = 2 th ta c phng trnh
x 2 + 3x + 2 = 2
x 2 + 3x = 0
x = 0
x = 3
Vi t = 18 th ta c phng trnh
x 2 + 3x + 2 = 18
x 2 + 3 x 16 = 0
3 + 73
x =
2
3 73
x =
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh l x = 0, x = 3, x =

3) x ( x 2 )( x + 2 )( x + 4 ) = 18 (1)
(1) x ( x + 2 ) ( x 2 )( x + 4 ) = 18
)(
x 2 + 2 x x 2 + 2 x 8 = 18
2
t t = x 2 + 2 x = ( x + 1) 1 1

t = 4 + 34
t ( t 8) = 18 t 2 8t 18 = 0
t = 4 34
Ta nhn t = 4 + 34 v ta c phng trnh
x 2 + 2 x = 4 + 34
2
( x + 1) = 5 + 34
x = 1 + 5 + 34
x = 1 5 + 34
108
3 73
.
2
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh l x = 1 5 + 34 .

4
II.11. 1) x 4 + ( x 1) = 97 (1)
t t = x
1
1
x = t + . Khi (1) tr thnh
2
2
1 1
t + 2 + t 2 = 97
1
2t 4 + 3t 2 + = 97
8
16t 4 + 24t 2 775 = 0
2 25
t = 4
t 2 = 31
4
Ta nhn t 2 =
25
.
4
5
t = 2
25
2
Vi t =
4
t = 5
2
Khi t =
5
1 5
th x = x = 3.
2
2 2
Khi t =
5
1
5
th x = x = 2.
2
2
2
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 3, x = 2.

4
2) ( x + 3) + ( x + 5 ) = 16 (1)
t t = x + 4 x = t 4. Khi (1) tr thnh
4
( t 1) + ( t + 1)
4
= 16
2t + 12t + 2 = 16
2t 4 + 12t 2 14 = 0
t 4 + 6t 2 7 = 0
t 2 = 1
t = 1
2
t = 1
t = 7
Khi t = 1 th x + 4 = 1 x = 3.
109
Khi t = 1 th x + 4 = 1 x = 5.
Vy, phng trnh cho c nghim l x = 3; x = 5.

4
3) ( x + 2 ) + ( x + 6 ) = 2 (1)
t t = x + 4 x = t 4. Khi (1) tr thnh
4
(t 2) + (t + 2)
=2
2t 4 + 48t 2 + 32 = 2
t 4 + 24t 2 + 15 = 0
t 2 = 12 129
(Loi)
t 2 = 12 + 129
Vy, phng trnh cho v nghim.
II.12. 1) 6 x 4 35 x 3 + 62 x 2 35 x + 6 = 0 (1)
Do x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh (1) nn chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
x 2 0, ta c phng trnh tng ng
6( x 2 +
1
1
) 35( x + ) + 62 = 0 (2)
2
x
x
1
t t = x + , iu kin: t 2
x
x2 +
1
= t2 2
x2
Khi , phng trnh (2) tr thnh

6(t 2 2) 35t + 62 = 0
6t 2 35t + 50 = 0
10
t = 3
t = 5
2
Vi t =
x+
10
ta c phng trnh
3
1 10
10
=
x 2 x + 1 = 0 (Do x 0 )
x 3
3
3x 2 10 x + 3 = 0
110
x = 3
x = 1
3
Vi t =
x+
5
2
1 5
5
= x 2 x + 1 = 0 (Do x 0 )
x 2
2
x = 2
x = 1
2
1
1
Vy, phng trnh cho c bn nghim x = 3; x = ; x = 2; x = .
3
2
2) x 4 + x3 4 x 2 + x + 1 = 0 (1)
Do x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh (1) nn chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
x2 + x 4 +
(x2 +
1 1
+
=0
x x2
1
1
) + (x + ) 4 = 0
2
x
x
1
t t = x + , iu kin: t 2
x
x2 +
1
= t2 2
x2
Khi phng trnh tr thnh

t2 + t 6 = 0
t = 2
t = 3
x1 = 1, x2 = 2
Vi t = 2
x+
1
= 2 x2 2x + 1 = 0 x = 1
x
Vi t = 3
x+
1
= 3 x 2 + 3x + 1 = 0
x
111

3 + 5
x =
2
3 5
x =
2
Vy, phng trnh cho c ba nghim l x = 1; x =
3 + 5
3 5
;x =
.
2
2
3) x 4 5 x 3 + 10 x 2 10 x + 4 = 0 (1)
Ta c
(1) x 4 5 x 3 + 10 x 2 10 x + 4 = 0
( x 4 x3 ) + 10( x 2 x ) 4( x3 1) = 0
x3 ( x 1) + 10 x ( x 1) 4( x 1)( x 2 + x + 1) = 0
( x 1)( x 3 + 10 x 4 x 2 4 x 4) = 0
( x 1)( x 3 4 x 2 + 6 x 4) = 0
( x 1)( x 2)( x 2 2 x + 2) = 0
x = 1
x = 2
2
x 2x + 2 = 0
x = 1
x = 2
Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim l x = 1; x = 2.
4) 2 x 4 21x3 + 74 x 2 105 x + 50 = 0
Do x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
2( x 2 +
25
5
) 21( x + ) + 74 = 0
2
x
x
5
t t = x + ; iu kin: t 2 5
x
x2 +
25 2
= t 10
x2

t = 6
2t 21t + 54 = 0 9
t =
2
2
112
Vi t = 6 x +
x = 1
5
=6
x
x = 5.
x = 2
5 9
9
Vi t = x + =
x = 5 .
2
x 2
2
5
Vy, phng trnh cho c bn nghim l x = 1; x = 2; x = 5; x = .
2
5) 2 x 4 + 5 x3 + x 2 + 5 x + 2 = 0
Ta thy x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia hai v ca phng trnh
cho x 2 0, ta c phng trnh tng ng
2( x 2 +
1
1
) + 5( x + ) + 1 = 0
2
x
x
1
t t = x + , iu kin: t 2
x
x2 +
1
= t2 2
2
x

2(t 2 2) + 5t + 1 = 0
2t 2 + 5t 3 = 0
t = 3
1
t =
2
Vi t =
1
(Loi)
2
Vi t = 3
1
= 3 x 2 + 3x + 1 = 0
x
3 + 5
x =
2
3 5
x =
2
x+
Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim l x =
3 + 5
3 5
;x =
.
2
2
II.13. ( x + 3)( x 1)( x + 5 )( x 3) 40 = m (1)

t t = ( x + 3)( x 1) = x 2 + 2 x 3 ( ) t 12 = x 2 + 2 x 15 = ( x 3)( x + 5 )
113
Khi (1) tr thnh t ( t 12 ) 40 = m t 2 12t 40 = m

Xt hm s t = f ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x 3
f ( x ) = 2 x + 2 = 0 x = 1
Bng bin thin
Xt hm s g ( t ) = t 2 12t 40
g ( t ) = 2t 12 = 0 t = 6
Bng bin thin
Ta c nhn xt:
t = 4, phng trnh (*) c mt nghim x.
t < 4, phng trnh (*) v nghim x.
t > 4, phng trnh (*) c hai nghim x phn bit.
Vy, ta c s nghim ca phng trnh cho nh sau

+ m = 24, (1) c ba nghim phn bit.
+ m > 24 m = 76, (1) c hai nghim phn bit.
+ 76 < m < 24, (1) c bn nghim phn bit.
+ m < 76, (1) v nghim.
2 x + y + 1 x + y = 1(1)
II.14. 1)
3x + 2 y = 4 ( 2)
y +1
x
iu kin:
2 (*)
x y
Vi iu kin (*) th h phng trnh cho c bin i v
114
1
1
2x + y + 1 x + y = 1
x + 3 2 x = 1( 2 )
2
2
3
y = 2 x
y = 2 3 x
(3)
2
( 2)
1
1
x + 3 2 x =1
2
2
1
1
x + 3 = 2 x +1
2
2
x 0
2
x=2
x + 2x 8 = 0
Th x = 2 vo phng trnh (3) ta c y = 1. Cp gi tr (2; 1) tha iu kin (*) nn

l nghim ca h phng trnh cho.
x
2
xy
3
= 15
2)
(1)
xy + x = 15
y
iu kin: y 0
2 xy 2 3 x = 15 y
2 xy 2 3 x = 15 y
2 xy 2 3 x = 15 y
(1)
2
2
2
xy 4 x = 0
xy + x = 15 y
x ( y 4 ) = 0
2 xy 2 3 x = 15 y
x = 0

y = 2
y = 2
Vi x = 0 th y = 0 (Loi)
Vi y = 2 th x = 6
Vi y = 2 th x = 6
Vy, h phng trnh c hai nghim l (6;2) v (6; 2).

x
. Khi h phng trnh cho c a v h phng
y
trnh bc nht i vi hai n u , v.
Ch . C th t u = xy, v =
x 2 xy = 12
3) 2
(1)
y xy = 28
0 = 12
Vi x = 0 thay vo (1), ta c 2
(V l).
y = 28
115
12
12
x( x y ) = 12
y x =
y x =
Vi x 0 , ta c (1)
x
x
y ( y x ) = 28 y ( y x) = 28 12 y = 28 x
12
7
2 18
10 x 2 = 36
x =
3 x + x = x
7
y = 7 x
y = 3 x
y = 7 x
3
3
3 10
3 10
3 10
3 10
x=
x =
x =
x =
5
5
5
5
y = 7 x
y = 7 10 y = 7 10
3
5
5
3 10 7 10 3 10 7 10
;
;
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l
,
.
5
5
5
5
x + y 3x + 2 y = 1
4)
x + y + x y = 0;
x + y 0
iu kin:
t u = x + y 0, v = 3 x + 2 y 0. H phng trnh cho tr
3 x + 2 y 0
v = u + 1
u v = 1
v = u + 1
thnh
1
2
2
2
u + 2u 5v = 0
3u + 5u + 2 = 0
u = 2 u = 6
x + y = 2
x + y = 4
x = 1
Ta chn u = 2; v = 3. Ta c
y = 3
3x + 2 y = 3 3 x + 2 y = 9
Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim l (1;3).

1
1
2
2
x + y + x2 + y 2 = 4
5)
(1)
1 1
x+ y+ + = 4
x y
x 0
iu kin:
(*)
y 0
116
1 2
1 2
1
1
(
)
(
)
8
x
+
+
y
+
=
4 ( y + ) + ( y + )2 = 8
x
y
y
y
(1)

( x + 1 ) + ( y + 1 ) = 4
x + 1 = 4 ( y + 1 )
x
y
x
y
1 2
1
y+ =2
2( y + y ) 8( y + y ) + 8 = 0
x + 1 = 4 ( y + 1 )
x + 1 = 2
x
y
x
x 2 2 x + 1 = 0
x = 1
2
tho iu kin (*).

y 2 y + 1 = 0
y =1
Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim l (1;1).
x2 + y2 + 6x + 2 y = 0
6)
x + y + 8 = 0
Ta c x + y + 8 = 0 x = 8 y thay vo phng trnh x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 2 y = 0 ta c
( 8 y )
+ y 2 + 6 ( 8 y ) + 2 y = 0
64 + 16 y + y 2 + y 2 48 6 y + 2 y = 0
y2 + 6 y + 8 = 0
y = 2 y = 4 .
Vi y = 2 x = 6
Vi y = 4 x = 4
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( 6; 2 ) , ( 4; 4 ) .
x 2 + y 2 xy = 13
7)
(I )
x + y xy = 3
iu kin: xy 0
( x + y )2 3xy = 13
(I )
x + y xy = 3
t u = x + y , v = xy 0 .
Khi ta c
117
u 2 3v 2 = 13 (1)
(I )
u v = 3 ( 2 )
( 2) u = 3 + v
thay vo (1) ta c ( 3 + v ) 3v 2 = 13.
v 2 3v + 2 = 0.
v = 1
(Nhn)
v = 2
x + y = 4 x = 2 3 x = 2 + 3
Vi v = 1 u = 4. T y ta c h
xy = 1
y = 2 + 3 y = 2 3
x + y = 5
x = 4 x = 1
Vi v = 2 u = 5 . T y ta c h
xy = 2
y =1 y = 4
Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l
(1; 4 ) , ( 4;1) , ( 2 +
)(
3; 2 3 , 2 3; 2 + 3 .
x + y + x 2 + y 2 = 8
8)
xy ( x + 1)( y + 1) = 12
H phng trnh cho tng ng vi
( x + y ) 2 + x + y 2 xy = 8
(I)
xy ( xy + x + y + 1) = 12
t S = x + y; P = xy, iu kin: S 2 4 P 0 .
S 2 + S 2 P = 8
()
P ( P + S + 1) = 12
(1) P =
S2 + S 8
2
(1)
( 2)
(3)
Th (3) vo (2) ta c
S2 + S 8 S2 + S 8
+ S + 1 = 12
2
2
S 4 + 4 S 3 11S 2 30 S = 0
S S 3 + 4S 2 11S 30 = 0
118
S
S
=0
=3
= 2
= 5
Th ln lt cc gi tr ca S vo (3) ta c
S = 0
S = 3 S = 2 S = 5
(Tho iu kin S 2 4 P 0 )
P = 4 P = 2 P = 3 P = 6
S = 0
x + y = 0
x = 2
x = 2

P = 4 xy = 4
y = 2 y = 2
S = 3 x + y = 3 x = 1 x = 2

P = 2 xy = 2
y = 2 y =1
S = 2 x + y = 2
x = 1
x = 3

P = 3 xy = 3
y = 3 y = 1
S = 5 x + y = 5 x = 3 x = 2

P = 6
xy = 6
y = 2 y = 3
Vy, h phng trnh cho c tm nghim l (2; 2), ( 2;2), (1;2), (2;1), (1; 3),
( 3;1), ( 3; 2),( 2; 3).
Ch . C th t u = x( x + 1); v = y ( y + 1). Khi h phng trnh cho c a v h
u + v = 8
uv = 12
2
2
x + y + x + y = 4
9)
(I )
x ( x + y + 1) + y ( y + 1) = 2
( x + y )2 + x + y 2 xy = 4
(I )
2
2
x + xy + x + y + y = 2
2
( x + y ) 2 + x + y 2 xy = 4
( x + y ) + x + y xy = 2
2
( x + y ) + x + y xy = 2
xy = 2
t S = x + y; P = xy, iu kin S 2 4 P 0 .
Ta c h phng trnh
S 2 + S P = 2
P = 2
119
S = 0
S 2 + S = 0
S = 1
P
=
P = 2
S = 0
S = 1
(Tho iu kin S 2 4 P 0 )
P = 2 P = 2
x = 2 x = 2
S = 0
x + y = 0
P = 2 xy = 2
y = 2
y = 2
S = 1 x + y = 1
x = 1
x = 2
+
P = 2 xy = 2
y = 2 y = 1
) (
Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l 2; 2 ,
2; 2 , (1; 2 ) , ( 2;1) .
( x 2 + y 2 ) xy = 78
10) 4
4
x + y = 97
Ta c
( x 2 + y 2 ) xy = 78
( x 2 + y 2 ) xy = 78
2
(I )
4
4
2 2
2 2
x + y = 97
( x + y ) 2 x y = 97
T phng trnh th nht ca h cho ta suy ra x. y > 0. t u = x 2 + y 2 , v = xy, iu kin
u > 0, v > 0. Ta c
78
78
v=
v=
78
u
u
uv = 78
v =
u
2
(I ) 2 2
2
u = 169
u 2v = 97
u 2 2 78 97 = 0
u 4 97u 2 12168 = 0
u 2 = 72
u
78
v = u
u = 13
u = 13
2
2
u = 13 x + y = 13
Ta nhn
2 2
( II )
v = 6
x y = 36
X = 9
T ( II ) ta c x 2 , y 2 l hai nghim ca phng trnh bc hai X 2 13 X + 36 = 0
X = 4
Vy ta c
120
x = 3 x = 3
x = 9 x = 4
y = 2 y = 2
2
2
x = 2 x = 2
y = 4 y = 9
y = 3 y = 3
2
Vy, h cho c tm nghim l

( 3; 2 ) , ( 3; 2 ) , ( 3; 2 ) , ( 3; 2 ) , ( 2;3) , ( 2; 3) , ( 2;3) , ( 2; 3) .
x 3 y 3 = 7( x y )
11) 2
2
x + y = x + y + 2
Ta c
3
3
2
2
x y = 7( x y )
( x y )( x + xy + y 7) = 0
2
2
2
2
x + y = x + y + 2
x + y ( x + y ) 2 = 0
x = y
(I )
2
2
x + y ( x + y) 2 = 0
2
2
x + xy + y 7 = 0
( II )
x 2 + y 2 ( x + y ) 2 = 0
Gii ( I )
1+ 5
x =
2

1+ 5
y
=
x = y
2
(I ) 2
x x 1 = 0
1 5
x =
2
y = 1 5

2
Gii ( II )
( x + y )2 xy 7 = 0
( II )
2
( x + y ) 2 xy ( x + y ) 2 = 0
xy + ( x + y ) 5 = 0
2
( x + y ) 2 xy ( x + y ) 2 = 0
t S = x + y, P = xy, ( S 2 4 P )
Nh vy ta c
121
S = 3
P = 5 S
P = 2
( II ) 2
S = 4
S + S 12 = 0
P = 9
S = 3
Ta nhn
suy ra x, y l nghim ca phng trnh bc hai
P = 2
X =1
X 2 3X + 2 = 0
X = 2
x = 1 x = 2
Vy ta c
y = 2 y =1
H phng trnh cho c bn nghim l
1+ 5 1+ 5 1 5 1 5
;
;
,
.
2
2
2
2
(1; 2 ) , ( 2;1) ,
x + 2 + y 3 = 10
12)
(I)
4
4 y 3 = 4.
x
+
2
+
x 2
iu kin:
y 3.
4
u = x + 2
t
(Vi u 0, v 0 ). (*)
4 y 3.
v
=
u 2 = x + 2
2
v = y 3.
H phng trnh (I) tr thnh

u + v = 4
2 2
u + v = 10
(u + v )2 2uv = 10
u = 1
u + v = 4

uv = 3
v = 3
u + v = 4
u = 3

v = 1.
4 x + 2 = 1 x + 2 = 1
u = 1
x = 1
(Nhn).
+
4 y 3 = 3
y
3
=
81
y
=
84
v = 3
4
u = 3
x + 2 = 3 x + 2 = 81 x = 79
(Nhn).
+
y 3 =1
y = 4.
v = 1
4 y 3 = 1
122
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l (1;84), (79; 4).

( x 1)( y 1)( x + y 2 ) = 6
13) 2
(I )
2
x + y 2 x 2 y 3 = 0
( x 1)( y 1)( x 1 + y 1) = 6
Ta c ( I )
2
2
( x 1) + ( y 1) = 5
X = x 1
t
, h phng trnh cho tr thnh
Y = y 1
XY ( X + Y ) = 6
XY ( X + Y ) = 6
2
2
X + Y = 5
( X + Y ) 2 XY = 5
S = X + Y 2
t
; S 4 P 0 , ta c h
P = XY
6
P=
S
.
P
=
6
P = 2
P =
S
S
2
S 2 P = 5 S 2 12 = 5 S 3 5S 12 = 0 S = 3
S
X +Y = 3 X =1 X = 2
x 1 = 1 x 1 = 2
x = 2 x = 3
Nh vy ta c
XY = 2
Y = 2 Y = 1
y 1 = 2 y 1 = 1
y = 3 y = 2
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( 2;3) , ( 3; 2 ) .
xy + x + 1 = 7 y
14) 2 2
2
x y + xy + 1 = 13 y
y = 0 : H phng trnh cho v nghim.

y 0 : H phng trnh cho tng ng vi
x 1
x + y + y = 7
1
x
1
x
1
. t a = x + ; b = a 2 = x 2 + 2 + 2 x 2 + 2 = a 2 2b.
y
y
y
y
y
x 2 + x + 1 = 13
2
y y
Ta c h phng trnh theo n mi
a + b = 7
a + b = 7
a + b = 7
2
2
a = 4 a = 5
a b = 13 a + a 20 = 0
123

1
x + y = 4
x2 4 x + 3 = 0

x = 1
a = 4
x
=3
y
y = 1
3
b = 3
y

2
a = 5
1
x
+
5
x
+
12
=
0
x + = 5
x = 3
(VN )
y
b
=
12

y = 1.
y =
x
12
= 12
y
1
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l 1; , ( 3;1) .
3
x ( x + y + 1) 3 = 0
15)
. iu kin: x 0. H phng trnh cho tng ng vi
5
2
( x + y ) 2 + 1 = 0
x
x ( x + y + 1) 3 = 0
x ( x + y + 1) 3 = 0
. t t = x ( x + y ) . Ta c h phng trnh
2
5
2
2
2
( x + y ) + 1 = 2
x ( x + y ) + x = 5
x
t + x = 3
t + x = 3 x = 2 x = 1
t + x = 3
2
2
t = 1 t = 2.
t + x = 5 ( t + x ) 2tx = 5 tx = 2
x = 2
x = 1
x ( x + y ) = 1 x ( x + y ) = 2
Nh vy, ta c
(Tha iu kin)
3
=
1.
y
=
y
x = 2
x = 1
2
3
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l 2; , (1;1) .

2
x 2 3xy = 4 y
(1)
II.15. 1) 2
y 3xy = 4 x
2
2
x y = 4 ( x y )
( x y )( x + y + 4 ) = 0
(1) 2
2
y 3xy = 4 x
y 3xy = 4 x
x = y
x = y
x = 0
2
2
y = 0
y 3 xy = 4 x
x + 2 x = 0
x = 2
y = 4 x
y = 4 x

y 2 3 xy = 4 x
x 2 + 4 x + 4 = 0
y = 2.
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( 0; 0 ) , ( 2; 2 ) .
124
7 x + y x 2 = 0
2)
(1)
7 y + x 1 = 0
y2
iu kin: x 0, y 0.
2
2
3
2
7 x + x y 1 = 0 ( x y ) 7 x + xy + y + xy = 0
(1) 3
2
7 y + xy 1 = 0 7 y 3 + xy 2 1 = 0
1
x = y
x=

x
=
y
2
4 ( x + y ) + 3 x 2 + y 2 = 0(*) 3
8 x = 1 y = 1 .
3
2
7 y + xy 1 = 0
(Do x 0, y 0 nn (*) v nghim)

1 1
Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l ; .
2 2
x 2 = y 1 + 2 x 1
3)
(1)
2
y = x 1 + 2 y 1
x 1
iu kin:
y 1
x 2 2 x + 1 = y 1
1
() 2
y 2 y + 1 = x 1
( x 1) 2 = y 1 (1)
2
( y 1) = x 1 ( 2 )
( 2 ) ( y 1)
= x 1
( y 1) + 1 = x
Th gi tr x va tm c vo (1) ta c:
8
( y 1)
t: t =
= y 1 (a)
y 1 (t 0)
( a ) t 16 = t
t t15 1 = 0
t=0
t = 0
y =1
15
t = 1
t =1
y = 2
125
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l (1;1) v ( 2; 2 ) .

Ch . C th gii bng cch khc nh sau:
Tr tng v ca hai phng trnh ca h cho ta c
x 2 y 2 = y 1 x 1 + 2 x 2 y x2 2 x + x 1 = y 2 2 y + y 1
f ( x) = f ( y ).(*)
Xt hm s f (t ) = t 2 2t + t 1, t [1; +). Hm s ny ng bin trn tp xc nh, do

ta c (*) x = y. T tm c nghim ca h phng trnh cho l (1;1) , ( 2; 2 ) .
1
1
x x = y y (1)
4)
2 y = x 3 + 1 ( 2 )
x 0
iu kin:
y 0
Ta c
(1) x y =
1 1
x y
( x y ) + 1 = 0
xy
y = x
y = 1
x
+ Th y = x vo phng trnh ( 2 ) ta c
( 2 ) x3 + x 2 = 0
( x 1) ( x 2 + x + 2 ) = 0
x = 1 v x 2 + x + 2 > 0, x
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh l (1;1).

+ Th y =
1
vo phng trnh ( 2 ) ta c
x
( 2 ) x 4 + x + 2 = 0 ( 3)
1
1
Xt hm s y = f ( x) = x 4 + x + 2 y = 4 x3 + 1 = 0 x = 3 ; f ( 3 ) < 0. Lp bng
4
4
bin thin ca hm s f ( x ) ta kt lun c th ca hm s khng ct trc honh.
Suy ra phng trnh ( 3) v nghim.
126
Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l (1;1).

4
3
2 2
x + 2 x y + x y = 2 x + 9
(I)
5) 2
x + 2 xy = 6 x + 6
Xt x = 0, khi h phng trnh tr thnh

0 = 9
(V nghim)
0
=
6
Xt x 0 , khi h phng trnh (I) tng ng vi

x 2 ( x + y )2 = 2 x + 9 (1)
x2 + 6 x + 6
(2)
y
=
2x
Thay (2) vo (1) ta c

2
x2 + 6x + 6
x x+
= 2x + 9
2x
x2 + 6 x + 6
x
= 2x + 9
2x
( x 2 + 6 x + 6)2 = 4(2 x + 9)
2
( x + 3)2 3 = 8( x + 3) + 12 (3)
t t = x + 3, khi (3) tr thnh
(t
3 = 8t + 12
t 4 6t 2 + 9 = 8t + 12
(t + 1)3 (t 3) = 0
t + 1 = 0
t = 1
t 3 = 0
t = 3
Vi t = 3 ta c 3 = x + 3 x = 0 (Loi)
Vi t = 1 ta c 1 = x + 3 x = 4 (Nhn), thay x = 4 vo (2) ta c
(4) 2 + 6(4) + 6 17
y=
=
2(4)
4
17
Vy, h phng trnh cho c nghim l 4; .

4
xy + x + y = x 2 2 y 2
6)
(I )
x 2 y y x 1 = 2 x 2 y
127
x 1
iu kin:
(*)
y 0
2
xy + x + y + y = ( x + y )( x y )
(I )
x 2 y y x 1 = 2 x 2 y
x( y + 1) + y ( y + 1) = ( x + y )( x y )
x 2 y y x 1 = 2 x 2 y
( y + 1)( x + y ) = ( x + y )( x y )
x 2 y y x 1 = 2 x 2 y
( x + y )(2 y x + 1) = 0
x 2 y y x 1 = 2 x 2 y
x + y = 0
x = 2 y + 1
x 2 y y x 1 = 2 x 2 y
Do iu kin (*) nn ta loi trng hp x + y = 0. Nh vy ta ch c trng hp

2 y + 1 = x
x 2 y y x 1 = 2 x 2 y
2 y + 1 = x
(2 y + 1) 2 y y 2 y = 2(2 y + 1) 2 y
2 y + 1 = x
2 y ( y + 1) = 2( y + 1)
2 y + 1 = x
( y + 1)( 2 y 2) = 0
2 y + 1 = x
( y + 1 > 0)
2 y 2 = 0
x = 5
(Nhn)
y = 2
Vy, h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l (5; 2) .

4
3
2 2
x x y + x y = 1
7) 3
(I )
2
x y x + xy = 1
( x 2 xy ) 2 + x 3 y = 1
Ta c ( I )
3
2
x y ( x xy ) = 1
128
u = x 2 xy
t
, khi ta c h phng trnh
3
v = x y
u = 1
u 2 + v = 1
u 2 + u 2 = 0
u = 2
v u = 1 v = u 1
v = u 1
u = 1 u = 2
v = 0 v = 3
2
x 2 xy = 1 xy = x 1
u = 1
+
3
2 2
x x 1 = 0
x y = 0
v = 0
x = 1 x = 1
y = 0 y = 0
2
x 2 xy = 2
u = 2
xy = x + 2
+
3
2 2
(H phng trnh v nghim)
x
x
+
2
+
3
=
0
(
)
x y = 3
v = 3
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l (1;0); ( 1;0).

x 3 3 x 2 y + 2 x 6 y = 15
8) 3
2
x + x y + 2 x + 2 y = 9

x x 2 + 2 3 y x 2 + 2 = 15
2
2
x x + 2 + y x + 2 = 9
(
(
) (
)
) (
)
( x + 2 ) ( x 3 y ) = 15 (1)
( 2)
( x + 2 ) ( x + y ) = 9
2
2
V x + y = 0 khng tha phng trnh ( 2 ) , nn chia (1) cho ( 2 ) theo v ta c

x 3 y 5
=
x+ y
3
3x 9 y = 5 x 5 y
y = 2 x.
Thay y = 2 x vo ( 2 ) ta c
(x
+ 2 ( x + 2x) = 9
x3 + 2 x 3 = 0
x = 1 y = 2.
129
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l (1; 2 ) .

2
2
x + y 3 x + 4 y = 1
9) 2
(I )
2
3 x 2 y 9 x 8 y = 3
x 2 3 x + y 2 + 4 y = 1
Ta c ( I )
(2)
2
2
3 ( x 3 x ) 2 ( y + 4 y ) = 3
2
u = x 3 x
t
ta c h phng trnh
2
v = y + 4 y
3 13
3 + 13
x 2 3 x = 1
u + v = 1
u = 1
x =
x=
2
2
y + 4 y = 0
3u 2v = 3
v = 0
y = 0 y = 4

3 + 13 3 13 3 + 13
3 13
; 0 ,
; 0 ,
; 4 ,
; 4 .
2
2
2
2
( x y )2 y = 2
10)
(I )
3
3
=
19
x
y
( x y )2 y = 2
Ta c ( I )
2
2
( x y ) x + xy + y = 19(*)
Ta nhn xt rng ( x; y ) / x = y khng l nghim ca h phng trnh cho, do chia

theo v ca hai phng trnh ca h ta c
( x y) y
2
x + xy + y
2
19
19 xy 19 y 2 = 2 x 2 + 2 xy + 2 y 2
2 x 2 17 xy + 21y 2 = 0
2
x
x
2 17 + 21 = 0
y
y
x
y =7
x 3
y = 2
x
= 7 x = 7 y kt hp vi (*) ta c h phng trnh
y
130

x=
x = 7 y
x = 7 y
3
3
3
x y = 19 18 y = 1 y =
7
18
1
3
18
x 3
3
= x = y kt hp vi (*) ta cng c h phng trnh
y 2
2
x = 3
x = y
x 3 y 3 = 19 y = 2
1
7
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l 3 ; 3 , ( 3; 2 ) .
18 18
3
3
x + y = 1
(I )
11) 2
2
3
x y + 2 xy + y = 2
( x + y ) x 2 xy + y 2 = 1 ( x + y ) x 2 xy + y 2 = 1
(I )
2
2
2
y x + 2 xy + y = 2
y ( x + y ) = 2
x 2 xy + y 2 1
= 2 x 2 xy + y 2 = xy + y 2
y ( x + y)
2
2 x 2 2 xy + 2 y 2 xy y 2 = 0 ( x y )( 2 x y ) = 0
x = y
2x = y
34 34
+ Trng hp x = y, ta c nghim ca h phng trnh l
;
.
2 2
+ Trng hp 2 x = y, thay vo phng trnh th nht ca h phng trnh cho ta c

3
x3 + ( 2 x ) = 1 9 x3 = 1 x =
1
. Nghim ca h phng trnh l
3
9
3 9 23 9
;
.
3
3
3 4 3 4 3 9 23 9
;
;
,
.
3
2 2 3
3
3
2
x y = x y
12) 2
(I )
2
x + y = x y
2
y 3 = y
y = 0
y y 1 = 0
Khi h phng trnh ( I ) tr thnh 2
y = y
y = 1
y ( y + 1) = 0
131
Nh vy, nghim ca h l ( 0; 0 ) , ( 0; 1) .
+ Xt trng hp x 0
Nhn hai v ca phng trnh th hai ca h ( I ) vi x ta c h phng trnh tng
ng
3
3
2
x y = x y
3
2
2
x + xy = x xy
Sau khi tr tng v ca hai phng trnh v bin i tip ta c

x 3 y 3 = x 2 y
x3 y 3 = x 2 y
x 3 y 3 = x 2 y
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
x + xy = x xy
y + xy = y xy
y + xy y + xy = 0
3
3
2
3
3
2
x y = x y
x y = x y
2
y ( y + 1)( x + y 1) = 0
y ( y + xy 1 + x ) = 0
y = 0, suy ra x = 1, do ta c nghim (1;0 ) .

y = 1, suy ra x = 1, do ta c nghim (1; 1) .
3
y = 1 x, ta c phng trnh x 3 (1 x ) = x 2 1 + x x3 2 x 2 + x = 0 x = 1, ( x 0).
Ta c nghim (1;0 ) .
Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l ( 0; 0 ) , ( 0; 1) , (1;0 ) , (1; 1) .
3 x y = x y
II.16. 1)
( I ). Ta c
x + y = x + y + 2
x y 0, x + y 0
6
6
(I ) 3 x y = x y
( x + y ) 2 = x + y + 2
x y 0, x + y 0
2
( x y ) 1 ( x y ) = 0
x + y = 2
) (
(
x y 0, x + y 0
2
3
( x y ) ( x y ) = 0
2
( x + y ) ( x + y ) 2 = 0
x y 0, x + y 0 x y 0, x + y 0
x=
x = 1
2
x = y
x y = 1
y =1 y = 1
x + y = 2
x + y = 2
2
3 1
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l (1;1), ( ; ).
2 2
132
x 2 + y 2 = 25 xy
2)
(I )
y ( x + y ) = 10
xy = 25 x 2 y 2
10 y 2 25 + x 2 + y 2 = 0
I
( )
2
2
xy = 10 y
xy = 10 y
x = 15
x = 15
x = 15
2
y 2 + 15 y 10 = 0

x 2 = 15
xy = 10 y
x = 15
2
x = 15
x = 15
xy = 10 y
xy = 10 y
2
2
xy
=
10
y 15 y 10 = 0
x =
x = 15
x = 15
15
55
15
55
+
+
y =
y =
y =
2
2
x =
15
55
15
55
y=
y=

2
2

y =
x = 15
15 + 55
15 + 55
y =
2
2
x = 15
15
15 55
15 55
.
y =
2
2
15
15 + 55
15 55
15 + 55
15 55
15;
; 15;
; 15;
; 15;
.
2
2
2
2
x + y = 2(*)
3)
x + 3 + y + 3 = 4
iu kin:
x 0
y 0
x 0
y 0
x + 3 0
y + 3 0
Bnh phng hai v ca cc phng trnh ca h ta c

x + y + 2 xy = 4
x + 3 + y + 3 + 2 ( x + 3)( y + 3) = 16
x + y + 2 xy = 4
x + y + 2 ( x + 3)( y + 3) = 10
Tr v theo v ca hai phng trnh ca h trn ta c
133
( x + 3)( y + 3)
xy = 3
( x + 3)( y + 3) = 3 + xy
( x + 3)( y + 3) = 9 + xy + 6
xy
xy + 3 ( x + y ) + 9 = 9 + xy + 6 xy
x + y 2 xy = 0
x y
=0
x= y
Thay x = y vo ( ) ta c
2 x = 2 x = 1 x = 1. (Tha iu kin)
Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l (1;1) .
3 x 2 + xy + 3 x + y = 3
4) 2
(I )
2
2
xy + 2 x + y + 2 x = 2
3 x ( x + 1) + y ( x + 1) = 3
Ta c ( I )
2
2 x ( x + 1) + y ( x + 1) = 2
( x + 1)( 3 x + y ) = 3
(1)
2
( x + 1) 2 x + y = 2 (2)
Ta thy v tri ca cc phng trnh (1) v (2) khc 0 nn chia v theo v ca cc phng
trnh ca h ta c
3x + y 3
=
y2 + 2x 2
2 ( 3x + y ) = 3 y 2 + 2 x
6x + 2 y = 6x + 3 y2
3 y2 2 y = 0
y (3 y 2) = 0
y = 0
y = 2
3
+ Vi y = 0 , thay vo (1) ta c
( x + 1) x = 1
134
x2 + x 1 = 0
1 + 5
x =
2
1 5
x =
2
+ Vi y =
2
, thay vo (1) ta c
3
( x + 1) 3x +
2
=3
3
3x 2 + 3 x +
2
2
x+ =3
3
3
9 x 2 + 11x 7 = 0
11 + 373
x =
18
11 373
x =
18

1 + 5 1 5 11 + 373 2 11 373 2
; 0 ,
; 0 ,
; ,
; .
2
18
3
18
3
2

x 2 y 2 2 x 2 + y 3 2 y = y 2
5) 2
2
x + y y 2 = 0
2
2
x = 2 + y y
2
2
2
3
2
2 + y y y 2 2 + y y + y 2 y = y
2
2
x = 2 + y y
4
3
2
y + 2 y + 3 y 4 y 4 = 0
2
2
x = 2 + y y
2
2
( y + 1) ( y 2 ) = 0
x = 0
x2 = 2 + y y 2
x2 = 2 + y y 2
y = 1
( y + 1) = 0 y = 1
x = 0
y = 2
2
( y 2 ) = 0
y = 2
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( 0; 1) v ( 0; 2 ) .
135
x + x 2 2 x + 2 = 3 y 1 + 1
6)
(I )
y + y 2 2 y + 2 = 3x 1 + 1
x 1 + x 2 2 x + 2 = 3 y 1
Ta c ( I )
y 1 + y 2 2 y + 2 = 3x 1
u = x 1
t
th h ( I ) tr thnh
v = y 1
u + u 2 + 1 = 3v (1)
( II )
v + v 2 + 1 = 3u (2)
Ly (1) tr ( 2 ) theo v ta c
u v + u 2 + 1 v 2 + 1 = 3v 3u
u + u 2 + 1 + 3u = v + v 2 + 1 + 3v
f (u ) = f (v) (3)
Xt hm s f (t ) = t + t 2 + 1 + 3t
t
f (t ) = 1 +
t +1
+ 3t ln 3
t2 +1 t
Ta c
t
t 2 +1
f (t ) 0, t .
Do , hm s f (t ) lun lun tng trn ton b .
V vy, ( 3) u = v.
Thay u = v vo (1) ta c
u + u 2 + 1 = 3u
)(
) (
u + u 2 + 1 u u 2 + 1 = 3u u u 2 + 1
1 = 3u u u 2 + 1
3u
u 2 + 1 u = 1(*)
Xt hm s g (u ) = 3u
136
u 2 + 1 u xc nh trn .
g (u ) = 3u ln 3
Ta c
Do
u 2 + 1 u + 3u
1 = 3u
2
u +1
1
u 2 + 1 u ln 3
u2 +1
u2 + 1 u 0
1
u2 + 1
1 m ln 3 > 1 nn ln 3
1
u2 +1
0.
Vy, g (u ) 0.
Suy ra hm s g (u ) lun lun ng bin trn . Do ( ) nu c nghim th c mt
nghim duy nht.
Ta thy u = 0 tha ( ) , nh vy u = v = 0. T ta c x = y = 1.
Vy, h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht (1;1) .
xy 3 x 2 y = 16
7) 2
(I )
2
x + y 2 x 4 y = 33
(1)
2 xy 6 x 4 y = 32
Ta c ( I ) 2
2
x + y 2 x 4 y = 33 (2)
Cng tng v ca cc phng trnh (1) v (2) ta c

x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 8 x 8 y = 65
2
( x + y ) 8 ( x + y ) 65 = 0
x + y = 13
x + y = 5
x + y = 13 x = 13 y . Thay x = 13 y vo (1), ta c
(13 y ) y 3 (13 y ) 2 y = 16
y 2 14 y + 55 = 0
Phng trnh trn v nghim.

x + y = 5 x = 5 y . Thay x = 5 y vo (1), ta c
( 5 y ) y ( 5 y ) 3 2 y = 16
y2 + 4 y +1 = 0
y = 2 3
y = 2 + 3
Vi y = 2 3 th x = 3 + 3 .
Vi y = 2 + 3 th x = 3 3 .
137
) (
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l 3 + 3 ; 2 3 , 3 3; 2 + 3 .

x 3 + y + 2 = 3
8)
x + y = xy + 2 x 3 y 6 + 4
u = x 3
u 0, v 0
t
v = y + 2
Khi h phng trnh cho tr thnh

u + v = 3
2 2
u + v = uv + 3
u + v = 3
2
(u + v ) = 3uv + 3
u + v = 3
uv = 2
u = 1
u = 2

v = 2
v = 1
Vi u = 1, v = 2 , ta c
x 3 = 1
x = 4
y = 2
y + 2 = 2
Vi u = 2, v = 1 , ta c
x 3 = 2
x = 7
y = 1
y + 2 = 1
Vy, h phng trnh c hai nghim l (4; 2), (7; 1).
( x + y ) 2
9)
x y 2+
)
(
1 9
=
xy 2
1 5
=
xy 2
(I )
(1)
x 0
iu kin:
y 0
1 1 9
2 x + 2 y x y = 2
Ta c ( I )
2 x 2 y 1 + 1 = 5
x y 2
138
(1)
( 2)
Cng (1) v (2) theo v ta c

4x
2
1
= 7 4x2 7 x 2 = 0 x = 2 x =
x
4
Thay x = 2 vo (1), ta c 2 y
Thay x =
1
1
1 = 0 2 y2 y 1 = 0 y = 1 y = .
y
2
1
1
1
vo (1), ta c 2 y 1 = 0 2 y 2 y 1 = 0 y = 1 y = .
4
2
y
1 1 1 1
Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l ( 2;1) , 2; , ;1 , ; .

2 4 4 2
2
x + xy = 2
(I )
10) 3
2
x + 2 xy 2 y = x
Cch 1. Ta c nhn xt rng x = 0 khng tha h phng trnh, do nhn hai v ca

phng trnh th nht ca h ( I ) vi x ta c
x 3 + x 2 y = 2 x
3
2
x + 2 xy 2 y = x
Tr tng v ca hai h phng trnh cho nhau ta c phng trnh
x 2 y 2 xy 2 + 2 y x = 0 ( x 2 y )( xy 1) = 0.
2 3 3 2 3 3
Trng hp x = 2 y, ta c cc nghim
;
;
,
.
3 3
3
3
Trng hp xy = 1, ta c cc nghim (1;1) , ( 1; 1) .
2 3 3 2 3 3
Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l (1;1) , ( 1; 1) ,
;
;
,
.
3 3
3
3
x 2 1 = 1 xy
(1)
Cch 2. ( I )
2
x ( x 1) = 2 y (1 xy ) (2)
x = 2y
Th (1) vo (2) ta c x (1 xy ) = 2 y (1 xy ) (1 xy )( x 2 y ) = 0
xy = 1
3
y=
1
3
+ Thay x = 2 y vo (1) ta c 4 y 2 1 = 1 2 y 2 y 2 =
3
3
y =
3
2 3 3 2 3 3
T ta c nghim l
;
;
,
.
3 3
3
3
139
x = 1
+ Thay xy = 1 vo (1) ta c x 2 1 = 0
x = 1
T ta c nghim (1;1) , ( 1; 1) .
2 3 3 2 3 3
Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l (1;1) , ( 1; 1) ,
;
;
,
.
3
3
3
3
x
y
7
+
=
+1
x
xy
11) y
(I )
x xy + y xy = 78
( x + y ) + xy = 7
iu kin: xy > 0. Ta c ( I )
( x + y ) . xy = 78
Suy ra x + y, xy l nghim ca phng trnh bc hai

X = 13
x + y = 13
x + y = 13
X 2 7 X 78 = 0
X = 6
xy = 36
xy = 6
x = 9 x = 4
y = 4 y = 9.
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( 9; 4 ) , ( 4;9 ) .
x 1 + y 1 = 3
(1)
12)
x + y ( x 1)( y 1) = 5 (2)
iu kin: x 1, y 1. H phng trnh cho tng ng vi
x 1 + 2 ( x 1)( y 1) + y 1 = 9 x + y + 2 ( x 1)( y 1) = 11
x + y ( x 1)( y 1) = 5
x + y ( x 1)( y 1) = 5
11 ( x + y )
11 ( x + y )
( x 1)( y 1) =
( x 1)( y 1) =
2
2
x + y 11 x y = 5
2 ( x + y ) 11 + ( x + y ) = 10
11 ( x + y )
11 ( x + y )
xy ( x + y ) + 1 =
xy ( x + y ) + 1 =
2
2
3 ( x + y ) = 21
x + y = 7
xy 6 = 2
xy = 10
x = 2 x = 5
x + y = 7
y = 5 y = 2
x + y = 7
140
Cc gi tr ca x, y u tha iu kin.
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( 2;5 ) , ( 5; 2 )
x 2 + 6 y = y + 3
13)
x + y + x y = 4.
x2 + 6 y 0
iu kin: x + y 0
x y 0

y +3 0
y 3
2
x + 6 y = y2 + 6 y + 9
x2 y 2 = 9
2
2
2
2
x + y + x y + 2 x y = 16
x + x y = 8
y 3
y 3
x = 5
2
2
x y = 9 x = 5
y = 4
x = 5
y = 4 y = 4
Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l ( 5; 4 ) .

2
a2
2
x
=
y
+
II.17.
(I )
2
a
2 y 2 = x +
x
x > 0
T cc phng trnh ca h ( I ) ta suy ra iu kin ca n l
y > 0
2 x 2 y = y 2 + a 2
(I )
2
2
2
2 xy = x + a
2 x 2 y = y 2 + a2
( x y )( 2 xy + x + y ) = 0
x > 0
ta suy ra 2xy + x + y >0
Do
y > 0
2x 2 y = y 2 + a 2
2x3 x 2 = a 2
Vy, ta c h
x=y
x= y
Xt hm s y = f ( x ) = 2 x 3 x 2 ,
x = 0
y ' = 6 x 2 x, y ' = 0 6 x 2 x = 0
x = 1
3
141
1
1 2 1
Ta c f =
=
27
3 27 9
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f ( x ) v da vo bng bin thin ta c ng thng y = a 2
ct th f ( x ) ti mt im duy nht c honh x > 0. Vy, h phng trnh cho c
mt nghim duy nht vi m i a 0.
2
2
x 4 xy + y = k
II.18. 2
(I )
y 3 xy = 4
2
2
x 4 xy + y = 1
1) Thay k = 1 vo h ( I ) ta c 2
(2).
y 3 xy = 4
y 2 = 1
(V l).
Vi x = 0, thay vo h (2) ta c 2
y = 4
x 2 xy + y 2 3xy = 1
y 2 = 4 + 3xy
Vi x 0, ta c (2) 2
2
y 3 xy = 4
x xy + 4 = 1
y 2 = 4 + 3xy
2 x 4 + 7 x 2 9 = 0 (*)
x2 + 3
x2 + 3
y
=
y
=
x
x
Gii (*) ta c x = 1 x = 1.
Vi x = 1, th vo y =
x2 + 3
ta c y = 4.
x
Vi x = 1, th vo y =
x2 + 3
ta c y = 4.
x
Vy, khi k = 1 th h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l (1; 4), (1; 4).
2) Cch 1.
x2 = k
Vi y = 0, thay vo (1) ta c
(V l).
0 = 4
2 y 4 ( 40 9k ) y 2 16 = 0 (3)
y2 4
x =
3y
Vi y 0, ta c (1)
y2 4
x
=
x 2 4 xy + y 2 = k
3y
142
Phng trnh trng phng 2 y 4 (40 9k ) y 2 16 = 0 (3) c cc h s a, c tri du nn

chc chn c nghim y 0 vi m i k .
Vy, h phng trnh cho lun lun c nghim vi m i gi tr ca k .
t 2 4t + 1 y 2 = k
Cch 2. T h phng trnh ta c y 0. t x = ty , ta c h
2
(1 3t ) y = 4
Suy ra
3t 2 + 2t 1
t 2 4t + 1 k
t 2 4t + 1
1
= . Xt hm s f (t ) =
, f (t ) =
< 0, t
2
1 3t
4
1 3t
3
(1 3t )
hm s f (t ) lun lun nghch bin, do ng thng y =

hai im phn bit c honh t1 , t2 tha t1 <
y 2 (1 3t1 ) = 4 y =
k
lun ct th y = f (t ) ti
4
1
< t2 . Khi vi t = t1 ta c
3
2
2t1
x=
. (pcm)
1 3t1
1 3t1
x + 1 + y + 2 = a
II.19.
(I )
x + y = 3a
Nu a 0 th h phng trnh cho v nghim nn ta ch xt a > 0. Ta c
x + 1 + y + 3 = a
(I )
(I )
x + 1 + y + 2 = 3a + 3
u = x + 1 0
t
v = y + 2 0
Khi ta c h phng trnh theo bin u, v

u + v = a
v = a u
2 2
2
2
u + v = 3a + 3
f (u ) = 2u 2au + a 3a 3 = 0(*)
H phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c nghim u 0 tha
v = a u 0. Gi s u1 , u2 l hai nghim ca phng trnh (*), th t phng trnh (*) theo
nh l Viet ta c u1 + u2 = a, nh vy nu u1 l nghim ca phng trnh (*) th nghi m
u2 chnh l v v ngc li. T h phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi phng
trnh (*) c hai nghim u1 , u2 u khng m.
iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi
143

3 15 a 3 + 15
= a 2 2(a 2 3a 3) 0
3 + 21
3 21
3 + 21
2
a
a
a 3 + 15
2 f (0) = a 3a 3 0
2
2
2
a
0
a 0
2
4 x y m = 0
II. 20.
(I )
3x + x ( y + 1) = 1
Cch 1.
Ta c
y = 4 x m
y = 4 x m
y = 4 x m
(I )
2
x ( y + 1) = 3x 1 x(4 x m + 1) = 3 x 1 4 x mx + x = 3x 1
y = 4x m
y = 4x m
1
1
x
x
3
3
2
2
4 x mx + x = 9 x 6 x + 1 f ( x ) = 5 x 2 + ( m 7 ) x + 1 = 0(*)
H phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c t nht mt nghim
1
x . iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c nghim x1 , x2 tha
3
1
7
5. f 3 0
0
x1 3 x2
m 7 2 5 m 7 + 2 5

1
1 < x x
m > 7
2
5. f 3 > 0
3 1
11
S 1
m <
2 > 3
3
m 7 2 5.
7 < m 7 2 5
3
Vy, khi m 7 2 5 th h phng trnh cho c nghim.

Cch 2.
y = 4 x m
y = 4 x m
(I )
x ( y + 1) = 3x 1 x(4 x m + 1) = 3 x 1
144
y = 4x m
y = 4 x m
1
x
2
3
4 x mx + x = 3 x 1
2
2
4 x mx + x = 9 x 6 x + 1
y = 4x m
y = 4x m
y = 4x m
1
1
1
x
x
x
3
3
3
2
2
1
5 x 7 x + 1 = mx
5x 7 x + 1
= m
f ( x) = 5 x 7 + x = m
x
1
1 5 x2 1
1
Xt hm s f ( x) = 5 x 7 + , f ( x ) = 5 2 =
, f ( x) = 0 x =
.
2
x
x
x
5
x=
1 1
< (Loi)
5 3
1
1
f
= 7 + 5. Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f ( x ) trn [ 3 ; +),
5
ta c min gi tr T f = [2 5 7; +). T cc gi tr cn tm ca m phi tha
7
1
Ta c f = ;
3
3
m 2 5 7 m 7 2 5.
II.21.
x = y 2 y + m
2
y = x x + m
Ta c nhn xt rng nu ( x0 ; y0 ) l mt nghim ca h phng trnh cho th ( y0 ; x0 )

cng l nghim ca h, do h c nghim duy nht th x0 = y0 . Khi ta c
x0 = x02 x0 + m x02 2 x0 + m = 0(*)
Do x0 duy nht nn phng trnh (*) phi c nghim duy nht. iu ny xy ra khi v ch
khi = 1 m = 0 m = 1.
Vi m = 1, h phng trnh cho tr thnh
2
x = y y + 1
2
y = x x + 1
Cng theo v ca hai phng trnh ca h ta c
x = 1
2
2
x + y = y 2 y + 1 + x 2 x + 1 ( x 1) + ( y 1) = 0
y =1
x = y = 1 tha h phng trnh nn l nghim v l nghim duy nht ca h. Vy, khi m = 1
th h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht.
145
x 2 5 x + 4 0
II.22. 2
(I )
3 x mx x + 16 = 0
Ta c
1 x 4
(I ) 2
3 x mx x + 16 = 0
t t = x , vi 1 x 4 th 1 t 2. Khi ta c
1 t 2
1 t 2
4
3t 4 + 16
3
3
t
mt
+
16
=
0
m
=
t3
Xt hm s
3t 4 + 16
, 1 t 2
t3
3t 4 48
0, t [1; 2]
f (t ) =
t4
y = f (t ) =
Vy hm s f (t ) nghch bin trn [1; 2]

f (1) = 19, f (2) = 8.
Vy 1 t 2 th 8 f (t ) 19
Vy, cc gi tr ca m cn tm l 8 m 19.
x + 1 + y = m
II.23.
y + 1 + x = 1
iu kin: x 0, y 0
Vi x 0, y 0 ta c y + 1 + x 1. Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = 0. T

m = 1. Vi m = 1 th h phng trnh cho c nghim. Vy, m = 1 l gi tr cn tm.
x + xy + y = m + 1
II.24. 2
(I )
2
x y + xy = m
S = x + y
vi S 2 4 P 0.
t
P
=
xy
S + P = m + 1 P = m P = 1
Khi ( I ) tr thnh
SP = m
S = 1 S = m
Suy ra ( x; y ) l nghim ca phng trnh
X 2 X + m = 0 ( a ) hoc X 2 mX + 1 = 0 ( b )
146
1) Vi m = 2
(a) X 2 X + 2 = 0
(Phng trnh v nghim)
x = 1
y =1
(b) X 2 2 X + 1 = 0 X = 1
Vy, vi m = 2 h phng trnh cho c nghim l (1;1) .

2) H phng trnh cho c t nht mt nghim ( x; y ) tha mn x > 0; y > 0 khi v ch khi
phng trnh ( a ) hoc phng trnh ( b ) c hai nghim dng.
+ Phng trnh ( a ) c hai nghim dng khi v ch khi
= 1 4m 0
1
1
1
m
4 0<m .
X1 + X 2 = > 0
1
4
m > 0
X1 X 2 = m > 0
+ Phng trnh ( b ) c hai nghim dng khi v ch khi
= m2 4 0
m 2 m 2
m 2.
X1 + X 2 = m > 0
m
>
0
X X =1 > 0
1 2
Vy, vi m 2 0 < m
1
th h phng trnh cho c t nht mt nghim ( x; y )
4
tha x > 0; y > 0.
m x 2 + 1 + y 2 = m + 1
II.25.
(I )
2
2
x
+
my
=
1
x2 +1 + y2 = 2
x2 + y 2 = 1
1) Khi m = 1 h ( I ) tr thnh 2
x 2 + y 2 = 1.
2
2
2
x
+
y
=
1
x
+
y
=
1
Vy, tp hp nghim ca h phng trnh ( I ) ng vi m = 1 l
{( x; y ) / x
+ y 2 = 1 (Tp
hp nhng cp ( x; y ) l ta ca nhng im nm trn ng trn n v).

m ( x 2 + 1) + y 2 = m + 1(1)
2) 2
2
( 2)
x + my = 1
T phng trnh ( 2 ) x 2 = 1 my 2
Th vo phng trnh (1) ta c m 2 my 2 + y 2 = m + 1

2m m2 y 2 + y 2 = m + 1
147
1 m 2 y 2 = 1 m (3)
Xt 1 m 2 = 0 m = 1 m = 1.
Vi m = 1, h phng trnh ( I ) c v s nghim. Tp hp nghim ca h phng trnh ( I )

l
{( x; y ) / x
+ y 2 = 1 . Vi m = 1, (3) tr thnh 0 y 2 = 2 phng trnh (3) v nghim
t h phng trnh ( I ) v nghim.

Xt 1 m 2 0 m 1
1 m
. H phng trnh ( I ) c nghim khi v ch khi
1 m2
2 m 1
m > 1
y = 2
0
m > 1
m 1
m 1
m 1
x 2 = 1 m. m 1 0
m 1
2
2
0
m 1
m 1
(3) y 2 =
Vy, kt hp cc trng hp xt th gi tr cn tm l m > 1.

Ch . Chng ta c th gii cch khc nh sau
t X = x 2 0, Y = y 2 0. Khi ta c h phng trnh
mX + Y = 1
( II )
X + mY = 1
D=
m 1
1 1
m 1
= m 2 1, DX =
= m 1, DY =
= m 1.
1 m
1 m
1 1
m = 1
+ D=0
m = 1
m = 1 . H phng trnh ( II ) c v s nghim nn h phng trnh ( I ) c v s nghim.
m = 1. H phng trnh ( II ) v nghim nn h phng trnh ( I ) v nghim.
+ D 0 m 1.
H phng trnh ( I ) c nghim khi v ch khi h phng trnh ( II ) c nghim
( X ; Y ) / X > 0, Y > 0.
DX
1
X
=
=
>0
D m +1
m > 1.
D
1
Y
Y =
=
>0
D m +1
Vy, kt hp cc trng hp xt th gi tr cn tm l m > 1.
148
x 2 my 2 + 2 x + 2 m = 0
II. 26.
(I )
2
2
m ( x + 2 x + 2 ) y = m + 2
1) Khi m = 1 th h phng trnh cho tr thnh

2
2
x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 3 = 0
x + y + 2 x + 3 = 0
2
2
2
2
x + 2 x + 2 y = 1 x + y + 2 x + 3 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 3 = 0 ( x + 1) + y 2 + 1 = 0.
Vy, h phng trnh trn v nghim.

2) Ta c
x 2 + 2 x + 2 = m ( y 2 + 1)
( I ) 2
2
y + 2 = m ( x + 2 x + 1)
( x + 1)2 m ( y 2 + 1) = 1
2
2
m ( x + 1) ( y + 1) = 1
u = ( x + 1) , u 0
t
2
v = y + 1, v 1
2
Khi ta c h phng trnh bc nht i vi hai n u, v
u mv = 1
( II )
mu v = 1
Ta c
D=
1 m
1 m
1 m
= m 2 1, Du =
= 1 + m, Dv =
= 1+ m
m 1
1 1
1 1
m = 1
+ Nu D = 0
m = 1
Vi m = 1 th theo Cu 1) h phng trnh v nghim.
u v = 1
Vi m = 1 th ( I ) tr thnh
, h phng trnh v nghim.
u v = 1
+ Nu D 0 m 1 th
Du
m +1
u
=
u
=
1
m2 1
D
u=v=
.
D
m
+
1
m
1
v
v =
v =
D
m2 1
149
H phng trnh ( I ) c nghim khi v ch khi h phng trnh ( II ) c nghim

(u; v), u 0, v 1. Ta phi c
1
1 1 < m 2. Vy, khi 1 < m 2 th h phng trnh cho c nghim.
m 1
2
x( x + 2)(2 x + y ) = 9
( x + 2 x )(2 x + y ) = 9
II.27. 2
( I ) . Ta c ( I ) 2
( x + 2 x ) + (2 x + y ) = m
x + 4x + y = m
u = x 2 + 2 x 1
uv = 9
t
. Khi ta c h phng trnh theo n u, v :
u + v = m
v = 2 x + y
Theo nh l Viet th u, v l hai nghim ca phng trnh f ( X ) = X 2 mX + 9 = 0. (*)

Nh vy h phng trnh ( I ) c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c t nht mt
nghim ln hn hoc bng 1.
Yu cu ca bi ton c tha khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c hai nghim X1 , X 2 tha
f (1) 0
m + 10 0
m 10
X1 1 X 2
m 6 m 6
m 10
0
m 36 0
1 < X X f (1) > 0 m + 10 > 0 m > 10
m 6
1
2

S
m
m > 2
1
<
1
<

2
2
Vy, cc gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l m 10 m 6.
x + 1 + y 2 = m
II.28.
. iu kin:
x 2 + y + 1 = m
x 2
y2
m 0
Tr tng v ca hai phng trnh ca h cho ta c

x +1 x 2 =
f (t ) =
y + 1 y 2(*). Xt hm s f (t ) = t + 1 t 2, t 2. Ta c
1
1
t 2 t +1
=
< 0, t > 2.
2 t +1 2 t 2 2 t +1 t 2
Do , hm s f (t ) nghch bin trn [2; +). V vy, () x = y.

Vi x = y, ta c
h' ( x ) =
x + 1 + x 2 = m . Xt hm s h( x) = x + 1 + x 2
1
1
+
> 0, x > 2 hm s h( x) ng bin trn [2; +).
2 x +1 2 x 2
Ta c h(2) = 3, lim h( x ) = +, suy ra min gi tr Th ca hm s h( x) trn [2; +) l

x +
[ 3; +). T gi tr ca tham s m cn tm phi tha
150
m 3 m 3.
CHNG III.
BT NG THC BT PHNG TRNH
III.1. 1) a) a 2 + b 2 + 1 ab + a + b (1)
(1)
a2
b2 a 2
1 b2
1
ab + + a + + b + 0
2
2
2
2 2
2
1 2
a 2ab + b 2 + a 2 2a + 1 + b 2 2b + 1 0
2
1
2
2
2
( a b ) + ( a 1) + ( b 1) 0
) (
) (
a b = 0
(pcm). Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a 1 = 0 a = b = 1.

b 1 = 0
b) a 2 + b2 + 4 ab + 2 ( a + b ) (2)
(2)
a2
b2 a2
b2
ab + + 2a + 2 + 2b + 2 0
2
2 2
2
1 2
a 2ab + b 2 + a 2 4a + 4 + b 2 4b + 4 0
2
1
2
2
2
( a b ) + ( a 2 ) + ( b 2 ) 0.
) (
) (
a b = 0
(pcm). Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a 2 = 0 a = b = 2.

b 2 = 0
c)
a2
+ b 2 + c 2 ab ac + 2bc (3)
4
a2
a ( b c ) + c 2 2bc + b 2 0
4
a (b c )
a2
2
2
+ (b c ) 0
4
2
(3)
b + c 0.
2
(pcm).
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
2)
a
b + c = 0 a = 2 (b c ) .
2
x 2 + xy + y 2 + y 2 + yz + z 2 + z 2 + zx + x 2 3 ( x + y + z ) .
Ta c
2
2
( x + y ) 3 (1)
x+ y x y
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 3
+

2
2 2
151
Tng t
y 2 + yz + z 2
( y + z)
(2), z 2 + zx + x 2
( z + x)
(3)

x 2 + xy + y 2 + y 2 + yz + z 2 + z 2 + zx + x 2 3 ( x + y + z ) . (pcm)
1 1 1 3 ( a b )( b c )( c a )
3) ( a + b + c ) + + +
9. (1)
abc
a b c
Ta c (1) tng ng vi
a b
b c
c a
3 ( a b )( b c )( c a )
0
+ 2 + + 2 + + 2 +
abc
b a
c b
a c
c ( a b ) + a ( b c ) + b ( c a ) + 3 ( a b )( b c )( c a ) 0.(*)
Ta s dng kt qu: x 3 + y 3 + z 3 3 xyz = ( x + y + z ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx
Vi x + y + z = 0 x 3 + y 3 + z 3 = 3xyz. Vi x = a b; y = b c; z = c a.
2
(*) c vit li ( a b ) ( c + a b ) + ( b c ) ( a + b c ) + ( c a ) ( b + c a ) 0. (**)

Do a, b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic nn (**) ng. Vy, ta c iu phi chng
minh.
2
4) ( x + y ) +
x+ y
2x y + 2 y x.
2
2
1
1
Ta c x 0 x x + 0(1)
2
4
Tng t
y y +
1
0(2)
4
Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2) theo v ta c

x+ y
x+ y +
1
x+ y
2
0 ( x + y) +
( x + y)
2
2
2
M x + y 2 xy , nn (3) ( x + y ) +
III.2. 1)
152
x + y (3)
x+ y
2 x y + 2 y x . (pcm)
2
a b
c
1 1 1
+ +
2 + (1)
bc ca ab
a b c
V a, b, c > 0 nn (1) tng ng vi
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 2 ( bc + ac ab )
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 2bc 2ac + 2ab 0
2
(a + b c) 0
Bt ng cui lun ng nn bt ng thc (1) ng.

2) 1 <
a
b
c
d
+
+
+
<2
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a a +b+d
+ Trc ht ta chng minh

V d > 0 nn
a
b
c
d
+
+
+
> 1(*)
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a a+b+d
a
a
>
(1)
a+b+c a +b+c+d
Tng t, v a, b, c > 0 ta cng c

b
b
>
(2)
b+c+d a+b+c+d
c
c
>
(3)
c+d +a a+b+c+d
d
d
>
(4)
a+b+d a +b+c+d
T (1), (2), (3), (4)

+ Ta chng minh
a
b
c
d
a+b+c+d
+
+
+
>
= 1 (pcm).
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a a +b+d a+b+c+d
a
b
c
d
+
+
+
< 2(**)
Trc tin ta chng minh bt ng thc sau

x, y , z > 0 v y > x ta u c
x x+z
<
(*)
y y+z
Tht vy
(*) x( y + z ) < y ( x + z )
( y x) z > 0 lun ng v y > x ( y x) > 0
p dng bt ng thc (*) ta c
Vi b ba s a, (a + b + c ), d ta c
a
a+d
<
(1)
a+b+c a+b+c+d
Tng t ta cng c
153
b
b+a
(2)
<
b+c+d a+b+c+d
c
c+b
(3)
<
c+d +a a+b+c+d
d
d +c
<
(4)
a+b+d a+b+c+d
T (1), (2), (3), (4)
a
b
c
d
2(a + b + c + d )
+
+
+
<
=2
a+b+c+d
(pcm).
Vy, ta c 1 <
a
b
c
d
+
+
+
< 2.
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a a +b+d
Ch . C th chng minh bt ng thc (**) n gin hn nh sau

Ta c
a
a
b
b
<
,
<
a+b+c a+c b+c+d b+d
c
c
d
d
<
,
<
c+d +a c+a d +a +b d +b
a
b
c
d
a+c b+d
+
+
+
<
+
= 1 + 1 = 2.
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a d +a +b c+a b+d
3) Ta c
a
a
2a
<
<
(1)
a+b+c b+c a+b+c
2b
b
b
<
<
(2)
a+b+c a+c a +b+c
c
c
2c
<
<
(3)
a+b+c a+b a+b+c
Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c iu phi chng minh.
III.3. 1) a) (a + b)(ab + 1) 4ab(a, b > 0);
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng a, b, ta c a + b 2 ab (1).

Tng t, p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng ab,1, ta c
ab + 1 2 ab.1 = ab (2).
Nhn cc bt ng thc (1) v (2) v theo v ta c
(a + b)(ab + 1) 2 ab .2 ab = 4ab (pcm).
b) (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 8abc (a, b, c > 0)

p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng a, b, ta c a + b 2 ab (1) .
154
Tng t, ta c cc bt ng thc b + c 2 bc (2), c + a 2 ca (3) .

Nhn cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) v theo v ta c
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 8 a 2b 2 c 2 = 8abc (pcm).
c) a 2 (1 + b 2 ) + b2 (1 + c 2 ) + c 2 (1 + a 2 ) 6abc
a 2 + a 2b 2 + b 2 + b 2c 2 + c 2 + c 2 a 2 6abc
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho su s dng a 2 , a 2b 2 , b 2 , b 2c 2 , c 2 , c 2 a 2 ta c
a 2 + a 2b 2 + b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 + c 2 a 2 6 6 a 2 .a 2b 2 .b 2 .b2 c 2 .c 2 .c 2 a 2
a 2 + a 2b 2 + b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 + c 2 a 2 6 6 a 6 .b6 .c 6
a 2 + a 2b 2 + b 2 + b 2c 2 + c 2 + c 2 a 2 6abc (pcm).
2) Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c
a2
b+c
a2 b + c
+
2
.
= a(1)
b+c
4
b+c 4
Tng t
b2
c+a
+
b(2)
c+a
4
c2
a+b
+
c(3)
a+b
4
Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c iu phi chng minh.
III.4. 1) a) p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai cp s ( u; x ) v ( v; y ) ta c
ux + vy
(u
+ v 2 )( x 2 + y 2 ) 1 1 ux + vy 1 (pcm).
b) p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai cp s ( u; v ) , ( x + y; x y ) ta c

u ( x + y) + v ( x y)
2)
(u
+ v2
) ( x + y ) + ( x y ) 2 ( x
2
+ y 2 2 (pcm).
x2
y2
z2
3
+
+
(1)
y+ z z+ x x+ y 2
x2
y2
z2
t A =
+
+
.
y+ z z+ x x+ y
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai b s
x
y
z
y + z ; z + x; x + y ,
;
;
y + z z + x x + y
Ta c
155
( x + y + z)
A
( y + z + z + x + x + y) A
x+ y+z 3 3
3
. xyz = .
2
2
2
Vy, (1) ng. Ta c iu phi chng minh. Du = xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1.

3)
1
1
1
1
+
+ +
30. (1)
2
2
a + b + c ab bc ca
2
t A =
1
1
1
1
+
+ + .
2
2
a +b +c
ab bc ca
2
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai b s
1
1
1
1
;
;
;
2
2
2
ab bc ca
a +b +c
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ;3 ab ;3 bc ;3 ca
Ta c
(1 + 3 + 3 + 3)
( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 9ab + 9bc + 9ca ) A
100 ( a + b + c ) + 7 ( ab + bc + ca ) A(*)
M ab + bc + ca
1
1
2
(a + b + c) = .
3
3
Do A 30. (pcm)
1
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = .
3
III.5. 1) p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai b ba s
( x; a; b ) , ( x; x;1)
Ta c
(x
+ ax + b ) ( x 2 + a 2 + b 2 )( x 2 + x 2 + 1)
(1)
Tng t ta cng c ( x 2 + cx + d ) ( x 2 + c 2 + d 2 )( x 2 + x 2 + 1) (2)

Cng (1) v (2) theo v, ta c
(x
+ ax + b ) + ( x 2 + cx + d ) ( x 2 + a 2 + b 2 + x 2 + c 2 + d 2 )( x 2 + x 2 + 1)
2
( x 2 + ax + b ) + ( x 2 + cx + d ) ( x 2 + x 2 + 1)( x 2 + x 2 + 1)
2
( x 2 + ax + b ) + ( x 2 + cx + d ) ( 2 x 2 + 1) .
156
2) T gi thit abc = ab + bc + ca
1 1 1
+ + = 1.
a b c
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai b ba s
1 1 1
a ; 2b ; 3c ,
;
;
a b c
Ta c
1 + 1 + 1
a2
b2
c2
1
1
1 1 1
= ( a + 2b + 3c ) + + = a + 2b + 3c
.
a + 2b + 3c 1 + 2 + 3 2
a b c
(1 +
2+ 3
a 2 +
( 2b )
( 3c )
i vai tr ca a, b, c v cng cc bt ng thc ta c iu phi chng minh.

III.6. 1) (sin 2 x +
1 2
1 2 25
) + (cos 2 x +
)
2
sin x
cos 2 x
2
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai cp s
(1;1) , ( sin 2 x +
1
1
; cos 2 x +
) ta c
2
sin x
cos 2 x
2
2
1 2 2
1 2
1
1
2
2
(1 + 1 ) (sin x + sin 2 x ) + cos x + cos2 x 1. sin x + sin 2 x + 1. cos x + cos 2 x
2
2
2
1
1 2
1
1
2
2 sin 2 x + 2 + cos 2 x +
+
+
+
sin
x
cos
x
sin x
cos 2 x
sin 2 x
cos 2 x
1
1 2
1
1 2
2 (sin 2 x + 2 )2 + (cos 2 x +
) (1 + 2 +
)
2
sin x
cos x
sin x cos 2 x
2
2
2
1
1
4
2 sin 2 x + 2 + cos 2 x +
+
1
sin x
cos 2 x sin 2 2 x
(*)
Mt khc do sin 2 2 x 1
1+
4
sin 2 2x
1+ 4
2
1 + 2 (1 + 4)2
sin 2x
Khi (*) tng ng vi

2
2
2
1 2
1
2
2 sin x + 2 + cos x +
(1 + 4 ) = 25
2
sin x
cos x
157
1
1 25
sin 2 x + 2 + cos 2 x +

sin x
cos 2 x
2
1
1 25
Vy sin 2 x + 2 + cos 2 x +
.
sin x
cos 2 x
2
Du ng thc xy ra khi
1
1
2
2
sin x + 2 = cos x +
sin x
cos 2 x
sin 2 2 x = 1
1
1
2
2
sin x + 2 = cos x +
sin x
cos 2 x
sin 2 x = 1
H ny c nghim, chng hn x =
+ k , k .
2) Ta c v tri ca bt ng thc cho bng

1
1 x y 11 1
A = x+ + y+
+ + + + +2
2x
2y y x 2 x y

1
1 x y 11 1
A = x+ + y+
+ + + + +2
2x
2y y x 2 x y
x y
1
1
x+
2; y +
2; + 2
2x
2y
y x
11 1
1
=
+
2 x y
xy
1
4
x2 y 2
2
= 2.
x + y2
2
Do A 4 + 3 2.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y =
III.7. 1)
Ta c
2
.
2
tan 2 x cot 2 x
1
+
1
2 + 1 2 + 1 (1).
x2
x
x
1
tan x.cot x
+1 =
+1
2
x
x2
tan x cot x
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski cho hai cp s
;1 ,
;1 . Ta c
x
x
158
tan x cot x
.
+ 1.1
x
x
Vy,
tan x 2 cot x 2
+ 1
+ 1
x
x
tan 2 x cot 2 x
1
+
1
2 + 1 2 + 1
x2
x
x
tan 2 x cot 2 x
1
+
1
2 + 1 2 + 1 (pcm).
x2
x
x
iu kin ng thc xy ra
tan x cot x
=
x
x
tan x = cot x
x=
2)
+ k , k .
b 2 + 2a 2
c 2 + 2b 2
a 2 + 2c 2
+
+
3 (1).
ab
bc
ca
Ta c ab + bc + ca = abc
1 1 1
+ + = 1.
a b c
(1) tng ng vi
1
2
1 2
1 2
+ 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 3.
2
b a
c b
a c
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
t u = ; ; , v = ; ; , w = ; ; . Khi
b a a
c b b
a c c

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
u +v +w= + + ; + + ; + +
b c a a b c a b c
u+v +w=
1 2
1 2
1 2
+ 2 + 2+ 2 + 2+ 2
2
b a
c b
a c
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
u + v + w = + + + + + + + + = 3 + + = 3.
b c a a b c a b c
a b c
Mt khc ta lun c tnh cht u + v + w u + v + w , t suy ra iu phi chng minh.
u = k .v ; k > 0
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi v = m.w; m > 0

a = b = c = 3.
ab + bc + ca = abc
3)
x2 +
1
1
1
+ y 2 + 2 + z 2 + 2 82.
2
x
y
z
159
Gi S = x 2 +
1
1
1
+ y2 + 2 + z2 + 2
2
x
y
z
Cch 1.
1
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski cho hai cp s (1;9 ) , x;
x
Ta c x +
9
1
1
1 + 81 x 2 + 2 = 82 x 2 + 2 (1)
x
x
x
Tng t
y+
9
1
82 y 2 + 2 (2)
y
y
z+
9
1
82 z 2 + 2 (3)
z
z

1 1 1
1 1 1
S . 82 x + y + z + 9 + + = 81( x + y + z ) + 9 + + 80 ( x + y + z )
x y z
x y z
1 1 1
2 81( x + y + z ) .9 + + 80 = 54
x y z
54 3 3 xyz .3 3
1 1 1
+ + 80
x y z
( x + y + z ).
1
80 = 162 80 = 82
xyz
S 82.
Cch 2.
Trong mt phng Oxy, ta xt cc vc t
1
a = x; a = x 2 + 2
x
x
1
b = y; b = y 2 + 2
y
y
1
c = z; c = z 2 + 2
z
z
1 1 1
a + b + c = x + y + z; + + a + b + c =
x y z
Ta c a + b + c a + b + c
160
( x + y + z)
1 1 1
+ + +
x y z
1
1
1
S = x + 2 + y2 + 2 + z2 + 2
x
y
z
2
( x + y + z)
1 1 1
+ + +
x y z
p dng bt ng thc Csi i vi ba s dng
1 1 1
, , ta c
x y z
1 1 1
+ +
x y z
(x + y + z)
3
3
xyz
3
9
=
S
x+ y+ z x+ y+ z
3
t t = ( x + y + z ) , 0 < t 1. Ta c S t +
Xt hm s f (t ) = t +
81
(x + y + z)
81
.
t
81
81 t 2 81
< 0, t (0;1].
, t (0;1]; f (t ) = 1 2 =
t
t
t2
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f (t ) trn (0;1] ta c f (t ) 82 S 82. (pcm)

4) Cho x, y, z > 0 v tha xyz = 1. Ta chng minh
1 + x3 + y 3
1 + y3 + z 3
1 + z 3 + x3
+
+
3 3.
xy
yz
zx
t A =
1 + x3 + y 3
1 + y3 + z3
1 + z 3 + x3
+
+
.
xy
yz
zx
Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c

3 3 x3 y3
1 + x3 + y 3
=
xy
xy
3
(1)
xy
Tng t
1 + y3 + z 3
yz
3
(2)
yz
1 + z 3 + x3
zx
3
(3)
zx

A
3
+
xy
3
3
1
+
3 33
= 3 3. (pcm)
xyz
yz
zx
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1.
III.8. 1) x 2 1 + sin 2 y + 2 x ( sin y + cos y ) + 1 + cos 2 y > 0 (1)

2
(1) tng ng vi ( x sin y + 1) + ( cos y + x ) > 0

161
Nh vy ta lun c
2
2
x 2 1 + sin 2 y + 2 x ( sin y + cos y ) + 1 + cos 2 y = ( x sin y + 1) + ( cos y + x ) 0, x, y .
Ta chng minh du = khng xy ra.

Tht vy, gi s du = xy ra. Khi
x sin y + 1 = 0 (1)
cos y + x = 0 ( 2 )
Ly (1) tr cho (2) theo v ta c x sin y cos y + 1 x = 0 ( )
Phng trnh ( ) c nghim y khi v ch khi
2
x 2 + 1 ( x 1) x 2 + 1 x 2 2 x + 1 x 0
Ly (1) cng vi (2) theo v ta c x sin y + cos y + 1 + x = 0 ()
2
Phng trnh (**) c nghim y khi v ch khi x 2 + 1 ( x + 1) 2 x 0 x 0.

Suy ra x = 0, thay x = 0 vo (1) ta c 1 = 0 (V l ). Suy ra du '' = '' khng th xy ra.
Vy, x 2 1 + sin 2 y + 2 x ( sin y + cos y ) + 1 + cos 2 y > 0, x, y .

2) Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
b
(1 + 4 ) (1 + 4 )
a
Xt hm s f ( x) =
ln 1 + 4a
a
ln 1 + 4 x
x
) ln (1 + 4 )
b
) , x > 0 f ( x) = 4
) (
(1 + 4 )
ln 4 x 1 + 4 x ln 1 + 4 x
x2
) <0
Suy ra hm s f ( x ) nghch bin trn khong (0; +). Do f ( x ) nghch bin trn khong
(0; +) v a b > 0 nn f (a) f (b) t ta c iu phi chng minh.
3) Xt hm s f ( x) = 2sin x + tan x 3 x.
Ta c
( cos x 1) 2 cos 2 x cos x 1

1
f ( x) = 2cos x +
3 =
cos 2 x
cos 2 x
2
( cos x 1) ( 2 cos x + 1) > 0, x 0;

=
cos 2 x

Suy ra hm s f ( x ) = 2sin x + tan x 3 x ng bin trn khong 0; .
2

Do f ( x ) > f (0) = 0, x 0; . (pcm)
2
162
4) Xt hm s f ( x) = x sin x, x > 0. Ta c f ( x) = 1 cos x 0 f ( x) ng bin trn

khong ( 0; + ) . T f ( x) > f (0) = 0 hay sin x < x, x > 0(1).
Xt hm s g ( x ) = sin x +
Ta c g ( x ) =
x3
x, x > 0.
6
x2
+ cos x 1, g ( x ) = x sin x > 0 g ( x ) ng bin trn khong ( 0; + ) .
2
Suy ra g ( x) > g (0) = 0. T y ta c g ( x) ng bin trn khong ( 0; + ) . V vy

g ( x ) > g (0) = 0 hay x
x3
< sin x (2). T (1) v (2) ta c iu phi chng minh.
6
III.9. 1) a 2 ( b + c a ) + b 2 ( a + c b ) + c 2 ( a + b c ) 3abc (1)
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s a b c 0.

Ta c
a 2 ( b + c a ) + b 2 ( a + c b ) + c 2 ( a + b c ) 3abc
a 2b + a 2c a 3 + b 2 a + b 2c b3 + c 2 a + c 2b c 3 3abc 0
a 2b a 2c + a 3 b 2 a b 2c + b3 c 2 a c 2b + c3 + 3abc 0
) (
) (
) (
) (
a 3 + a 2b a 2 c + 2a 2b 2b 2 a + 2abc + b 2 a + b3 b 2c + abc c 2 a + c 2b + c 3 0
a 2 ( a + b c ) 2ab ( a + b c ) + b2 ( a + b c ) + ac ( b c ) c 2 ( b c ) 0
(
(a
)
(
)
2ab + b ) ( a + b c ) + c ( a c )( b c ) 0
a 2 2ab + b 2 ( a + b c ) + ac c 2 ( b c ) 0
2
( a b ) ( a + b c ) + c ( a c )( b c ) 0.
Vy, bt ng thc (1) lun ng vi m i a, b, c khng m.
2) t v tri ca bt ng thc cho l A v ta t
x = 2a + b + c; y = 2b + c + a; z = 2c + a + b x + y + z = 4 ( a + b + c ) . Khi ta c
4.A =
3x ( y + z )
x
3y ( z + x)
x y z
= 9 + + +
y x x
3z ( x + y )
z
x z y
+ + 9 6 = 3
z y z
3
A . (pcm).
4
3
3) ( x + y ) + ( x + z ) + 3 ( x + y )( x + z )( y + z ) 5 ( x + z ) (1)
t a = x + y , b = x + z , c = y + z. iu kin x ( x + y + z ) = 3 yz tr thnh c 2 = a 2 + b 2 ab.
163
Bt ng thc (1) tng ng vi a3 + b3 + 3abc 5c 2 (2) . Ta c

2
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 ab = ( a + b ) 3ab ( a + b )
3
1
2
2
(a + b) = ( a + b )
4
4
a + b 2c(3).
(2) ( a + b ) a 2 + b 2 ab + 3ab 5c 3
( a + b ) c 2 + 3abc 5c 3
( a + b ) c + 3ab 5c 2 (4)
Mt khc t (3) cho ta ( a + b ) c 2c 2 v 3ab
3
2
( a + b ) 3c 2 . T y suy ra (4) ng.
4
Vy, bt ng thc (1) ng. Du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c x = y = z.

n
a b
III.10. 1) 1 + + 1 + 2n+1 (1)
b a
n
a
b
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng 1 + v 1 +
b
a
n
a b
a
Ta c 1 + + 1 + 2 1 +
b a
b
b
1 +
a
n
n
n
n
2
2
a
b
a b
1 + + 1 + 2 1 + 1 +
b a
b a
a b 2
a b
1 + + 1 + 2 1 + 1 +
b a
b a
n
a b
a b ab 2
1 + + 1 + 2 1 + + +
b a
b a ba
n
n
a b 2
a b
1 + + 1 + 2 2 + + 2 ( 2 + 2 ) 2 = 2 n+1.
b a
b a
a n b
1 + = 1 +
Du " = " xy ra khi v ch khi b a a = b.

a b
b = a , (a, b > 0)
Vy, (1) lun ng.

n
an + bn
a +b
2)
(1)
2
2
164
Ta chng minh bng quy np

Vi n = 1: Ta c
a+b a +b
. Vy, (1) ng vi n = 1.
2
2
k
a k + bk
a +b
Gi s (1) ng vi n = k , k , tc l
, ta chng minh (1) ng vi

2
2
*
a +b
n = k + 1, ngha l phi chng minh
k +1
a k +1 + b k +1
.
2
Tht vy:
k +1
k
k
a +b
a+b a+b a +b a +b
=
.
2
2
2
2
2
k +1
k
k
k +1
k +1
k +1
a + ab + a b + b
a +b
ab k + a k b a k +1 b k +1
=
+
4
2
4
k
k
a k +1 + b k +1 ( a b ) ( a b ) a k +1 + b k +1
.
2
4
2
(do ( a b ) a k b k 0 ). Vy, ta c iu phi chng minh.

III.11. 1)
1
1
1
1
+ 3 3
+ 3
(*)
3
3
a + b + abc b + c + abc c + a + abc abc
3
Ta c
(a b)
0 a 2 + b 2 ab ab ( a + b ) ( a 2 + b 2 ab ) ab ( a + b )
a 3 + b 3 ab ( a + b ) a 3 + b3 + abc ab ( a + b + c )
1
1
(1)
3
a + b + abc ab ( a + b + c )
3
Tng t
1
3
b + c + abc
1
3
c + a + abc
1
( 2)
bc ( a + b + c )
1
( 3)
ca ( a + b + c )
Cng v theo v cc bt ng thc (1) , ( 2 ) , ( 3) ta c

1
1
1
1
1
1
+ 3 3
+ 3
+
+
3
3
a + b + abc b + c + abc c + a + abc ab ( a + b + c ) bc ( a + b + c ) ca ( a + b + c )
3
1
1 1
1
1
1
a+b+c
.
+ + =
=
a + b + c ab bc ca a + b + c abc abc
Vy, bt ng thc (*) ng.

2)
a2
b2
c2
a +b+c
+
+
(**)
b+c a+c a+b
2
165
Cch 1. Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki ta c

2
b
c
a
b+c +
a+c +
a+b
(a + b + c) =
a+c
a+b
b+c
a2
a2
b2
c2
b2
c2
+
+
b
+
c
+
a
+
c
+
a
+
b
=
2
+
+
(
)
(a + b + c)
b+c a+c a +b
b+c a+c a +b
2
(a + b + c) = (a + b + c) .
a2
b2
c2
+
+
b + c a + c a + b 2 (a + b + c)
2
Cch 2.
a2
b+c
a2 b + c
+
2
=a
4
b+c
b+c 4
b2
a+c
b2 a + c
+
2
=b
4
a+c
a+c 4
c2
a+b
c2 a + b
+
2
=c
4
a+b
a +b 4
Cng v theo v ta c
a2
b2
c2
a+b+c
a2
b2
c2
a +b+c
+
+
+
a+b+c
+
+
.
b+c a+c a+b
2
b+c a+c a +b
2
Vy, bt ng thc (**) ng.
III.12. 1)
2x 5
+ 1 > 0 (1) . Ta c (1) tng ng vi
x 3
x > 3
x > 3
x > 3
x
x
+
1
>
0
>
0
x < 8 x > 3 x > 3
x > 2
x 3
x 3
3
2 < x < 3 x 3.
x < 3
x < 3
x < 3
2x 5
x 2
2 < x < 3
+1 > 0
>0
3 x
3 x
x 3
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
x > 2.
1
2
2) x 2 1 2 (1) . Ta c (1)
x
1
166
2
x2
2
x
2
x2
2
x
x4 x2 + 2
0
2
x
4
x + x2 2
0
x2
0 < x2 1
x 0
1 x 1.
x 0
1 x 1.
3)
x2
x2 5x + 6
3 (1) . Ta c
3x 2 + 16 x 20
x2
3
x2 5x + 6 0
x2 5x + 6
x2
(1) 2
3
2
x 5x + 6
x 2 3 3x 14 x + 16 0
x 2 5 x + 6
x 2 5 x + 6
10
x 3
3 < x 3
8
10
8 x < 3
3 x 3 .
3
Vy, ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
x 3
8
10
3 x 3 .
2 3 x
1
23 x
1+ x
4)
(*) .
1(1) . Ta c bt phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
1+ x
2 3 x 1
1 + x
3
1 < x
2 3x
3 2x
2
1 + x 1 1 + x 0
1
3
Vi x 0 th h (*) tr thnh
x < 1 x .
4
2
2 3x 1
1 4 x 0
1
x
1 + x
1 + x
4
Vi 1 x < 0 th h (*) tr thnh
167
x < 1
2 + 3x
3 + 4x
1 + x 1 1 + x 0
x 3
3
1
x .
4
4
2
2 + 3x 1
1 + 2 x 0
1
1 + x
1 + x
1 < x
2
3
1 1
3
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x x .
4
2 4
2
5)
x+2 x
2 (1) . Ta c bt phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
x
x 2
x 2
x 2
x + 2 x 2
2 2 0
2 2x 0
x
x
x
x < 2
x < 2
x < 2
x 2 x
2 x 2
4 x 2
2
2 0
0
x
x
x 2
0 < x 1
0 < x 1
x < 2
0 < x 1.
x
1
2 x < 0
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 0 < x 1.

6)
x2 4x + 3
x2 + x 5
1.
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 2 4 x + 3 x 2 + x 5 (1).

Ta c bng xt du
+ Vi x < 0 4 x < 5 ( ) , bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh

x 2 4 x + 3 x 2 x + 5 3 x 2 0 x
2
, tha ( )
3
+ Vi 0 x < 4 ( ) , bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh

x 2 + 4 x + 3 x 2 x + 5 2 x 2 + 5 x 2 0
168
1
x 2 , tha ( )
2
+ Vi x 5 ( ) , bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh

8
x 2 4 x + 3 x 2 + x 5 5 x + 8 0 x .
5
Kt hp vi ( ) ta c x .
Hp cc trng hp xt, ta c tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
2 1
; ; 2 .
3 2
III.13.
1)
2 x
1 2x
2 x
1 2x
> 3
2
2
>0
3
2
2
x +x
x 2x
x ( x + 1) x ( x 2 )
( 2 x )( x 2 ) (1 2 x )( x + 1) > 0
x 2 ( x + 1)( x 2 )
x2 + 5x 5
>0
x 2 ( x + 1)( x 2 )
5 3 5
x <
2
1 < x < 0
0 < x < 5 + 3 5
x > 2
2)
x 4 3x3 + 2 x2
>0
x 2 x 30
x 2 x 2 3x + 2
x 2 x 30
x < 5
1 < x < 2
x > 6
3)
)>0
x 3 3x 2 x + 3
0
2x x2
( x 1) ( x2 2 x 3)
2x x2
1 x < 0
1 x < 2
x 3
169
4)
x4 4x2 + 3
0
x 2 8 x + 15
( x 2 1)( x 2 3)
x 2 8 x + 15
3 x 1
1 x 3
3 < x < 5
1
2
2x + 3
+ 2
< 3
x +1 x x +1 x +1
1
2
2x + 3
+ 2
3
<0
x +1 x x +1 x +1
x 2 x + 1 + 2 ( x + 1) ( 2 x + 3)
<0
x3 + 1
x2 x
3
<0
x +1
x < 1
0 < x < 1
5)
6 ) x 2 + ( x + 1)
15
x + x +1
2
15
x + x +1
4
3
2 x + 4 x + 5 x 2 + 3 x 14
0
x2 + x + 1
( x 1) ( 2 x3 + 6 x 2 + 11x + 16)
0
x2 + x +1
( x 1)( x + 2 ) ( 2 x 2 + 2 x + 2 )
0
x2 + x +1
2 x 1.
2 x2 + 2 x + 1
7 ) 2 x3 + x 2 5x + 2 > 0
( x 1) ( 2 x 2 + 3x 2 ) > 0
1
2 < x <
x
>
1
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 2 < x <
170
1
x > 1.
2
8 ) 2 x3 + x + 3 0
( x + 1) 2 x 2 2 x + 3 0
x 1.
III.14. 1) f ( x ) = ( m 3) x 2 2mx + m 6 0 (1)
+ Xt m = 3
(1) 6 x 3 0 x
1
.
2
+ Xt m 3
= m2 ( m 3)( m 6 ) = m 2 m2 + 9m 18 = 9m 18
Bng xt du h s a v bit s
a < 0
i) m < 2, khi
< 0
Suy ra f ( x ) < 0 , x .
Nh vy, bt phng trnh (1) nghim ng vi m i x .
a < 0
ii) m = 2, khi
nghim ca bt phng trnh (1) l m i x .
= 0
a < 0
iii) 2 < m < 3, khi
> 0.
Suy ra f ( x ) c hai nghim phn bit

x1 =
m 9m 18
m + 9m 18
; x2 =
m3
m 3
Trng hp ny a < 0 nn x2 < x1.

Nghim ca bt phng trnh (1) l x x2 x x1
a > 0
iv) m > 3, khi
, x1 < x2 .
> 0
Nghim ca bt phng trnh (1) l x1 x x2 .

Kt lun:
171
1
. m = 3 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x .
2
. m 2 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x .

. 2 < m < 3 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x x2 x x1.
. m > 3 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x1 x x2 .
(Vi x1 =
m 9m 18
m + 9m 18
; x2 =
).
m3
m 3
2) f ( x ) = ( m 4 ) x 2 2 ( m 2 ) x + m 1 0 ( 2)
+ Xt m = 4
( 2 ) 4 x + 3 0
3
x .
4
2
+ Xt m 4, = ( m 2 ) ( m 4 )( m 1) = m 2 4m + 4 m 2 + 5m 4 = m
a < 0
i) m < 0, khi
< 0
Suy ra f ( x ) < 0, x .
Nh vy bt phng trnh ( 2 ) v nghim.
a < 0
1
ii) m = 0 , khi
, nghim ca bt phng trnh ( 2 ) l x = .
2
= 0
a < 0
iii) 0 < m < 4, khi
> 0

x1 =
m2 m
m2+ m
; x2 =
m4
m4
Trng hp ny a < 0 nn x1 > x2 .

Nghim ca bt phng trnh ( 2 ) l x2 x x1.
a > 0
iv) m > 4 , khi
, x1 < x2
> 0
172
Nghim ca bt phng trnh ( 2 ) l x x1 x x2 .

Kt lun:
3
. m = 4: x .
4
. m < 0 : Bt phng trnh cho v nghim.

. m = 0 : Bt phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht x =
1
2
. 0 < m < 4 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x2 x x1.

. m > 4 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x x1 x x2 .
(Vi x1 =
m2 m
m2+ m
; x2 =
).
m4
m4
3) f ( x ) = mx 2 2 ( m 3) x + m 4 < 0 ( 3)
+ Xt m = 0
( 3) 6 x 4 < 0 x <
2
.
3
2
+ Xt m 0, = ( m 3 ) m ( m 4 ) = m2 6m + 9 m 2 + 4m = 9 2m.
a < 0
i) m < 0, khi
> 0

x1 =
m 3 9 2m
m
x2 =
m 3 + 9 2m
m
Trng hp ny a < 0 nn x1 > x2 .

Nghim ca ( 3) l x < x2 x > x1 .
ii) 0 < m <
9
, khi
2
a > 0
, x1 < x2 .
> 0
173
Nghim ca ( 3) l x1 < x < x2 .

iii) m =
a > 0
9
, khi
2
= 0
Suy ra f ( x ) 0, x .
Nh vy ( 3) v nghim.
iv) m >
9
, khi
2
a > 0
< 0
Suy ra f ( x ) > 0, x .
Nh vy ( 3) v nghim .
Kt lun:
2
. m = 0 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x < .
3
. m < 0 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x < x2 x > x1

. 0<m<
. m
9
: Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x1 < x < x2 .
2
9
: Bt phng trnh cho v nghim.
2
(Vi x1 =
m 3 9 2m
m 3 + 9 2m
; x2 =
)
m
m
III.15. f ( x) = (m + 1) x 2 2(m 1) x + 3m 3.
a) Ta c f ( x) < 0 tng ng vi
(m + 1) x 2 2(m 1) x + 3m 3 < 0 (1)
Xt cc trng hp
m + 1 = 0 m = 1
3
(1) 4 x 6 < 0 x < .
2
Nh vy, khi m = 1 th bt phng trnh (1) c nghim v nghim ca bt phng trnh l

3
x < . Suy ra m = 1 khng tha bi.
2
m + 1 0 m 1. Bt phng trnh (1) v nghim khi v ch khi
(m + 1) x 2 2(m 1) x + 3m 3 0, x
174
a = m + 1 > 0
m > 1
2
2
2
= (m 1) (m + 1)(3m 3) 0
m 2m + 1 3m + 3 0
m > 1
m > 1
m 1.
2
m 2 m 1
2 m 2 m + 4 0
Vy, vi m 1 th bt phng trnh f ( x) < 0 v nghim.

b) Ta c f ( x) 0 tng ng
(m + 1) x 2 2(m 1) x + 3m 3 0 (2)
Xt cc trng hp
m + 1 = 0 m = 1 khi
3
(2) 4 x 6 0 x .
2
Nh vy, khi m = 1 th bt phng trnh (2) c nghim v nghim ca bt phng trnh

3
l x . Suy ra m = 1 tha bi.
2
m + 1 0 m 1. Khi (2) l bt phng trnh bc hai. Bt phng trnh (2) c
nghim khi v ch khi
m + 1 > 0
m > 1
a > 0

2
2
<
0
(
m
1)
(
m
+
1)(3
m
3)
<
0
2m 2m + 4 < 0
(m 1) 2 (m + 1)(3m 3) 0
2m 2 2m + 4 0
0
m > 1
m > 1
m < 2 m > 1
m 2.
2 m 1
2 m 1
Vy, khi m 2 th bt phng trnh f ( x) 0 c nghim.

Ch . Ta cng c th gii Cu b) nh sau:
Trc ht ta gii bi ton ngc, tc l tm tham s m bt phng trnh (2) v nghim.
Khi cc gi tr m cn li trn trc s l cc gi tr cn tm bt phng trnh f ( x) 0
c nghim.
Bt phng trnh f ( x) 0 v nghim khi v ch khi f ( x) < 0, x . iu ny c tha
khi v ch khi
m + 1 < 0
a < 0
m < 1
m < 2.
2
< 0
m < 2 m > 1
2 m 2 m + 4 < 0
T cc gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l m 2.
III.16. 1) Ta c tam thc bc hai 2 x 2 x + 1 > 0, x .
175
2 x 2 x + 1 3x 2 mx + 5
Do bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi 2
2
3 x mx + 5 < 6 2 x x + 1
x 2 ( m 1) x + 4 0
2
9 x + ( m 6 ) x + 1 > 0
(1)
(2)
Bt phng trnh cho c tp hp nghim l khi v ch khi (1) v ( 2 ) u c tp hp

nghim l . iu ny c tha khi v ch khi
1 = ( m 1) 2 16 0
3 m 5
0 < m 5.
2
2 = ( m 6 ) 36 < 0 0 < m < 12
Vy, vi 0 < m 5 th bt phng trnh cho c tp hp nghim l .

2) V x 2 + 1 > 0, x nn bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2
2 x 2 2 < x 2 + mx + 1 3x + mx + 3 > 0 (1)
x + mx + 1 < 2 x + 2 2
2
2
x + mx + 1 < 2 x + 2
x mx + 1 > 0 ( 2 )
2
Bt phng trnh cho c tp hp nghim l khi v ch khi cc bt phng trnh (1) v
( 2 ) u c tp hp nghim l
. iu ny c tha khi v ch khi
1 = m2 36 < 0
6 < m < 6
2 < m < 2.
<
<
2
m
2
<
m
4
0
Vy, vi 2 < m < 2 th bt phng trnh cho c tp hp nghim l .

III.17. 1) x 2 ( 2m + 3) x + m 2 = 0 (1)
t f ( x ) = x 2 ( 2m + 3) x + m 2
Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 , x2 tha x1 < 3 < x2 khi v ch khi
af ( 3) < 0
9 3 ( 2m + 3) + m2 < 0
m 2 6m < 0
0 < m < 6.
Vy, 0 < m < 6 tha yu cu bi ton.
2) mx 2 + 2 ( m 1) x + m 5 = 0 ( 2 )
t f ( x ) = mx 2 + 2 ( m 1) x + m 5
Phng trnh ( 2 ) c hai nghim x1 , x2 tha x1 < x2 < 2 khi v ch khi cc iu kin sau c
tha
176

> 0
af ( 2 ) > 0
S 2 < 0
2
1
< m < 0
3
Vy,
( m 1)2 m ( m 5 ) > 0
3m + 1 > 0
m > 3
m ( 9m 9 ) > 0 m < 0 m > 1

m ( 9m 9 ) > 0
3m + 1
1
( m 1) 2 < 0
m < 0 m >
<0
m
3
m
m > 1.
1
< m < 0 m > 1 tha yu cu bi ton.
3
3) ( m 1) x 2 ( m 5 ) x + m 1 = 0 ( 3)
t f ( x ) = ( m 1) x 2 ( m 5 ) x + m 1
Phng trnh ( 3) c hai nghim x1 , x2 tha 1 < x1 < x2 khi v ch khi
( m 5 ) 2 4 ( m 1)2 > 0
( m 1)( 3m 7 ) > 0
m5
+1 > 0
2 ( m 1)
7
3 < m <
2
3
3m 2m + 21 > 0
( m 1)( 3m 7 ) > 0 m < 1 m >

3m 7
>0
2 ( m 1)
m < 1 m >
> 0
af ( 1) > 0
S
+1 > 0
2
7
3 < m < 1.
3
7
3
Vy, gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l 3 < m < 1.

III.18.
( 3 m ) x2 2 ( 2m 5 ) x 2m + 5 = 0 (1)
1
+ Xt m = 3, phng trnh (1) tr thnh 2 x 1 = 0 x = .
2
Vy, khi m = 3 th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim x =
1
< 1.
2
+ Xt m 3, t f ( x ) = ( 3 m ) x 2 2 ( 2m 5 ) x 2m + 5.
2
f ( x ) = ( 2m 5 ) ( 3 m )( 2m + 5) = 2m2 9m + 10.
af (1) = ( 3 m )( 7 m + 18) = 7 m 2 40m + 54
S
2m 5
3m 8
1 =
1 =
.
2
3 m
3 m
177
18
m = 3.
7
5
f ( x ) = 0 m = 2 m = .
2
S
8
1 = 0 m = .
2
3
af (1) = 0 m =
Lp bng xt du chung f ( x ) , af (1),
S
1 v da vo nh l o du tam thc bc hai ta
2
c kt qu nh sau:
m < 2
5
18
+ Nu < m <
th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 < x2 < 1.
7
2
m > 3
8
18
7 <m<3
, th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 < 1 < x2 .
+ Nu
8 < m < 3
3
+ Nu 2 < m <
5
, th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
2
+ Nu m = 2 , th phng trnh (1) c nghim kp x = 1 < 1.

+ Nu m =
5
, th phng trnh (1) c nghim kp x = 0 < 1.
2
+ Nu m =
18
1
, th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 = , x2 = 1 x1 < x2 = 1.
7
3
+ Nu m =
8
, th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 = 1 2, x2 = 1 + 2 x1 < 1 < x2 .
3
+ Nu m = 3 , th phng trnh (1) c nghim x =
1
< 1.
2
III.19. 1) mx 2 2 ( m + 1) x + m + 5 = 0 (1)
Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 , x2 tha x1 < 0 < x2 < 2 khi v ch khi
af ( 0 ) < 0
m ( m + 5 ) < 0
af ( 2 ) > 0
m 4m 4 ( m + 1) + m + 5 > 0
m 2 + 5m < 0 m 2 + 5m < 0 5 < m < 0

2
2
5 < m < 1.
m < 1 m > 0
m + m > 0
m + m > 0
Vy, vi 5 < m < 1 th phng trnh cho tha mn iu kin bi.

178
2)
( m 2 ) x2 2mx + 2m 3 = 0 (2)
Phng trnh (2) c hai nghim x1 , x2 tha 6 < x1 < 4 < x2 khi v ch khi
af ( 4 ) < 0
( m 2 ) 36 ( m 2 ) + 12m + 2m 3 > 0
( m 2 ) 16 ( m 2 8m + 2m 3) < 0
af ( 6 ) > 0
( m 2 )( 50m 75 ) > 0 ( m 2 )( 50m 75 ) > 0
7
2<m< .
2
( m 2 )(10m 35 ) < 0
( m 2 )(10m 35 ) < 0
Vy, vi 2 < m <
7
th phng trnh cho tha mn yu cu bi ton.
2
III.20. mx 2 2(m 1) + m 3 = 0 (1)

t f ( x ) = mx 2 2(m 1) x + m 3
+ Khi m = 0 (1) tr thnh 2 x 3 = 0 x =
3
3
. Ta c: 0 < < 2
2
2
+ Khi m 0 , ta c = (m 1)2 m(m 3) = m 2 2m + 1 m 2 + 3m = m + 1.

af (0) = m(m 3).
s
m 1
0 =
.
2
m
af (2) = m [ 4m (m 1) + m 3] = m(m + 1).
s
m 1
(m + 1)
2=
2=
.
2
m
m
Vi m = 1 , (1) tr thnh x 2 + 4 x 4 = 0 x = 2.
Vi m = 1 , (1) tr thnh x 2 2 = 0 x1 = 2 x2 = 2
4
Vi m = 3 , (1) tr thnh 3 x 2 4 x = 0 x1 = 0 x2 = .
3
Lp bng xt du chung f ( x ) , af (0), af (2),
S
S
0, 2 v da vo nh l o du tam
2
2
thc bc hai ta c kt qu nh sau:

+ Nu m < 1, th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
+ Nu m = 1, th 0 < x1 = x2 = 2.
+ Nu 1 < m < 0, th 0 < x1 < 2 < x2 .
+ Nu m = 0, th 0 < x =
3
< 2.
2
+ Nu 0 < m < 1, th x1 < 0 < x2 < 2.

179
+ Nu m = 1, th x1 = 2 < 0 < x2 = 2 < 2.

+ Nu 1 < m < 3, th x1 < 0 < x2 < 2.
+ Nu m = 3, th x1 = 0 < x2 =
4
< 2.
3
+ Nu m > 3, th 0 < x1 < x2 < 2.

III. 21. 2 x 2 + (2m 1) x + m 1 = 0 (1). Phng trnh (1) c mt nghim nm trong
khong ( 1;3) nghim kia nh hn 1 , ngha l x1 < 1 < x2 < 3.
t f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + (2m 1) x + m 1.
Yu cu bi ton c tha khi v ch khi

2 f ( 1) < 0
2 [ 2 (2m 1) + m 1] < 0
2 f (3) > 0
2 [18 + 3(2m 1) + m 1] > 0
m + 2 < 0
m > 2
7m + 14 > 0
m > 2
m > 2.
III.22. ( m 1) x 2 2mx + m + 5 = 0 (1)
1) Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim u ln hn 2 khi v ch khi
m 2 ( m 1)( m + 5 ) 0
0
af ( 2 ) > 0 ( m 1) 4 ( m 1) 4m + m + 5 > 0
S
>2
2m > 2
2
2 ( m 1)
4m + 5 0
m 4
5
( m 1)( m + 1) > 0 m < 1 m > 1 1 < m .
4
m + 2
1 < m < 2
>0
m 1
Vy, khi 1 < m
5
th phng trnh c hai nghim u ln hn 2.
4
2) + Xt m 1 = 0 m = 1.
Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh 2 x + 6 = 0 x = 3 > 2. Nh vy, m = 1 tha bi.
+ Xt m 1 0 m 1.
Khi phng trnh (1) c t nht mt nghim ln hn 2 nm trong cc trng hp: Hoc
l c hai nghim u ln hn 2, hoc ch c mt nghim ln hn 2. iu ny c tha khi
v ch khi
180

0
2 < x1 x2
f ( 2 ) = 0
x
2
x
af
2
0
af
2
0
<
<
>
<
(
)
(
)
1
2
S > 4
S
x1 = 2, x2 > 2
2>0
2
5
+ Trng hp th nht xt Cu 1), gi tr ca tham s m l 1 < m .
4
+ Trng hp ch c mt nghim ln hn 2, ta gii h iu kin

( m 1)( m + 1) < 0
1 < m < 1
m + 1 = 0
1 < m < 1.
2m
m
4>0
m 1
5
Kt hp cc trng hp xt ta c 1 < m .
4
Vy, khi 1 < m
5
th phng trnh trn c t nht mt nghim ln hn 2.
4
III.23. f ( x ) = mx 2 2 ( m + 1) x m + 5 . K hiu D = (;1), S l tp hp nghim ca bt

phng trnh f ( x ) > 0. Ta bit f ( x ) > 0 ng vi m i x D khi v ch khi D S .
+ Xt m = 0. Khi f ( x ) > 0 khi v ch khi 2 x + 5 > 0 x <
5
. Nh vy tp hp
2
5
nghim ca bt phng trnh f ( x ) > 0 l S = (; ). R rng D S . Vy, m = 0 tha
2
yu cu bi ton.
+ Xt m 0. Ta c
2
= ( m + 1) m ( m + 5 ) = m 2 + 2m + 1 + m 2 5m = 2m2 3m + 1. Tp hp nghim ca bt
phng trnh f ( x ) > 0 ty thuc vo du ca h s a v bit s ca f ( x ).
Lp bng xt du chung h s a v bit s ca f ( x ). Ta xt cc trng hp sau
> 0
m < 0. Khi
, tp nghim S ca bt phng trnh f ( x ) > 0 l khong ( x1; x2 ) ,
a < 0
vi x1 , x2 l hai nghim ca f ( x), do bi ton khng tha.
0<m<
1
m > 1. Khi
2
x < x1
a > 0
, nghim ca bt phng trnh f ( x ) > 0 l
> 0
x > x2
Do f ( x ) > 0 ng vi m i x D khi v ch khi
181
3
af (1) 0 m ( 3 2m ) 0
0 m
1 x1 < x2 S
1
2 0 < m . Kt hp vi iu
2
2 1 > 0
>0
m > 0
m
1
3
kin ang xt ta c 0 < m < 1 < m .
2
2
1
< m < 1. Khi
2
bi ton tha.
a > 0
, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh f ( x ) > 0 l S = , do
< 0
m=
2 , tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh f ( x ) > 0 ln lt l
m = 1
S = \ {3} , S = \ {2}. Suy ra bi ton c tha.
3
Vy, gi tr ca tham s m cn tm l 0 m .
2
III.24. f ( x ) = 2 x 2 ( 3m + 1) x ( 3m + 9 )
Ta c tam thc bc hai f ( x ) c h s a = 2 > 0 nn f ( x ) 0, x [ 2;1] khi v ch khi

f
( 2 ) 0 3m + 1 0
4
1
m .
3
3
(1) 0
6m 8 0
m 4
4
1
Vy, gi tr ca tham s m cn tm l m .
3
3
2
III.25. f ( x ) = ( m 2 ) x 2 3 ( m 6 ) x m 1
1
+ Nu m 2 = 0 m = 2, th f ( x ) < 0 12 x 3 < 0 x < . Suy ra m = 2 tha yu cu
4
bi ton.
+ Nu m 2 0 m 2 (*). Khi tam thc bc hai f ( x ) c h s a > 0, v vy yu cu

bi ton c tha khi v ch khi
f ( 1) 0
f ( 0 ) 0
( m 2 )2 + 3 ( m 6 ) m 1 0
m 1 0
m 2 4m + 4 + 3m 18 m 1 0
m + 1 0
182
m 2 2m 15 0
3 m 5
m 1
m 1
1 m 5
Kt hp vi iu kin ang xt (*) ta c
m 2
Vy, gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l 1 m 5.
III.26. ( x + 2)( x + 4)( x 2 + 6 x + 10) m(1)
Xt hm s f ( x) = ( x + 2)( x + 4)( x 2 + 6 x + 10) = ( x 2 + 6 x + 8)( x 2 + 6 x + 10).

(1) ng vi m i x khi v ch khi m Min f ( x ) .
x
Ta c f ( x) = (2 x + 6)(2 x 2 + 12 x + 18) = 4( x + 3)3 .

f ( x ) = 0 x = 3.
Bng bin thin
Nh vy Min f ( x ) = 1.
x
Vy, m 1 l gi tr cn tm.
2
Ch . C th t n s ph t = x 2 + 6 x + 8 = ( x + 3) 1 1 . Khi ta c hm s
f (t ) = t ( t + 2 ) = t 2 + 2t , t 1. Nh vy, (1) ng vi m i x khi v ch khi t 2 + 2t m
ng vi m i t 1 , khi v ch khi Min(t 2 + 2t ) m.

t[ 1;+ )
f (t ) = 2t + 2, f (t ) = 0 t = 1. Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f (t ) ta tm c

Min(t 2 + 2t ) = 1. Vy, m 1 l gi tr cn tm.
t[ 1;+ )
III.27.
2cos 2 x + 3m cos x + 1 0
(1)
t t = cos x, x [0; ] t [ 1;1] . Bt phng trnh 2cos 2 x + 3m cos x + 1 0 (1) tr
thnh 2t 2 + 3mt + 1 0 (2). Khi (1) nghim ng vi x [ 0; ] khi v ch khi (2)

nghim ng vi t [1;1].
+ Xt t = 0 . Khi (2) 1 0 (2) ng vi m i m.
+ Xt t [1;0). Khi
(2) m
2t 2 1
.
3t
183
Xt hm s f (t ) =
2t 2 1
, t [1; 0)
3t
t=
[1; 0)
6t + 3
2
, f (t ) = 0
f (t ) =
1
9t 2
t = 2 [1; 0)
1 2 2
Ta c f (1) = 1, f
= 3 , lim f (t ) = +.
t 0
2
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s trn min t [1; 0), ta c m
2 2
.
3
+ Xt t (0;1]. Khi
(2) m
2t 2 1
.
3t
Ta tm c m
2 2
.
3
p s ca bi ton l nhng gi tr ca tham s m tha ng thi ba trng hp trn tc

2 2
2 2
l
m
.
3
3
Ch . C th gii bi ton trn theo phng php nh trnh by Bi III.23.

III.28. x 2 +
1
1
+ ( 2m + 3) x + + 2 ( m + 2 ) > 0 (1)
2
x
x
1
1
(1) x + + ( 2m + 3) x + + 2 ( m + 1) > 0.
x
x
t t = x +
1
, iu kin: t 2.
x
Bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh t 2 + ( 2m + 3) t + 2 ( m + 1) > 0 (2)

t y = f (t ) = t 2 + ( 2m + 3) t + 2 ( m + 1) .
(1) nghim ng vi x 0 khi v ch khi (2) nghim ng vi m i t tha t 2

2
Do f (t ) c = ( 2m + 1) 0 .
Nn (2) nghim ng vi m i t tha t 2 khi v ch khi
184
= 0
2 < t0 = 2m 3 < 2

2
> 0
2 < t1 < t2 < 2
1
m = 2
( 2m + 1)2 = 0
4 < 2m 3 < 4
7 < m < 1
2
2
2
( 2m + 1) 0

m 1
1.
f
(2)
>
0
2

1. f (2) > 0
4 + 2 ( 2m + 3) + 2 ( m + 1) > 0
4 2 ( 2m + 3) + 2 ( m + 1) > 0
2 < 2m 3 < 2

2
4 < 2m 3 < 4
1
m = 2
m 1
2

6m + 12 > 0
2m > 0
7 < m < 1
2
2
1
m = 2
m 1
2

2 < m < 0.
m > 2
m < 0
7 < m < 1
2
2
Vy, vi 2 < m < 0 th bt phng trnh cho nghim ng vi x 0.

III. 29. x 3 ( 2m + 1) x 2 + 3 ( m + 4 ) x m 12 > 0 (1)
Ta c (1) ( x 1) x 2 2mx + m + 12 > 0 .

V x > 1 nn (1) x 2 2mx + m + 12 > 0(2). t f ( x ) = x 2 2mx + m + 12.
(1) ng vi m i x > 1 khi v ch khi x 2 2mx + m + 12 > 0(2) ng vi m i x > 1
185
< 0
m 2 m 12 < 0
0
m m 12 0

3 < m < 4
af (1) 0
13 m 0
m < 4.
m 3
S
m 1
2 1
Vy, gi tr m cn tm l m < 4.
III.30. ( x 1)( x + 1)( x + 3)( x + 5) > m.
Ta c ( x 1)( x + 1)( x + 3)( x + 5) > m

[ ( x 1)( x + 5)][ ( x + 1)( x + 3)] > m ( x 2 + 4 x 5)( x 2 + 4 x + 3) > m (1).
t t = x 2 + 4 x 5 x 2 + 4 x + 3 = t + 8, ta c (1) t (t + 8) > m t 2 + 8t > m .
Ta c t = x 2 + 4 x 5 t = 2 x + 4 = 0 x = 2 .
Vi x > 1 th t > 8, do (1) ng x > 1 (2) ng t > 8 .

Xt f (t ) = t 2 + 8t , ta c y = 2t + 8 = 0 2t + 8 = 0 t = 4 .
Bng bin thin
Da vo bng bin thin ta c (2) ng t > 8 Minf (t ) > m m < 16 .

t( 8;+ )
Vy, m < 16 th bt phng trnh cho nghim ng vi m i x > 1 .

III.31. x ( x 2 )( x + 2 )( x + 4 ) < 2m (1)
(1) ( x 2 + 2 x )( x 2 + 2 x 8) < 2m
t t = x 2 + 2 x. Khi ta c (1) tr thnh t 2 8t < 2m (2).
186
Xt t ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x t ( x ) = 2 x + 2
t ( x ) = 0 x = 1.
Ta c bng bin thin
Nh vy, vi x > 0 th t > 0.

Bt phng trnh (1) c nghim x > 0 khi v ch khi bt phng trnh (2) c nghim t > 0.
iu ny c tha khi v ch khi 2m > Min(t 2 8t ).
t(0;+ )
t g ( t ) = t 2 8t g ( t ) = 2t 8. Cho g ( t ) = 0 t = 4.
Bng bin thin
Da vo bng bin thin ta c 2m > 16 m > 8.

Vy, gi tr cn tm l m > 8.
III.32. 4 x 4 x 2 + 1 = 1. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 4 x 4 x 2 + 1 1 = 0.
Xt hm s f ( x ) = 4 x 4 x 2 + 1 1 vi x .
Ta c f ( x ) = 4 x ln 4 ( 4 x 2 + 1) + 8 x.4 x = 4 x ln 4 ( 4 x 2 + 1) + 8 x
f ( x ) = 0 ln 4 4 x 2 + 1 + 8 x = 0
( 4 ln 4 ) x 2 + 8 x + ln 4 = 0 (*)
Phng trnh (*) c bit thc > 0 nn c ng hai nghim phn bit.
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f ( x ) v t bng bin thin ta suy ra phng trnh f ( x ) = 0
c khng qu ba nghim phn bit.
1
37 17 27
Mt khc f = 0, f ( 0 ) = 0, f ( 3) . f ( 2 ) = 1 1 =
< 0.
2
64 16 1024
1
Do phng trnh f ( x ) = 0 c ng ba nghim phn bit x1 = 0, x2 = , x3 ( 3; 2 ) .
2
Vy, phng trnh cho c ng ba nghim phn bit.

187
CHNG IV.
IV.1. 1) 16 x 2
PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH V T
3 x = 0 (1)
iu kin: 3 x 0 x 3. ( )
16 x 2 = 0
(1)
3 x = 0
x 2 = 16
x = 3
x = 4
x = 4
x = 3
So vi iu kin ( ) , phng trnh cho c hai nghim l x = 4 v x = 3.
2) 9 x 2
2 x = 0 ( 2)
iu kin: 2 x 0 x 2 ( )
9 x 2 = 0
2
( )
2 x = 0
x = 3
x2 = 9
x = 3
x = 2
x = 2
So vi iu kin ( ) , phng trnh cho c hai nghim l x = 3 v x = 2.

3) 4 + 2 x x 2 = x 2 ( 3) . Ta c
x 2
x 2 0
x 2
2
x = 0 x = 3.
( 3)
2
2
4 + 2 x x = x 4 x + 4
2 x 6 x = 0
x = 3
Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim l x = 3.

4 ) 1 + 4 x x 2 = x 1( 4 )
Ta c
x 1
x 1
x 1
2
x = 0 x = 3.
( 4)
2
2
1 + 4 x x = x 2 x + 1 2 x 6 x = 0
x = 3
188
5)
2x +1 + x 3 = 2 x
( 5)
x 2
2 x + 1 0
iu kin: x 3 0 x 3 x 3 ( )
x 0
x 0
( 5 ) 2 x + 1 + x 3 + 2 ( 2 x + 1)( x 3) = 4 x
( 2 x + 1)( x 3) = x + 2
4 2 x 2 5 x 3 = x 2 + 4 x + 4 (Do x 3 nn x + 2 > 0)
7 x 2 24 x 16 = 0
x = 4
x = 4
7
So vi iu kin ( ) , ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 4.

6 ) x + 1 + 4 x + 13 = 3x + 12 ( 6 )
x 1
x +1 0
13
x 1( )
iu kin: 4 x + 13 0 x
4
3 x + 12 0
x 4
( 6 ) x + 1 + 4 x + 13 + 2 ( x + 1)( 4 x + 13) = 3 x + 12
2
( x + 1)( 4 x + 13) = 2 x 2 ( x + 1)( 4 x + 13) = x 1(**)
iu kin ca phng trnh (**) l x 1 . Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c x = 1.

x = 1 tha phng trnh (**).

7 )( x + 3) 10 x 2 = x 2 x 12 ( 7 )
iu kin: 10 x 2 0 10 x 10. ( )
( 7 ) ( x + 3)
10 x 2 = ( x + 3)( x 4 )
( x + 3) 10 x 2 ( x 4 ) = 0
x + 3 = 0
2
10 x ( x 4 ) = 0
189
x = 3
2
10 x = x 4
x = 3
x 4 0
10 x 2 = x 2 8 x + 16
x = 3
x 4

x = 3.
x = 1
x = 3
8) x + 4 1 x = 1 2 x ( 8)
x 4
x
+
4
iu kin: 1 x 0 x 1 4 x ( )
2
1 2 x 0
x
2
Ta c
x + 4 1 x = 1 2x
x + 4 = 1 2x + 1 x
x + 4 = 1 2 x + 1 x + 2 (1 2 x )(1 x )
2x +1 =
(1 2 x )(1 x )
2 x + 1 0
2
2
4 x + 4 x + 1 = 1 3x + 2 x
1
2
x2 7 x = 0
x 2
x = 0
x=0
x = 7
x = 7

IV.2. 1) 3 x 2 + 15 x + 2 x 2 + 5 x + 1 = 2 (1)
190
t t = x 2 + 5 x + 1, t 0 ( )
(1)
tr thnh 3t 2 + 2t 5 = 0
t = 1 t =
5
3
So vi iu kin ( ) ta nhn t = 1, khi ta c

x = 0
t = x 2 + 5 x + 1 = 1 x 2 + 5x = 0
x = 5.
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 0 x = 5.
2)
x 2 3x + 3 + x 2 3x + 6 = 3 (1)
t t = x 2 3x + 3
(1)
t + t + 3 = 3 ( 2)
tr thnh
iu kin: t 0
Khi ( 2 ) tng ng vi
t + t + 3 + 2 t ( t + 3) = 9
t ( t + 3) = 3 t
3 t 0
2
t ( t + 3) = 9 6t + t
t 3
t 3
9t = 9
t = 1
t = 1.
Vi t = 1, ta c
x 2 3x + 3 = 1 x 2 3 x + 2 = 0 x = 1 x = 2.
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 1; x = 2.
3)
x+ 2 + 5 x +
( x + 2 )( 5 x ) = 4 () . iu kin:
2 x 5.
t t = x + 2 + 5 x , t 0
t2 = x + 2 + 5 x + 2
t2 7 = 2
( )
( x + 2 )( 5 x )
( x + 2 )( 5 x )
tr thnh
191
t+
t = 3
t2 7
= 4 2t + t 2 7 = 8 t 2 + 2t 15 = 0
2
t = 5
V t 0 nn ta nhn t = 3, khi ta c
x + 2 + 5t = 3
x+ 2+5 x+ 2
( x + 2 )( 5 x ) = 9
( x + 2 )( 5 x ) = 1
x 2 + 3x + 10 = 1
x 2 3x 9 = 0
x=
33 5
3+3 5
x=
(Tha iu kin)
2
2
Vy, phng trnh cho c nghim l x =
33 5
3+3 5
;x =
.
2
2
x + 4 + x 4 = 2 x 12 + 2 x 2 16 ( )
4)
iu kin: x 4
t t = x + 4 + x 4, t 0
t 2 = 2 x + 2 x 2 16
( )
tr thnh
t = t 2 12
t 2 t 12 = 0
t = 3 t = 4
V t 0 nn nhn t = 4, ta c
x+4 + x4 = 4
x + 4 + x 4 + 2 x 2 16 = 16
x 2 16 = 8 x
8 x 0
2
2
x 16 = 64 16 x + x
x 8
x 8
16 x = 80
x = 5
x = 5 (Tha iu kin).
192
5) 1 +
2
x x 2 = x + 1 x (1)
3
u = x
t
, iu kin: u , v 0.
v = 1 x
Phng trnh (1) c chuyn thnh h
2 2
2
u + v = 1
( u + v ) 2uv = 1 1 + uv 2uv = 1
3
2
2
2
1 + uv = u + v
u + v = 1 + uv
3
3
u + v = 1 + 3 uv
2
uv = 0
(I )
u + v = 1
uv = 0 uv = 2

3
2
uv =
u + v = 1 + uv
2 ( II )
u + v = 2

+ Trng hp ( I ) ta c

x =0
1 x = 1
x =1
x = 0
x =1
1 x = 0
+ Trng hp ( II ) (V nghim).
Ch . C th t n ph nh trnh by Bi IV.2. 3).
6) 1 + 1 + x x 2 24 = x
(1)
Ta c (1) 1 + x x 2 24 = x 1
x 1 0
x 1
2
2
2
2
1 + x x 24 = x 2 x + 1 x x 24 = x 2 x
x 1
x 1
2
x 2 0
x 24 = x 2
x 2 24 = x 2 4 x + 4
x 2
x 2
x=7
4 x = 28 x = 7
193
7)
x + x + 11 + x x + 11 = 4 (1)
x + 11 0
iu kin: x x + 11 0 ( )
x + x + 11 0
(1) x +
x + 11 + x x + 11 + 2 x 2 x 11 = 16
x 2 x 11 = 8 x
8 x 0
2
2
x x 11 = x 16 x + 64
x 8
x 8
x=5
15 x = 75
x = 5
So vi iu kin ( ) ta nhn x = 5.
8) x 3 35 x 3 x + 3 35 x 3 = 30 (1)
u = x
t
3
3
v = 35 x
(1)
uv ( u + v ) = 30
tr thnh 3 3
u + v = 35
( u + v ) uv = 30
( u + v ) uv = 30
3
3
( u + v ) 3 ( u + v ) uv = 35 ( u + v ) = 125
u + v = 5 u = 2 u = 3
( u + v ) uv = 30
uv = 6
v = 3 v = 2
u + v = 5
x = 3
x = 3
u = 3 x = 3
Vi
3
x=3
3
3
3
v = 2
35 x = 2
35 x = 8
x = 27
x = 2
x = 2
x = 2
u = 2
Vi
3
x=2
3
3
3
v = 3
35 x = 3 35 x = 27
x = 8
9) x 3 + 2 = 3 3 3x 2 (1)
(1)
194
x3 + 2 3
= 3x 2
3
Hm s y =
x3 + 2
lun ng bin trn nn c
3
x3 + 2
hm s ngc l y = 3x 2 . V vy, honh giao im ca hai th y =
v
3
3
y = 3 3x 2 cng chnh l honh giao im ca hai th y = x v y =
1 3
( x + 2) .
3
Do phng trnh cho tng ng vi

x3 + 2
x=
3
x3 3x + 2 = 0
x = 2 x = 1
2
10) 2 3 (1 + x ) + 3 3 1 x 2 + 3 (1 x ) = 0 (1)
V x = 1 khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia hai v ca (1) cho
(1 + x )
ta
c phng trnh tng ng

2
2 + 33
1 x 3 1 x
+
= 0 ( )
1+ x
1+ x
t t =
1 x
, khi ( ) tr thnh
1+ x
2 + 3t + t 2 = 0
1 x
1 x
3
= 1
1 + x = 1
t = 1
9
1+ x
x=
1 x
7
t = 2
1 x = 8
= 2
3
1 + x
1+ x
9
Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim l x = .
7
11) 2 x + 6 3 1 x + 2 = 0(1)
t t = 3 1 x t 3 = 1 x x = 1 t 3 . Phng trnh (1) tr thnh
2 1 t 3 + 6t + 2 = 0 2t 3 6t 4 = 0
t = 1
t 3 3t 2 = 0
t = 2
+ Vi t = 1 3 1 x = 1 x = 2.
195
+ Vi t = 2 3 1 x = 2 1 x = 8 x = 7.
12) 3 x + 1 = 3x 2 8 x + 3(1)
iu kin: x 1. Phng trnh (1) tng ng vi 3 x + 1 3x 2 + 8 x 3 = 0.
Xt hm s f ( x ) = 3 x + 1 3x 2 + 8 x 3, x 1.
3
6x + 8
2 x +1
3
f ( x) =
6 < 0, x > 1
3
4 ( x + 1)
f ( x) =
Suy ra hm s l i trn [1; +). Vy, phng trnh (1) nu c nghim s khng qu hai
nghim, ta c f (0) = f (3) = 0. Do phng trnh cho c hai nghim l x = 0; x = 3.
Ch . Chng ta c th gii bi ton ny bng phng php bin i tng ng, c th:
3x 2 8 x + 3 0
(1)
2
9 ( x + 1) = 3 x 8 x + 3
2
3 x 8 x + 3 0
4
3
2
9 x 48 x + 82 x 57 x = 0
3 x 2 8 x + 3 0
x = 0
x = 3.
2
x ( x 3) 9 x 21x + 19 = 0
13)
x + 3 x + 1 = x 2 + x + 1(1)
iu kin: x 0. Phng trnh (1) vit li di dng
x + 3 x + 1 x 2 x 1 = 0.
Xt hm s f ( x ) = x + 3x + 1 x 2 x 1, x 0.
3
2x 1
2 x 2 3x + 1
1
9
f ( x) =
2 < 0, x > 0.
3
3
4 x
4 ( 3 x + 1)
f ( x) =
Lp lun gi ng Bi IV.3.12) ta cng c phng trnh cho c hai nghim x = 0; x = 1.

Ch . Nu s dng phng php bin i tng ng s nhn c phng trnh bc 8,
khi cho d nhm c hai nghim x = 0, x = 1 th chng ta vn phi thc hin tip vic
gii phng trnh bc 6 v iu ny kh c th i n kt qu.
IV.3. 1) x x 2 + 15 x 4 x 2 + 15 = 2 (1).
iu kin: x 0
196
t t = 4 x 2 ( x 2 + 15) , ( t 0 ) . Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh
t2 t = 2
t2 t 2 = 0
t = 1
t = 2
Ta loi t = 1 < 0 .
Vi t = 2 th
x 2 ( x 2 + 15) = 2
x2 = 1
x x + 15 = 16 x + 15 x 16 = 0 2
x = 16
2
Ta loi x 2 = 16 < 0.
x = 1
Vi x 2 = 1
x = 1.
So vi iu kin x 0 , ta nhn x = 1.
2)
2 x +
4
= 2 (2).
2 x +3
iu kin: 2 x 0 x 2 .
t t = 2 x , (t 0). Khi phng trnh (2) tr thnh
t+
t = 1
4
= 2 t 2 + 3t 2t 2 = 0 t 2 + t 2 = 0
t +3
t = 2
Ta loi t = 2 < 0 .
Vi t = 1 th
2 x = 1 2 x = 1 x = 1.
So vi iu kin x 2 , ta nhn x = 1.
3)
9 5x = 3 x +
6
( 3)
3 x
iu kin:
9 5 x 0 x
9
5 x (*)
5
3 x > 0
x < 3
Vi iu kin (*) ta c phng trnh (3) tng ng vi
197
( 9 5 x )( 3 x ) = 9 x
5 x 2 24 x + 27 = 9 x
2 x 2 3x 27 = 0
x = 3
x = 9
2
9
So vi iu kin x , ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 3 .
5
4)
4
x + x2 + x
1
x x2 + x
3
(4)
x
x + x2 + x 0
iu kin: x x 2 + x 0
x 0
(4) 4( x x 2 + x ) x x 2 + x = 3
3 x 5 x 2 + x = 3
5 x 2 + x = 3x + 3
3 x + 3 0
2
2
9 x + 18 x + 9 = 25 x + 25 x
x 1
2
16 x + 7 x 9 = 0
x 1
x = 1

x = 9

16
x = 1
x = 9
16
So vi iu kin, ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 1, x =

5)
x 2 + 2 x + 1 + x 2 2 x + 1 = 2 .(5)
( 5 ) ( x + 1)
2
( x 1)
+
2
= 2 x + 1 + x 1 = 2
( x + 1) + ( x 1) + 2 x + 1 x 1 = 4 2 x 2 + 2 + 2 x 2 1 = 4
198
9
.
16
1 x 2 0
x + x 1 = 1 x 1 = 1 x 2
2
2
x 1 = 1 x
2
) (
1 x 1.
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l 1 x 1.

6) (2 x 2 + 6 x + 10) x 2 + 3 x 11x 2 33 x + 8 = 0.
t t = x 2 + 3 x 0 , khi phng trnh cho tr thnh
1
2t 3 11t 2 + 10t + 8 = 0. Phng trnh ny c ba nghim t = 2; t = 4; t = . Ta ch nhn
2
t = 2; t = 4.
Vi t = 2, ta c
x = 1
x 2 + 3x = 2 x 2 + 3x 4 = 0
x = 4
Vi t = 4, ta c
3 73
x =
2
x 2 + 3 x = 4 x 2 + 3 x 16 = 0
3 + 73
x =
2
T phng trnh cho c bn nghim l x =
2 x 2 + 4 x 3 x + 2 2 x + 3 2 x = 0 (1). Ta c
7)
(1)
2 x( x + 2) 3 x + 2
2x x + 2 3 x + 2
3 73
; x = 1; x = 4.
2
2x 3
)(
2x
2x
+ 3 2x = 0
+ 3 2x = 0 x + 2
2x 3 2x
2x 3 = 0
x + 2 2x = 0
2x 3 = 0 x + 2 2x = 0 x =
9
x = 2.
2
9
Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim l x = , x = 2.
2
8) 2 3 3x 2 + 3 6 5 x 8 = 0. (1)
t3 + 2
t t = 3 x 2 t = 3 x 2 x =
.
3
3
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh

2t + 3 6 5.
2t + 3
18 5t 3 10
t3 + 2
8 = 0 2t + 3
8 = 0
3
3
8 5t 3
8 = 0 2t + 24 15t 3 8 = 0 24 15t 3 = 8 2t
3
199
8 2t 0
t 4
3
3
2
2
24 15t = 64 32t + 4t
15t + 4t 32t + 40 = 0
t 4
t 4
2
( t + 2 ) 15t 26t + 20 = 0 t = 2.
Vi t = 2 ta c
3x 2 = 2 3 x 2 = 8 x = 2.
Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l x = 2.

9)
x + 1 = 32 4 x 4 x + 1 x
iu kin: x 0.
Nhn xt rng x = 0 khng l nghim ca phng trnh cho nn chia hai v ca phng
trnh cho x 4 x 0 ta c
4
4
x +1
x +1
=
32
4
x4 x
x
1
x
t t =
x +1
x +1
= 32 4
.
x
x
4
x +1 4
1
1
1
= 1 + t 4 = 1 + = t 4 1.
x
x
x
x
Ta c phng trnh t 4 1 t = 32 t t 5 = 32 t = 2.
Suy ra 4 1 +
1
1
1
1
= 2 1 + = 16 = 15 x = . Tha iu kin (*).
x
x
x
15
Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l x =

10)
2 x = 1 x 1(1)
u = 2 x
t
, suy ra u 3 + v 2 = 1.
v = x 1 0
Khi phng trnh (1) c chuyn thnh h

u 3 + v 2 = 1 v = 1 u
v = 1 u
3
3
2
2
u + (1 u ) 1 = 0
u + v = 1
u + u 2u = 0
v = 1 u
u = 0 u = 1 u = 2
u = 0

v = 1 v = 0 v = 3
u = 1
u = 2
200
1
.
15
3
3
3
2 x = 0 2 x = 1 2 x = 2
x 1 = 1 x 1 = 0 x 1 = 3
x = 2 x = 1 x = 10.
Ch . C th t n ph t = 3 2 x nh trnh by Bi IV.3. 8).

11)
9 x = 2 x 1 . Trnh by tng t nh Bi IV.3. 8).
Phng trnh c ba nghim l x = 1; x = 10; x = 17.

12) 2 3 1 x 2 + 4 x 2 = 4(1)
Gii tng t nh Bi IV.3. 8). Phng trnh c mt nghim duy nht x = 0.
IV.4. 1) x + 2 x 1 + x 2 x 1 =
x+3
(1)
2
t t = x 1 0
(1)
t 2 + 1 + 2t + t 2 + 1 2t =
t2 + 4
( t + 1)
( t 1)
t2 + 4
2
t 1
t 1
2
2
t 1
t
+
4
t +1+ t 1 =
2t = t + 4
2
t +4
2
2
t 4t + 4 = 0
t +1+ t 1 =
t < 1
2
t < 1
t < 1
2
t = 0
t2 + 4
t2 + 4
t + 1 t + 1 =
2 =
2
2
t = 2
t = 0
Vi t = 2 x 1 = 2 x 1 = 4 x = 5.
Vi t = 0 x 1 = 0 x 1 = 0 x = 1.
x =5
Vy, phng trnh c hai nghim l
x = 1.
2) 2 x + 2 + 2 x + 1 x + 1 = 4 ( 2 )
t t = x + 1 0
( 2) 2
t 2 + 1 + 2t t = 4 2
( t + 1)
t = 4 2 ( t + 1) t = 4 t + 2 = 4 t = 2
x +1 = 2 x +1 = 4 x = 3
Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim l x = 3 .
201
3)
2 x2 2 x + 4
x+2
)=2
x + 2 + 3 x 2 2 x + 4 (1)
x+2>0
iu kin: 2
x > 2
x 2x + 4 0
(1) 2 ( x2 2 x + 4 ) = 2 ( x + 2 ) + 3
(x
2x + 4) ( x + 2)
2
u = x 2 x + 4 0
t
v = x + 2 0
u = 2v
Phng trnh tr thnh 2u = 2v + 3uv 2u 3uv 2v = 0
u = v .
2
2
Ta ch nhn trng hp u = 2v.

Vi u = 2v ta c x 2 2 x + 4 = 2 x + 2
x = 3 13
x2 2 x + 4 = 4 ( x + 2 ) x 2 6 x 4 = 0
x = 3 + 13
x = 3 13
Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim l
x = 3 + 13.
Ch . C th bin i (1) tng ng vi

t t =
x2 2 x + 4
x+2
2 x2 2x + 4
x+2
) = 2 + 3.
x2 2x + 4
.
x+2
> 0,
1
Ta c phng trnh 2t 2 3t 2 = 0 t = 2 t = . Ta ch nhn trng hp t = 2. T y
2
x = 3 13
ta tm c nghim ca phng trnh cho l
x = 3 + 13.
4) 2( x 2 3x + 2) = 3 x 3 + 8 .
Ta c 2( x 2 3x + 2) = 3 x 3 + 8 2( x 2 3x + 2) = 3 ( x + 2)( x 2 2 x + 4)
2( x 2 3x + 2) = 3 ( x + 2)( x 2 3 x + 2 + x + 2) .
t t = x 2 3x + 2 ta c phng trnh tr thnh 2t = 3 ( x + 2) [ t + ( x + 2)] (1).
202
iu kin: t 0.
3
t=
( x + 2)
2
2
2
(1) 4t = 9 ( x + 2)t + ( x + 2) 4t 9( x + 2)t 9( x + 2) = 0

.
4
t = 3( x + 2)
2
Vi t =
3
3
( x + 2) x 2 3 x + 2 = ( x + 2) 4 x 2 9 x + 14 = 0 (V nghim).
4
4
x = 3 13
Vi t = 3( x + 2) x 2 3x + 2 = 3( x + 2) x 2 6 x 4 = 0
x = 3 + 13
Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim x = 3 13 x = 3 + 13.

5) x 3 + (1 x 2 )3 = x 2(1 x 2 ) .
iu kin: 1 x 1 .
Ta c x 3 + (1 x 2 )3 = x 2(1 x 2 ) ( x + 1 x 2 )(1 x 1 x 2 ) = x 2. 1 x 2 (1).

t 2 1
t t = x + 1 x , 1 x 1
= x 1 x2 .
2
2
Ta c t = 1
x
1 x2
= 0 1 x2 x = 0 x =
2
.
2
Bng bin thin
Da vo bng bin thin ta c 1 t 2 (*).

t2 1
t 2 1
Vi t = x + 1 x , 1 t 2 th (1) tr thnh t (1
)= 2
(2). Ta c
2
2
2
(2) 2t t (t 2 1) = 2 (t 2 1)
t 3 + 2t 2 3t 2 = 0
203
t = 2
(t 2)(t 2 + 2 2t + 1) = 0 t = 2 + 1 , kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c
t = 2 1
t = 2 t = 2 +1.
Vi t = 2 x + 1 x 2 = 2
x 2
2 x 0
x 2
2
2 x= 2 .
2
2
2
1 x = 2 + x 2 2 x
2 x 2 2 x + 1 = 0
x =
2
x 1 2
Vi t = 2 + 1 x + 1 x 2 = 2 + 1
2
2
2 x 2(1 2) x + (1 2) 1 = 0
x 1 2
1 2 2 2 1
1 2 2 2 1
.
x =
x=
2
1 2 + 2 2 1
x =
2
Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim x =
2
1 2 2 2 1
x=
.
2
2
Ch . Ta c th gii bng phng php lng gic ha bng cch t

x = sin t , t [
; ]. (Do iu kin 1 x 1 )
2 2
Khi phng trnh c a v

sin 3 t +
(1 sin t )
2
= sin t 2 1 sin 2 t
sin 3 t + cos3 t = 2 sin t cos t

3
( sin t + cos t ) 3 ( sin t + cos t ) sin t cos t = 2 sin t cos t

sin t + cos t = 2 (*)
sin t + cos t = 1 2(**)
204
Gii trng hp (*) ta c x =
2
.
2
Gii trng hp (**) ta c x =
1 2 2 2 1
.
2
Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim x =
2
1 2 2 2 1
x=
.
2
2
6) 1 + 1 x 2 (1 x)3 (1 + x )3 = 2 + 1 x 2 .
iu kin: 1 x 1 (*).
Ta c: 1 + 1 x 2 (1 x)3 (1 + x )3 = 2 + 1 x 2
1 + 1 x 2 ( 1 x 1 + x )(2 + 1 x 2 ) (2 + 1 x 2 ) = 0
1 + 1 x 2 .( 1 x 1 + x ) 1 (2 + 1 x 2 ) = 0
2 + 1 x 2 = 0 (VN )
1 + 1 x 2 .( 1 x 1 + x ) = 1 (2)
Gii (2): 1 + 1 x 2 ( 1 x 1 + x ) = 1 .
t t = 1 x 1 + x , 2 t 2 (**).
t2
1 = 1 x 2 , ta c
2
t > 0
t2
(2) 1 + 1 .t = 1 2 4 t 2
2
=1
t
2
t > 0
4
2
t + 4t 2 = 0
205
t > 0
t = 2 + 2
t = 2 + 2

t = 2 2
, kt hp vi iu kin (**) ta c: t = 2 2 .
t = 2 2
t = 2 2
t = 2 + 2
Vi t = 2 2 1 x 1 + x = 2 2
1 x > 1 + x
1 x < 0
1 x 1 + x > 0
2 1 x 2 = 1
2
2
1 x =
2 2 1 x = 2 2
2
2
1 x < 0
1
tho iu kin (*).

1
1 x=
2
x = 2 x = 2
Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim x =
1
.
2
Ch . Chng ta c th gii bng phng php lng gic ha nh sau:

Do iu kin 1 x 1 nn t x = cos t , t [0; ]. Khi ta c phng trnh
1 + sin t
) ( 2 + sin t ) = 2 + sin t
1 + cos t ) = 1
1 cos t 1 + cos t
1 + sin t
1 cos t
1 cos t 1 + cos t 0
1 cos t 1 + cos t 0
1
2
+
=
1
sin
t
2
2sin
t
1
(
)(
)
1 sin t =
2
1 cos t 1 + cos t 0
1 cos t 1 + cos t 0
1
2
2
cos
t
=
cos t =
cos t =
2
2
cos t =
2
2
x=
.
2
2
7) 1 x 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 + 1 = 0. (1)
iu kin: 1 x 1.
206
t x = cos t , t [0; ].
(1)
1 cos t 2 cos t 1 cos 2 t 2 cos 2 t + 1 = 0
2 sin
2 sin
t
2cos t sin t cos 2t = 0
2
t
t
s in2t cos2t = 0 (v t [0; ] sin 0,sin t 0 )
2
2
2 sin 2 cos 2t = 0
2
4
sin
= cos(2t )
2
4
sin
= sin( 2t + )
2
2
4
sin
t
3
= sin
2t
2
4
t 3
2 = 4 2t + k 2
t = 2t + + k 2
2
4
5t 3
2 = 4 + k 2
3 = k 2
2
4
3 k 4
t = 10 + 5
,(k ).
t = k 4
6
3
Do t [0; ] nn ta nhn t =
Hay x = cos
8)
3
.
10
3
l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
10
) (1)
( )
x2 +1
x2 + 1
x +1 +
=
2x
2 x 1 x2
2
x 0
iu kin:
x 1
207

t 2 ; 2

t x = tan t. Khi iu kin ca t l t 0
t
4
tan 2 t + 1
tan 2 t + 1
tan t + 1 +
.
=
2 tan t
2 tan t 1 tan 2 t
2
(1)
1
1
1
+
=
2
cos t 2cos t tan t 2cos 4 t tan t 1 tan 2 t
1
1
1
+
=
cos t 2sin t cos t 2sin t cos t cos 2 t sin 2 t
(
)
2 sin t (1 2 sin t ) 2 sin
2 sin t cos 2 t sin 2 t + cos 2 t sin 2 t = 1

2
t =0
2 sin 3 t + sin 2 t sin t = 0
sin t 2 sin 2 t + sin t 1 = 0
t = 0
sin t = 0
sin t = 1 t = .
sin t =
t =
2
6
So snh iu kin ca t ban u ta thy ch c gi tr t =

Vy, vi t =
ta c x = tan
x=
tha.
1
.
3
Vy, phng trnh cho c mt nghim l x =
1
.
3
IV.5. 1) ( x 1) x 2 x 2 0 (1). Ta c
x2 x 2 = 0
x = 1 x = 2
x = 1
(1) x 2 x 2 > 0 x < 1 x > 2

x 2
x 1
x
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x 2 hoc x = 1 .
208
2) ( x 2 1) x 2 x 2 0 (1). Ta c
x2 x 2 = 0
x = 1 x = 2
x 1
x 1 x 1
(1) x 2 1 0
x 2
2
x < 1 x > 2
>
x
x
2
0

x 1
.
x 2
3) 2 x x 2 < 5 x (1). Ta c
5 x > 0
x < 5
2
(1) 2 x x 0
0 x 2
0 x 2.
2 x 2 12 x + 25 > 0
2
2
2 x x < ( 5 x )
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 0 x 2 .

4) x 2 3x + 2 x 3 > 0 (1). Ta c
(1) x 2 3 x + 2 > x + 3
x + 3 < 0
x < 3
x < 3
2
x 3x + 2 0
x 1 x 2
x 3 x < 7
x+3 0
9
x 3
7

x
<
x 2 3 x + 2 > ( x + 3)
9
9 x + 7 < 0

7
Vy, bt phng trnh cho c nghim l x < .
9
5)
x + 3 + x + 2 2 x + 4 > 0 (1)
iu kin: x 2 (*)
(1) x + 3 + x + 2 > 2 x + 4
2 x + 5 + 2 ( x + 3)( x + 2) > 2 x + 4
1
( x + 3)( x + 2) > (2)
2
Bt phng trnh (2) lun ng. Kt hp vi (*) ta c x 2 l nghim ca (1).
6)
3x 2 + 5 x + 7 3x 2 + 5 x + 2 > 1 (1)
t t = 3 x 2 + 5 x + 2 0(*)
(1) tr thnh t 2 + 5 > 1 + t. (2)

209
Do t 0 nn t + 1 > 0. V vy bnh phng hai v ca (2) ta c

t 2 +5 > 1 + 2t + t 2 t < 2 . Nh vy ta c
x 1
2 < x 1
2
x 2
3
x
5
x
2
0
+
+
0 t < 2 3x + 5 x + 2 < 2 2

1
3 2
x< .
3 x + 5 x + 2 < 4
3
1
3
2 < x <
3
2 < x 1
Vy, bt phng trnh cho c nghim l 2
x < 1 .
3
3
7)
x + x + 9 x + 1 + x + 4 (1)
x 0
x 0
x + 9 0
x 9
iu kin:
x 0.
x +1 0
x 1
x + 4 0
x 4
(1) 2 x + 9 + 2 x 2 + 9 x 2 x + 5 + 2 x 2 + 5 x + 4 2 + x 2 + 9 x x 2 + 5 x + 4
4 + 4 x 2 + 9 x + x 2 + 9 x x 2 + 5 x + 4 x 2 + 9 x x (*)
Ta c bt phng trnh (*) ng vi m i x 0 .

Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x 0 .
8)
5 x 1 x 1 > 2 x 4 . (1)
x 5
5 x 1 0
iu kin: x 1 0 x 1 x 2
2 x 4 0 x 2
Vi x 2
(1) 5 x 1 > 2 x 4 + x 1
5 x 1 > 2 x 4 + x 1 + 2 (2 x 4)( x 1) (2 x 4)( x 2) < x + 2, ( x 2)

(2 x 4)( x 1) < ( x + 2) 2 x 2 + 4 x + 4 > 2 x 2 6 x + 4
x 2 10 x < 0 0 < x < 10.
Kt hp vi iu kin x 2 ta c 2 x < 10 . Vy, 2 x < 10 l nghim ca bt cho.
9)
210
x 2 + 3x + 2 + x 2 + 6 x + 5 2 x 2 + 9 x + 7 (1)

x 2
x 1
2
x + 3x + 2 0
x 5
x 5
iu kin: x 2 + 6 x + 5 0
(*)
x
x
2 x + 9 x + 7 0.
7
x
2
x 1
Vi iu kin bt phng trnh (1) tng ng vi

2 x 2 + 9 x + 7 + 2 ( x + 1)( x + 2). ( x + 1)( x + 5) 2 x 2 + 9 x + 7
( x + 1) 2 ( x + 2)( x + 5) 0 ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 2)( x + 5) = 0
x = 1
x = 2
x = 5.
Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c x = 1 , x = 5 l nghim ca bt phng trnh cho.
10)
x 2 + x 2 + x 2 + 2 x 3 x 2 + 4 x 5.
iu kin:
x2 + x 2 0
x 2 x 1
2
x 5
x + 2 x 3 0 x 3 x 1
2
x 5 x 1 x 1.
x + 4x 5 0
Ta c
x 2 + x 2 + x 2 + 2 x 3 x 2 + 4 x 5.
2 x 2 + 3 x 5 + 2 ( x 2 + x 2)( x 2 + 2 x 3) x 2 + 4 x 5.
x( x 1) + 2 ( x 1)2 ( x + 2)( x + 3) 0 .
Vi x 5 ta c
x( x 1) + 2 ( x 1)2 ( x + 2)( x + 3) 0
x( x 1) 2( x 1) ( x + 2)( x + 3) 0
( x 1)( x 2 ( x + 2)( x + 3) ) 0 (*)
Nhn xt: Vi x 5 suy ra x 1 < 0 v x 2 ( x + 2)( x + 3) < 0 . Suy ra (*) v nghim.

Vi x 1 suy ra x 1 0
Ta c x( x 1) + 2 ( x 1) 2 ( x + 2)( x + 3) 0
211
x( x 1) + 2( x 1) ( x + 2)( x + 3) 0
( x 1)( x + 2 ( x + 2)( x + 3) ) 0 ( x 1)( x + 2 ( x + 2)( x + 3)) = 0.
x = 1. (Do x + 2 ( x + 2)( x + 3) > 0, x 1 )
Vy, bt phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l x = 1.

11)
1 1 4x2
< 3(1)
x
1
1
x<0
1
1 4 x 2 0
2
iu kin:
2
0 < x 1
x 0
x 0
2
+ Xt trng hp
1
x < 0.
2
1 3 x > 0
(1) 1 4 x 2 < 1 3x
2
2
1 4 x < (1 3 x )
1
x <
x < 0.
3
13 x 2 6 x > 0
Kt hp vi iu kin ang xt ta c nghim l
1
x < 0.
2
1
+ Xt trng hp 0 < x .
2
1 3 x < 0
2
1 4 x 0
2
(1) 1 4 x > 1 3x
1 3x 0

1 4 x 2 > (1 3x ) 2

1
x > 3
1
1
1 x 1
3 < x 2
1
2
2
0< x .
2
0 < x 1
x 1
3

3
2
13 x 6 x < 0
1
Kt hp vi iu kin ang xt ta c nghim l 0 < x .
2
212
1
1
Vy, nghim bt phng trnh cho l x < 0 0 < x .
2
2
Ch . Chng ta c th nhn hai v ca bt phng trnh cho vi biu thc lin hp ca

1 1 4 x 2 . Khi (1) tng ng vi
(1
)(
1 4 x2 1 + 1 4 x 2
x
) < 3 1+
(
1 4 x2
4 x < 3 1 + 1 4x2 .
n y bi ton c a v dng c bn.
IV.6. 1) 2 x 2 4 x + 3 x 2 + 4 x 5 (1)
iu kin: x 1 x 3 (*)
(1) 2 x 2 4 x + 3 + x 2 4 x + 5 0
1 + x2 4 x + 3
) + 1 0 ( 2)
Ta thy vi m i x tha (*) th (2) lun lun ng.

Vy, bt phng trnh cho c nghim l x 1 x 3 .
2) 5 x +
5
2 x
2x +
1
+ 4 (1)
2x
iu kin: x > 0.
2
1
1
x
(1) 5 x +
2
+
+
1
0.
2 x
2 x
t t = x +
1
2 x
x.
1
2 x
= 2.
Khi , (1) tr thnh 2t 2 5t + 2 0 t 2 t

t 2 x +
1
2 x
1
. Ta ch nhn t 2.
2
2
2 2 x + 1 4 x ( 2 x + 1) 16 x
3+ 2 2
x
2
4 x 2 12 x + 1 0
3 2 2
x
3 2 2 3 + 2 2
Vy, bt phng trnh cho c nghim l x 0;

; + .
2 2
213
3)
x 1 + x + 3 + 2
( x 1)( x + 3) > 4 2 x (1)
iu kin: x 1
(1)
x 1 + x + 3
+ x 1 + x + 3 6 > 0 ( 2)
t t = x 1 + x + 3 > 0
(2) tr thnh t 2 + t 6 > 0 t > 2 t < 3 ( 3)

Do t > 0 nn t (3) ta nhn t > 2 x 1 + x + 3 > 2
2x + 2 + 2
( x 1)( x + 3) > 4 x + 1 + ( x 1)( x + 3) > 2 x + ( x 1)( x + 3) > 1
Bt phng trnh trn ng vi m i x > 1.

Vy, x > 1 l nghim ca bt phng trnh cho.
4) x 3 + x 2 + 3x x + 1 + 2 > 0 (1)
t t = x x + 1
Xt hm s y = f ( x ) = x x + 1
y =
3x + 2
2
2 3
=0 x= ;y =
3
9
2 x +1
Bng bin thin
T bng bin thin ta suy ra t
2 3
, x 1
9
t < 2
(1) Tr thnh t 2 + 3t + 2 > 0
t > 1
Kt hp vi iu kin ca t ta c t
2 3
.
9
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x 1.

5)
7 x + 7 + 7 x 6 + 2 49 x 2 + 7 x 42 < 181 14 x (1)
iu kin: x
214
6
.
7
t t = 7 x + 7 + 7 x 6 > 0
t 2 = 14 x + 1 + 2
( 7 x + 7 )( 7 x 6) t 2 1 = 14 x + 2
49 x 2 + 7 x 42
t < 13
(1) t 2 + t 1 181 < 0 t 2 + t 182 < 0
t > 14
Do t > 0 0 < t < 13.
Nh vy ta c
6
x 7
7 x + 7 + 7 x 6 < 13
14 x + 1 + 2 49 x 2 + 7 x 42 < 169
x 7
7 x + 84 > 0
49 x 2 + 7 x 42 < 7 x + 84
2
2
49 x + 7 x 42 < ( 7 x + 84 )
6
6
x 12
7
x < 6.
7
x < 6
6
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x ;6 .
7
6) 2( x 2)2 + 2 x x 2 + x (1)
in kin: x 0.
t u = x 2, v = x
(1)
u + v 0
u + v 0
2u 2 + 2v 2 u + v 2
2
2
2
2
u + v 2uv 0
2u + 2v ( u + v )
u + v 0
u + v 0
u + v 0
2u 0
u 0
2
u = v
u = v
u = v
( u v ) 0 u v = 0
x 2 0
x 2
x 2
x 2
x = 4.
2
x = 1 x = 4
( x 2 ) = x
x 5x + 4 = 0
x 2 = x
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x = 4.
7)
2 ( x + 2 ) + 2 ( 2 x 1) > x + 2 + 2 x 1.
215
x 2
2
2 ( x + 2 )2 + 2 ( 2 x 1) > x + 2 + 2 x 1
x 2
2 ( x + 2 )2 + 2 ( 2 x 1) > ( x + 2 ) 2 + 2 x 1 + 2 ( x + 2 ) 2 x 1
2
2
2
( x + 2 ) + ( 2 x 1) 2 ( x + 2 ) 2 x 1 > 0
x + 2 2x 1
x
>0
1
2
1
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x .
2
8) x 2 + 4 x ( x + 4 ) x 2 2 x + 4 (1)
Xt x = 4. (1) ng. Do x = 4 l nghim ca bt phng trnh.
x 0
x 0
Xt x > 4. (1) x x 2 x + 4 x 2 2 x + 4 0
x2
x 2
x 2 x2 2 x + 4
Suy ra x 2 l nghim ca bt phng trnh.

Xt x < 4. (1) x x 2 2 x + 4
Bt phng trnh ng vi m i x < 4. Do , x < 4 l nghim ca bt phng trnh.

Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x 2 x 4.
Ch . C th t t = x 2 2 x + 4 3. Khi (1) c a v dng
x 2 ( t 4 ) x 4t 0(2). Coi v tri ca (2) l tam thc bc hai theo bin x, ta c
2
= ( t + 4 ) do v tri ca (2) c cc nghim l x = 4; x = t.
Nh vy, (2) c vit li l ( x + 4 )( x t ) 0 ( x + 4 ) x x 2 2 x + 4 0.

n y vic gii bt phng trnh khng c g kh.
9) x 2 1 2 x x 2 + 2 x (1)
t t = x 2 + 2 x 0, (1) tr thnh
t 2 2 x 1 2 xt t 2 2 xt 2 x 1 0 ( t 2 x 1)( t + 1) 0(2). Do t = x 2 + 2 x 0,
Nn (2) tng ng vi
216
t 2x 1 0 x2 + 2x 2x 1 0
1
x 2
x 2
x2 + 2 x 2 x + 1 x2 + 2 x 0
x 2 x 0 x 0.
2
2
2
x + 2 x ( 2 x + 1)
3 x + 2 x + 1 0
Vy, x 0 l nghim ca bt phng trnh cho.

10) ( x 1) 2 x 1 3 ( x 1)(1)
Xt x = 1, (1) ng suy ra x = 1 l nghim ca bt phng trnh.
2 x 1 0
x
Xt x > 1, (1) 2 x 1 3
2
2 x 1 9
x 5
Suy ra 1 < x 5 l nghim ca bt phng trnh.
Xt x < 1, (1) 2 x 1 3 2 x 1 9 x 5, trng hp ny b loi.
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 1 x 5.
)(
11) x 2 1
x2 1 1 + x 2 1 6 > 0
t t = x 2 1 0 , ta c bt phng trnh
t 2 (t 1) + t 6 > 0 t 3 t 2 + t 6 > 0 (t 2)(t 2 + t + 3) > 0 t > 2 .
Nh vy ta c
x < 5
x2 1 > 2 x 2 1 > 4
x > 5
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x < 5 x > 5.

12) x 2 x 1 5 4 x.
t 2 +1
t t = 2 x 1 0 t = 2 x 1 x =
. Ta c bt phng trnh
2
2
t2 +1
t2 +1
3
2
t
4.
t + t 10 4t 4
2
2
t 3 + 4t 2 + t 6 0 ( t + 2 )( t + 3 )( t 1) 0
t 1 0, (t 0)
t 1.
217
Nh vy ta c
1
x
2 x 1 1
2 x 1.
2
x 1

13)
1
x 1.
2
x3 2 x 2 + x < x x + x 2 2 x (1)
x2 2x 0
iu kin: x 3 2 x 2 0 x 2.
x 0
(1) x x 2 2 x + x < x x + x 2 2 x
u = x 2 2 x
t
, iu kin u , v 0. Ta c bt phng trnh
v = x
uv + v 2 < v 3 + u uv + v 2 v 3 u < 0 ( v 1) u v 2 < 0

v 1 < 0
2

u
v
0
>
v 1 > 0

2
u v < 0

x2 2 x x > 0

x 1 > 0

x2 2 x x < 0
x 1 < 0
x <1
x2 2 x > x
x >1
x2 2 x < x
(I )
( II )
Do x 2 nn ( I ) v nghim.
x > 1
x > 1
Ta gii ( II )
2
x > 1.
2
2
x
2
x
<
x
x
2
x
<
x
Kt hp vi iu kin x 2 th nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x 2.

IV.7. 1)
(1)
218
41
16 2
+ 3 (1)
x x
2
2
x + 3 0
3 x < 0
2

41x 16 0
3 x<0
16
x < 0 x
41
2

x>0
x
x 2 x > 0
x +3 0
2
2
8 x 7 x 1 0
41
x
16
2
+ 3
x(41x 16) = 9 x + 12 x + 4
x
x
2
3 x<0
2
3 x<0
2
x
x>0

3
x 2 x 1

3
x 1 x 1

8
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x < 0 x 1.
2) x 2 x (2 + 12 2 x x 2 ) (1)
iu kin: 12 2 x x 2 0 1 13 x 1 + 13
Xt x = 0. Bt phng trnh (1) ng nn x = 0 l nghim ca bt phng trnh.
Xt 0 < x 1 + 13
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi

0 < x 1 + 13
2
x 2 + 12 2 x x
0 < x 1 + 13
2
12 2 x x x 2
2 x 1 + 13
2
2
12 2 x x x 4 x + 4
2 x 1 + 13
2
x x 4 0
2 x 1 + 13
1 17
1 + 17
x
x
2
2
1 + 17
x 1 + 13
2
Xt 1 13 x < 0.

1 13 x < 0
2
x 2 + 12 2 x x
1 13 x < 0
2
12 2 x x x 2
1 13 x < 0.
219
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 1 13 x 0

3)
4 x2 +
1 + 17
x 1 + 13.
2
x
0 (1). Ta c bt phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
x
x > 0
x > 0
x > 0
4 x 2 + 1 0
4 x 2 1 4 x 2 0
x<0
x < 0
x < 0

2
2
2
4 x 1
4 x 1 0
4 x 1
x > 0
0 < x 2
3 x 2
2 x 2
x < 0
3 x < 0 x 0

3 x 3
3 x 2
x 0
4)
x 2 13 x + 40
19 x x 2 78
0 (1)
iu kin: 19 x x 2 78 > 0 6 < x < 13 (*). Khi
(1) x 2 13x + 40 0
5 x 8.
So vi iu kin (*) th nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 6 < x 8.
5) x 1 x < 0 (1)
Bt phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
2
1 x > x
2
1 x > x
x + x 1 < 0 1 5 < x < 1 + 5
x<0
2
2
x < 0
1 x < 0

1 + x 0
1 x < 0
1 + x > x
1 + 5
1 + 5
0 x<
1 x <
.
2
2
1 x < 0
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 1 x <
220
1 + 5
.
2
2 ( x 2 16 )
6)
x 3
7
(1)
x 3
+ x3 >
x 2 16 0
x 4 x 4
iu kin:
x 4(*)
x > 3
x 3 > 0
(1) 2 ( x 2 16 ) + x 3 > 7 2 ( x 2 16 ) > 10 x
10 x < 0
x > 10
2 ( x 16 ) 0
x 4 x 4

x 10
10 x 0
2
2
x 2 + 20 x 132 > 0
2 ( x 16 ) > 100 20 x + x
x > 10
x > 10
x 10
x < 10 232 10 + 232 < x 10

x < 10 232 x > 10 + 232
x < 10 232
x > 10 + 232
Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x > 10 + 232.
x 2 + 4 x + 4 x + 4 2 x 8 x > 0(1)
7)
iu kin: x 0. (1) tng ng vi
x x + 4 + 4 x + 4 2x 8 x > 0 x + 4
x +4
)(
x +4 2 x
x +4 >0
x+4 2 x >0 x+4 2 x >0 x+4 > 2 x
4
x + 4 > 4x x < .
3
4
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 0 x < .
3
8)
1
3x
+1 >
.
2
1 x
1 x2
iu kin: x < 1.

1 x2 + x2
3x
x2
3x
+
1
>
+ 2 > 0 (1).
2
2
2
1 x
1 x
1 x
1 x2
221
t t =
t < 1
, khi bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh t 2 3t + 2 > 0
1 x
t > 2.
x
a) Vi t < 1 th
1 x
<1 x < 1 x 2 (2).
Nu 1 < x 0 th bt phng trnh (2) ng.

Nu 0 < x < 1 th bt phng trnh (2) x 2 < 1 x 2 0 < x <
1
.
2
Tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh (2) l S1 = 1;

.
2
b) Vi t > 2 th
x
1 x2
> 2, do iu kin x < 1, nn ta c bt phng trnh
x > 2 1 x 2 (3).
x > 0
2 5
Bt phng trnh (3) 2
.
x>
2
5
x > 4(1 x )
Kt hp vi iu kin x < 1 ta c tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh (3) l

2 5
S 2 =
;1 .
5
1 2 5
Tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l S = S1 S2 = 1;

;1 .

2 5
9)
x > 1 + 3 x 1(1)
Cch 1. Ta nhn thy rng x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca (1) nn iu kin ca n l

x > 0. Vi iu kin x > 0 th hai v ca bt phng trnh (1) u dng nn bnh phng
hai v ca bt phng trnh ta c
x > 1 + 3 x 1
x > 1+ 2 3 x 1 +
x 1
x 1 2 3 x 1
x 1
> 0.
t t = 3 x 1 > 1, ( x > 0) ta c
t 3 t 2 2t > 0 t (t + 1)(t 2) > 0 t (t 2) > 0, (t + 1 > 0)
3 x 1 > 2
t > 2
x > 9
1 < t < 0
0 < x < 1.
1 < 3 x 1 < 0
Cch 2. t t = 3 x 1 t 3 = x 1 x = t 3 + 1. Ta c bt phng trnh

t 3 + 1 > 1 + t (2) . Ta cng nhn thy rng x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca (1) nn iu
kin ca n l x > 0, do 1 + t > 0.
222
Bnh phng hai v ca (2) ta c

t 3 + 1 > t 2 + 2t + 1 t 3 t 2 2t > 0 t ( t + 1)( t 2 ) > 0.
n y tip tc gii nh Cch 1 ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh cho.
10) x +
2x
x2 4
> 3 5(1)
x < 2
iu kin:
x > 2
Trng hp 1: x < 2 . Bt phng trnh (1) v nghim.
Trng hp 2: x > 2 . Bnh phng hai v ca (1) ta c bt phng trnh tng ng
2
2x
4x2
4x2
2
+ 2
> 45
x+ 2
> 45 x + 2
x 4
x 4 x 4
x 2 ( x 2 4 ) + 4 x2
x2 4
4x2
x2 4
> 45
x4
4x2
2
+
45 > 0.
x 4
x2 4
t t =
x2
x2 4
> 0.
t < 9
Ta c bt phng trnh t 2 + 4t 45 > 0
t > 5
Do t > 0 nn ta chn
t > 5
x2
x2 4
>5
x4
> 25 x 4 25 x 2 + 100 > 0
2
x 4
x < 2 5 x > 2 5
x 2 > 20
2
x < 5
5 < x < 5
Kt hp vi iu kin x > 2 ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l

2 < x < 5 x > 2 5.
IV.8.
x 5 2 x 6 + x 4 x 6 2 = m (1)
Ta c (1) tng ng vi
x 6 1 +
x 6 1 +
x6 2
=m
x 6 2 = m.
t t = x 6 0 . Ta c phng trnh t 1 + t 2 = m(2)
223
Xt hm s f ( t ) = t 1 + t 2 vi t 0
2t + 3; 0 t < 1
f (t ) = 1
;1 t < 2
2t 3 ; t 2
V th hm s f ( t )
f(t)
3
1
O
Da vo th ta c, phng trnh cho c ng hai nghim khi v ch khi 1 < m 3.

IV.9. 1) Ta c x + 4 x 2 + x 4 x 2 = m
2( x + 4 x 2 ) + 4 + 2 x 4 x 2 ) = 2m + 4
2( x + 4 x 2 ) + ( x + 4 x 2 )2 = 2m + 4 (1).
iu kin: 4 x 2 0 2 x 2 .
t t = f ( x) = x + 4 x 2 , 2 x 2. Khi (1) tr thnh
t 2 + 2t = 2m + 4 (2)
Ta tm min gi tr ca t.
Ta c
f ( x) = 1
x
4 x2
4 x 2 = x 2
2
4 x x
4 x = x
=0
x 0
x = 2.
2
4 x
2 < x < 2
2 < x < 2
=0
Cc im ti hn ca hm s f ( x ) l x = 2; x = 2; x = 2 .
Ta c: f (2) = 2 ; f (2) = 2 ; f ( 2) = 2 2 .
Maxf ( x ) = 2 2 , Min f ( x) = 2 . Vy, t 2; 2 2 . Nh vy, (1) c nghim
[ 2;2]
[ 2;2]
224
x [2; 2] khi v ch khi (2) c nghim t 2; 2 2 . iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi

2m + 4 thuc min gi tr ca hm s g (t ) = t 2 + 2t trn on [2; 2 2].
g (t ) = t 2 + 2t g (t ) = 2t + 2 = 0 t = 1 .
Bng bin thin ca hm g (t )
Phng trnh (2) c nghim khi 1 2m + 4 8 + 4 2
5
m 2+2 2 .
2
5
Vy, khi m 2 + 2 2 th phng trnh cho c nghim.
2
2)
1
4
1
+
+ 4 x = 4( + 2 x ) + m (1).
2
x
x
x
iu kin: x > 0. Ta c
2
1
1
1
(1) + 2.2 x . + (2 x )2 = 4( + 2 x ) + m
x
x
x
2
1
1
+ 2 x = 4( + 2 x ) + m
x
x
+ 2 x 4 + 2 x = m .
x
t t =
1
+ 2 x ta c phng trnh t 2 4t = m(2)
x
Ta tm min gi tr ca t.
t =
1
1
x2 x
1
+
=
= 0 x = 1. Lp bng bin thin ca hm t = + 2 x trn min
2
2
x
x
x
x x
(0; +) ta c min gi tr ca t l [3; +).
225
Xt hm s f (t ) = t 2 4t , t [3; +). Ta c f (t ) = 2t 4 = 0 t = 2 .
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f (t ) = t 2 4t , t [3; +) ta c min gi tr ca hm s l
[3; +).
Phng trnh (2) c nghim khi v ch khi m 3. .
Vy, m 3 th phng trnh cho c nghim.
5
IV.10. x 2 + m 2 x 2 + 4 + 2 m3 = 0(1)
3
t t = x 2 + 4 2 .
5
3
t m + 2 = 0(2). Nh vy, phng trnh (1) c nghim x khi v ch
3
khi phng trnh (2) c nghim t 2.
(1) t 2 + m2
Tam thc bc hai f (t ) v tri ca (2) c

2
2 5
=
m
+ 4 ( m3 + 2 ) > 0 , m > 0.
f 2 = m3 + 2m 2 4
( )
3
4
Xt g ( m ) = m3 + 2m 2 .
3
m
=
Ta c g ( m ) = 3m + 4m; g ( m ) = 0
3
m = 0
2
Ta c bng bin thin
Nh vy, vi m i m > 0 th g ( m ) < 0 . Hay f ( 2 ) < 0 vi m i m > 0.

T suy ra vi m i m > 0 th phng trnh ( 2 ) lun lun c hai nghim t1 , t2 phn bit,
v t1 < 2 < t2 .
T ta kt lun c phng trnh cho lun c nghim vi m i m > 0.
226
x + 1 + x + 4 + x 2 + 5 x + 4 + x + 2m = 0 (1)
IV.11.
x +1 0
x 1
iu kin:
x 1.
x + 4 0
x 4
(1)
1
2
x +1 + x + 4
) +(
x + 1 + x + 4 + 2m
5
=0
2
t t = x + 1 + x + 4 , x 1. R rng hm s t = x + 1 + x + 4 ng bin trn na

khong [1; +). Do vi x 0 th t 3.
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh t 2 + 2t + 4m 5 = 0 (2)

(1) c nghim khng m khi v ch khi (2) c nghim t 3. iu ny c tha khi v ch
khi 5 4m thuc min gi tr ca hm s f (t ) = t 2 + 2t trn na khong [3; +).
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f (t ) ta nhn c min gi tr ca hm s trn na khong
[3; +) l [15; +). Vy gi tr cn tm ca tham s m phi tha
5
5 4m 15 4m 10 m .
2
Vy, vi m
5
th phng trnh cho c nghim khng m.
2
IV.12. 5 + x + 7 x + m (5 + x )(7 x ) = 2m + 1 (1)

t t = 5 + x + 7 x , 5 x 7
Xt t = h( x ) = 5 + x + 7 x (*)
t = h( x ) =
1
1
= 0 x =1
2 5+ x 2 7 x
Bng bin thin ca hm s h( x)
Da vo bng bin thin ca hm s h( x), ta c nhn xt sau:

ng vi t = 2 6 th (*) cho ta mt gi tr x
ng vi m i gi tr t tha 2 3 t < 2 6 th (*) cho ta hai gi tr x
ng vi m i gi tr t tha t < 2 3 t > 2 6 th (*) v nghim x.
t 2 12
Ta c (1) t + m
= 2m + 1
2
227
m=
2t 2
(2)
16 t 2
Xt f (t ) =
f (t ) =
2t 2
vi t 2 3; 2 6
16 t 2
2t 2 4t + 32
> 0, t 2 3; 2 6
(16 t 2 ) 2
Bng bin thin ca hm s f (t )
Da vo nhn xt trn v bng bin thin ca hm s f (t ) ta c kt qu nh sau:

i) Nu m =
1 2 6
th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim.
4
1 2 6
m <
4
ii) Nu
th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim.
2 3 1
m
2
iii) Nu
1 2 6
2 3 1
<m<
4
2
IV.13. 3 x 1 + m x + 1 = 2 4 x 2 1.
iu kin: x 1 .
Vi x 1 ta c 3 x 1 + m x + 1 = 2 4 x 2 1
m=
t t =
2 4 x2 1 3 x 1
x +1
4
= 24
x 1
x 1
3
. (1)
x +1
x +1
x 1
.
x +1
Xt hm s h( x) = t =
x 1
Ta c h( x) =
x +1
1
x 1
2( x + 1) 2 4
x +1
> 0, x > 1
x 1
Do hm s h( x) ng bin trn [1; + ) . Ta c h(1) = 0 ; lim 4
= 1.
x +
x +1
228
Vy, khi x 1 th 0 t < 1

(1) tr thnh m = 3t 2 + 2t
Xt hm s f (t ) = 3t 2 + 2t
f (t ) = 6t + 2.
1
f (t ) = 0 6t + 2 = 0 t = .
3
Bng bin thin ca hm s f (t )
Da vo bng bin thin ta c

Vi 0 t < 1 th 1 < f (t )
1
.
3
1
Vy, gi tr m cn tm l 1 < m .
3
IV.14. m
x 2 2 x + 2 + 1 x 2 2 x + 6 + x 2 2 x + 2 (1)
t t = x 2 2 x + 2
Bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh m ( t + 1) t 2 + 4 + t

Vi x [ 0; 2 ] th t 1; 2
V t 1; 2 nn t + 1 0, do
(1) m
t2 + t + 4
( 2) .
t +1
Nh vy, (1) c nghim x [ 0; 2 ] khi v ch khi ( 2 ) c nghim t 1; 2 . iu ny

c tha khi v ch khi
t2 + t + 4
Min
m.
t1; 2
t +1
Xt f ( t ) =
f (t ) =
t2 + t + 4
, t 1; 2
t +1
t 2 + 2t 3
( t + 1)
t = 1
=0
t = 3
229
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f (t ) ta kt lun c hm s f ( t ) =
t2 + t + 4
ng bin
t +1
trn on [1; 2]. T ta c Min f (t ) = f (1) = 3.

t1; 2
Vy, gi tr m cn tm l m 3.
IV.15.
x 4 + 4 x + m + 4 x 4 + 4 x + m = 6 (1)
t t = 4 x 4 + 4 x + m 0 t 2 = x 4 + 4 x + m
t = 2
Khi phng trnh (1) thnh t 2 + t = 6
t = 2.
t = 3 < 0
Vi t = 2 ta c
4
x4 + 4 x + m = 2
x 4 + 4 x + m = 16
m = x 4 4 x + 16
Xt hm s f ( x ) = x 4 4 x + 16
f ( x ) = 4 x 3 4
f ( x ) = 0 x = 1
Lp bng bin thin
Da vo bng bin thin ta c gi tr m cn tm l m < 19.

IV.16. x 2 2 x 3 =
( m + 1)( x 3) (1)
V m > 1 nn m + 1 > 0. Do ta phi c iu kin x 3 0 x 3. Khi ta c
(1) ( x + 1)( x 3) = ( m + 1)( x 3)

x 3 ( x + 1) x 3 m + 1 = 0
x 3 = 0
x = 3
x = 3
3
2
( x + 1) x 3 m + 1 = 0
( x + 1) x 3 = m + 1
x x x 3 = m + 1(2)
Nh vy phng trnh (1) lun c mt nghim x = 3. Ta chng minh phng trnh (2) c
mt nghim trong khong (3; +).
230
x = 1
Tht vy, xt hm s f ( x) = x x x 3, f ( x ) = 3 x 2 x 1, f ( x) = 0
x = 1 .
3
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f ( x ) ta kt lun c vi m i m > 1 th phng trnh (2)

c mt nghim trong khong (3; +).
Vy, vi m i m > 1 phng trnh cho lun c hai nghim thc phn bit.
IV.17.
( x 1)
+ mx = m + 1 (1)
iu kin: x 1. Ta c nhn xt rng x = 1 khng l nghim ca phng trnh (1). Do

nghim ca phng trnh phi tha x > 1.
t t = x 1 > 0.
(1) t 3 + mt 2 1 = 0 ( 2 ) . Ta chng minh (2) c mt nghim duy nht
t > 0 vi m i m.
Tht vy ta c
( 2 ) mt 2 = 1 t 3
m=
1 t3
t2
Xt hm s f ( t ) =
Ta c f ( t ) =
f (t ) = 0
1 t3
, t > 0.
t2
2
1
t3
2
1 = 0 t 3 2 = 0 t = 3 2.
3
t
lim f ( t ) = ; lim+ f ( t ) = +.
t +
t o
Bng bin thin
Da vo bng bin thin, ta c ng thng y = m lun lun ct th hm s

1 t3
, t > 0 ti mt im duy nht. Suy ra phng trnh (2) c mt nghim duy nht
t2
t > 0 vi m i m.
f (t ) =
Vy, vi m i gi tr ca m th phng trnh cho lun c mt nghim duy nht.

IV.18.
(4 + x )(6 x ) x 2 2 x + m(1)
231
Gi s (1) ng vi m i x [4; 6], khi (1) cng ng vi x = 1 , tc l

(4 + 1)(6 1) 1 2 + m m 6.
Vi m 6, suy ra m 1 5 m 1 + ( x 1)2 5. Vi iu kin x [4; 6] th

x + 4 0, 6 x 0, do theo bt ng thc Csi ta c
(4 + x) + (6 x )
(4 + x )(6 x)
= 5. Nh vy ta c
2
(4 + x)(6 x)
(4 + x) + (6 x)
= 5 ( x 1) 2 + m 1 = x 2 2 x + m.
2
Vy, gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l m 6.
Ch . C th gii bi ton bng cch khc nh sau
t t = (4 + x )(6 x ) = x 2 + 2 x + 24 0, t = 0 t ti x = 4 x = 6.
t 2 = x 2 + 2 x + 24
t = (4 + x)(6 x )
1
(4 + x + 6 x) = 5
2
t = 5 x = 1 [ 4; 6]
Nh vy, vi x [ 4; 6] th t [ 0;5] .
(1) tr thnh t 2 + t 24 m 0(2). (1) ng vi m i x [4; 6] khi v ch khi (2) ng vi
m i t [ 0;5] .
1
Xt hm s g (t ) = t 2 + t 24 m g (t ) = 2t + 1; g = 0 2t + 1 = 0 t = .
2
Suy ra g (t ) ng bin trn [ 0;5]

Nn Max g (t ) = g (5) = 6 m.
[ 0,5]
g (t ) 0, t [ 0.5] Max g (t ) 0
[ 0,5]
6 m 0 m 6.
Vy, vi m 6 th tha yu cu bi ton.
IV.19. mx x 3 m + 1(1)
iu kin: x 3
232
(1) mx m 1 + x 3 m( x 1) 1 + x 3
V x 3 nn x 1 > 0 , do (1) m
1+ x 3
(2)
x 1
(1) c nghim x [3; + ) khi v ch khi (2) c nghim x [3; + ) khi v ch khi
1+ x 3
m.
x[3;+ )
x 1
Max
Xt hm s f ( x) =
f ( x) =
1+ x 3
, ta c
x 1
( x 1) 2 x 3(1 + x 3)
2 x 3( x 1)
x 1 2 x 3 2( x 3)
2 x 3( x 1)
x + 5 2 x 3
2 x 3( x 1)2
f ( x) = 0 x + 5 2 x 3 = 0
x 5
x 5
2
2
(5 x ) = 4( x 3)
25 10 x + x = 4 x 12
x 5
x
2
x = 7 + 2 3 x = 7 2 3
x 14 x + 37 = 0
x = 7 2 3
Bng bin thin
1+ x 3
3 +1
=
.
x[3;+ )
x 1
4
Da vo bng bin thin, ta c Max

Vy, gi tr m cn tm l m
IV.20.
3 +1
.
4
x 2 + mx + 2 = 2 x + 1 (1)
1
2
iu kin: 2 x + 1 0 x
(1) x 2 + mx + 2 = ( 2 x + 1) x 2 + mx + 2 = 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1
3x 2 + ( 4 m ) x 1 = 0(2)
233
t f ( x) = 3 x 2 + ( 4 m ) x 1. Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit khi v ch khi

1
phng trnh (2) c hai nghim phn bit ln hn hoc bng . iu ny xy ra khi v
2
ch khi
( 4 m )2 + 12 > 0
> 0
16 8m + m 2 + 12 > 0
3 1
1
m 9
af
(
)

0
2
4 2
2 4
S 1
(4 m) 1
m 1
+ >0
6 > 0
+ >0
2 2
6
2
m2 8m + 28 > 0
9
9
9
m
m
2 m .
2
2
m > 1
m 1
6 > 0
Vy, vi m
9
th phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit.
2
IV.21. ( x + 1)( x + 3) m x 2 + 4 x + 5 (1)

t t = x 2 + 4 x + 5 1. Khi (1) tr thnh t 2 2 mt t 2 mt 2 0.
a) Khi m = 1 , ta c bt phng trnh

t 2 + t 2 0 2 t 1. Nhng v t 1 nn ta phi c
t = 1 x 2 + 4 x + 5 = 1 x 2 + 4 x + 5 = 1 x 2 + 4 x + 4 = 0 x = 2.
Vy, khi m = 1 th bt phng trnh c nghim x = 2.

b) t = x 2 + 4 x + 5 1. t ( x ) =
x+2
2
x + 4x + 5
=0
x = 2 2; 2 + 3 .
Bng bin thin
234
2x + 4
2 x2 + 4 x + 5
x+2
x2 + 4x + 5
, t ( x ) = 0
Nh vy, vi x 2; 2 + 3 t [1; 2] .
Ta bin i (1) t 2 2 mt m
Xt hm s f ( t ) =
f ' (t ) =
t2 2
, t [1; 2] .
t
t2 2
, t [1; 2] .
t
2t 2 t 2 + 2 t 2 + 2
= 2 > 0, t [1; 2] .
t2
t
Ta c f (1) = 1, f ( 2 ) = 1
Vy, Maxf ( t ) = 1.
t[1;2]
Yu cu bi ton c tha khi v ch khi Maxf ( t ) < m m > 1.

t[1;2]
IV.22.
( 3 + x )( 7 x ) x 2 4 x + m (1)
t t =
( 3 + x )( 7 x ) =
x 2 + 4 x + 21 0
Bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh

t t 2 + 21 + m
t 2 + t 21 m ( 2 )
Xt hm s t ( x ) =
t ( x ) =
( 3 + x )( 7 x ) , x [ 3; 7]
x + 2
( 3 + x )( 7 x )
= 0 x = 2
Bng bin thin
Da vo bng bin thin, ta thy vi x [ 3; 7 ] th t [ 0;5] .

Do , (1) nghim ng x [ 3; 7 ] khi v ch khi ( 2 ) nghim ng t [ 0;5] khi v ch
khi Max ( t 2 + t 21) m.
t[0:5]
Xt hm s g ( t ) = t 2 + t 21
g ( t ) = 2t + 1 > 0, t [ 0;5]
235
Ta c g (0) = 21, g (5) = 9

Vy, Max g (t ) = 9
t[ 0:5]
Yu cu bi ton c tha khi v ch khi Maxg ( t ) m m 9.

t[1;2]
4 x 2 + 16 4 x m (1)
IV. 23.
Cch 1.
1
4 x 2 0
1
x
iu kin:
2 x 4.
2
16 4 x 0
x 4
Bt phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi
m 0
4 x 2 + 16 4 x m
m 0
2
2
4 2 2 x + 9 x 4 m 14
m 0
m 2 14 0
(I )
2
2
2
32 2 x 9 x + 4 + m 14 0
) (
2
1
1
Do 2 x 2 9 x + 4 > 0 x ; 4 nn 32 2 x 2 9 x + 4 + m 2 14 0, x ; 4
2
2
) (
m 0
m 14.
m 14 0 m 14 m 14
m 0
(I )
Vy, vi m 14 th bt phng trnh cho c nghim.

Cch 2. 4 x 2 + 16 4 x m (1)
(1)
c nghim khi v ch khi Min
1
x ;4
2
Xt hm s y = f ( x ) = 4 x 2 + 16 4 x
y = f ( x ) =
236
2
2
4x 2
16 4 x
4 x 2 + 16 4 x m
16 4 x = 4 x 2
9
y' = 0 1
x=
4
<x<4
2
Ta c
9
1
f = 2 7; f = 14; f ( 4 ) = 14.
4
2
Vy, Min f ( x ) = 14. Do gi tr m cn tm l m 14.
1
x ;4
2
IV.24. 1 x 2 m x (1)
iu kin: 1 x 1
Ta c (1) 1 x 2 + x m
(1) c nghim Max ( 1 x 2 + x ) m
x[ 1;1]
Xt hm s y = f ( x ) = 1 x 2 + x; x [ 1;1]
y' =
x
1 x2
+1
x
+1 = 0
y = 0 1 x 2
1 < x < 1
1 x 2 = x
1 < x < 1
x 0
2 x2 = 1
1 < x < 1
x 0
x = 2
2
2
x=

2
x = 2
1 < x < 1
Ta c f (1) = 1 ; f (1) = 1 ; f (
2
)= 2.
2
237
Suy ra Max ( 1 x 2 + x ) = 2 . Vy, gi tr m cn tm l m 2.

x[ 1;1]
IV.25. 12 3 x 2 x m(1)
iu kin: x [ 2; 2] . Ta c (1) x 12 3x 2 m
Xt hm s y = x 12 3 x 2 vi x [ 2; 2] .
y = 1
3 x
12 3 x 2
12 3x 2 + 3 x
12 3 x 2
2 < x < 2
2 < x < 2
2 < x < 2
y = 0
x 0
2
2
12 3x 2 = 9 x 2
12 3 x + 3x = 0
12 3 x = 3 x
2 < x 0
x = 1.
x = 1 x = 1
Bng bin thin
Da vo bng bin thin, suy ra bt phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi
m=2.
IV.26. m 2 x 2 + 7 < x + m (1)
1) Khi m =
1
th bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh
2
2 x + 1 > 0
1
1
2x2 + 7 < x + 2x2 + 7 < 2x +1 2
2
2
2
2 x + 7 < ( 2 x + 1)
1
x>
1
1
2
x >
x >
x > 1.
2
2
x < 3
2 x 2 + 7 < 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1 x 2 + 2 x 3 > 0

x > 1
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho khi m =
2) Ta c (1) m 2 x 2 + 7 < x + m m
238
1
l (1; + ) .
2
2x2 + 7 1 < x m <
x
2
2x + 7 1
(V
2 x 2 + 7 1 > 0, x )
x
Xt f ( x ) =
2x2 + 7 1
f ( x) =
7 2x2 + 7
2x2 + 7
2 x2 + 7 1
f ( x ) = 0 2 x 2 + 7 = 7 2 x 2 + 7 = 49
2 x 2 = 42 x 2 = 21 x = 21 x = 21.
Ta c Limf ( x ) =
x
f ( 21) =
2
2
, Limf ( x ) =
.
2
2
x +
21
21
, f ( 21) =
.
6
6
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f ( x ) ta c Min f ( x ) =

x
21
.
6
Vy, bt phng trnh (1) nghim ng vi m i x khi v ch khi

21
.
m < Min f ( x ) m <
6
x
IV.27.
x 2 2mx > 1 x (1)
1
Vi x 1; th (1) tng ng vi
4
2
x 2 2mx > (1 x ) x 2 2mx > 1 2 x + x 2 2 ( m 1) x + 1 < 0.
t f ( x) = 2 ( m 1) x + 1.
Yu cu bi ton c tha khi v ch khi

m 1
1
m < 1
+1 < 0
m + 1 < 0
f( )<0
4
1 m < 1.
2
m
1
<
0
m
<
f (1) < 0
2
2 ( m 1) + 1 < 0
Vy, gi tr m tha mn yu cu bi ton l m < 1.
IV.28. m
x 2 + 2 4 x 2 4 x + 2 = 2 4 x 2 4 (1)
iu kin: x 2.
Vi x = 2, phng trnh (1) khng tha. V vy chia hai v ca (1) cho

2 4 x2 4
m 1 +
=
x 2
x+2
x + 2 2 4 x2 4
+
m 1 + 2 4
=
x2
x 2
x2
x 2 ta c
x+2
x+2
+ 24
.
x2
x2
239
t t =
t 2 + 2t
x+2
, t > 1. Ta c phng trnh m (1 + 2t ) = t 2 + 2t m =
.
x2
2t + 1
Phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi m thuc min gi tr ca hm s

t 2 + 2t
, t > 1.
y = f (t ) =
2t + 1
Ta c f (t ) =
2t 2 + 2t + 2
> 0, do hm s f (t ) ng bin. Tp gi tr ca hm s f (t )
( 2t + 1)
trn min (1; + ) l (1; + ) . Vy, gi tr cn tm ca tham s
IV.29. x 3 + 3x 2 1 m
x x 1
m l m > 1.
iu kin: x 1. Vi iu kin x 1 bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi

x3 + 3x 2 1
x x 1
m ( x 3 + 3 x 2 1)
x + x 1 m.
Bt phng trnh cho c nghim x 1 khi v ch khi
)(
m Min x 3 + 3x 2 1
Cc hm s y = x 3 + 3x 2 1; y =
)(
s y = x 3 + 3x 2 1
x + x 1 ng bin v khng m trn [1; +) nn hm
x + x 1 cng ng bin trn [1; +).
)(
x + x 1 , x [1; +).
Suy ra Min x 3 + 3 x 2 1
x + x 1 = f (1) = 3. Vy, gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l
m 3.
IV.30.
2 x + 2 x + 2 4 6 x + 2 6 x = m.(1)
iu kin 0 x 6. t
f ( x ) = 4 2 x + 2 x + 2 4 6 x + 2 6 x , f ( x ) =
1
2 4 ( 2x)
1 1
=
2 4 ( 2 x )3
1
4
(6 x)
1
1
1
3
2x 2 4 (6 x )
6 x
+ 1 1 .
2 x
6 x

1
1 1 1
1
= 4
4
+4
+
2
4
2
6 x 4 ( 2x)
2x 6 x
2x

f ( x) = 0 x = 2.
1
4
(6 x)
+ 1 + 1
4 2 x 4 6 x
Ta tnh c f (0) = 2 6 + 2 4 6; f (2) = 3 2 + 6; f (6) = 4 12 + 2 3.

240
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f ( x ) trn on [ 0; 6] ta c gi tr ca tham s m cn

tm phng trnh (1) c ng hai nghim thc l 2
6 + 4 6 m < 3 2 + 6.
IV.31. x 2 + mx 1 > ( x + m ) x 2 1(1)

t t = x 2 1 t 2 = x 2 1 x 2 = t 2 + 1. (1) c a v dng t 2 ( x + m ) t + mx 0(2)
2
Coi v tri ca (2) l tam thc bc 2 theo t ta c = ( x m ) . Khi f (t ) c cc nghim

t = m, t = x. Vy (2) c dng ( t m )( t x ) > 0
Theo bi ra, do x < 1 nn
x2 1 m
)(
x 2 1 x > 0(3).
x 2 1 x > 0. V vy (3) tng ng vi
x 2 1 m > 0 x 2 1 > m. Xt hm s
y = x 2 1, x < 1 y =
x
2
x 1
< 0, x < 1.
Suy ra hm s nghch bin trn (; 1), ta c Limy = +, Limy = 0.

x
x 1
Vy, vi m i gi tr ca tham s m th bt phng trnh cho lun lun c nghim x

tha x < 1.
IV.32. x 2 + mx 4 = ( x + m ) x 2 4(1)
x 2
iu kin:
. t t = x 2 4 t 2 = x 2 4 x 2 = t 2 + 4.
x
2
(1) c a v dng t 2 ( x + m ) t + mx = 0(2)

2
Coi v tri ca (2) l tam thc bc 2 theo t ta c = ( x m ) . Khi f (t ) c cc nghim

t = m, t = x. Vy (2) c dng
( t m )( t x ) = 0 (
x2 4 m
)(
x2 4 x = 0
x2 4 x = 0
x 2 4 = x(3)
x 2 4 m = 0
x 2 4 = m(4)
Ta c (3) v nghim. i vi phng trnh (4) ta xt hm s

f ( x) = x 2 4, x 2 x 2
f ( x) =
x
x2 4
f ( x) < 0, x < 2; f ( x) > 0, x > 2.
f (2) = f (2) = 0. Ta c Limf ( x ) = +, Lim f ( x ) = +.

x
x +
Vy, phng trnh cho c nghim khi m 0.

241
CHNG V.
PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT
V.1.1) 4 x 10.2 x 1 = 24 (1)
(1) ( 2 x )
5.2 x = 24
t t = 2 x > 0. Phng trnh (1) tr thnh
t 2 5t = 24
t 2 5t 24 = 0
t = 8
t = 3
So vi iu kin ta chn t = 8 2 x = 8 x = 3.
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 3.
2 ) 4.22 x 6 x = 18.32 x (1)
2x
2
2
(1) 4. = 18
3
3
x
2
t t = > 0. Phng trnh (1) tr thnh
3
4t 2 t = 18
4t 2 t 18 = 0
9
t=
4
t = 2
x
9 2 9
So vi iu kin ta chn t = = x = 2.
4 3
4

2
3) 3log3 x + x log3 x = 162 (1)

iu kin: x > 0
log3 x
Ta c x = 3
2
log x
3
(1) 3
2
log x
3
2.3
242
2
log x
3
+3
= 162
log 3 x
log3 x
= 3
= 162
log3 x
2
log x
3
=3
, do
2
log x
3
= 81
log 32 x = 4
log 3 x = 2
log 3 x = 2
x = 32 = 9
x = 32 = 1 .
9
1
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 9; x = .
9
4) 9
log 1 2 x 2 +1
log 1 ( x +1)
=5
(1)
x +1 > 0
iu kin: 2
x > 1
2 x + 1 > 0
2log
(1) 3
31
( x +1)
log
=5
32log3 ( x +1) = 5
51
( 2 x +1)
log5 2 x 2 +1
log5 2 x 2 +1
3log3 ( x +1) = 5
2
( x + 1) = ( 2 x 2 + 1)
x2 + 2 x + 1 = 2 x 2 + 1
x2 2 x = 0
x = 0
x = 2
5) 4 x
x2 5
12.2 x 1
x2 5
+ 8 = 0(1)
iu kin: x 2 5 0 x 5
(1) (2 x
x2 5 2
t t = 2 x
x 2 5
) 6.2 x
x2 5
+8 = 0
t = 4
( t > 0). Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh t 2 6t + 8 = 0
(Nhn).
t = 2
+ Vi t = 2 2 x
x 2 5
= 2 x x2 5 = 1 x2 5 = x 1
243
x 1 0
x 1
x=3
2
2
2 x = 6
( x 1) = x 5
+ Vi t = 4 2 x
x 2 5
= 4 2 x
x2 5
= 22 x x 2 5 = 2 x 2 5 = x 2
x 2 0
x 2
9
x=
2
2
4
4 x = 9
( x 2) = x 5
9
4
6) 9 x
+ x 1
10.3x
(3x
+ x 1 2
t t = 3x
+ x 1
+ x2
+ 1 = 0(1)
10 x2 + x 1
.3
+1 = 0
3
(t > 0). Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh
t = 3
10
t t + 1 = 0 1 (Nhn).
t =
3
3
2
+ Vi t =
2
2
x = 0
1
1
3x + x 1 = 3x + x x = 31 x 2 + x 1 = 1 x( x + 1) = 0
3
3
x = 1
+ Vi t = 3 3x
+ x 1
x = 1
= 3 x 2 + x 1 = 1 x2 + x 2 = 0
x = 2
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 2; x = 1; x = 0; x = 1.

7) 3.4 x + (3 x 10).2 x + 3 x = 0(1)
3(2 x )2 + (3x 10).2 x + 3 x = 0
t t = 2 x (t > 0). Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh
3t 2 + (3 x 10)t + 3 x = 0(2). Ta coi v tri ca phng trnh (2) l mt tam thc bc hai
ca bin t , khi ta c
2
= ( 3 x 10 ) 4.3. ( 3 x ) = 9 x 2 60 x + 100 36 + 12 x
2
= 9 x 2 48 x + 64 = ( 3x 8 ) .
244
1
t=
V vy (2) 3
t = 3 x
+ Vi t =
1
1
1
2 x = x = log 2 .
3
3
3
+ Vi t = 3 x, ta c phng trnh 2 x = 3 x 2 x + x 3 = 0(3)

Ta thy x = 1 l nghim ca ( 3) .
Mt khc, ta li c y = 2 x + x 3 l mt hm s tng trn nn phng trnh (3) ch c
mt nghim duy nht x = 1.
1
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = log 2 ; x = 1.
3
8) x 2 + (2 x 3) x + 2(1 2 x ) = 0(1). Ta coi (1) l phng trnh bc hai theo n x. Khi

x = 2
(1)
x
x = 1 2
Gii phng trnh x = 1 2 x 2 x + x = 1( 2 )

Ta thy x = 0 l nghim ca ( 2 ) . Tht vy 20 + 0 = 1 (ng).
Mt khc, ta li c y = 2 x + x l hm tng trn , y = 1 l hm hng.
Nn x = 0 l nghim duy nht ca ( 2 ) .
9) 4.33 x 3x +1 = 1 9 x (1)
iu kin: 1 9 x 0 9 x 1 x 0.
(1) 4.33 x 3.3x = 1 32 x .
Vi iu kin x 0 th 0 < 3x 1, ta t 3x = cos t vi t [0; ) . Khi ta c phng

2
trnh 4 cos 3 t 3cos t = 1 cos 2 t
cos 3t = sin t cos 3t = sin t (Do t [0; ) )

2
245
cos 3t = cos t
2
k
3t = 2 t + k 2
t = 8 + 2
, ( k ).
t = + k
3t = + t + k 2
2
4
Do t [0; ) nn ta chn t = 3x = cos x = log 3 cos .

2
8
8
8
Ta c cos
= 2cos 2
1 cos 2
2+ 2
2+ 2
cos =
.
4
8
2
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = log 3

10) 4 x
3 x + 2
+ 4x
+ 6 x +5
= 42 x
+3 x + 7
2+ 2
.
2
+1
Ta vit li phng trnh cho di dng

4x
3 x + 2
4x
+ 4x
3 x + 2
+ 6 x +5
= 4x
)(
1 1 4x
3 x + 2
.4 x
+ 6 x +5
+ 6 x +5
+1
)=0
4 x 3 x + 2 1 = 0
4 x 3 x + 2 = 1 x 2 3 x + 2 = 0
x = 1 x = 2
2
2
2
1 4 x + 6 x+ 5 = 0
4 x +6 x + 5 = 1 x + 6 x + 5 = 0
x = 1 x = 5.
2
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 1; x = 2; x = 1; x = 5.

11) e

sin x
4
= tan x.
iu kin: cos x 0 x
+ k , ( k ) .
D thy sin x = 0 khng tha mn phng trnh.

Phng trnh cho tng ng vi e
2 (sinx - cosx )
2
2 sinx
u = s inx
t
. Ta c u , v ( 1;1) ; u , v 0.
v = cosx
e
T (1) ta c phng trnh
Xt hm s y = f ( x) =
246
2u
2
u
2x
2
2v
2
2cosx
s inx
e 2
e 2
=
=
cosx
sinx
cosx
, vi x (1;0) (0;1).
(1)
2x
1)e
2
y =
x2
v (0;1).
(
2x
2
( 2 x 2)e
2 x2
2x
2
< 0 suy ra hm s nghch bin trn cc khong (1; 0)
Ta thy u, v cng du nn u, v cng thuc mt khong ( 1 ; 0) hoc (0; 1).

T gi thit f (u ) = f (v ) u = v tan x = 1 x =
+ k .
i chiu vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l

x=
+ k , ( k ) .
V.2.1) 4 x 2.52 x 10 x > 0(1)
4x
52 x
2.
1 > 0
10 x
10 x
x
2
5
2. 1 > 0
5
2
x
2
t t = > 0. Bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh
5
2
t 1 > 0
t
t2 t 2 > 0
t < 1
t > 2
So vi iu kin t > 0 ta nhn t > 2 .
x
2
Nh vy ta c > 2 x < log 2 2 .
5
5
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ;log 2 2 .

5
2) 9 x 3x + 2 > 3x 9
3x 9 < 0
x x+2
9 3 0
x
3 9 0
9 x 3x + 2 9 x 18.3x + 81
x < 2
x 2 x 2
x 2
x 2
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l [2; +).

247
3)
4x + 2 x 4
2(1)
x 1
1
x 2
4x 2 0
2 x 1
x
4 2
x > 1
1
x > 1
x 1 > 0
(1)
0
x <1
x
2 x 1
x 1
2
x 1
4 2 0
2
x 1 < 0
x < 1
x < 1
1
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ;1 .
2
4) 15.2 x +1 + 1 2 x 1 + 2 x +1
t t = 2 x > 0
Bt phng trnh cho tr thnh 30t + 1 t 1 + 2t

+ Xt 0 < t < 1
Ta c 30t + 1 t 1 + 2t
30t + 1 1 t + 2t
30t + 1 1 + t
30t + 1 t 2 + 2t + 1
t 2 28t 0
0 t 28
So vi iu kin 0 < t < 1 ta c 0 < t < 1 0 < 2 x < 1 x < 0.
+ Xt t 1
Ta c 30t + 1 t 1 + 2t
30t + 1 t 1 + 2t
30t + 1 3t 1
30t + 1 9t 2 6t + 1 (do t 1 3t 1 > 0)

9t 2 36t 0
0t 4
So vi iu kin t 1 ta c 1 t 4 1 2 x 4 0 x 2.
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l (; 2].
2
5) 2(log2 x ) + x log2 x 4(1)

248
t t = log 2 x x = 2t . Ta c bt phng trnh

2
2t + 2t 4
2
2t 2
t2 1
1 t 1
Suy ra 1 log 2 x 1
1
x2
2
1
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ; 2 .
2
6)
10 3
x +1
x +3
10 + 3
x 3
x 1
0(1)
Ta c
10 3
)(
10 + 3 = 1
10 3 =
10 + 3
do bt phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
10 + 3
x +1
x+3
x +1
x +3
x 1 x 3
x + 3 x 1
10 + 3
10 + 3
x 3
x 1
10 + 3
x 3
x 1
x +1 x 3
+
0
x + 3 x 1
2 x 2 10
0
( x + 3)( x 1)
3 < x 5
1 < x 5
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l (3; 5] (1; 5].
7) 4 x 2 + x.2 x
+1
+ 3.2 x > x 2 .2 x + 8 x + 12

4 x 2 + x.2 x
+1
+ 3.2 x x 2 .2 x 8 x 12 > 0
2
) (
x2 4 2x 2 x 4 2x 3 4 2x
)>0
249
4 2x
)( x
2 x 3) > 0
4 2 x2 > 0
2 x2 < 4
x 2 2 x 3 > 0
x < 1 x > 3
2
x2
x
4 2 < 0
2 > 4
2
1 < x < 3
x 2 x 3 < 0
2 < x < 2
2 < x < 1
x < 1 x > 3
2 < x < 3
x < 2 x > 2
1 < x < 3
) (
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 2; 1

8)
8 + 2 x +1 4 x + 2 x +1 > 5
t t = 2 x > 0.
Bt phng trnh cho tr thnh

8 + 2t t 2 + 2t > 5
8 + 2t t 2 > 5 2t
5 2t < 0
2
8 + 2t t 0
5 2t 0

8 + 2t t 2 > ( 5 2t ) 2
5
t > 2
2 t 4
t 5
2
5t 2 22t + 17 < 0
5
2 < t 4
1< t 4
1 < t 5
2
Suy ra 1 < 2 x 4 0 < x 2 .
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( 0; 2] .
250
2;3 .
x+2
1 2 x
9)
>9
3
x+2
< 2
2 x
x + 2 + 2 (2 x )
2 x
<0
x+2 2 x +4
< 0(1)
2 x
+ Xt trng hp x < 2
x 2 + 2x + 4
<0
x+2
1 < 0.
(1)
Trng hp ny (1) khng nghim ng.

+ Xt trng hp 2 < x < 0
x + 2 + 2x + 4
<0
x+2
3 < 0.
(1)
(1) cng khng nghim ng.

+ Xt trng hp x > 0
x + 2 2x + 4
<0
x + 2
x 6
< 0 2 < x < 6.

x2
(1)
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( 2; 6 ) .

2
V. 3. 2m x + 6 24 x +3m = 4 m 2 x + 3m 6 (1)
2
(1) 2m x+6 24 x+ 3m = ( m2 x + 6 ) + 4 x + 3m
2
2 m x + 6 + m 2 x + 6 = 24 x +3m + 4 x + 3m
Xt hm s f ( t ) = 2t + t.
Hm s ny ng bin trn .
Phng trnh (1) c vit di dng
f m 2 x + 6 = f ( 4 x + 3m )
251
m 2 x + 6 = 4 x + 3m
( m 2 4 ) x = 3m 6
Vy, ta c
+ Nu m = 2 th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
+ Nu m = 2 th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
+ Nu m 2 th phng trnh (1) c nghim l x =
3m 6
.
m2 4
V.4. 4 x + 4 x = m 2 x + 2 x + 1 (1) . t t = 2 x + 2 x ( t 2 )
Suy ra t 2 = 4 x + 4 x + 2
t 2 mt m 2 = 0 t 2 2 = m ( t + 1)
t2 2
= m (2)
t +1
t2 2
, t 2 . Phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi ng thng y = m
t +1
t2 2
ct th hm s y = f (t ) =
( t 2 ) ti t nht mt im.
t +1
Xt f ( t ) =
Ta c f ' ( t ) =
t 2 + 2t + 2
( t + 1)
> 0, t 2
Lp bng bin thin
Da vo bng bin thin ta c vi m
2
th phng trnh (1) c nghim.
3
2
Vy, phng trnh (1) c nghim khi m .
3
4 x + y = 128
V.5. 1) 3 x 2 y 3 .
=1
5
Ta c h phng trnh cho tng ng vi
252
x = 2
22( x + y ) = 27
2( x + y ) = 7
2 x + 2 y = 7
2 x + 2 y = 7
3 x 2 y 3
3
0
=5
3 x 2 y 3 = 0
3 x 2 y = 3
5 x = 10
5
y = 2
3
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l 2; .
2
8log9 ( x 4 y ) = 1
2) x 2 y
7.2 x 2 y = 8
4
x = 4 y + 1
log 9 ( x 4 y ) = 0
x = 4y +1
x2 y
7.2 x 2 y = 8 42 y +1 7.22 y +1 = 8 22 y +1 7.22 y +1 8 = 0

4
x = 4 y +1
x = 4 y + 1 x = 5
22 y +1 = 8 2 y
y =1
2 = 4
2 y +1
2
=
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l (5;1).

23 x = 5 y 2 4 y
3) 4 x + 2 x +1
=y
x
2 +2
y = 0
x = 0
23 x = 5 y 2 4 y
3x
2
3
2
2 = 5 y 4 y
y 5 y + 4 y = 0
y =1
y =1
x
x

2x 2x + 2
x = 2
=y
2 = y
2 = y
y = 4
x
2 +2
2 x = y
y = 4
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( 0;1) ; ( 2; 4 ) .

9log2 ( xy ) = 3 + 2( xy )log2 3
4) 2
(I )
2
x + y = 3 x + 3 y + 6
iu kin: xy > 0
9log2 ( xy ) = 3 + 2( xy )log2 3
(I )
2
( x + y ) = 3( x + y ) + 2 xy + 6
t t = ( xy )log2 3 >0 log 3 t = log 2 ( xy )
Khi , phng trnh 9log2 ( xy ) = 3 + 2( xy )log2 3 tr thnh

2
t = 1
9log3 t = 3 + 2t 3log3 t = 3 + 2t t 2 = 3 + 2t t 2 2t 3 = 0
t = 3
Chn t = 3 ( xy )log2 3 = 3 log 2 3log 3 ( xy ) = 1 log 2 ( xy ) = 1 xy = 2

253
Thay xy = 2 vo phng trnh ( x + y )2 = 3( x + y ) + 2 xy + 6 ta c

x + y = 5
( x + y )2 3( x + y ) 10 = 0
x + y = 2
xy = 2
x + y = 5
Suy ra ( I )
xy = 2
x + y = 2
xy = 2
+ Gii h
( I )
x + y = 5
Nh vy, x, y l nghim ca phng trnh
5 + 17
X =
2
X 2 5X + 2 = 0
5 17
X =
2
5 + 17 5 17 5 17 5 + 17
Suy ra h phng trnh ( I ) c hai nghim l
;
;
;
.
2
2
2
2
xy = 2
+ Gii h
( I )
x
+
y
=
Ta c x, y l nghim ca phng trnh X 2 + 2 X + 2 = 0 (Phng trnh v nghim)

Do h phng trnh ( I ) v nghim.
5 + 17 5 17 5 17 5 + 17
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l
;
;
;
.
2 2
2
2
( x 2 + y )2 y x = 1
5)
(I )
2
x2 y
9( x + y ) = 6
2
x 2 + y = 2 x y
x 2 + y = 2 x
(I )
2
x2 y
x2 y
= 6x y
9.2
9 = 3
2
x 2 + y = 2 x
2
x = 2 + y
y =1
2
x = 2 + y
254
2 + 2 y = 4
2
x = 2 + y
2
x
x + y = 2
2
x y = 2
x = 3
y =1
y =1
y = 1
2
x = 3
x = 3
x = 3
=
x
3
y = 1
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l
)(
3;1 ; 3;1 .
x
y
3 3 = ( y x)( xy + 8)
6) 2
(I )
2
x + y = 8
3x 3 y = ( y x )( xy + x 2 + y 2 )
(I ) 2
2
x + y = 8
3x 3 y = xy 2 + x 2 y + y 3 x 3 xy 2 x 2 y
3x + x 3 = 3 y + y 3
2
2
2
2
x + y = 8
x + y = 8
Xt hm s f ( u ) = 3u + u 3 , hm s ny ng bin trn .
Do , phng trnh 3x + x 3 = 3 y + y 3 x = y
Khi h phng trnh cho tng ng vi
x = 2
x = y
x = y
x = y
y = 2
2
x = 2
2
2
x = 2
x + y = 8 2 x = 8 x = 2
y = 2
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( 2; 2 ) ; ( 2; 2 ) .
3x + x = 3 + y (1)
7) y
3 + y = 3 + x(2)
Tr (1) cho (2) v theo v ta c 3x + x 3 y y = y x 3x + 2 x = 3 y + 2 y.
Xt hm s c trng f ( t ) = 3t + 2t ( t )
Ta c f ( t ) = 3t ln3 +2 > 0, t .
Suy ra hm s f ( t ) ng bin trn .
Do phng trnh 3x + 2 x = 3 y + 2 y x = y
Khi h phng trnh cho tng ng vi
x = y
x = y
x = 1
x
x
3 + x = 3 + x
3 = 3 y = 1
255
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l (1;1) .

22 x +1 3.2 x = y 2 2
8)
(I )
2 y 2 3 y = 22 x 2
Ta c h phng trnh ( I ) tng ng vi
2 ( 2 y 2 3 y + 2 ) 3. 2 y 2 3 y + 2 = y 2 2
2 y 2 3 y + 2 = 22 x
y 2 2 y + 2 = 2 y2 3 y + 2
2 y 2 3 y + 2 = 22 x
y 4 4 y3 + 6 y 2 5 y + 2 = 0
2x
2
2 y 3 y + 2 = 2
( y 1)( y 2 ) y 2 y + 1 = 0
2 2 x = 2 y 2 3 y + 2
y 1 = 0
y 2 = 0
2x
2
2 = 2 y 3 y + 2
x = 0
y = 1
y = 1
2 x = 0
x = 1

=
2
y
x = 1
2 x = 2
y = 2
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( 0;1) ; (1; 2 ) ; ( 1; 2 ) .
Ch . C th lm theo cch khc nh sau:
t u = 2 x 1. H phng trnh cho tr thnh h i xng loi II
2
2
2u 3u = y 2
(I )
2
2
2 y 3 y = u 2
Tr theo v ca hai phng trnh ca h cho nhau ta c

u = y
2(u 2 y 2 ) 3(u y ) = (u 2 y 2 ) 3(u y )(u + y 1) = 0
y = 1 u
+ Vi u = y th h phng trnh ( I ) tng ng vi
256
u = y
u = y
u = y = 1
2
2
u = 1 u = 2
u = y = 2
2u 3u = u 2
2 x = 1
x = 0
y = 1
y =1
x = 1 x = 1
x
2 = 2
y = 2
y = 2
+ Vi y = 1 u th h phng trnh ( I ) v nghim.

Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( 0;1) ; (1; 2 ) ; ( 1; 2 ) .
4log3 ( xy ) = 2 + ( xy )log3 2
9)
2
2
x + y 3x 3 y = 12
iu kin: xy > 0

22.log3 ( xy ) = 2 + 2log3 ( xy )
22.log3 ( xy ) 2log3 ( xy ) 2 = 0
2
2
( x + y ) 2 xy 3 ( x + y ) = 12
( x + y ) 2 xy 3 ( x + y ) = 12
2log3 ( xy ) = 1 (VN )
log3 ( xy )

=2
2
log3 ( xy )
2
=2
2
( x + y ) 2 xy 3 ( x + y ) = 12
2
( x + y ) 2 xy 3 ( x + y ) = 12
log 3 ( xy ) = 1
xy = 3
2
2
( x + y ) 3 ( x + y ) 18 = 0
( x + y ) 2 xy 3 ( x + y ) = 12
xy = 3
x + y = 6
x + y = 3
xy = 3
x=3+
y =3
xy = 3
x + y = 6
xy = 3
x=3
x+ y =6
(VN )
x + y = 3
y =3+
6
6
6
6
)(
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l 3 + 6;3 6 ; 3 6;3 + 6 .

2x
2y
2 + 4 = 2
10 ) x
y
x+ 2 y
=3
2 + 4 + 2
257
x
u > 0
u = 2
t
.
u
ki
n:
y
v = 4
v > 0
u 2 + v 2 = 2
H phng trnh cho tr thnh
u + v + uv = 3
2
( u + v ) 2 + 2 ( u + v ) 6 = 2
( u + v ) 2uv = 2
u
v
uv
3
+
+
=
uv = ( u + v ) + 3
u + v = 2
( u + v ) 2 + 2 ( u + v ) 8 = 0
u + v = 4
uv = ( u + v ) + 3
uv = u + v + 3
(
)
u + v = 4
(VN )
u = 1
uv = 7
u + v = 2
v = 1.
uv = 1
x
2 = 1 x = 0
Suy ra y
4 = 1 y = 0.
Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l ( 0; 0 ) .

y
x2 1
y 2 1
= ln
(1)
2 2
x
11)
y 2 + 3 + 2 y = 3 + x (2)
iu kin: x > 0, y > 0.
(1)
2
1 x2
(2 2 y ) = ln y ln x
2
2 x 2 y = 2 ( ln y ln x )
2 x 2 y = ln y 2 ln x 2
2
2 x + ln x 2 = 2 y + ln y 2
Xt hm s f (t ) = 2t + ln t ( t > 0 ) . Khi ta c f ( x 2 ) = f ( y 2 ).
Ta c hm s f (t ) tng trn (0; +) nn suy ra f ( x 2 ) = f ( y 2 ) x 2 = y 2 .
Vi x 2 = y 2 , h phng trnh cho tr thnh
258
x y = 0
x 2 = y 2
x + y = 0
2
y + 3 + 2 y = 3 + x
2
y +3 + 2 y = 3+ x
x = y
2
(do x > 0, y > 0 ).
x + 3 = 3 x
Ta c hm s y = 3 x nghch bin trn D = [0; +) v hm s y = x 2 + 3 l mt
hm s ng bin trn , do cng ng bin trn D = [0; +). Theo tnh cht ca hm
s n iu th phng trnh x 2 + 3 = 3 x c nhiu nht mt nghim, kim tra c
x = 1 l nghim ca phng trnh.
Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l (1;1).
x + y = 1
12) x
(I )
y
=
2
2
2
y
x
2 x+ y = 2
2 . 2 = 2
(I ) x
y
x
y
2 2 = 2
2 + 2 = 2
x
u = 2
t
, iu kin u > 0, v < 0. Ta c h
y
v = 2
u + v = 2
, khi u, v l nghim ca
u.v = 2
t = 1 + 3
phng trnh t 2 2t 2 = 0
. Nh vy ta c
t = 1 3
u = 1 + 3
2 x = 1 + 3
x = log 2 1 + 3
y
v = 1 3
2 = 1 3
y = log 2 3 1
(
(
)
)
( (
Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l log 2 1 + 3 ; log 2
))
3 1 .
23 x +1 + 2 y 2 = 3.23 x + y (1)
13)
2
3 x + xy + 1 = x + 1(2)
x 1
x + 1 0
(2) 2
3 x + xy + 1 = x + 1 x ( 3 x + y 1) = 0
x = 0
x 1
y = 1 3 x
259
+ Vi x = 0, thay vo (1) ta c
2 + 2 y 2 = 3.2 y 8 + 2 y = 12.2 y 2 y =
8
8
y = log 2 .
11
11
x 1
+ Vi
, thay y = 1 3 x vo (1) ta c
y = 1 3x
2
1
23 x +1 + 2 3 x 1 = 6 23 x +1 + 3 x +1 = 6 ( 23 x +1 ) 6.23 x +1 + 1 = 0
2
3 x +1
2
= 3+2 2
3 x +1
= 32 2
2
Do iu kin x 1 nn 23 x +1
1
v vy ta chn 23 x +1 = 3 + 2 2. Ta c
4
23 x +1 = 3 + 2 2 3 x + 1 = log 2 3 + 2 2
3+2 2
1
1
x = log 2 3 + 2 2 1 = log 2
3
3
2
y = 2 log 2 3 + 2 2 .

11 1
0;log 2 , log 2 3 + 2 2 1 ; 2 log 2 3 + 2 2 .

8 3
2 x+2
+ 22 y + 2 = 17
3
14) x +1
(I )
y
2.3 + 3.2 = 8
u = 3x
t
, iu kin: u , v > 0.
y
v = 2
Khi h phng trnh ( I ) c bin i v dng
8 3v 2
25v 2 48v 4 = 0
+ 4v 2 = 17
9
9u 2 + 4v 2 = 17
8 3v
6u + 3v = 8
u = 8 3v
u =
6
6
2
v = 2 v = 25
u =
3
u = 8 3v
v = 2, ( v > 0 )
6
x 1
x = 1
3 =
Nh vy ta c
. Vy, h phng trnh cho c nghim l ( 1;1) .
3
y =1
2 y = 2
260
V.6. 1) log 3 3x 8 = 2 x
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi

3x 8 = 32 x 3x 8 =
9
3x
(3x ) 2 8.3x 9 = 0
3 x = 1
x
3x = 9 x = 2 .
3 = 9
2) log x 1 3 = 2(1)
x 1 > 0
x > 1
iu kin:
x 1 1
x 2
x = 1+ 3
(1) ( x 1)2 = 3 x 2 2 x + 1 = 3 x 2 2 x 2 = 0
x = 1 3
Ta chn x = 1 + 3
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 1 + 3.
3)
log 2 (9 2 x )
= 1(1)
3 x
x 3
x 3
iu kin:
x
x < log 2 9
9 2 > 0
(1) log 2 (9 2 x ) = 3 x (9 2 x ) = 2(3 x ) 9 2 x =
( )
8
2x
2x = 1
x = 0
9.2 + 8 = 0 x
x = 3
2 = 8
x
Ta chn x = 0.
4)
1
1
log 2 ( x + 3) + log 4 ( x 8)8 = log 2 (4 x)(1)
2
4
x + 3 > 0
x > 3
x > 0
iu kin: x 8 0 x 8
x 8
4 x > 0
x > 0
1
(1) log 2 ( x + 3) + log 2 ( x 8)8 = log 2 (4 x )
8
261
log 2 ( x + 3) + log 2 x 8 = log 2 (4 x )

log 2 ( x + 3) x 8 = log 2 (4 x)
( x + 3) x 8 = 4 x
Kt hp vi iu kin bi ton ta c
x 2 + x + 24 = 0
0 < x < 8
2
x 9 x 24 = 0
x > 8
( x + 3)(8 x) = 4 x
0 < x < 8
(1)
( x + 3)( x 8) = 4 x
x > 8
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x =

5) log 2 (4 x + 15.2 x + 27) + 2 log 2
1 + 97
x =
2
9 + 177
x =
1 + 97
9 + 177
;x =
.
2
2
1
= 0(1)
(4.2 x 3)
x
x
3
3
4 + 15.2 + 27 > 0
iu kin: x
4.2 x 3 > 0 2 x > x > log 2 .
4
4
4.2 3 > 0
(1) log 2
4 x + 15.2 x + 27
= 0.
(4.2 x 3)2
4 x + 15.2 x + 27
= 1 4 x + 15.2 x + 27 = (4.2 x 3) 2
(4.2 x 3) 2
2 2 x + 15.2 x + 27 = 16.22 x 24.2 x + 9

15.2 2 x + 39.2 x + 18 = 0 5.2 2 x + 13.2 x + 6 = 0
2x = 3
x
2 x = 3 x = log 2 3
2 = 2
5
x = log 2 3 tha iu kin. Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = log 2 3.
6) log 7 (2 x 1) + log 7 (2 x 7) = 1(1)
2 x 1 > 0
iu kin: x
2 x > 7 x > log 2 7
2 7 > 0
(1) log 7 (2 x 1)(2 x 7) = log 7 7
( )
(2 x 1)(2 x 7) = 7 2 x
2x = 0
x
2x = 8 x = 3
2 = 8
262
8.2 x = 0
x = 3 tha iu kin. Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 3.

1
= 0 (1)
4
7 ) 2 ( log 2 x + 1) log 4 x + log 2
iu kin: x > 0
1
(1) 2 ( log 2 x + 1) log 2 x 2 log 2 2 = 0
2
( log 2 x + 1) log 2 x 2 = 0
log 22 x + log 2 x 2 = 0
x = 2
log 2 x = 1
(Tha iu kin)
x = 1
log 2 x = 2
4
1
4
8 ) 2log 3 ( 4 x 3) + log 1 ( 2 x + 3) = 2 (1)

3
x > 3
4
3
0
x
>
4 x > 3 .(*)
iu kin:
3
4
2 x + 3 > 0
x> 2
(1) log 3 ( 4 x 3) log 3 ( 2 x + 3) = 2

2
log 3 ( 4 x 3) log 3 ( 2 x + 3) = log 3 32

2
( 4 x 3)
log 3
( 2 x + 3)
= log 3 32
( 4 x 3)
( 2 x + 3)
= 9 ( 4 x 3) = 9 ( 2 x + 3)
16 x 2 24 x + 9 = 18 x + 27
x = 3
8 x 21x 9 = 0
x = 3
8
i chiu vi iu kin (*) ta chn x = 3.
9 ) log 3 log 2 1 x 3log 1 x + 5 = 2(1)
2
2
263
(1) log 3 log 2 1 x 3log 1 x + 5 = log 3 9
2
2
log 2 1 x 3log 1 x + 5 = 9
2
log 1 x = 1
x 3log 1 x 4 = 0 2
log x = 4
2
12
log 2 1
2
x = 2
log 2 x = 1
x = 1
log 2 x = 4
16
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 2; x =

10) log x 2 + 2 log 2 x 4 = log
2x
8(1)
x > 0; x 1
x > 0
iu kin: 2 x > 0; 2 x 1
x 1
2 x > 0; 2 x 1 x 1
2
(1) log x 2 + 2 log 2 x 22 = 2 log 2 x 23

log x 2 + 4 log 2 x 2 = 6 log 2 x 2
log x 2 = log 2 x 4 log x 2 =

log x 2 =
log x 4
log x 2 x
2log x 2
2
( log x 2 ) = log x 2
log x 2 + 1
log x 2 = 0
log x 2(log x 2 1) = 0
log x 2 1 = 0
log x 2 = 1 x = 2 (Nhn)
11) log
x + 1 log 1 (3 x ) log 8 ( x 1)3 = 0(1)

2
x +1 > 0
x > 1
iu kin: 3 x > 0 x < 3 1 < x < 3

x 1 > 0
x > 1
(1) log 2 ( x + 1) + log 2 (3 x) log 2 ( x 1) = 0

264
1
.
16
log 2 ( x + 1)(3 x ) = log 2 ( x 1)

( x + 1)(3 x) = x 1
x2 x 4 = 0
1 + 17
x =
2
1 17
x =
2
Ta chn x =
1 + 17
2
1 + 17
.
2
12) log 3 (9 x + 9) = x + log 3 (28 2.3x )(1)

28 2.3x > 0
iu kin: x
28 2.3x > 0 2.3x < 28 3x < 14 x < log3 14
9 + 9 > 0
(1) log 3 (9 x + 9) = log 3 3x + log 3 (28 2.3x )
log 3 (9 x + 9) = log3 3x (28 2.3x )

9 x + 9 = 28.3x 2.9 x
3x = 9
x = 2
3.(3x )2 28.3x + 9 = 0 x 1
(Nhn)
3 =
x = 1
3
13) 16 log 27 x3 x 3log 3 x x 2 = 0(1)
27 x3 > 0
3
27 x 1
x > 0
iu kin: x > 0
1
3 x > 0
x 3
3 x 1
(1)
16
log 3 x x 6 log 3 x x = 0
3
2
log 3 x x = 0 log 3 x x = 0 x = 1 (Tha iu kin)
3

14)
log 2 2 x 2 + log 4 16 x = log 4 x 3 (1)

265
iu kin: x > 0
log x 3 0
(1) 4 2
2 3
log 2 2 x + log 4 16 x = log 4 x
x 1
1
9
2
log 2 2 + 2log 2 x + 2 log 2 2 + 2 log 2 x = 4 log 2 x
x 1
2
9 log 2 x 10 log 2 x 12 = 0
x 1
log x = 5 +
2
log x = 5
2
x 1
133
5 + 133
5+ 133
9
9
x
=
2
x
2
=
5 133
133
x = 2 9
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 2
5+ 133
9
) (
)
( 2 + 1) .log 2 ( 2 + 1) = 6
15) log 2 2 x + 1 log 2 x+1 + 2 = 6(1)

(1) log 2
)(
))
log 2 2 x + 1 . 1 + log 2 2 x + 1 = 6
log 22 (2 x + 1) + log 2 (2 x + 1) 6 = 0
2 x + 1 = 4
log 2 (2 x + 1) = 2
x
x
2 + 1 = 1
log 2 (2 + 1) = 3
8
2x = 3
x
2 x = 3 x = log 2 3
2 = 7
8
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = log 2 3.
16) log 22 x 2 2 x 2 x 4 = 2
log 3
1
2 2 x2
2 x 2 x 4 > 0
1 < x < 1
2
iu kin: 2 2 x > 0
x
2
2
2 2 x 1
266
(1)
(1) log 2 2 x
(2 x
log 22 x 2 2 x x
2 x2 x4 =
x 4 = log 2 2 x2 2 2 x 2
4
) = log
4 2 2 x2
4 2 2x2
2 2 x2
log 22 x 2
3
4
3
19 x 29 x + 10 = 0
4
x = 1 x = 1
x2 = 1
2 10
10
10
x =
x=
x=
19
19
19
Ta chn x =
10
10
x=
.
19
19
10
10
,x =
.
19
19
17) ( x + 1) log 32 x + 4 x log 3 x 16 = 0 (1)

iu kin: x > 0
t t = log 3 x
Khi (1) tr thnh
( 3 + 1) t
t
+ 4.3t .t 16 = 0 t 2 .3t + t 2 + 4.3t .t 16 = 0
t = 4
t.3t ( t + 4 ) + ( t 2 16 ) = 0 ( t + 4 ) ( t.3t + t 4 ) = 0 t
t.3 + t 4 = 0
+ Vi t = 4 log 3 x = 4 x =
1
81
+ Vi t.3t + t 4 = 0 t (3t + 1) = 4 t > 0 3t + 1 =
4
(2).
t
R rng nghim t ca (2) ch c th dng, do ta ch xt t ( 0; + ) . Ta c hm s

4
nghch bin trn khong ( 0; + ) v hm s y = 3t + 1 cng ng bin trn khong
t
. Do phng trnh ( 2 ) c nhiu nht mt nghim, kim tra c t = 1 l nghim ca
y=
phng trnh ( 2 ) .
T suy ra log 3 x = 1 x = 3.
1
, x = 3.
81
267
18) log 3
3
x3 1
log 2 x log 3
= + log 2 x (1)
x
3 2
iu kin: x > 0.
Ta thy rng x = 1 l nghim ca phng trnh (1)

Vi x 1 th phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
(1 log3 x ) log 2 x 3log3 x
1 1 1
= + log 2 x
2 2 2
2 (1 log3 x ) log 2 x log 2 x = 6 log3 x (1 2 log 3 x ) log 2 x = 6 log3 x
log x 2
2
=6
log x 3 2 = 6 log x 2
log x 3
log x 3
3
3
=
x =
3
3
64
8
log x
= 2 x2 =
64
64
3
3
=
x =
64
8
Ta chn x =
3
.
8

19) log 3 4 x2 (9 16 x 4 ) = 2 +
3
; x = 1.
8
1
(1)
log 2 (3 4 x 2 )
3
3
3 4 x 2 > 0
< x<
2 3 < x< 3
iu kin: 3 4 x 2 1 2
2
2
9 16 x 4 > 0 x 3
2
(1) log 34 x2 (9 16 x 4 ) = 2 + log3 4 x2 2
log 34 x 2 (9 16 x 4 ) log 34 x 2 2 = 2
log 34 x 2
(9 16 x 4 )
=2
2
9 16 x 4
= (3 4 x 2 )2
2
9 16 x 4 = 2 9 24 x 2 + 16 x 4
48 x 4 48 x 2 + 9 = 0 16 x 4 16 x 2 + 3 = 0
268

2 3
3
3
x=
x =
x = 4
2
2
1
1
1
x2 =
x = 2 x = 2
Ta chn x =
1
1
x= .
2
2
1
1
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = ; x = .
2
2
20) log 2 (4 x +1 + 4).log 2 (4 x + 1) = log 1

2
1
(1)
8
(1) log 2 4(4 x + 1) .log 2 (4 x + 1) = 3

2 + log 2 (4 x + 1) .log 2 (4 x + 1) = 3
log 22 (4 x + 1) + 2 log 2 (4 x + 1) 3 = 0
4x + 1 = 2
log 2 (4 x + 1) = 1
x
1
x
log 2 (4 + 1) = 3 4 + 1 =
8
4x = 1
x
4 x = 1 x = 0.
4 = 7
8
9
21) log 2 (2 x 2 ).log 2 (16 x) = log 2 2 x(1)
2
iu kin: x > 0
(1) (log 2 2 + log 2 x 2 ).(log 2 24 + log 2 x) =
9
log 2 2 x
2
9
log 22 x
2
9
4 + log 2 x + 8log 2 x + 2 log 22 x = log 22 x
2
5
log 22 x + 9log 2 x + 4 = 0 5log 2 2 x 18log 2 x 8 = 0
2
(1 + 2log 2 x ).(4 + log 2 x ) =
2
2
log
x
=
5
2
x
=
2
x = 16
log 2 x = 4
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 2 5 ; x = 16.

269
22) lg x + 1 + 3lg 1 x = lg 1 x 2 (1)

x +1 > 0
x > 1
iu kin: 1 x > 0 x < 1

1 < x < 1
1 x 2 > 0
1 < x < 1
(1) lg
x +1
1 x2
+ 3lg 1 x = 0
x +1
lg
.( 1 x )3 = 0
2
1 x
lg( 1 x )2 = 0 lg(1 x) = 0 x = 0 (Nhn)

23) x + lg (1 + 2 x ) = x lg 5 + lg 6(1)
V 2 x + 1 > 0, x nn ta c
5x.6
5 x.6
x
=
10 x 1 + 2 x = 5 x.6
10
1 + 2x
1 + 2x
2x = 2
x
x
2 1+ 2 = 6 x
x =1
2 = 3
(1) x = lg

24) log 2
2x 1
= 1 + x 2 x (1)
x
2x 1
iu kin:
> 0 2x 1 > 0 x > 0
x
(1) log 2 (2 x 1) log 2 x = 1 + x 2 x
log 2 (2 x 1) + 2 x 1 = log 2 x + x f (2 x 1) = f ( x )
Vi f (t ) = log 2 t + t (t > 0)
Ta thy f (t ) = 1 +
1
> 0, t > 0
t ln 2
Suy ra, hm s f (t ) ng bin trn khong ( 0; + ) .
270
T suy ra 2 x 1 = x 2 x = x + 1.
Ta c hm s y = 2 x c y = 2 x ln 2, y = 2 x ln 2 2 > 0, x , suy ra th ct ng thng
y = x + 1 khng qu hai im. Kim tra c phng trnh 2 x = x + 1 c x = 1, x = 0 nghi m
ng. Tuy nhin do iu kin nn ta ch nhn x = 1.

25) log 3
1
x 2 3x + 2 + 2 +
5
x 2 + 3 x 1
= 2(1)
iu kin: x 2 3 x + 2 0 x 1 x 2
(1) log3 (
x 2 3x + 2 + 2 + 5x
3 x +1
=2
t t = x 2 3x + 2 ( t 0 )
Khi (1) tr thnh log 3 ( t + 2 ) + 5t
= 2 log 3 ( t + 2 ) = 5t
+ 2(2)
Xt hm s f ( t ) = log 3 ( t + 2 )
Ta thy f ( t ) =
1
> 0 t 0
( t + 2) ln 3
f ( t ) ng bin trn [ 0; + )
Xt hm s g ( t ) = 5t
g ( t ) = 2t.5t
+2
0, t 0
g ( t ) nghch bin trn [ 0; + ) .
Do , phng trnh ( 2 ) c nhiu nht mt nghim, kim tra c t = 1 l nghim ca

phng trnh ( 2 ) .
Suy ra
3+ 5
x =
2
x 2 3x + 2 = 1 x 2 3x + 2 = 1 x 2 3 x + 1 = 0
(Nhn)
3 5
x =
2

26) log 3
x + 2 = log 2
3+ 5
3 5
;x =
.
2
2
x + 1 (1)
iu kin: x 0
271
t t = log 2
x + 1 (t 0)
x + 1 = 2t x + 2 = 2t + 1.
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh log 3 2t + 1 = t 2t + 1 = 3t

Chia hai v phng trnh cho 3t ta c
t
2t 1
2 1
+ t = 1 + = 1( 2 )
t
3 3
3 3
t
2 1
Ta thy hm s f ( t ) = + nghch bin trn nn phng trnh ( 2 ) c nhiu nht
3 3
mt nghim, kim tra c t = 1 l nghim ca ( 2 ) .
log 2
x + 1 = 1 x + 1 = 2 x = 1.

3
= 1(1)
2 + 1 + log 2 x
27)
iu kin: 1 + log 2 x 0 x
(1) 2x +
1
2
1 + log 2 x = 3(2)
V y = 2 x l hm s ng bin trn v y = 1 + log 2 x l hm s ng bin trn

1
x
; + , nn hm s f ( x ) = 2 + 1 + log 2 x l hm s ng bin trn ; + , suy ra
2
( 2 ) c nhiu nht mt nghim, kim tra c x = 1 l nghim ca ( 2 ) .

28) log
2 2+ 3
(x
2 x 2 = log 2+
(x
2 x 3 (1)
x 2 2 x 2 > 0
x < 1
iu kin: 2

x > 3
x 2 x 3 > 0
t t = x 2 2 x 3, t > 0
Khi (1) tr thnh

log
2 2+ 3
( t + 1) = log 2+
t=y
log 2 2+ 3 t + 1 = y
t + 1 = 2 2 + 3
t = 2 + 3 y
log 2+ 3 t = y
272
) ( 2)
( 3)
2+ 3
+1 = 2 2 + 3
2+ 3
2 2+ 3

1
+

2 2+ 3
2+ 3
Xt hm s f ( y ) =
2 2+ 3
2+ 3
= 1( 4 )

1
+

2 2+ 3
< 1, nn hm s f ( y ) l hm nghch bin trn , v

2 2+ 3
2 2+ 3
vy ta kt lun c phng trnh ( 4 ) c nhiu nht mt nghim. Kim tra c y = 2 l
Ta c
< 1 v
nghim ca phng trnh ( 4 ) , v l nghim duy nht.
t = 2+ 3
x2 2x 3 = 2 + 3
x = 1 11 + 4 3
(Nhn)
x 2 2 x 10 4 3 = 0
x = 1 + 11 + 4 3
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 1 11 + 4 3; x = 1 + 11 + 4 3.

29)
2 lg x = 1 lg x 1 (1)
x > 0
x > 0
iu kin:
x > 10
lg x 1 0
x > 10
t t = 3 2 lg x t 3 = 2 lg x lg x = 2 t 3
t 1
t 1
t = 1 1 t 3 1 t3 = 1 t
2 3
2
3
1 t = (1 t )
t + t 2t = 0
t 1
t = 0
t = 0

t = 1
t = 1
t = 2
t = 2
+ Vi t = 0 3 2 lg x = 0 lg x = 2 x = 100 (Nhn)
+ Vi t = 1 3 2 lg x = 1 lg x = 1 x = 10 (Nhn)
+ Vi t = 2 3 2 lg x = 2 2 lg x = 8 lg x = 10 x = 1010 (Nhn)
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 100; x = 10; x = 1010.
273
3 + log 2 ( x 2 4 x + 5 ) + 2 5 log 2 ( x 2 4 x + 5 ) = 6(1)
30)
V x 2 4 x + 5 > 0 x v x 2 4 x + 5 = ( x 2 ) + 1 1 nn
log 2 x 2 4 x + 5 0, x .
t t = log 2 x 2 4 x + 5 ( t 0 )
Phng trnh cho tr thnh
3 + t + 2 5 t = 6 ( 2)
t 0
iu kin: 3 + t 0 0 t 5
5 t 0
( 2) 3 + t + 4 ( 5 t ) + 4 ( 3 + t )( 5 t ) = 36
t = 1
4 ( 3 + t )( 5 t ) = 3t + 13 25t + 46t 71 = 0
t = 71
25
Ta chn t = 1
x = 1
log 2 ( x 2 4 x + 5 ) = 1 x 2 4 x + 5 = 2 x 2 4 x + 3 = 0
x = 3
31) log 22 x + log 2 x + 1 = 1
x > 0
x > 0
1
iu kin:
1 x
2
log 2 x + 1 0
x 2
t t = log 2 x + 1 ( t 0 )
t 2 = log 2 x + 1 log 2 x = t 2 1
2
Phng trnh cho tr thnh ( t 2 1) + t = 1
t 4 2t 2 + t = 0 t t 3 2t + 1 = 0 t ( t 1) t 2 + t 1 = 0
t = 0
t ( t 1) ( t + t 1) = 0 t 1 = 0
t 2 + t 1 = 0
2
274
t = 0
t = 1
t = 1 + 5
2
1 5
t =
2
Ta chn t = 0; t = 1; t =
1 + 5
2
+ Vi t = 0
log 2 x + 1 = 0 log 2 x = 1 x =
1
(Nhn)
2
+ Vi t = 1
log 2 x + 1 = 1 log 2 x = 0 x = 1 (Nhn)

+ Vi t =
1 + 5
2
2
1 5
5 1
5 1
1 5
log 2 x + 1 =
log 2 x =
x = 2 2 (Nhn)
1 log 2 x =
2
2
2
1 5
1
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = ; x = 1; x = 2 2 .
2
V.7. 1) log 1 x + 2 log 1 ( x 1) + log 2 6 0(1)

2
x 1 > 0
iu kin:
x >1
x > 0
(1) log 21 x + 2 log 22 ( x 1) + log 2 6 0
log 2 x log 2 ( x 1) + log 2 6 0

log 2 ( x 2 x) + log 2 6 0
log 2
0<
6
0
x x
2
6
1
x x
2
6
x 2 x > 0
6 1
x 2 x
275
x < 0
x( x 1) > 0
x 2
x > 1
2
6 x + x
x 3
x( x 1) 0
x 2
x 3
So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l [ 3; + ) .

2) log x (log 3 (9 x 72)) 1(1)
9 x 72 > 1
log 3 ( 9 x 72 ) > 0
x
9 72 > 0
x
iu kin: 9 72 > 0
x > log 9 73.

x
>
0
x > 0, x 1
x 1
Vi iu kin x > log 9 73 suy ra x > 1, do ta c

(1) log 3 (9 x 72) x
9 x 72 3x
32 x 3x 72 0 8 3x 9
3x 0
x
x2
3 9
So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( log 9 73; 2] .
Ch . Chng ta c th xt hai trng hp ca c s x, c th trnh by nh sau:
log x (log 3 (9 x 72)) 1
x > 1
x > 1
x > 1
x x
9 3 72 0
x
x
x
0
<
log
(9
72)
x
<
1
9
72
3
3
9 x > 73
0 < x <1
0 < x < 1

0 < x < 1
x
x
log 3 (9 x 72) x
x x
9
72
3
9 3 72 0
x > 1
x > 1
x
8 3 9
x 2
x > log 73

x > log 9 73 log 9 73 < x 2.
9
0 < x < 1
0 < x < 1
x
x 2 (VN )
3 9
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( log 9 73; 2] .

3) log 2 x +3 x 2 < 1(1)
276
+ Nu 2 x + 3 > 1 x > 1(*)
(1) x 2 < 2 x + 3 x2 2 x 3 < 0 1 < x < 3

Kt hp vi (*) ta c 1 < x < 3.
+ Nu 0 < 2 x + 3 < 1
3
< x < 1( **)
2
x < 1
x > 3
(1) x 2 > 2 x + 3 x 2 2 x 3 > 0

Kt hp vi (**) ta c
3
< x < 1.
2
Vy , tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ; 1 ( 1;3) .

2
4 ) log 9 x2 x 2 + 2 x + 6
1
(1)
2
1
1
+ Nu 0 < 9 x 2 < 1 < x < x 0.
3
3
(1) x 2 + 2 x + 6
9 x 2 x 2 + 2 x + 6 3x
2
2
x 2 x 6 3 x
x 5 x 6 0
x 2 x 6 3x x + 2 x + 6 2
2
x + 2 x + 6 3 x
x + x 6 0
1 x 6
1 x 2.
3 x 2
2
Kt hp vi iu kin ang xt th nghim ca bt phng trnh trong trng hp ny l

1
1
< x < x 0.
3
3
1
x<
3
+ Nu 9 x 2 > 1
x > 1
3
x 2 + 2 x + 6 > 0
1 7 < x < 1 + 7
1
2
() 2
2
x + 2 x + 6 3 x
x + 2 x + 6 9 x
1 7 < x < 1 + 7
1 7 < x < 1 + 7
1 7 < x < 1 + 7
3 x x 2 + 2 x + 6 x 2 + x 6 0
x 3 x 2
2
x 1 x 6
3 x x 2 x 6
x 5 x 6 0
277
1 7 < x 1
2 x < 1 + 7
Kt hp vi iu kin ang xt th nghim ca bt phng trnh trong trng hp ny l
1 7 < x 1 2 x < 1 + 7.
1
1
< x < 1 7 < x 1 2 x < 1 + 7 x 0.
3
3
5) log 1 4 x + 4 log 1 22 x +1 3.2 x (1)

2
iu kin: 22 x +1 3.2 x > 0 x log 2
3
(*) . V c s b hn 1 nn ta c
2
(1) 4 x + 4 22 x +1 3.2 x
2 2 x + 4 22 x.2 3.2 x
2 2 x 3.2 x 4 0
2 x 1
x
2x 4 x 2
2 4
So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l [ 2; + ) .
Ch . V 4 x + 4 > 0, x nn t 4 x + 4 22 x +1 3.2 x 22 x +1 3.2 x > 0, do c th khng
cn t iu kin (*).
6) log x 3 2 x 2 10 x + 24 log x 3 x 2 9 (1)
+ Trng hp 1.
x 3 >1
x > 4
2
(1) x 9 > 0
x < 3 x > 3
x 2 20 x + 57 0
2
2
2 x 10 x + 24 x 9
x > 4
x 10 43 x 10 + 43.
x 10 + 43
+ Trng hp 2.
3 < x < 4
0 < x 3 < 1
2
3 < x < 4
x < 4
(1) x 10 x + 24 > 0

2
x 20 x + 57 0
x > 6
2
2
2
x
10
x
+
24
x 2 20 x + 57 0
278
3 < x < 4
10 43 x < 4.
10 43 x 10 + 43
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 10 43; 4 10 + 43; + .

7)
1
1
<
(1)
log 3 ( x + 1) 2 log 9 x 2 + 6 x + 9
iu kin:
x +1 > 0
x > 1
x > 1
x > 1
2
x > 1
x + 6x + 9 > 0
x 3
x 3
x 0
x 0
log 3 ( x + 1) 0
x 0
x 0
x 2
2
x 2 + 6 x + 9 1 x 2 + 6 x + 8 0
x 4
log 3 ( x + 6 x + 9) 0
(1)
1
1
<
log 3 ( x + 1) 2. 1 log x 2 + 6 x + 9
3
2
1
1
1
1
<
<
(2)
log 3 ( x + 1) log 3 x 2 + 6 x + 9
log 3 ( x + 1) log 3 x + 3
+ Nu x > 0 th log 3 ( x + 1) > 0, log 3 x + 3 > 0 nn ta c

(2) log 3 ( x + 3) < log3 ( x + 1) x + 3 < x + 1 (VN )
+ Nu 1 < x < 0 th log 3 ( x + 1) < 0, log 3 x + 3 = log 3 ( x + 3) > 0

Do (2) ng.
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( 1; 0 ) .
8)
( log 2 x )
+3
log 2 x + 3
> 2(1)
x > 0
x > 0
iu kin:
1
log 2 x + 3 0
x 8
t t = log 2 x. Khi , bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh
3 < t < 1
t2 + 3
t2 + 3
t 2 2t 3
>2
2>0
>0
t +3
t +3
t +3
t > 3
1
1
<
x
<
3 < log 2 x < 1
T suy ra
8
2
log
x
>
3
2
x > 8
279
1 1
So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ; ( 8; + ) .
8 2
9 ) log 2 2 x 1 log 1 2 x +1 2 > 2 (1)

2
iu kin: 2 x 1 > 0 x > 0
(1) log 2 ( 2 x 1) log 2 2 ( 2 x 1) < 2
)(
( 2 1) )
))
( 2 1) 2 < 0
log 2 2 x 1 1 + log 2 2 x 1 < 2
log 2
+ log 2
2 < log 2 2 x 1 < 1
1
5
5
< 2 x 1 < 2 < 2 x < 3 log 2 < x < log 2 3
4
4
4
So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l log 2 ; log 2 3 .

4
18 2 x
10 ) log 4 18 2 x log 2
8
1(1)
iu kin: 18 2 x > 0 2 x < 18 x < log 2 18
(1)
1
log 2 18 2 x log 2 18 2 x log 2 8 1
log 22 18 2 x 3log 2 18 2 x + 2 0
1 log 2 18 2 x 2 2 18 2 x 4
14 2 x 16 log 2 14 x 4.
So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l log 2 14; 4 .
11) log 4 3x 1 log 1

4
3x 1 3
(1)
16
4
iu kin: 3x 1 > 0 x > 0
(1) log 4 3x 1 ( 1) log 4
3x 1 3
16
4
3
log 4 3x 1 ( 1) log 4 3x 1 log 4 42
4
3
log 24 3x 1 2 log 4 3x 1 + 0
4
log 24 (3x 1) 2 log 4 (3x 1) +
280
3
0
4
x
log 4 (3 1) 2
log (3x 1) 3
4
2
x > 0
0 < 3x 1 2
0 < x 1
x
x 1
3 1 8
x 2
x 2
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( 0;1] [ 2; ) .

12) log x
9 x 2 x 1 1(1)
+ Trng hp 1.
x > 1
x > 1
x < 1
(1)
2
2
2
9 x 2 x + 1 9 x 1
9 x x 1 x
x > 1
x < 1
x > 1
x < 1
2
2
2
2
2
9 x 4 x + 4 x + 1 9 x 1 5 x + 4 x 8 0 x 8
x > 1
x < 1
2 2 11
2 + 2 11
x
2 2 x 2 2
5
5
2 2 x < 1.
+ Trng hp 2.
1 < x < 1
0 < x < 1
(1)
9 x2 x 1 > 0
2
0 < 9 x x 1 x
2
9 x x 1 x
0 < x < 1
1 < x < 0
9 x 2 x 1 > 0 9 x2 x 1 > 0
2
2
9 x 2 x + 1
9 x 1
0 < x < 1
1 < x < 0
9 x2 > x +1 9 x2 > x +1
2
2
9 x 2 x + 1 9 x 1
0 < x < 1
1 < x < 0
2
2
9 x > x + 2 x + 1 9 x 2 > x 2 + 2 x + 1
9 x 2 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1 9 x 2 1
281

0 < x < 1
0 < x < 1
1 < x < 0
1 + 17
2
2
1 17
x + x 4 < 0 x + x 4 < 0(VN )
< x<
2
2
5 x 2 + 4 x 8 0 x 2 8 0
2 2 11
2 + 2 11
x
x
5
5
2 + 2 11
x < 1.
5
2 + 2 11
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 2 2; 1
;1 .
5
13)
log 21 x + 4 log 2 x < 2 4 log16 x 4 (1)

2
iu kin: x > 0.
(1) log 22 x + 2log 2 x < 2 4 log16 x 4
log 22 x + 2log 2 x < 2 ( 4 log 2 x )
2 ( 4 log 2 x ) > 0
log 22 x + 2 log 2 x 0
2
2
log 2 x + 2 log 2 x < 2 ( 4 log 2 x )
log x < 4
2
log 2 x < 2 log 2 x > 0
2
2
log 2 x + 2 log 2 x < 2 16 8log 2 x + log 2 x
0 < log 2 x < 4
2
log 2 x 18log 2 x + 32 > 0
0 < log 2 x < 4
log 2 x < 2 log 2 x > 16

0 < log 2 x < 2 1 < x < 4.
So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l [1; 4] .

14) log x 2 x log x 2 x3 (1)
x > 0
iu kin:
x 1
(1) log x 2 + 1 log x 2 + 3
282
t t = log x 2. Khi , bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh
t + 1 < 0
3 t < 1
t
+
3
0
3 t < 1
t + 1 t + 3
t 1
3 t 1
1
t + 1 0
t 2 + t 2 0
t + 3 (t + 1)2
x > 1
3
x 2
x 2 x
Nh vy ta c 3 log x 2 1
0 < x 1
0 < x <1
2
x 3 2 x
1
So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 0; 3 [ 2; + ) .
2
15)
lg 2 x 3lg x + 3
< 1(1)
lg x 1
t t = lg x

t 2 3t + 3
t 2 3t + 3
t 2 4t + 4
<1
1 < 0
< 0 t < 1.
t 1
t 1
t 1
lg x < 1 0 < x < 10.

Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( 0;10 ) .
2
log 1 ( x + 3) log 1 ( x + 3 )
16)
x +1
> 0(1)
( x + 3 )3 > 0
x > 3
x > 3.
iu kin:
2
x
x
+
3
>
0
(
)
2
(1)
log 2 ( x + 3) + log 3 ( x + 3)
x +1
3
log3 ( x + 3)
3
+ log 3 ( x + 3)
log 3 2
>0
>0
x +1
2
log 3 2.log 3 ( x + 3) log3 ( x + 3)

3log3 2.log 3 ( x + 3) 2 log 3 ( x + 3)
>0
>0
x +1
x +1
log 3 ( x + 3) . ( 3log 3 2 2 )
log3 ( x + 3)
>0
<0
x +1
x +1
(V 3log 3 2 2 < 0 )
283
log 3 ( x + 3) < 0
0 < x + 3 < 1 3 < x < 2
x + 1 > 0
x > 1
x > 1
2 < x < 1.
x + 3 > 1
x > 2
log 3 ( x + 3) > 0
x + 1 < 0
x
<
x < 1
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( 2; 1) .

17) log 5 x + log x
x (2 log 3 x) log 5 x
<
(1)
3
log 3 x
x > 0
iu kin:
x 1
(1) log 5 x + 1 log x 3 < 2 log 5 3 log 5 x
2 log 5 x 2log5 3 + 1 log x 3 < 0
2 log 5 3.log3 x 2 log 5 3 + 1 log x 3 < 0
t t = log3 x ( t 0 ) khi bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh
1
2log 5 3 < 0
t
( 2log 5 3) t 2 + (1 2 log 5 3) t 1
( 2log 5 3) t + 1
( t 1) ( t + log 3
<0
) <0
1
1
1
t < log 3
log 3 x < log 3
0< x<
5
5
5
1 < x < 3
0 < t < 1
0 < log 3 x < 1
1
So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l (1;3) 0;
.
5
18)
x2 4
< 0(1)
log 1 x 2 1
x2 4 < 0
2 < x < 2
2
<
x
<
2
2 < x < 1
2
<
x
<
2
log 1 x 2 1 > 0
2
2
0 < x 1 < 1
x < 1 x > 1
1< x < 2
(1)

2
x < 2 x > 2
x 4 > 0

x < 2 x > 2
x > 2
2
log x 2 1 < 0
x 1 > 1
x < 2
1
x
<
x
>
2
2
284
Vy, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
( ; 2 ) (
) (
2; 1 1; 2 ( 2; + ) .
3
19) log x 2 x log x ( 2 x ) (1)
x > 0
iu kin:
x 1
t t = log x 2 x
t < 0
t < 0
t < 0
3t 0
t 0
t 0
t 3t
0t 3
t 0
t 0
t 0
t 2 3t
t 2 3t 0
0 t 3
x > 1
x > 1
2 x 1
x 2
3
x3 2 x 0
1 2 x x
0 log x 2 x 3
0 < x < 1
0 < x <1
0 < x < 1

1 2 x x 3
2 x 1
x3 2 x 0
1
So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 0; 2; + .
2
20) log 2 x + log 3 ( x + 1) < 2(1)
iu kin: x > 0
t t = log 2 x x = 2t .

t + log 3 ( 2t + 1) < 2 log 3 ( 2t + 1) < 2 t 2t + 1 < 32t 2t + 1 <
9
6t + 3t < 9(2)
t
3
Xt hm s f ( t ) = 6t + 3t
Ta thy f ( t ) = 6t ln 6 + 3t ln 3 > 0, t
f ( t ) l hm ng bin trn .
Mt khc f (1) = 9
Suy ra (2) t < 1 log 2 x < 1 x < 2 .
285
So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( 0; 2 ) .

21) log 2 x + 1 + log3 x + 9 > 1(1)
iu kin: x > 1
1
1
log 2 ( x + 1) + log 3 ( x + 9 ) > 1
2
2
log 2 ( x + 1) + log 3 ( x + 9 ) > 2
(1)
t t = log 2 ( x + 1) x = 2t 1
t + log 3 2t + 8 > 2 log 3 2t + 8 > 2 t 2t + 8 > 32t

2t + 8 >
9
6t + 8.3t > 9(2)
3t
Xt hm s f ( t ) = 6t + 8.3t
Ta thy f ( t ) = 6t ln 6 + 8.3t ln 3 > 0, t .
f ( t ) l hm ng bin trn .
Mt khc f ( 0 ) = 9.
Suy ra (2) t > 0 log 2 ( x + 1) > 0 x + 1 > 1 x > 0.
So vi iu kin th tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l ( 0; + ) .
log 4 x log 2 y = 0
V. 8. 1) 2
(I )
2
x 2 y = 8
iu kin: x > 0, y > 0.

1
1
log 2 x log 2 y = 0
log 2 x 2 log 2 y = 0
log x = log 2 y
2 2 2
(I ) 2
2
x 2 y = 8
2
x 2 2 y 2 = 8
x 2 y = 8
x = y
x = 4
x = y
x = y
2
2
2
y = 2
x 2 y = 8 x 2 x 8 = 0 x = 4 x = 2
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( 4; 2 ) .
1
2
2
x + y = 2 y + 4
2)
(I )
log 3 ( x + 2 y ) + log 1 ( x 2 y ) = 1
3
286
x + 2 y > 0
iu kin:
x 2 y > 0
1
2
2
x + y = y + 4
2
(I )
log 3 ( x + 2 y ) log 3 ( x 2 y ) = 1
1
2
1
2
2
x
+
y
=
y+4
x + y2 = y + 4
1
2
2
2
2
16 y + y = y + 4
2
log 3 x + 2 y = 1 x + 2 y = 3
x = 4 y
x 2 y
x 2y
x = 2
1
y = 1
y=
2
2
17
4
=
0
y
y
2
y =
x = 32
x = 4 y

17

17
8
x = 4 y
y =
17

x + 2 y > 0
Do iu kin
, nn ta chn
x 2 y > 0
x = 2
1
y = 2
1
2
3x 2 y = 972
3)
log 3 ( x y ) = 2
3x 2 y = 972
3x 2 y = 972
3x 2 y = 972
3 y +3 2 y = 972

x y = 3
x = 3 + y
x = y + 3
log 3 ( x y ) = 2
27 6 y = 972
6 y = 36

x = y + 3
x = y + 3
x = 5

y = 2
2 x 8 y = 2 2
4)
(I )
1 1 1
log 9 + = log 3 ( 9 y )
x 2 2
x > 0
iu kin:
y > 0
287
2 x 8 y = 2 2
2 x 8 y = 2 2
(I )
1 1 1
1
log9 + = log 3 ( 9 y )
log 3 + 1 = log 3 ( 9 y )
x 2 2
x
3
=
x
y
x
3 y
x
3
y
=2 2
x 3 y = 2 2
2 2 = 2 2
2
2
1
9 xy = 3
log 3 ( 9 xy ) = 1
y =
3 xy = 1
3x
1 3
2 x 2 3 x 2 = 0
x x = 2
1
1
y
=
y =
3x
3x
x > 0
nn ta chn
Do iu kin
y > 0
1
1
x
=
2
x
=
x
=
x
=
2
2
1
1
1
y =
y = 6 y =
6
6
x = 2
1
y = 6 .
1
6
log x log 2 y = 0
5) 42
(I )
2
x 5y + 4 = 0
x > 0
iu kin:
y > 0
x = 1
x=y
x = y
log 4 x = log 2 y
y = 1 (Tha iu kin)
(I ) 2
x
=
1
2
2
2
x = 4
x 5 y + 4 = 0
x 5 y + 4 = 0
x = 4
y = 2
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l (1;1) , ( 4; 2 ) .
2log x 3 y = 15
(I )
6) y 2
y +1
3 .log 2 x = 2log 2 x + 3
iu kin: x > 0
15 + 3 y
log
x
=
2
(I )
y
y
3 y 15 + 3 = 2 15 + 3
2
2
288
y +1
+3
15 + 3 y
log 2 x =
2
y
15.3 + 32 y = 30 + 2.3 y + 6.3 y

15 + 3 y
log
=
x
15 + 3
2
15 + 3 y
2
x = 29
log 2 x =
log 2 x =
(Nhn)
2
2
y =1
32 y + 7.3 y 30 = 0
3 = 3
y =1
3 y = 10
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l 29 ;1 .
log 2 x + log 4 x = 2log 1 4
2
7)
(I )
log 4 x + log 2 y = 5
x > 0
iu kin:
y > 0
log x + log 2 x = log 2 16
log x x = log 2 16
2
(I ) 2
log 2 x + log 2 y = 5
log 2 x + log 2 y = 5
3
3
x x = 16
x 2 = 16
x = 4 4
3
log 2 x + log 2 y = 5 log 2 x + log 2 y = 5 log 2 2 2 + log 2 y = 5
x = 4 3 4
3
x = 4 3 4
x = 4 4
32
3
5
3
3
log 2 (2 2 y ) = 5
2 2 y = 2
y = 3 = 8 4
2 2
(Tha iu kin)
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l 4 3 4;8 3 4 .

log x ( xy ) = log y x 2
8) 2log x
(I )
y
y
=
4
y
+
3
xy > 0
x > 0, x 1
iu kin: x > 0, x 1
y > 0, y 1 y > 0, y 1
log x x + log x y = 2 log y x

( I ) 2log x
y y = 4 y + 3
2
1 + log x y = log y
x
log y x2
= 4y + 3
y
289
y = x
y = x
2
log x y = 1
2
x 4 y 3 = 0
log x y + log x y 2 = 0
1
2
log x y = 2 y = 2

1
x
y = 2
x = 4 y + 3
2
x 4 y 3 = 0
x 2 4 y 3 = 0
x2 4 y 3 = 0
y = x > 0
x = 2 + 7
y = x > 0
2
3
=
0
x
x
2
7
x
=
+
y = 2 + 7
y=

x=2
1
y = 2
x
1
2 4
y =
x = 2, ( x > 0)
x 2 3 = 0
x

1
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l (2 + 7; 2 + 7 ), (2; ).
4
1
log 1 ( y x ) log 4 y = 1
9) 4
(I )
x 2 + y 2 = 25
y > 0
iu kin:
y > x
log 4 ( y x ) log 4 y 1 = 1 log 4 y log 4 ( y x ) = 1
I
2
( ) 2 2
2
x
+
y
=
25
x + y = 25
3y
3y
y
x=
x=
=4
y = 4 y 4x
4
4
yx
2
2
2
2
x + y = 25
2
2
9 y + y 2 = 25
25 y = 25
x + y = 25
16
16
x = 3
3y
x=
3y
4
x =
y = 4
4
x = 3
y=4
y 2 = 16

y = 4
y = 4
y > 0
Do iu kin
, nn ta chn
y > x
x = 3
y = 4
Vy , nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( 3; 4 ) .
log 2 x 2 + y 2 = 5
10 )
(I )
2 log 4 x + log 2 y = 4
290
x > 0
iu kin:
(* )
y > 0
2
2
x 2 + y 2 = 32
x 2 + y 2 = 32
x + y = 32
(I )
log 2 x + log 2 y = 4
log 2 xy = 4
2log 22 x + log 2 y = 4
16 2
x + y = 32
+ y 2 = 32
2
2
x + y = 32
y

16
xy = 16
x = y
x = 16
2
y 4 32 y 2 + 256 = 0 y 2 16 = 0 y 2 = 16
16
16
16
x = y
x =
x = y
y = 4
x = 4 x = 4
y = 4

y = 4 y = 4.
x = 16
y
x = 4
Kt hp vi (*) ta c
y = 4
log y xy = log x y (1)
11) x
y
( 2)
2 + 2 = 3
0 < x 1
iu kin:
0 < y 1
1
(1) log y ( xy ) 2 = log x y
1
1
log y x + log y y ) =
(
2
log y x
(1 + log y x ) log y x = 2
log 2y x + log y x 2 = 0
log y x = 1
x = y
2
log y x = 2
x = y
+ Vi x = y thay vo ( 2 ) ta c
291
2x + 2x = 3 2 x =
3
3
x = log 2 > 0 (Nhn)
2
2
1
y2
+ Vi x = y thay vo ( 2 ) ta c 2 + 2 y = 3.(*) Ta chng minh phng trnh (*) v

nghim.
1
2
1
Tht vy, nu 0 < y < 1 th 2 > 1 nn 2 y + 2 y > 2 + 1 = 3 . Suy ra (*) v nghim. Cn nu
y
y > 1 th
2
1
< 1 nn 2 y + 2 y > 1 + 2 = 3. Suy ra (*) v nghim.
2
y
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l log 2 ; log 2

2
3
.
2
log x x 3 + 2 x 2 3x 5 y = 3
12)
(I )
3
2
log
y
+
2
y
3
y
5
x
=
3
y
(
(
)
)
0 < x 1
0 < y 1
iu kin: 3
2
x + 2 x 3x 5 y > 0
y3 + 2 y2 3 y 5x > 0
log x x 3 + 2 x 2 3 x 5 y = log x x3
( I )
3
2
3
log y y + 2 y 3 y 5 x = log y y
(
(
)
)
2
3
2
3
x + 2 x 3 x 5 y = x
2 x 3 x 5 y = 0 (1)
3
2
2
3
2 y 3 y 5 x = 0 ( 2 )
y + 2 y 3 y 5 x = y
Tr (1) cho (2) theo v ta c
x = y
2 x 2 3x 5 y 2 y 2 3 y 5 x = 0 ( x y )( x + y + 1) = 0
x = y 1
+ Thay x = y vo (1) ta c
x = 0 y = 0
2 x 2 3x 5 x = 0 2 x ( x 4 ) = 0
x = 4 y = 4
So vi iu kin ta nhn x = y = 4.
+ Thay x = y 1 vo ( 2 ) ta c
2 y 2 3 y 5 ( y 1) = 0 2 y 2 + 2 y + 5 = 0 phng trnh v nghim.

292
Ch . C th nhn xt ngay trng hp x + y + 1 = 0, h phng trnh cho v nghim v

x > 0, y > 0.
x 4 y + 3 = 0
(1)
13)
log 4 x log 2 y = 0 ( 2 )
x > 0
y > 0
x 1
iu kin:
y 1
log 4 x 0
log 2 y 0
( 2)
log 4 x = log 2 y
log 4 x = log 2 y log 2 x = 2log 2 y log 2 x = log 2 y 2 x = y 2

Do y 1 nn (1) tr thnh x 4 y + 3 = 0 ( 3)
Thay x = y 2 vo (3) ta c
y =1
y2 4 y + 3 = 0
y = 3.
+ Vi y = 1 x = 1 . (Nhn)
+ Vi y = 3 x = 9. (Nhn)
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l (1;1) , ( 9;3) .
7
log 4 x log x y = (1)

6
14)
xy = 16
(2)
x > 0
iu kin: x 1
y > 0
( 2) y =
16
x
Thay vo (1) ta c
log 4 x log x
16 7
=
x 6
1
7
log 2 x log x 16 + 1 =
2
6
1
1
log 2 x log x 2 4 = 0
2
6
293
1
1
log 2 x 4 log x 2 = 0
2
6
1
4
1
log 2 x
= 0 (3) (Do x 1 )
2
log 2 x 6
t t = log 2 x
Khi (3) tr thnh
x = 8
log 2 x = 3
t = 3
1
4 1
2
t = 0 3t t 24 = 0
1
8
8
x= 3
2
t 6
t=
log 2 x =
3
4 4
+ Vi x = 8 y = 2
+ Vi x =
1
3
4 4
y = 64 3 4
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( 8; 2 ) ; 3 ;64 3 4 .

4 4
log x + 2 log 2 y = 3
15 ) 2 2 4
(1)
x + y = 16
x > 0
iu kin:
y > 0
log 2 x + log 2 y 2 = 3
(I )
2
2
2
x + y 2 xy = 16
2
log 2 xy = 3
2
2
2
x + y 2 xy = 16
xy 2 = 8
2
2
x + y = 32
xy 2 = 8
(Do x > 0, y > 0 )

2
x + y = 4 2
Khi x; y 2 l cc nghim ca phng trnh
x = 2 2
x = 2 2
X 2 4 2X + 8 = 0 X = 2 2
(Do x > 0, y > 0 )

2
4
y = 2 2
y = 8
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l 2 2; 4 8 .

294
x 1 + 2 y = 1
16)
(I )
2
3
3log 9 9 x log 3 y = 3
( )
x 1 0, x 0
x 1
iu kin: 2 y 0
0 < y 2
y > 0
x 1 + 2 y = 1 x 1 + 2 y = 1
x 1 + 2 y = 1
3x
(I )
3x
=1
3log 3 3 x 3log3 y = 3 log 3
y =3
y
x = y
x = y
x = y
x 1 + 2 y = 1 x 1 + 2 x = 1 ( x 1)( 2 x ) = 0
x = 1
x = y
y =1
x 1 = 0
x = 2
2 x = 0
y = 2
So vi iu kin th cc gi tr ca x, y u tha.
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l (1;1) ; ( 2; 2 ) .
ln (1 + x ) ln (1 + y ) = x y (1)
17) 2
2
( 2)
x 12 xy + 20 y = 0
x > 1
iu kin:
y > 1
(1) ln (1 + x ) x = ln (1 + y ) y
Xt hm f ( t ) = ln (1 + t ) t , ( t > 1)
f (t ) =
1
t
1 =
f ( t ) = 0 t = 0; f ( t ) < 0, t ( 0; + ) ; f ( t ) > 0, t ( 1; 0 )
1+ t
1+ t
Suy ra, hm f ( t ) ng bin trn ( 1, 0 ) v nghch bin trn ( 0; + ) . Do , t (1) ta c

x = y hoc xy < 0. Nhng ta thy nu xy < 0 th phng trnh (2) v nghim, nn x = y.
Thay x = y vo ( 2 ) ta c 9 x 2 = 0 x = 0 y = 0
18)
(I )
log 4 x log 4 y = 1
295
x > 0
iu kin:
. Nhn xt rng y = 1 khng tha h phng trnh, do y 1. Khi
y > 0
h phng trnh ( I ) tng ng vi
log8 y
log 4 y
+ y 8( ) = 4
( 4 y )
x
x
x = 4 y
log 4 y = 1
y =4
log ( 4 y )
log ( 4 y )
log ( 4 y )
=4
=2
y 8 + y 8
y 8
log 8 ( 4 y ) = log y 2
x = 4 y
x = 4 y
x = 4 y
1
1
2 1
2
log8 4 + log 8 y =
+ log 2 y =
( log 2 y ) + 2 log 2 y 3 = 0
log 2 y 3 3
log 2 y
x = 4 y
x = 4 y
x = 4 y
log 2 y = 1
=
x
x = 8
2
log 2 y = 3
=
2
y
y = 1
x
=
4
y
1 1
i chiu vi iu kin th nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( 8; 2 ) , ; .
2 8
log 2 x + 3 = 1 + log 3 y (1)
19)
log 2 y + 3 = 1 + log 3 x (2)
x > 0
iu kin:
y > 0
Ly (1) tr cho (2) theo v ta c
log 2 x + 3 log 2
y + 3 = log 3 y log 3 x
log 2 x + 3 + log 3 x = log 2
y + 3 + log 3 y (3)
Xt hm s c trng
f ( t ) = log 2 t + 3 + log 3 t , t > 0.
f (t ) =
1
1
+
> 0 ( t > 0 )
2 ( t + 3) ln 2 t ln 3
Suy ra f ( t ) ng bin trn ( 0; + ) .

Do (3) x = y. Thay x = y vo (1) ta c
log 2 x + 3 = 1 + log 3 x log 2 x + 3 log 3 x = 1(4)
Xt hm s
296
y = g ( x ) = log 2 x + 3 log 3 x g ( x ) =
=
x ( ln 3 ln 4 ) 6 ln 2
2 x ( x + 3) ln 2 ln 3
x ln 3 x ln 4 6 ln 2
2 x ( x + 3) ln 2 ln 3
< 0, x > 0.
Suy ra hm s y = g ( x ) l hm nghch bin trn khong (0; +), nn (4) c nhiu nht
mt nghim.Ta kim tra c x = 1 l nghim ca (4).
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l (1;1).
3lg x = 4lg y
(1)
20)
lg 4
lg3
( 4 x ) = ( 3 y ) (2)
x > 0
iu kin:
y > 0
( )
(1) lg 3lg x = lg 4lg y lg x = ( lg y )

(2) lg ( 4 x )
lg 4
= lg ( 3 y )
Thay lg x = ( lg y )
lg3
lg 4
lg 3
( lg 4 )( lg 4 + lg x ) = ( lg 3)( lg 3 + lg y )
lg 4
vo (2) ta c
lg 3
lg 4
lg 4 lg 4 + ( lg y )
= ( lg 3)( lg 3 + lg y )
lg 3
lg 2 4
lg 2 4 + ( lg y )
= lg 2 3 + ( lg y ) lg 3
lg 3
lg 2 4
( lg y )
lg 3 = lg 2 3 lg 2 4
lg 3
( lg
( lg y )
4 lg 2 3
lg 3
) = lg
3 lg 2 4
1
1
lg y == lg 3 lg y = lg y = .
3
3
1 lg 4
1
lg x = lg .
lg x = lg 4 x = .
3 lg 3
4
1 1
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ; .
4 3
x + log 3 y = 3
21)
2
x
( 2 y y + 12 ) .3 = 81y.
iu kin: y > 0.
297
Ly logarit c s 3 hai v ca phng trnh th hai ca h ta c

x + log 3 y = 3
x = 3 log3 y
2
2
log 3 2 y y + 12 + x = log 3 y + 4
log 3 2 y y + 12 + 3 log 3 y = log 3 y + 4
x = 3 log 3 y
x = 3 log 3 y
x = 3 log 3 y
2
2
2 y y + 12
2 y y + 12
2
2
log
=
1
=3
log
2
y
y
+
12
log
y
=
1
3
3
3
y2
y2
x = 3 log 3 y
x = 3 log 3 y
x = 3 log 3 y
x = 2
2
2
2
y = 3
y = 3 y = 4
2 y y + 12 = 3 y
y + y 12 = 0
So vi iu kin th h phng trnh cho c mt nghim l ( 2;3) .
log 2 x 2 + y 2 = 1 + log 2 ( xy )
(I )
22) 2
2
3x xy + y = 81
iu kin: xy > 0.
2
2
log 2 x 2 + y 2 = log 2 ( 2 xy )
x + y = 2 xy
(I )
2
2
2
2
x xy + y = 4
x xy + y = 4
( x y )2 = 0 x = y
x = 2 x = 2
xy
y
=
4
=
2
xy
=
4
y = 2
i chiu vi vi iu kin th h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( 2; 2 ) , ( 2; 2 ) .
x 1 1 y
4 =
2 (I )
23)
3log9 x = y
3
iu kin: x > 0.
Vit li h phng trnh cho di dng

22 2 = 2 y 1
2 x = y 1
2 x = y 1 2 x = y 1
1
log3 x y log x 1 y 1 y
y
3
2
2
2
=
=
3
3
x =
x=
3
3
3
3
y
2. 3 = y 1 y = 3
x = 1.
x= y
So vi iu kin th h phng trnh cho c mt nghim l (1;3) .
298

3 4 x
(1)
x + 1 1 3y =
24)
x
y + log x = 1
(2)
x +1 0
x 1
iu kin: 4 x 0 x 4 0 < x 4.
x > 0
x > 0
T phng trnh (2) ta c y = 1 log3 x 3 y = 31log3 x =
3
log3 x
3
= .
x
3
vo phng trnh (1) ta c
x
3 3 4x
x +1 1 . =
x + 1 1 = 4 x
x
x
Thay 3 y =
x +1 = 4 x +1 x +1 = 4 x + 2 4 x +1
x 2
4x = x2
2 x = 3 y = 0.
4 x = ( x 2 )
So vi iu kin th h phng trnh cho c mt nghim l ( 3; 0 ) .
log 4 ( x 2 + y 2 ) log 4 ( 2 x ) + 1 = log 4 ( x + 3 y )
25)
x (I )
2
log
xy
+
1
log
4
y
+
2
y
2
x
+
4
=
log
1
(
)
(
)
4
4
4
y
x
y >0
x > 0
2 x > 0
iu kin: x + 3 y > 0
y > 0
xy + 1 > 0
4 y 2 + 2 y 2 x + 4 > 0
2
4 y + 2 y 2 x + 4 > 0
H phng trnh ( I ) c bin i v
2 ( x2 + y2 )
x = y
= x + 3y
2
2
x 3 xy + 2 y = 0
( x y )( x 2 y ) = 0
x
2
x = 2
xy + 1
x
x xy + 2 y 2 x = 0
( x y )( x 2 ) = 0
y = 1
=
2
4 y + 2 y 2 x + 4 4 y
i chiu vi iu kin th nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( 2;1) , ( a; a ) , vi
a , a > 0.
V. 9. log 32 x + log32 x + 1 2m 1 = 0 (1)
299
a) Khi m = 2 th phng trnh tr thnh log 32 x + log 32 x + 1 5 = 0 ( 2 )

iu kin: x > 0
t t = log 32 x + 1 > 0. Khi ta c phng trnh theo bin t
t=2
t2 + t 6 = 0
t = 3
x=3 3
log 3 x = 3
Ta chn t = 2 log + 1 = 2 log x + 1 = 4 log x = 3
x = 3 3
log3 = 3
2
3
2
3
2
3
Cc gi tr ca x u tha iu kin.
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 3 3 ; x = 3 3.
b) Ta c
1 x 3
0 log 3 x 3 0 log 32 x 3
1 log 23 x + 1 4 1 log 32 x + 1 2.
Nh vy, t [1; 2] .
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh t 2 + t 2 = 2m
t f ( t ) = t 2 + t 2
f ( t ) = 2t + 1 f ( t ) = 0 t =
1
2
Bng bin thin
Da vo bng bin thin, ta suy ra phng trnh cho c nghim x 1;3 3 khi v ch
khi 0 2m 4 0 m 2.
Vy, vi 0 m 2 th phng trnh cho c nghim x 1;3 3 .
V.10. 4(log 2 x ) 2 log 1 x + m = 0

2
Ta c 4(log 2 x ) 2 log 1 x + m = 0 4(log 2 x ) 2 + log 2 x + m = 0

2
(log 2 x) 2 + log 2 x + m = 0(1)
300
t t = log 2 x, ta c 0 < x < 1 t (;0)
(1) tr thnh t 2 + t + m = 0 t 2 + t = m(2)

Bi ton tr thnh: Tm m phng trnh t 2 + t = m(2) c nghim thuc khong
(; 0) . t f (t ) = t 2 + t f (t ) = 2t + 1 = 0 t =
1
2
Bng bin thin
Da vo bng bin thin, suy ra (2) c nghim thuc khong (; 0) khi v ch khi
1
1
m m .
4
4
Vy, vi m
V.11. 25
1 t 2
1
th phng trnh cho c nghim thuc khong (0;1).
4
(a + 2) 5
1t 2
+ 2a + 1 = 0 (1)
iu kin: 1 t 1.
t X = 5
1 t 2
X [1;5]

2
X ( a + 2)
( X 1)
X + 2a + 1 = 0 a =
X 2
a=
X 2 2X +1
X 2
(V X = 2 khng l nghim ca phng trnh X 2 ( a + 2 ) X + 2a + 1 = 0 )

X 2 2 X +1
Xt hm s f ( X ) =
X 2
f ( X ) =
X 2 4X + 3
( X 2)
X =1
f ( X ) = 0
X = 3
Ta tnh c f (1) = 0; f ( 3) = 4; f ( 5 ) =
16
.
3
Bng bin thin

301
a 0
Da vo bng bin thin, suy ra phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi
a 4.
Vy, vi a (;0] [4; +) th phng trnh cho tha mn yu cu bi ton.
V.12. 2 log 32 x log 3 x + a = 0
iu kin: x > 0
2
Phng trnh cho c vit li thnh 2 log 3 x log 3 x + a = 0(1)

t t = log 3 x 0
Khi (1) tr thnh f (t ) = 2t 2 t + a = 0(2)

Ta thy (1) c bn nghim phn bit khi v ch khi (2) c hai nghim dng phn bit
> 0
1 8a > 0
1
f (0) > 0 a > 0
0<a<
8
S
1
>0
>0
2
4
Vy, vi 0 < a <
1
th phng trnh cho tha mn yu cu bi ton.
8
e x e y = ln(1 + x ) ln(1 + y )
V.13.
(I )
y x = a
iu kin: x, y > 1
e x + a e x + ln(1 + x) ln(1 + a + x) = 0(1)
(I )
(2)
y = x + a
Vi a > 0 th h phng trnh ( I ) c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi (1) c nghim duy
nht trong khong ( 1; + )
Xt hm s f ( x) = e x + a e x + ln(1 + x ) ln(1 + a + x ) vi x > 1.
Do f ( x ) lin tc trong ( 1; + ) v c o hm f ( x) == e x (e a 1) +
e a 1 > 0
a > 0
Do
f ( x ) > 0, x ( 1; + )
x > 1 (1 + x)(1 + x + a ) > 0
302
a
(1 + x)(1 + x + a )
Suy ra f ( x ) ng bin trn khong ( 1; + ) . Ta li c lim+ f ( x) = , lim f ( x) = +

x 1
x +
Nn phng trnh f ( x ) = 0 c nghim duy nht trong khong ( 1; + ) .

Vy, h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht vi m i a > 0 .
2x
2y
2 + 4 = m
(I )
V.14. x
y
x+ 2 y
=m
2 + 4 + 2
u = 2 x
t
(u , v > 0)
y
v = 4
H phng trnh ( I ) tr thnh
u + v = 1 + 1 + 3m
u 2 + v 2 = m
(u + v) 2 2u.v = m
u + v = 1 1 + 3m
u + v + u.v = m
u + v + u.v = m
u + v + uv = m
u + v = 1 + 3m 1
(V u , v > 0 )
u.v = m + 1 1 + 3m
Suy ra u, v l nghim ca phng trnh bc hai
X 2 ( 1 + 3m 1) X + m + 1 1 + 3m = 0 (*)
H ( I ) c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c hai nghim dng
= ( 1 + 3m 1)2 4(m + 1 1 + 3m ) 0
S = 1 + 3m 1 > 0
P = m + 1 1 + 3m > 0
1 + 3m 2 1 + 3m + 1 4m 4 + 4 1 + 3m 0
1 + 3m > 1
1 + 3m < m + 1
2 1 + 3m m + 2
0 m 8
m > 0
m > 0
1 < m 8.
m > 1
m > 1
Vy, gi tr m cn tm l 1 < m 8.
2 x +1 = y y + 1 + m + 1
V.15.
(I )
2 x +2
2 x +1 + m
y + 1 = 2
303
u = 2 x +1 2
t
. Khi , ( I ) tr thnh
v = y + 1 0
u = v 2 v + m (1)
2
v = u u + m ( 2 )
v u = 0
v = u
Tr (1) v (2) theo v ta c v 2 u 2 = 0 ( v u )( v + u ) = 0
v + u = 0
v = u
u = 2 x +1 2
nn ta chn v = u. Th v = u vo (1) ta c u 2 2u + m = 0 (3)
V
v = y + 1 0
a) Khi m = 0 ta c (3) tr thnh
v = 0 u = 0
v 2 2v = 0
v = 2 u = 2
2 x +1 = 2
x = 0
x + 1 = 1 x = 0
Ta cng ch nhn v = 2, u = 2
y = 3
y + 1 = 2
y + 1 = 4
y = 3
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh ( I ) trong trng hp m = 0 l ( 0;3) .

b) Trng hp tng qut th h phng trnh ( I ) c nghim khi v ch khi (3) c nghim
u = 2 x +1 2
u 2, (Khi v v = u nn v 2 v do iu kin
c tha).
v = y + 1 0
Ta c u 2 2u + m = 0 u 2 + 2u = m .
Xt hm s f ( u ) = u 2 + 2u, u 2 f ( u ) = 2u + 2 = 0 u = 1.
Bng bin thin
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra h phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi m 0 .
Vy, vi m 0 th h phng trnh cho c nghim.
c) Da vo bng bin thin cu b) ta thy rng hm s f ( u ) nghch bin trn [2; +)
nn d dng suy ra c phng trnh u 2 2u + m = 0 lun c nghim duy nht u 2 vi
m i m 0 . Vy vi m 0 th h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht.
x
y
(1)
2 2 = y x
V.16. 2
2
2 x 4mx y = 3m(2)
Ta c (1) 2 x + x = 2 y + y . Xt hm s c trng f (t ) = 2t + t ( t )
Ta c f (t ) = 2t ln 2 + 1 > 0, t . Suy ra, hm s f (t ) ng bin trn .
304
V vy 2 x + x = 2 y + y x = y.
Vi x = y th h phng trnh cho tr thnh
x = y
x = y
x = y
2
2
2
2
2 x 4mx y = 3m
2 x 4mx x = 3m
x 4mx 3m = 0(3)
x = 1
x = y
x = y
y = 1
a) Khi m = 1 ta c h 2
x = 1
x + 4x + 3 = 0
x = 3 x = 3
y = 3
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho khi m = 1 l (1; 1); (3; 3).
b) H phng trnh cho c ng hai nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (3) c hai
nghim phn bit. iu ny c tha khi v ch khi
3
= 4m 2 + 3m > 0 m > 0 m < .
4
Vy, vi m ; ( 0; + ) th h phng trnh cho c ng hai nghim.

4
3x + x = 3m + y
V.17. y
(I )
3
+
y
=
3
m
+
x
a) Thay m = 1 vo ( I ) ta c h
x
3 x + x = 3 + y
3 x + x = 3 + y
(1)
3 + x = 3 + y
y
x
x
y
y
3 + 2 x = 3 + 2 y ( 2 )
3 + y = 3 + x
3 3 + x y = y x
Hm s f ( t ) = 3t + 2t l hm ng bin trn . Nn phng trnh (2) x = y.

Thay x = y vo (1) ta c 3x + x = 3 + x 3x = 3 x = 1.
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho trong trng hp m = 1 l (1;1) .
x
3x + x = 3m + y
3 + x = 3m + y (1)
b) Trong trng hp tng qut ta cng c y
x
y
3 + 2 x = 3 + 2 y ( 2 )
3 + y = 3m + x
Hm s f ( t ) = 3t + 2t l hm ng bin trn . Nn phng trnh ( 2 ) x = y.

Thay x = y vo (1) ta c 3x + x = 3m + x 3x = 3m(3)
Do 3x > 0, x nn h phng trnh cho v nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (3)
v nghim. iu ny c tha khi v ch khi 3m 0 m 0.
Vy, vi m 0 th h phng trnh cho v nghim.
305
x 2 + y 2 = 17
(1)
V.18.
(I )
log 2 x + log 2 y = m ( 2 )
iu kin: x > 0, y > 0.
Gi s h ( I ) c nghim ( x, y ) th ( y , x ) cng l nghim ca h ( I )

Nn h phng trnh ( I ) c nghim duy nht th iu kin cn l ( x, y ) = ( y, x ) x = y.
17
x =
2
Thay x = y vo (1) ta c 2 x 2 = 17
17
x =
2
Do iu kin x > 0, y > 0 nn ta chn x =

17
vo ( 2 ) ta c log 2
2
Thay x = y =
Kim tra li ta thy khi m = log 2

Vy, vi m = log 2
17
.
2
17
17
17
+ log 2
= m m = log 2 .
2
2
2
17
th h c nghim duy nht.
2
17
th h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht.
2
Ch . C th gii bng cch khc nh sau:

Vi iu kin x > 0, y > 0, vit li h phng trnh cho di dng
2
2
2
m
x 2 + y 2 = 17
x + y = 17
( x + y ) 2 xy = 17
x + y = 17 + 2
m
m
m
xy = 2
log 2 ( xy ) = m
xy = 2
xy = 2
Khi x, y l nghim ca phng trnh bc hai

t2
17 + 2m t + 2m = 0(*).
H phng trnh ( I ) c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi (*) c mt nghim kp dng
= 17 + 2m 4.2m = 0
17
b
2m +1 = 17 m + 1 = log 2 17 m = log .
17 + 2m
2
>0
=
2
a
x2 y 4 = 0
(1)
V.19.
x
log 2 y = m log y x(2)
306
x > 0
x = y2
iu kin: y > 0 . Ta c (1) x 2 y 4 = 0

2
x = y
y 1
V x > 0 nn ta ch chn trng hp x = y 2 . Thay x = y 2 vo (2) ta c

log 2
y2
= m log y y 2 log 2 y = 2m y = 2 2m x = y 2 = (22 m )2 = 2 4m
y
4m
x = 2
Nh vy ta c nghim ca h l
2m
y = 2
x = 2 4m > 1
4m > 0
m > 0
Theo yu cu ca bi ta phi c
2m
2m < 2
m < 1
y = 2 < 4
x > 1
Vy, vi 0 < m < 1 th h phng trnh cho c nghim ( x; y ) tha mn
y < 4.
4 x.4 y = 8.2 xy
V.20
(I )
2
2
3 + log 2 x + log 2 y = log 2 ( x + y + m)
22( x + y ) = 23+ xy
2( x + y ) = 3 + xy
2( x + y ) = 3 + xy
2
2
( I ) log 2 (8 xy ) = log 2 ( x 2 + y 2 + m) 8 xy = x + y + m ( x + y )2 10 xy + m = 0
x > 0, y > 0
x > 0, y > 0
x > 0, y > 0
S = x + y 2
t
; S 4 P 0, S > 0, P > 0. Ta c h phng trnh
P = xy
2S = 3 + P
P = 2S 3
P = 2s 3
2
2
2
S 10 P + m = 0
S 10 P + m = 0
f ( S ) = S 20 S + 30 + m = 0(1)
H phng trnh cho c ng bn nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (1) c hai nghim
S 2 4 P > 0
dng phn bit tha
P > 0
S < 2 S > 6
3
S 2 4 P > 0
S 2 8S + 12 > 0
<S<2
Ta c
2
3
P > 0
2S 3 > 0
S > 2
S > 6
Nh vy, yu cu bi ton c tha khi v ch khi phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn
bit tha
3
< S < 2 S > 6. Nhn xt rng phng trnh (1) nu c nghim th tng hai
2
nghim bng 20 do yu cu bi ton c tha khi v ch khi

hai nghim S1 , S2 ca (1) tha
307
>
0
m 6 < 0 70 m > 0
f
(2)
<
0
f
3
<
S
<
<
<
S
2
6
1
2
2
f (6) < 0 f (6) > 0 m 54 < 0 m 54 > 0
3
b
10 > 4
9
6 < S1 < S 2
f ( ) > 0
m + > 0
>6
2
4
2a
9
< m < 6 54 < m < 70.
4
9
Vy, vi m ; 6 ( 54; 70 ) th h phng trnh cho tha mn yu cu bi ton.
4
x + 2lg y = 3m
V.21.
2
x 3lg y = 1
x 0
( I ) iu kin:
y > 0
x + 2lg y = 3 x + 2 lg y = 3(1)
1) Thay m = 1 vo ( I ) ta c
2
x 6lg y = 1 (2)
x 3lg y = 1
Nhn hai v ca phng trnh (1) vi 3, ri cng vi phng trnh (2) theo v ta c
x + 3 x = 10 x + 3 x 10 = 0 x = 2 x = 4
Thay x = 4 vo (1) ta c 2 lg y = 1 lg y =
1
y = 10 .
2
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho khi m = 1 l (4; 10).

2) Trong trng hp tng qut, ta tm gi tr ca tham s m h phng trnh cho c
nghim ( x; y ) tha x > 1.
x + 2 lg y = 3m
x + 3 x 9m 1 = 0(3)
Ta c ( I )
(4)
x 6lg y = 1
x 6lg y = 1
t t = x 1 (Do yu cu ca bi l x 1 )
Phng trnh (3) tr thnh f (t ) = t 2 + 3t 9m 1 = 0(5). Ta c nhn xt rng vi m i

x0 th phng trnh (4) lun lun c nghim y0 = 10
x0 1
6
. Do h phng trnh cho
c nghim tha yu cu bi khi v ch khi phng trnh (5) c nghim t 1.
308
Xt f (t ) = t 2 + 3t 9m 1, phng trnh (5) c nghim t 1 (Ch c th c mt nghim

1
tha iu kin ny v t1 + t2 = 3 < 0) khi v ch khi af (1) 0 3 9m 0 m .
3
Vy, vi m
1
th h phng trnh cho c nghim tha mn yu cu bi ton.
3
lg 2 x + lg 2 y = 1
u = lg x
V.22. x
. iu kin: x, y > 0. t
v = lg y
lg y = m.
Khi h phng trnh cho c bin i v dng
u 2 + v 2 = 1 v = u m
v = u m
2
2
2
2
u + ( u m ) = 1 2u 2mu + m 1 = 0(*)
u v = m
H phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c nghim duy
nht. iu ny c tha khi v ch khi
= m2 2 m2 1 = 0 m = 2 m = 2.
Vy, h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi m = 2 m = 2.
2x
2y
2 + 3 = 1
V.23. x
( I ). t
y
2 + 3 = m.
x
u = 2
, u > 0, v > 0.
y
v = 3
Khi h phng trnh ( I ) c bin i v dng

u 2 + v 2 = 1(1)
( II )
. Phng trnh (1) l phng trnh ng trn n v (C ), ta ch ly
u + v = m (2)
nhng im M (u; v) thuc ng trn sao cho u > 0, v > 0. Phng trnh (2) l phng
trnh ng thng (d ) v cng ch xt u > 0, v > 0. H phng trnh ( I ) c nghim duy nht
khi v ch khi trong h ta vung gc Ouv, (d ) tip xc vi (C ) ti im
M (u; v ) (C ), u , v > 0. iu ny c tha khi v ch khi
m
=1
d (O, ( d )) = 1
2
m = 2.
m > 0
m > 0
Nh vy, khi m = 2 th h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht v th m = 2 vo h
2
u =
( u + v ) 2 2uv = 1 uv = 1
u 2 + v 2 = 1
2
2
( II ) ta c
u + v = 2
u + v = 2
u + v = 2
v = 2
309
x
1
2
x=
2 =
2
Ta c
.
3 y = 2
y = log 2
3
2
2
1
2
Vy, vi m = 2 th h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht ;log3
.
2
2
2x
2y
2 + 4 = 2
V.24. x
(I )
y
x+2 y
= 1 m.
2 + 4 2
u = 2 x
t
, u > 0, v > 0. Khi h phng trnh ( I ) c bin i v dng
y
v = 4
u 2 + v 2 = 2
(1)
( II )
. Bin i phng trnh (2) v dng
u + v uv = 1 m(2)
2
2
( u + v ) u 2 + v2
(u + v ) 2
u+v
= 1 m u + v
= 1 m (Do u 2 + v 2 = 2)
2
2
2
2
( u + v ) 2 ( u + v ) 2m = 0
.
u + v 1 + 2m + 1 = 0
u + v 1 2m + 1 = 0
Nh vy, h ( II ) tng ng vi
u 2 + v 2 = 2(C )
(1)
u + v 1 + 2m + 1 = 0(d1 )(3) .
u + v 1 2m + 1 = 0(d 2 )(4)
Phng trnh (1) l phng trnh ng trn c tm l gc ta , bn knh 2 , ta ch ly
nhng im M (u; v) thuc ng trn sao cho u > 0, v > 0. Phng trnh (3) v (4) l
phng trnh ng thng v cng ch xt u > 0, v > 0. H phng trnh cho c nghim
khi v ch khi trong h ta vung gc Ouv, (d1 ) hoc (d 2 ) c im chung vi (C ). Cc
ng thng (d1 ) v (d 2 ) u c h s gc bng 1. (d1 ) i qua im A( 2; 0) khi
1 2m + 1 = 2 v tip xc vi (C ) khi 1 2m + 1 = 2. Cng lp lun tng t i vi

(d 2 ) v cu i cng ta c iu kin h phng trnh cho c nghim l
2 < 1 + 2m + 1 2
1 2 < m 0.
2 < 1 2m + 1 2
Vy, gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l 1 2 < m 0.
310
22 x + 2 2 y = 16
V.25. 2 x
(I )
2y
x
y
x + y +1
= 2m 2
2 + 2 + m ( 2 + 2 ) + 2
x
u = 2
t
, u > 0, v > 0. Khi h phng trnh ( I ) c bin i v dng
y
v = 2
u 2 + v 2 = 16(C )
u 2 + v 2 = 16
u 2 + v 2 = 16
u + v m = 0(d1 )
2
2
( u + v m )( u + v + 2m ) = 0
( u + v ) + m ( u + v ) 2m = 0
u + v + 2m = 0(d 2 )
Ta c ng trn (C ) c tm ti gc ta v bn knh bng 4. Cc ng thng (d1 ) v
(d 2 ) u c h s gc bng 1.
H phng trnh cho c ba nghim phn bit khi v ch khi trong h ta vung gc
Ouv, ng trn (C ) giao vi (d1 ) v (d 2 ) ti ba im phn bit c ta dng. iu ny
xy ra khi v ch khi (C ) tip xc vi mt trong hai ng thng v ct ng cn li ti
hai im phn bit.
Ta c (d1 ) i qua im A(4;0) khi m = 4, cn (d1 ) tip xc vi (C ) khi m = 4 2.
Tng t (d 2 ) i qua im A(4;0) khi m = 2, cn (d 2 ) tip xc vi (C ) khi m = 2 2.
D thy rng khng tn ti gi tr no ca tham s m tha mn yu cu ca bi ton.
log 32 x + log 22 y 2 = 4m
V.26.
2
log 3 x + 2 log 2 y = 10
u = log3 x
Cch 1. iu kin: x, y > 0. t
.
v = log 2 y
Khi h phng trnh cho c vit li di dng

2
2
u 2 + 4v 2 = 4m
5u 2 40u + 100 4m = 0(1)
u + 4 ( 5 u ) 4m = 0
v = 5 u
u + v 5 = 0
v = 5 u
H phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi phng trnh (1) c mt nghim
duy nht. iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi = 20m 100 = 0 m = 5.
Vy, khi m = 5 th h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht.
u = log3 x
Cch 2. Cng t
, ta c h:
v = log 2 y
u2 v2
u 2 + 4v 2 = 4m
+ = 1( E )
4m m
, (m 0).
u + v 5 = 0
u + v 5 = 0 ( d )
H phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi (d ) tip xc vi Elip ( E ). Ta c
iu kin l 1.4m + 1.m = 25 5m = 25 m = 5.
Vy, khi m = 5 th h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht.
311
CHNG VI.
VI.1. 1)
PHNG TRNH LNG GIC
3 sin x cos x = 2
3
1
2
sin x cos x =
2
2
2
sin
sin x cos
(cos
cos x sin
cos x = cos
sin x ) = cos
cos( x + ) = cos
3
4
cos( x + ) = cos
3
4
3
cos( x + ) = cos
3
4
3
x + 3 = 4 + k 2
x + = 3 + k 2
3
4
3
=
+ k 2
x
4 3
x = 3 + k 2
4 3
5
x = 12 + k 2
( k )
x = 13 + k 2
12
2) cos x + 2 cos 2 x = 1
4 cos 2 x + cos x 3 = 0
cos x = 1
cos x = 3
4
x = + k 2
3
x = arccos( ) + k 2 , (k )
3
x = arccos( ) + k 2
4
312
5
13
+ k 2 , x =
+ k 2 , ( k ).
12
12
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l

3
3
x = + k 2 , x = arccos( ) + k 2 , x = arccos( ) + k 2 , ( k ).
4
4
3) cos 4 x + 2 cos 2 x = 0
1 + cos 2 x
)=0
2
2 cos 2 2 x + cos 2 x = 0
2 cos 2 2 x 1 + 2(
cos 2 x (2 cos 2 x + 1) = 0
cos 2 x = 0
2cos 2 x + 1 = 0
2 x = 2 + k
cos 2 x = 1 = cos 2
2
3
x = 4 + k 2
2
2x =
+ k 2 , (k ).
2 x = 2 + k 2
3
x = 4 + k 2
x = + k ( k )
x = + k
3
+k
,x =
+ k , ( k ).
4) 2cos 2 x + 4cos x = 3sin 2 x

2 cos 2 x + 4 cos x 3(1 cos 2 x) = 0
5 cos 2 x + 4 cos x 3 = 0
2 + 19
cos x =
5
2 19
cos x =
5
cos x =
2 + 19
2 19
(V phng trnh cos x =
v nghim)
5
5
313

2 + 19
) + k 2
x = arccos(
5
(k )
2 + 19
) + k 2
x = arccos(
5
2 + 19
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = arccos
+ k 2 , (k ).
5
5) cos x sin x + 3sin 2 x 1 = 0
t t = cos x sin x = 2 cos x + , iu kin: t 2.

4
sin 2 x = 1 t 2 . Phng trnh cho tr thnh

t = 1
3t t 2 = 0
t = 2
3
2
cos(
x
+
) =1
2 cos( x + ) = 2
4
3
cos( x + 4 ) = 2
cos( x + ) =
4
3

x + 4 = 4 + k 2
x + = + k 2
4
4
x + = arccos( 2 ) + k 2
4
3
x = k 2
x = + k 2
, ( k )
2
x = arccos( 2 ) + k 2
3
4
x = k 2 , x =
314
+ k 2 , x = arccos(
2
) + k 2 , (k ).
3
4
6) 2sin 2 x 3 3 ( sin x + cos x ) + 3 3 = 0

4sin x cos x 3 3 ( sin x + cos x ) + 3 3 = 0 (1)
t t = sin x + cos x = 2 sin x + , iu kin: t 2.

4
Khi t 2 = 1 + 2sin x cos x sin x cos x =
t2 1
.
2
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh 2 t 2 1 3 3 t + 3 3 = 0

2t 2 3 3 t + 3 3 2 = 0
t = 1
3 3 2
t =
Chn t = 1 2 sin x + = 1
4
1
2
sin x + =
=
= sin
4
2
4
2

x = k 2
x + 4 = 4 + k 2
,(k ).
x
=
+
k
2
x + = + k 2
2
4
4
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = k 2 , x =
+ k 2 , ( k ).
7) sin 2 x + 2 sin x = 1 2sin x cos x + sin x cos x = 1(1)

4
t t = sin x cos x = 2 sin x , iu kin: t 2.

4
Suy ra t 2 = 1 2sin x cos x = 1 s in2x s in2x = 1 t 2

1 t2 + t = 1
t2 t = 0
t ( t 1) = 0
t = 0
t = 1
+ Vi t = 0. Ta c
315
2 sin x = 0 sin x = 0 x = k x = + k , (k ).
4
4
4
4
+ Vi t = 1. Ta c
2 sin x = 1 sin x =
4
4
2
x 4 = 4 + k 2
x = + k 2
, ( k ).
2
x = + k 2
x = + k 2
4
4
8) sin 2 x + 2sin x cos x 2 cos 2 x =
+ k , x =
+ k 2 , x = + k 2 , ( k ).
1
(1)
2
V cos x = 0 khng l nghim ca (1) nn chia hai v ca phng trnh (1) cho cos 2 x 0
ta nhn c ca phng trnh
tan 2 x + 2 tan x 2 =
1
1 + tan 2 x
2
tan 2 x + 4 tan x 5 = 0
x = + k
tan x = 1
,(k )
4
tan x = 5
x = arctan(5) + k
9) cos x + sin x =
cos 2 x
(1)
1 sin 2 x
iu kin: 1 sin 2 x 0 s in2x 1 x
Vi iu kin trn th
(1) cos x + sin x =
cos 2 x
2
( cos x sin x )
( cos x + sin x )( cos x sin x )
cos x + sin x =
2
( cos x sin x )
cos x + sin x =
316
+ k , x = arctan( 5) + k , ( k ).
cos x + sin x
cos x sin x
+ k , ( k )
( cos x + sin x ) 1
=0
cos x sin x
cos x + sin x = 0
cos x sin x = 1
tan x = 1
2 cos x + = 1
x = 4 + k
x = + k
, ( k ) . (Tha iu kin)
x + = + k 2 x = k 2
4 4
x = + k 2
x + = + k 2
2
4
4
+ k , x = k 2 , x =
+ k 2 , ( k ).
10) sin 3 x cos 3 x = 1 + sin x cos x

( sin x cos x ) ( sin 2 x + sin x cos x + cos 2 x ) = 1 + sin x cos x
( sin x cos x )(1 + sin x cos x ) = 1 + sin x cos x
(1 + sin x cos x )( sin x cos x 1) = 0

sin 2 x
1 +
2 sin x 1 = 0
2
4
2 sin x 4 1 = 0
sin 2 x
1 + 2 = 0

1
sin x =
4
2

sin 2 x = 2
sin x =
(V phng trnh s in2x = 2 v nghim)
4 2

x 4 = 4 + k 2
x = + k 2
4
4
317
x = + k 2
, ( k )
2
x = + k 2
+ k 2 , x = + k 2 , ( k ).
VI.2.1) sin 3x = 2cos 2 x 1
3sin x 4sin 3 x = 1 2sin 2 x

4sin 3 x 2sin 2 x 3sin x + 1 = 0
( sin x 1) 4sin 2 x + 2sin x 1 = 0

sin x = 1
2
4sin x + 2 sin x 1 = 0
sin x = 1
1 + 5
sin x =
sin x = 1 5
x = + k 2
x = arcsin 1 + 5 + k 2
1 + 5
x = arcsin
+ k 2
4
x = arcsin 1 5 + k 2
1 5
x = arcsin
4 + k 2

1 5
1 5
x = + k 2 , x = arcsin
+ k 2 , x = arcsin
+ k 2 , ( k ) .
2
4
4
2)
1 + tan x
2
= ( sin x + cos x ) (1)
1 tan x
318
x + k
cos
x
2
iu kin:
,(k ).
tan x 1
x + k
4
Vi iu kin trn th
(1)
cos x + sin x
2
= ( sin x + cos x )
cos x sin x
2
( cos x + sin x ) ( cos x sin x )( cos x + sin x ) = 0
( cos x + sin x ) 1 cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 0
2 sin + x = 0
cos x + sin x = 0
=
2sin
x
0
sin x = 0

sin + x = 0
+ x = k
x = + k
,(k )
4
sin x = 0
x = k
x = k
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l
x=
+ k , x = k , ( k ).
3) 1 + tan 2 x =
1 sin 2 x
(1)
cos 2 2 x
iu kin: cos 2 x 0 x
+k
, ( k ).
Vi iu kin trn th
(1) 1 +
sin 2 x 1 sin 2 x
cos 2 x + sin 2 x 1 sin 2 x
=
=
2
cos 2 x
cos 2 x
cos 2 x
cos 2 2 x
cos 2 x ( cos 2 x + sin 2 x ) = 1 sin 2 x
cos 2 2 x + cos 2 x sin 2 x + sin 2 x 1 = 0

s in2x(cos 2 x + 1) + (cos 2 x 1)(cos 2 x + 1) = 0
(cos 2 x + 1)(sin 2 x + cos 2 x 1) = 0
cos 2 x + 1 = 0
cos 2 x + s in2x 1 = 0
cos 2 x = 1
2 cos(2 x ) = 1
4
319

2 x = + k 2

2 x = + k 2 , (k )
4 4
2 x = + k 2
4
4
x = 2 + k
x = + k , ( k )
x
=
k
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l

x=
+ k , x = k , ( k ).
4) tan 3 x tan x = s in2x (1)
x +
3 x + k
cos 3 x 0
2
6 3 x + k , k .
iu kin:
(
)
6 3
cos x 0
x + k
x + k
2
2
Vi iu kin trn th
(1)
sin 2 x
= sin 2 x
cos 3 x cos x
sin 2 x = sin 2 x cos 3 x cos x

sin 2 x (1 cos 3 x cos x ) = 0
sin 2 x = 0
sin 2 x = 0
1
( cos 4 x + cos 2 x ) 1 = 0
cos 3x cos x 1 = 0
2
sin 2 x = 0
sin 2 x = 0
2
cos 2 x = 1 cos 2 x = 3
2
cos
2
x
+
cos
2
x
3
=
0
sin 2 x = 0
k
sin 2 x = 0 x =
.
2
cos 2 x = 1
i chiu vi iu kin th nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = k , ( k ) .
5) ( sin x sin 2 x )( sin x + sin 2 x ) = sin 2 3 x

sin 2 x sin 2 2 x = sin 2 3 x
320
1 cos 2 x 1 cos 4 x 1 cos 6 x
=
2
2
2
cos 2 x + cos 4 x + cos 6 x 1 = 0
cos 2 x + 2cos 2 2 x 1 + 4 cos3 2 x 3cos 2 x 1 = 0

2 cos3 2 x + cos 2 2 x 2 cos 2 x 1 = 0
cos 2 x = 1
cos 2 x = 1
1
cos 2 x =
2
x = k
x = + k
x = + k
3
2 x = k 2
2 x = + k 2
2
+ k 2
2x =
3
x = 2
, (k )
x = + k
3
, x = + k , ( k ).
2
3
6) sin x + sin 3 x + 4cos 3 x = 0

2sin 2 x cos x + 4 cos 3 x = 0
4 cos 2 x(sin x + cos x ) = 0
4 2 cos 2 x cos( x ) = 0
4
cos x = 0
cos( x ) = 0
x = 2 + k
x = 2 + k
, (k )
3
x = + k
x =
+ k
4 2
4
+ k , x =
3
+ k , ( k ).
4
321
7) sin 2 x = 1 + 2 cos x + cos 2 x

2sin x cos x = 1 + 2 cos x + 2 cos 2 x 1
2sin x cos x 2 cos x 2 cos 2 x = 0
cos x (2 sin x 2 2 cos x) = 0
cos x = 0
cos x = 0
sin x cos x = 2
2sin x 2 2cos x = 0
2
cos x = 0
2 sin( x ) = 2
4
2
cos x = 0
sin( x ) = 1 = sin
4
2
6
x = 2 + k
x = 2 + k
x = + k 2 x =
+ k 2 , ( k )
4 6
12
x = 5 + k 2
x = 13 + k 2
12
4
6
x=
+ k , x =
5
13
+ k 2 , x =
+ k 2 , ( k ) .
12
12
8) 2cos 6 x + sin 4 x + cos 2 x = 0. Dng cng thc h bc ta a phng trnh cho v

cos3 2 x + 4cos 2 2 x + 5cos 2 x + 2 = 0 cos 2 x = 1 cos 2 x = 2 2 x = + k 2
x=
+ k . Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x =
9) 2 cos 2 3x cos 2 x cos 2 3 x + sin 2 x 1 = 0

cos 2 3x (2cos 2 x 1) cos 2 x = 0
1
cos 2 3x cos 2 x (1 + cos 2 x) = 0
2
1 1
cos 2 x. cos 2 3x = 0
2 2
1 + cos 6 x 1 1
cos 2 x
=0
2
2 2
cos 2 x cos 6 x 1 = 0
322
+ k , ( k ).
1
( cos8 x + cos 4 x ) 1 = 0
2
cos 8 x + cos 4 x 2 = 0
2 cos 2 4 x 1 + cos 4 x 2 = 0
2 cos 2 4 x + cos 4 x 3 = 0
cos 4 x = 1
cos 4 x = 3
2
cos 4 x = 1 4 x = k 2
k
x=
, (k ).
2
VI.3. 1) sin x + cot
iu kin: sin
k
, ( k ).
2
x
=2
2
x
0 x k 2 , ( k ) .
2
Ta thy x = + k 2 , ( k ) khng l nghim ca phng trnh (1).
x + k 2
x
Vi
, ( k ) ta t t = tan th phng trnh (1) tr thnh
2
x k 2
2t
1
+ =2
2
1+ t
t
( )
2 (1 + t ) t = 0
2t 2 + 1 + t 2 = 2 1 + t 2 t
2t 2 + 1 + t 2
2t 2 + 1 + t 2 2t 2t 3 = 0
2t 3 3t 2 + 2t 1 = 0
t =1
Khi t = 1 th tan
x
x
= 1 = + k x = + k 2 , ( k ).
2
2 4
2
So vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l x =
+ k 2 , ( k ) .
2) sin 2 x + cos2 x + tan x = 2(1)

iu kin: x
+ k , ( k ) .
t t = tanx th phng trnh (1) tr thnh
323
2t
1 t2
+
+t = 2
1+ t2 1+ t2
) (
2t + 1 t 2 + t 1 + t 2 = 2 1 + t 2
2t + 1 t 2 + t + t 3 = 2 + 2t 2
t 3 3t 2 + 3t 1 = 0
t =1
Khi t = 1 th tan x = 1 x =
+ k , ( k )

3) cos4x
3 1 tan 2 x
2
1 + tan x
iu kin: x
+ k , ( k ) .
) + 2 = 0 (1)
+ k , k . Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh
cos 4x 3cos 2 x 1 tan 2 x + 2 = 0

1
cos 4x 3cos 2 x 2
+2 = 0
cos 2 x
cos 4x 6cos 2 x + 3 + 2 = 0
2 cos 2 2 x 1 3 (1 + cos 2 x ) + 5 = 0
2 cos 2 2 x 3cos 2 x + 1 = 0
cos 2 x = 1
2 x = k 2
x = k
,(k ).
cos 2 x = 1
2 x = + k 2
x = + k
2
3
6
So vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = k , x =

4)
tan x - 1
+ cot 2 x = 0, ( 0 < x < ) (1)
tan x + 1
x + k
k
cos
x
x
2
2
iu kin: sin2x 0 2 x k
, (k ).
tanx 1
x + k
x + k
4
4
324
+ k 2 , ( k ).

0 < x <
Kt hp vi iu kin 0 < x < ta c iu kin: x

(*)
2
x 4
Khi (1)
tanx 1 cos2x
+
=0
tanx + 1 sin2x
t t = tan x th phng trnh (1) tr thnh

t 1 1 t 2
+
=0
t +1
2t
t +1
1
( t 1)
=0
t + 1 2t
t 1 = 0
1
t =1
t +1
=0
t + 1 2t
tan x = 1
x=
+ k , ( k )
Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l x =

5) tan 3 x 1 +
3cot x = 3(1)
2
cos x
2
Vi iu kin < x <
< x <
3
2
1
3 tan x = 3
cos 2 x
tan 3 x + tan 2 x 3 tan x 3 = 0
tan 3 x 1 +
( tan x + 1) tan 2 x 3 = 0
tan x = 1 tan x = 1
2
tan x = 3
tan x = 3
x = 4 + k
, (k )
x = + k
325
Kt hp vi iu kin < x <
3
4
, ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l x =
.
2
3
6) cos3 x sin x sin 3 x cos x =
2
(1)
8
(1) cos x sin x(cos 2 x sin 2 x ) =
2
8
2
2
2
sin 2 x cos 2 x =
sin 4 x =
8
4
2
x = 16 + k 2
4 x = 4 + k 2
; (k ).
x = 3 + k
4 x = 3 + k 2
4
16
2
cos x sin x cos 2 x =
16
+k
;x =
+ k ; ( k Z ).
16
2
7) sin 2 3 x cos 2 4 x = sin 2 5 x cos 2 6 x(1)

(1) sin 2 3x sin 2 5 x = cos 2 4 x cos 2 6 x
( sin 3x + sin 5 x )( sin 3 x sin 5 x ) = ( cos 4 x + cos 6 x )( cos 4 x cos 6 x )
( 2 sin 4 x cos x )( 2 cos 4 x sin x ) = ( 2 cos 5 x cos x )( 2 sin 5 x sin x )
cos x sin x ( sin 4 x cos 4 x + cos 5 x sin 5 x ) = 0
1
1
cos x sin x sin 8 x + sin10 x = 0

2
2
cos x sin x ( sin 9 x cos x ) = 0

cos 2 x sin x sin 9 x = 0
cos x = 0
sin x = 0
sin 9 x = 0
x = 2 + k
x =
x = k
x =
x =
9
k
2
, ( k ).
k
9
k
k
;x =
, ( k Z ).
2
9
8) cos 3x 4 cos 2 x + 3cos x 4 = 0, x [ 0;14]
326
(1) 4 cos3 x 3cos x 4 2cos 2 x 1 + 3cos x 4 = 0

4 cos3 x 8cos 2 x = 0
4 cos 2 x ( cos x 2 ) = 0
cos x = 0
cos x = 2
Ta loi trng hp cos x = 2. Nh vy ta c cos x = 0 x =
Do x [0;14] suy ra 0
+ k ; ( k ) .
+ k 14, ( k Z )
1
14 1
k , k Z k {0;1; 2;3}.
2
2
3 5 7
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l tha yu cu ca bi l x ; ; ; .
2 2 2 2
1
x
9) sin 4 x + sin 4 + + cos 4 x = sin 2 2 x(1)
2
2 8
x
(1) sin 4 x + sin 4 + + cos 4 x = 2sin 2 2 x cos 2 x
2 8
2
x
cos 2 x sin 2 x + sin 4 + = 0
2 8
x
cos 2 2 x + sin 4 + = 0
2 8
cos 2 2 x = 0
cos 2 x = 0
4x
x
sin 2 + 8 = 0
sin 2 + 8 = 0
2 x = 2 + k
x = 4 + 2
x + = m
x = + m
2 8
2
8
k
x = 4 + 2
x = + m2 , ( m ) .
4
x = + m2
4
10) 2 cos 2 x 8cos x + 7 =
+ m2 , (m Z ).
1
(1)
cos x
327
iu kin: cos x 0 x
+ k , (k Z)(*)
(1) 2 cos x cos 2 x 8cos 2 x + 7 cos x = 1
2 cos x 2 cos 2 x 1 8cos 2 x + 7 cos x 1 = 0

4 cos3 x 8cos 2 x + 5cos x 1 = 0
x = k 2
cos x = 1
; k .
x = + k 2
cos x = 1
3
Cc gi tr ny u tha iu kin (*)

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = k 2 ; x =
+ k 2 ; (k Z ).
cos 3 x + sin 3x
VI.4. 1) 5 sin x +
= cos 2 x + 3, x (0; 2 )
1 + 2sin 2 x
x 12 + k
iu kin: 1 + 2sin 2 x 0
x 7 + k
12
, ( k ).
x ( 0; 2 )
11
23
Kt hp vi iu kin x ( 0; 2 ) ta c iu kin x
,x
(*)
12
12
7
19
x 12 , x 12
Khi phng trnh cho tng ng vi
sin x + 2sin x sin 2 x + cos 3x + sin 3 x

5
= cos 2 x + 3
1 + 2sin 2 x
sin x + cos x + sin 3 x

5
= cos 2 x + 3
1 + 2sin 2 x
2sin 2 x cos x + cos x

5
= cos 2 x + 3
1 + 2sin 2 x
5 cos x = cos 2 x + 3
5cos x = 2cos 2 x 1 + 3
cos x = 2
2 cos x 5cos x + 2 = 0
cos x = 1
328
x = + k 2
1
3
V cos x 1 nn ta chn trng hp cos x =
, (k )
2
x = + k 2
3
So vi iu kin (*) th phng trnh cho c nghim l x =
,x =
5
.
3
2) sin 2 x.cos x = tan 3 x.sin( x + ) cos 2 x.sin x(1)

6
iu kin: cos 3x 0 x
+k
, ( k ) . Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh
sin 2 x cos x + cos 2 x sin x = tan 3 x sin( x + )

6
sin 3x = tan 3x sin( x + )

6
sin 3 x =
sin 3 x
sin( x + )
cos 3x
6
sin 3x 1
sin( x + ) = 0
6
cos 3x
sin 3 x = 0
1 1 sin( x + ) = 0
6
cos 3x
sin 3 x = 0
cos 3 x sin( x + ) = 0
6
sin 3 x = 0
cos 3 x = sin( x + )
6
sin 3 x = 0
sin( 3 x) = sin( x + )
2
6
3 x = k
, (k )
3 x = x + + k 2
2
6
3 x = ( x + ) + k 2
2
6
329
x = 3
k
x =
, (k )
12 2
x = k
6
3) cot x 1 =
cos 2 x
1
+ sin 2 x sin 2 x
1 + tan x
2
k
x
2
iu kin:
, (k ).
2
tan x 1 x + k
4
Khi phng trnh cho tr thnh
cos x sin x
cos 2 x sin 2 x
1
= cos x (
) + sin 2 x sin 2 x
sin x
(cos x + sin x )
2
cos x sin x
1
= cos x(cos x sin x) + sin 2 x sin 2 x
sin x
2
cos x sin x
1
= cos 2 x cos x sin x + sin 2 x sin 2 x

sin x
2
cos x sin x
= 1 sin 2 x
sin x
cos x sin x
= (cos x sin x )2
sin x
(cos x sin x)
(cos x sin x) = 0
sin x
cos x sin x = 0
1
(cos x sin x) = 0
sin x
2 cos( x + 4 ) = 0
1 (cos x sin x) = 0
sin x

x + = + k , ( k )
4 2
2
1 sin x cos x + sin x = 0
330
k
k
,x =
,(k ).
3
12 2
x = 4 + k , ( k )
1 cos x + 1 = 0
sin 2 x sin x
x = + k , (k )
4
2
cot x cot x + 2 = 0
x=
+ k , (k ) (V phng trnh cot 2 x cot x + 2 = 0 v nghim).

4) sin 4 x.sin 2 x + sin 9 x.sin 3 x = cos 2 x
+ k , (k ).
1
1
(cos 2 x cos 6 x) + (cos 6 x cos12 x ) = cos 2 x
2
2
1
1 + cos 2 x
(cos 2 x cos12 x) =
2
2
cos12 x = 1
12 x = + k 2
x=
12
k
, (k ).
6
12
k
, (k ).
6
5) cos 2 x.sin 4 x + cos 2 x = 2 cos x (sin x + cos x) 1

cos 2 x sin 4 x + cos 2 x = 2 cos x sin x + 2 cos 2 x 1
cos 2 x sin 4 x + cos 2 x = 2 cos x sin x + cos 2 x
1
sin 2 2 x sin 2 x = sin 2 x
4
1
sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 2 x 1 = 0

4
sin 2 x = 0
1
sin 2 x sin 2 x 1 = 0
4
2 x = k , ( k )
2
sin 2 x sin x = 4
x=
k
, (k ) (V s in2x sin 2 x 1 nn phng trnh sin 2 x sin 2 x = 4 v nghim).
2
331
k
, (k ).
2
6) 3 cos 4 x + sin 4 x 2 cos 3x = 0

3 cos 4 x + sin 4 x = 2 cos 3x
3
1
cos 4 x + sin 4 x = cos 3 x
2
2
cos
cos 4 x + sin
sin 4 x = cos 3 x
cos 4 x = cos 3x
6
4 x 6 = 3 x + k 2
x = 6 + k 2
,(k ).
4 x = 3x + k 2
x = + k 2
6
42
7
+ k 2 , x =
42
k 2
,(k ).
7
7) 4cos 2 x 2 cos 2 2 x = 1 + cos 4 x

4 cos 2 x 2 cos 2 2 x = 2 cos 2 2 x
cos 2 x cos 2 2 x = 0
( cos x cos 2 x )( cos x + cos 2 x ) = 0
3x
x
3x
x
sin cos cos = 0
2
2
2
2
s in3x sin x = 0
sin
s in3x = 0
sin x = 0
3 x = k
x = k
k
x=
x = k
x=
k
, (k ).
3
k
, (k ).
3
8) 2sin 2 x = 2sin 2 x tan x (1) . iu kin: x + k , (k ).

4
2
332

sin x
(1) 2 sin x = 2sin 2 x
4
cos x
sin x
2
( sin x cos x ) = 2sin 2 x
cos x
sin x
1 2sin x cos x = 2sin 2 x
cos x
2
2
cos x 2sin x cos x 2sin x cos x + sin x = 0
sin x + cos x 2sin x cos x ( sin x + cos x ) = 0
( sin x + cos x )(1 sin 2 x ) = 0
2 sin x + = 0
sin x + cos x = 0
sin 2 x = 1
sin 2 x = 1
x = 4 + k
,(k )
x = + k
4
+ k , x =
+ k , (k ).
9) cos 3x + 2 cos 2 x = 1 2 sin x sin 2 x

cos 3x + 2 cos 2 x = 1 + cos 3x cos x
2 cos 2 x = 1 cos x
2 2cos 2 x 1 = 1 cos x
4 cos 2 x + cos x 3 = 0
cos x = 1 x = + k 2
, k ).
x = arccos 3 + k 2 (
cos x = 3
4
3
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = + k 2 , x = arccos + k 2 , (k ).
4
10) ( 2sin x 1)( 2 cos x + sin x ) = sin 2 x cos x
( 2 sin x 1)( 2 cos x + sin x ) = 2 sin x cos x cos x
( 2 sin x 1)( 2 cos x + sin x ) cos x ( 2sin x 1) = 0
( 2 sin x 1)( cos x + sin x ) = 0
333
sin x =
2sin x 1 = 0
2
2 sin x + = 0
cos x + sin x = 0
x = 6 + k 2
5
x =
+ k 2 , (k )
x = + k
4
11)
+ k 2 , x =
+ k 2 , x = + k , (k ).
6
4
3 cos 5 x 2 sin 3x cos 2 x sin x = 0(1)
(1) 3 cos 5 x ( sin 5 x + sin x ) sin x = 0

3 cos 5 x sin 5 x = 2sin x
3
1
cos 5 x sin 5 x = sin x
2
2
sin 5 x = sin x
3
3 5 x = x + k 2
6 x = 3 k 2
x = 18 k 3
, k .
5 x = x + k 2 4 x = k 2
x = k
3
3
6
2
18
; x = k ,(k ).
3
6
2
12) sin x + cos x sin 2 x + 3 cos 3 x = 2 cos 4 x + sin 3 x (1)

3
1
3sin x sin 3 x
(1) sin x + sin 3x + 3 cos 3x = 2 cos 4 x +
2
2
2
sin 3x + 3 cos 3 x = 2 cos 4 x
1
3
sin 3 x +
cos 3 x = cos 4 x
2
2
cos 4 x = cos 3 x
6
334
4 x = 3 x 6 + k 2
x = 6 + k 2
, ( k ).
4 x = 3 x + + k 2
x = + k 2
6
42
7

VI.5.1) tan
( 2 sin
x +1 =
iu kin: x
2 x sin 3 x
4
cos x
+ k 2 , x =
42
+k
2
,(k ).
7
(1)
+ k , ( k ) .
2 sin 2 2 x sin 3 x
sin 4 x
(1)
+1 =
cos 4 x
cos 4 x
sin 4 x + cos 4 x = 2 sin 2 2 x sin 3 x
1 2sin 2 x cos 2 x = 2 sin 2 2 x sin 3 x

1
1 sin 2 2 x = ( 2 sin 2 2 x ) sin 3 x
2
1
2 sin 2 2 x ) ( 2 sin 2 2 x ) sin 3x = 0
(
2
2 sin 2 2 x sin 3x = 0
2
2 sin 2 2 x = 0
sin 2 2 x = 2
1
sin 3x = 0
sin 3 x = 1
2
2
k 2
3 x = + k 2
x= +
1
6
18
3
sin 3x =
, (k ).
2
3 x = 5 + k 2
x = 5 + k 2
6
18
3
(V phng trnh sin 2 2x = 2 v nghim).

So vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l
x=
18
k 2
5 k 2
,x =
+
, (k ).
3
18
3
sin 4 x + cos 4 x 1
1
2)
= cot 2 x
(1)
5sin 2 x
2
8sin 2 x
335
iu kin: sin 2 x 0 2 x k x
k
,(k ).
2
Vi iu kin trn th
(1)
sin 4 x + cos 4 x cos 2 x

1
=
5sin 2 x
2sin 2 x 8sin 2 x
(
8 (1 2sin
8 sin 4 x + cos 4 x = 20cos 2 x 5

2
x cos 2 x = 20 cos 2 x 5
8 1 sin 2 2 x = 20 cos 2 x 5
2
8 4sin 2 2 x = 20 cos 2 x 5
8 4 1 cos 2 2 x = 20 cos 2 x 5
9
cos 2 x =
2
4 cos 2 2 x 20cos 2 x + 9 = 0
1
cos 2 x =
2 x = + k 2
x = + k
1
3
6
cos 2 x =
,(k ).
2
2 x = + k 2
x = + k
3
6
(V phng trnh cos 2 x =
9
v nghim).
2
+ k , (k ).
3) 1 + sin x + cos x + sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 0

(1 + sin 2 x ) + sin x + cos x + cos 2 x = 0
2
( sin x + cos x ) + ( sin x + cos x ) + ( sin x + cos x )( cos x sin x ) = 0

( sin x + cos x )( sin x + cos x + 1 + cos x sin x ) = 0
( sin x + cos x )( 2 cos x + 1) = 0
2
cos(
x
)=0
sin x + cos x = 0
4
2cos x + 1 = 0
cos x = 1
336
x 4 = 2 + k
x = 4 + k
, (k ).
x = 2 + k 2
x = 2 + k 2
3
3
3
2
+ k , x =
+ k 2 , (k ).
4
3
4) 2cos 2 x sin 2 x + cos x sin 3 x = 0

4
4 2
2sin 2 x cos 2 x + sin 3x cos x = 0

4
4 2
1
1
1
sin 2 2 x + sin 2 x + sin 4 x = 0

2
2
2 2
1
1
1
sin 2 2 x + ( sin 2 x cos 4 x ) = 0
2
2
2
sin 2 2 x + sin 2 x 1 2sin 2 2 x 1 = 0
sin 2 x = 1
sin 2 2 x + sin 2 x 2 = 0
sin 2 x = 2
s in2x = 1 (V phng trnh s in2x = 2 v nghim).
2x =
+ k 2 x =
+k , (k ).
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh l x =
+ k , (k ).
5) cot x + sin x 1 + tan x tan = 4(1)

2
x 2
k
x
iu kin:
x
,(k ).
2
2
cos x 0
x + k 2
2
Vi iu kin trn th ta c
x
sin x sin
2 =4
(1) cot x + sin x 1 +
x
cos x cos
2
337
cos 2
cot x + sin x
=4
x
cos x cos
2
cot x +
sin x
=4
cos x
4 sin x cos x = 1
2 x = + k 2
x = + k
1
6
12
sin 2 x =
,(k ).
2
2 x = 5 + k 2
x = 5 + k
12
6
So vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l
x=
6)
12
+ k , x =
5
+ k , (k ).
12
2(cos 6 x + sin 6 x) sin x cos x

= 0(1)
2 2sin x
iu kin:
x 4 + k 2
2
2 2sin x 0 sin x
( k )
3
2
x
+ k 2
Vi iu kin trn th
(1) 2(cos 6 x + sin 6 x ) sin x cos x = 0
2(1 3cos 2 x sin 2 x ) sin x cos x = 0
6 cos 2 x sin 2 x + sin x cos x 2 = 0
sin x cos x = 3
sin 2 x =
sin x cos x = 1
sin 2 x = 1
2
s in2x = 1 (V phng trnh sin2x =
2x =
x=
4
v nghim)
3
+ k 2
+ k , ( k ) .
338
5
+ k 2 , (k ).
4
7) cos 3x + cos 2 x cos x 1 = 0

4 cos3 x 3cos x + 2 cos 2 x 1 cos x 1 = 0
4 cos3 x + 2 cos 2 x 4 cos x 2 = 0
(cos 2 x 1)(4 cos x + 2) = 0
x = k 2
cos x = 1
cos x = 1 x = + k 2
1
2
+ k 2
x =
cos x =
2
3
x = k
x = 2 + k 2
3
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = k , x =
2
+ k 2 , (k ).
3
8) 13 18 tan x = 6 tan x 3
6 tan x 3 0
2
13 18 tan x = (6 tan x 3)
1
tan x
2
18 tan 2 x 9 tan x 2 = 0
1
tan x 2
2
2
2
tan x = tan x = x = arctan + k , (k ).
3
3
3
1
tan x = 6
2
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = arctan + k , (k ).
3
9) cos 4 x sin 4 x = cos x + sin x (1)

Ta c VT = cos 4 x sin 4 x = cos 2 x sin 2 x = cos 2 x 1, x .
2
cos x cos x
Mt khc
VP = cos x + sin x sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1
2
sin
x
sin
x
cos 2 x = 1
x = k , ( k )
2
Do (1) cos x = cos x cos x = cos 2 x x = k , (k ).
sin x = sin 2 x
sin x = sin 2 x
339
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = k , (k ).

10) cos13 x + sin14 x = 1(1)
sin14 x sin 2 x
Ta c 13
cos13 x + sin14 x sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 VT 1
2
cos x cos x
sin x = 0
sin x = 0
sin14 x = sin 2 x
sin x = 1 cos x = 0
Do (1) 13
2
cos
x
=
cos
x
cos
x
=
0
cos x = 0
cos x = 1
cos x = 1
sin x = 0
x = k 2
cos x = 1
, (k ).
x = + k
cos x = 0
2
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = k 2 , x =
+ k 2 , (k ).
VI.6. 1) tan x = cot x + 4cos 2 2 x.

iu kin: sin x.cos x 0 x
k
,(k ).
2

tan x cotx = 4 cos 2 2 x
sin x cos x
2 cos 2 x
= 4 cos 2 2 x
+ 4 cos 2 2 x = 0
cos x sin x
sin 2 x
cos 2 x
+ 2cos 2 x = 0 cos 2 x (1 + sin 4 x ) = 0.
sin 2 x
cos 2 x = 0 x =
sin 4 x = 1 x =
k
.
2
+
k
.
2
i chiu iu kin suy ra nghim ca phng trnh cho l

x=
k
k
v x = +
, (k ).
2
8 2
2) sin 2 x = sin x +
.
4
4 2

2
2
2
( cos x sin x )( 2 cos x 1) = 0.
( sin 2 x cos 2 x ) = ( sin x cos x ) +
2
2
2
340
cos x sin x = 0 tgx = 1 x =

2 cos x 1 = 0 cos x =
+ k .
x = + k 2 .
2
3
+ k , x =
+ k 2 , ( k ) .
3 2cos 2 x + cos x 2 + ( 3 2 cos x ) sin x = 0
3)
2 3 1 sin 2 x + 3 cos x 2 3 + 3sin x 2 cos x sin x = 0

2 3 sin 2 x + 3 cos x + 3sin x 2cos x sin x = 0
3 cos x + 3 sin x 2sin x cos x + 3 sin x = 0
3 sin x + cos x
)(
3 2sin x = 0
x = + k 2
3
3
sin x =
3 2 sin x = 0
2
x =
+ k 2
3
3
1
3 sin x + cos x = 0
sin x + cos x = 0
2
2
2
cos x = 0
x = 3 + k 2
x = 3 + k 2
x = 2 + k 2 x = 2 + k 2 , ( k ) .
3
3
x = + k
x = 5 + k
3 2
6
+ k 2 , x =
+ k 2 , x =
5
+ k , ( k ) .
6
4) (1 + 2cos 3 x ) sin x + sin 2 x = 2sin 2 2 x +

4
sin x + sin 4 x sin 2 x + sin 2 x = 1 cos 4 x +

2
sin x + sin 4 x = 1 + sin 4 x

sin x = 1
x=
+ k 2 , ( k ) .
341
+ k 2 , ( k ) .
x
x
x
5) 1 + sin sin x cos sin 2 x = 2 cos 2
2
2
4 2
x
x
1 + sin sin x cos sin 2 x = 1 + cos x

2
2
2
x
x
1 + sin sin x cos sin 2 x = 1 + sin x
2
2
x
x
sin x sin cos sin x 1 = 0

2
2
x
x
x
sin x sin 2 cos 2 sin 1 = 0

2
2
2
x
x
x
sin x sin 2 1 sin 2 sin 1 = 0

2
2
2
x
x
x
sin x sin 1 1 + 2 sin + 1 sin = 0

2
2
2
x
x
x
sin x sin 1 2 sin 2 + 2 sin + 1 = 0

2
2
2
sin x = 0
x = k 2
x = k 2
x = k , ( k ) .
x
sin = 1 = + k 2
x = + k 4
2
2 2
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = k , ( k ) .
1
6) cos 2 ( x + ) + sin 2 ( x + ) = 2 sin x
3
6
4
1
cos 2 ( x + ) + sin 2 ( x + ) = 2 sin x
3
6
4
1
2 1

1
1 + cos(2 x +
) + 1 cos(2 x + ) = 2 sin x
2
3 2
3
4
2
1
2 + cos(2 x +
) cos(2 x + ) = 4 sin x
3
3
2
5
2sin(2 x + ) sin 4sin x + = 0
2
6
2
5
sin(2 x + ) + 4sin x = 0
2
2
342
5
=0
2
5
1 2sin 2 x + 4 sin x = 0
2
3
2 sin 2 x 4 sin x + = 0
2
2
4 sin x 8sin x + 3 = 0
cos 2 x + 4 sin x
x = + k 2
sin x = 2
1
6
sin x =
, ( k ).
1
5
2
x =
sin x =
+ k 2
2
6
+ k 2 , x =
5
+ k 2 , ( k ) .
6
sin 3x 4 cos x 3
6
=0
7)
sin 3 x 1
iu kin: sin 3x 1 3 x
+ k 2 x
k 2
, ( k ) . (*)
3
sin 3x 4 cos x 3 = 0
6
cos 3 x 4 cos x 3 = 0
2
6
cos 3 x 4cos x 3 = 0
6
6
4 cos3 x 7 cos x 3 = 0
6
6
x=
+ k 2
cos x 6 = 1

1
5
cos x = x =
+ k 2 , ( k ) .
6
2
6

3
x = + k 2
cos x =
2
6 2

Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l
x=
7
+ k 2 , ( k ) .
6
343
8) cos 3x cos 3 x sin 3x sin 3 x =
2+3 2
.
8

2+3 2
2
2+3 2
cos 2 3 x + sin 2 3 x + 3 ( cos 3x cos x sin 3 x sin x ) =
2
1
k
cos 4 x =
4 x = + k 2 x = +
, ( k ).
4
16 2
2
cos 3x ( cos 3 x + 3cos x ) sin 3x ( 3sin x sin 3x ) =
16
k
,(k ).
2
9) 4sin 3x sin x + 4 cos 3 x cos x + cos 2 2 x + + 1 = 0.

4
4
4

2 ( cos 2 x + sin 2 x ) +
1 + sin 4 x
=0
2
t t = cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 2 cos 2 x sin 4 x = t 2 1. iu kin: t 2

4
t = 0
Ta c phng trnh t 2 + 4t = 0
t = 4
3 k
Ta chn t = 0 . Suy ra cos 2 x = 0 x =

+
,(k ).
4
8
2
3 k
+
,(k ).
8
2
10) sin 3x + 3 cos 3x + cos 2 x 3 sin 2 x = sin x + 3 cos x.

2cos 2 x sin x 2 3 sin 2 x sin x + cos 2 x 3 sin 2 x = 0
(1 + 2sin x ) cos 2 x 3 sin 2 x = 0
x = + k 2
sin x = 2
1 + 2sin x = 0
7
x =
+ k 2 , ( k ) .
6
cos 2 x + = 0
cos 2 x 3 sin 2 x = 0

3
x = + k
12 2
344
7
k
+ k 2 , x = +
, ( k ).
x = + k 2 , x =
6
6
12 2
11) sin 2 x (1 + tan x ) = 3sin x ( cos x sin x ) + 3 (1)
iu kin: x
+ k , ( k ) .(*)
Phng trnh (1) tng ng vi

sin x + cos x
2
sin 2 x
= 3 1 sin x + sin x cos x
cos x
2
sin x ( sin x + cos x ) = 3cos 2 x ( sin x + cos x )
( sin x + cos x ) 3cos 2 x sin 2 x = 0

x = + k
sin x + 4 = 0
, ( k ).
1
x = + k
cos 2 x =
(Tha iu kin (*)). Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l

x=
12)
+ k , x =
+ k , ( k ) .
sin 2 x cos 2 x
+
= tan x cot x (1)
cos x
sin x
iu kin: cos x.sin x 0 x
k
, ( k ) . (*)
2
Phng trnh (1) tng ng vi

sin 2 x cos 2 x sin x cos x
+
=
cos x
sin x
cos x sin x
sin 2 x sin x + cos 2 x cos x = sin 2 x cos 2 x
cos x = cos 2 x
cos 2 x + cos x = 0
3x
x
2 cos cos = 0
2
2
3x
3x
k 2
cos 2 = 0
2 = 2 + k
x= +
3
3
cos x = 0
x = + k
x = + k 2
2
2 2
Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l
345
x=
13)
+ k 2 , ( k ) .
1
+
sin x
= 4 sin
x (1)
3
sin x
sin x 0
x k
k
iu kin:
x
; ( k ) . (*)
3
3
sin
x
0
2
x
+
k
2
2

(1) tng ng vi:
1
1
+
= 2 2 ( sin x + cos x )
sin x cos x
( sin x + cos x )
+2 2 =0
sin x cos x
+ sin x + cos x = 0 x =
+ k .
1
2
+ 2 2 = 0 sin 2 x =
sin x cos x
2
x = 8 + k
x = 5 + k
8
+
i chiu vi iu kin (*) ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l

x=
+ k ; x =
+ k ; x =
5
+ k ; ( k ) .
8
14) sin 3 x 3 cos3 x = sin x cos 2 x 3 sin 2 x cos x(1)

+ cos x = 0 : Phng trnh (1) khng tha.
+ cos x 0 x
+ k . Chia hai v ca (1) cho cos3 x 0 ta c phng trnh
tan 3 x 3 = tan x 3 tan 2 x

tan 3 x + 3 tan 2 x tan x 3 = 0
x = 4 + k
tan x = 1
tan x = 1 x = + k ; ( k )
4
tan x = 3
x = + k
3
346
+ k , x =
+ k , x =
+ k , ( k ) .
15) 2sin x (1 + cos 2 x ) + sin 2 x = 1 + 2 cos x(1).

(1) 4sin x cos 2 x + 2sin x cos x 1 2cos x = 0
2 cos x ( 2sin x cos x 1) + ( 2sin x cos x 1) = 0
( sin 2 x 1)( 2 cos x + 1) = 0
x
=
+ k
sin 2 x = 1
; ( k ).
cos x = 1
x = 2 + k
2
3
+ k , x =
2
+ k , ( k ) .
3
x 6 + k 2
1 2sin x ) cos x
(
7
sin x
16)
= 3(1). iu kin:
+ k 2 ; ( k ) . (*)
2 x
6
(1 + 2 sin x )(1 sin x )
sin x 1
x 2 + k 2
(1) (1 2sin x ) cos x = 3 (1 + 2sin x )(1 sin x )
cos x 2sin x cos x = 3 1 + sin x 2sin 2 x
cos x 3 sin x = sin 2 x + 3 cos 2 x

1
3
1
3
cos x
sin x = sin 2 x +
cos 2 x
2
2
2
2
cos x + = cos 2 x
3
6

x + 3 = 2 x 6 + k 2
x + = 2 x + + k 2
3
6
x = 2 k 2
x = + k 2
18
3

x=
18
k 2
, ( k ).
3
347
11 5 x
7 x
3x
VI.7. 1) cos
+ sin
= 2 sin + (1).
2
4
4 2
2 2
(1) cos
cos
5x
5x
x
3x
+ sin sin sin cos cos sin = 2 cos
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
2
2
5x
x
5x
x
3x
sin sin cos cos = 2 cos
2
2
2
2
2
2
x
5x
x
3x
5x
sin sin cos + cos = 2 cos
2
2
2
2
2
2 cos
cos
3x
3x
3x
sin x 2 cos cos x = 2 cos
2
2
2
3x
( sin x cos x 1) = 0
2
3x
cos = 0
sin x cos x = 1
3x
cos
=0
2

sin x 4 = 2
k 2
3x
x = 3 + 3
2 = 2 + k
x = + k 2
x = + k 2
2
4 4
x = + k 2
x = + k 2
4
4
k 2
x = 3 + 3
,(k ).
x = + k 2
2
2)
2 sin x
4
1 + sin 2 x = 1 + tan x (1).

(
)
cos x
iu kin: cos x 0 x
348
+ k ; ( k ) (*).
k 2
; x = + k 2 , ( k ) .
3
2
(1)
cos x sin x
(1 + sin 2 x ) = 1 + tan x
cos x
(1 tan x )(1 + sin 2 x ) = 1 + tan x

sin 2 x sin 2 x tan x 2 tan x = 0
sin x
=0
cos x
sin x cos 2 x cos x sin 2 x sin x = 0
sin x cos x sin 2 x
sin x = 0
sin x cos 2 x sin x cos x 1 = 0 2
cos x sin x cos x = 1
sin x = 0
sin x = 0
2
cos 2 x + =
cos 2 x sin 2 x = 1

4 2
x = k
x = k
, ( k ) , tho iu kin (*).

2 x + = + k 2
x = + k
4 4
2 x + = + k 2
4
4
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = k ; x =
+ k , ( k ) .
3) sin 3 x + cos 3 x = cos 2 x ( 2 cos x sin x ) (1).
(1) ( sin x + cos x )(1 sin x cos x ) = cos 2 x sin 2 x ( 2 cos x sin x )
( sin x + cos x ) 1 sin x cos x ( cos x sin x )( 2 cos x sin x ) = 0
( sin x + cos x ) cos x ( 2 sin x cos x ) = 0
x = + k
2 sin x + 4 = 0
sin x + cos x = 0
cos x = 0
x = + k
x = + k
,(k ).
2
2
2sin x cos x = 0
tan x = 1
x = arctan 1 + k

2
2
1
x = + k , x = + k , x = arctan + k , ( k ) .
4
2
2
349
4) 2sin 2 x = 2sin 2 x tan x (1).

4
iu kin: cos x 0 x
+ k , ( k ) (*).
(1) ( sin x cos x ) = 2sin 2 x tan x

cos 2 x sin 2 x 2sin x cos x + tan x = 0 (2).
Chia hai v ca phng trnh (2) cho cos 2 x 0 ta c
(2) 1 tan 2 x 2 tan x + tan x 1 + tan 2 x = 0

tan 3 x tan 2 x tan x + 1 = 0
( tan x 1) tan 2 x 1 = 0
tan x 1 = 0
tan x = 1
2
tan x = 1
tan x 1 = 0
x = 4 + k
, ( k ) , tho iu kin (*).
x = + k
4
5)
1
x 1
x
+ cos 2 = sin 2 (1).
4
3 2
2
x 1
1
+ cos 2 = (1 cos x )
4
3 4
1
x 1 1
+ cos 2 + cos x = 0
4
3 4 4
x 1
x
x
cos 2 + 4 cos3 3cos = 0
3 4
3
3
x
x 3
x
cos3 + cos 2 cos = 0
3
3 4
3
x
x
x
cos 4cos 2 + 4cos 3 = 0

3
3
3
(1)
x
x
cos 3 = 0
cos 3 = 0
4cos 2 x + 4cos x 3 = 0
cos x = 1
3
3
3 2
350
+ k , x =
+ k , ( k ) .
x
3
3 = 2 + k
x=
+ k 3
, ( k ).
2
x = + k 2
x = + k 6
3
3
6)
3 sin + cos x =
3
+ k 3 , x = + k 6 , ( k ) .
2
1
(1).
cos x
iu kin: cos x 0 x
+ k , ( k ) . (*)
(1) 3 sin x cos x + cos 2 x = 1
3
1 + cos 2 x
sin 2 x +
=1
2
2
3
1
1
sin 2 x + cos 2 x =
2
2
2
cos
sin 2 x + sin
cos2 x =
1
2
sin 2 x + =
6 2
x = k
2 x + 6 = 6 + k 2
, ( k ) , tho iu kin (*).

x = + k
2 x + =
+ k 2
3
6
6
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = k , x =
+ k , ( k ) .
7) 3 tan 2 x + 4 tan x + 4cot x + 3cot 2 x + 2 = 0 (1).
cos x 0
k
x + k
x
; ( k ) (*).
iu kin:
2
2
sin x 0
x k
Cch 1.
(1) 3 tan 2 x + cot 2 x + 4 ( tan x + cot x ) + 2 = 0

t t = tan x + cot x, iu kin t 2. (1) tr thnh
3(t 2 2) + 4t + 2 = 0 3t 2 + 4t 4 = 0
351
t = 2
2
t =
3
Ta nhn trng hp t = 2. Khi ta c phng trnh
tan x + cot x = 2 tan x = 1 x =
+ k , ( k ) . (Tha iu kin)
+ k , ( k ) .
Cch 2. Ta c vi iu kin (*) th phng trnh (1) tng ng vi

sin 4 x + cos 4 x sin 2 x + cos 2 x
3
+ 4
+2= 0
2
2
sin x cos x sin x cos x
1 2sin 2 x cos 2 x
4
3
+ 2 = 0 (2).
+
2
2
sin x cos x sin x cos x
t t = sin x cos x =
sin 2 x
1
. iu kin: t 0, t . Phng trnh (2) tr thnh
2
2
1 2t 2 4
3 2 + +2=0
t
t
3 1 2t 2 + 4t + 2t 2 = 0
4t 2 + 4t + 3 = 0
3
t = 2
t = 1
2
1
Vi t = , ta c sin 2 x = 1 2 x = + k 2 , ( k )
2
2
x=
+ k , ( k ) .
So vi iu kin (*) th nghim ca phng trnh cho l x =

8) sin 2 x tan x + cos 2 x cot x sin 2 x = 1 + tan x + cot x (1)
sin x 0
k
iu kin:
x
, ( k ) (*)
2
cos x 0
Ta c
352
+ k , ( k ) .
(1) tan x 1 sin 2 x + cot x 1 cos 2 x + sin 2 x + 1 = 0

tan x cos 2 x + cot x sin 2 x + 2sin x cos x + 1 = 0
sin x
cos x 2
cos 2 x +
sin x + sin 2 x + 1 = 0
cos x
sin x
sin x cos x + sin x cos x + sin 2 x + 1 = 0
2sin x cos x + sin 2 x + 1 = 0
2sin 2 x = 1
sin 2 x =
1

= sin
2
6
2 x = 6 + k 2
2 x = + + k 2
x
=
+ k
12
, ( k ).
x = 7 + k
12
Tha iu kin (*). Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l
x=
12
+ k ; x =
7
+ k , ( k ) .
12
9) sin 4 2 x + cos4 2 x = (1 + cos2 4 x ) sin 6 x (1)
(1) sin 4 2 x + cos 4 2 x = 2 sin 2 4 x sin 6 x
sin 2 2 x + cos 2 2 x 2sin 2 2 x cos 2 2 x = 2 sin 2 4 x sin 6 x

1 2sin 2 2 x cos 2 2 x + sin 2 4 x sin 6 x = 2sin 6 x
1
sin 2 4 x sin 6 x sin 2 4 x = 2sin 6 x 1
2
1
sin 2 4 x ( 2sin 6 x 1) = 2sin 6 x 1
2
1
( 2sin 6 x 1) sin 2 4 x 1 = 0
2
2sin 6 x 1 = 0
sin
6
x
=
1
1 2
sin 6 x = = sin
2
sin 4 x 1 = 0
2
6
2
sin 4 x = 2(VN )
2
353
6 x = 6 + k 2
x = 36 + 3
,(k ).
6 x = + k 2
x = 5 + k
6
36 3
36
k
5 k
;x =
+
, ( k ).
3
36 3
10) 3 ( 2cos2 x + cos x 2 ) + sin x ( 3 2 cos x ) = 0 (1)

(1) 2 3 cos 2 x + 3 cos x 2 3 + 3sin x 2sin x cos x = 0
2 3 (1 sin 2 x ) + 3 cos x 2 3 + 3sin x 2 sin x cos x = 0
2 3 2 3 sin 2 x + 3 cos x 2 3 + 3sin x 2 sin x cos x = 0
2 3 sin 2 x + 3 cos x + 3sin x 2sin x cos x = 0

3 sin x
3 2sin x + cos x
3 2sin x
)(
3 2sin x = 0
3 sin x + cos x = 0
3
sin x =
3 2sin x = 0
2
3
1
3 sin x + cos x = 0
sin x + cos x = 0
2
2
sin x = sin 3
sin sin x + cos cos x = 0
3
3
x
=
+
k
2
x
=
+ k 2
x = + k 2 x =
+ k 2
3
3
3
3
cos x = 0
x = + k
3
3 2
x = 3 + k 2 x = 3 + k 2
, ( k ).
x = 5 + k
6
+ k 2 ; x =
11) tan x tan x + sin 3x = sin x + sin 2 x (1)

6
6
354
2
5
+ k 2 ; x =
+ k , ( k ) .
3
6
x 3 + k
iu kin:
, (k ).
x 2 + k
1
1
tanx
tanx +
3
3
(1)
.
.sin3x = sinx +sin2x
tanx tanx
1+
1
3
3
2 1
tan x
3tan 2 x 1)
(
3
.sin 3 x = sin x + sin 2 x

sin 3 x = sin x + sin 2 x
tan 2 x
3 tan 2 x )
(
1
tan x (tan 2 x 3)
do
tan3
x
=
3tan 2 x 1
tan x
sin 3 x = sinx +sin2x
tan 3x
tan x cos 3 x = sinx +sin2x

sinx
cos 3x = sinx +sin2x

cos x
sinx cos x + sin2x cos x + sin x cos 3 x = 0
sinx (cos x + 2cos 2 x + cos 3x ) = 0
sinx (4cos 3 x + 2cos 2 x 2 cos x ) = 0
sin2x (2cos 2 x + cos x 1) = 0
k
x = 2
sin 2 x = 0
x=
2
cos x = 1 x = + k 2
, (k ).
x = + k 2
3
x = + k 2
cos x =
2
3
So snh vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l x =
k
, (k ).
2
12) (1 tan x )(1 + sin 2 x ) = cos x + sin x (1)

iu kin: cos x 0 x
+ k , ( k ) . (*)
sin x
sin x
(1) 1
(1 + sin 2 x ) = 1 +
cos x
cos x
( cos x sin x )(1 + sin 2 x ) = cos x + sin x
2
( cos x sin x )( cos x + sin x ) = cos x + sin x
355
( cos x + sin x ) ( cos x sin x )( cos x + sin x ) 1 = 0

( cos x + sin x )( cos 2 x 1) = 0
sin x + = 0
x = + k
,(k ).
4
4

x = k
cos 2 x = 1
Tha iu kin (*). Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x =
13)
+ k ; x = k , ( k ) .
sin 2 x cos 2 x
= tan x cot x (1)

cos x
sin x
iu kin: sin x cos x 0 x
k
, ( k ) . (*)
2
sin 2 x sin x cos 2 x cos x sin x cos x

=
sin x cos x
cos x sin x
cos 3 x
cos 2 x sin 2 x
=
sin x cos x
sin x cos x
cos 3x = cos 2 x
(1)
3 x = 2 x + k 2
3 x = 2 x + k 2
x = 2k
,(k )
x = k 2
5

k 2
x=
; k = 5m + r , m , r {1; 2;3; 4}.
5
3x
5x
x
cos = 2 cos (1)
2
2 4
2 4
14) sin
Ta c, phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
x
3x
5x
sin cos cos + sin sin = 2 cos
4
2
4
2
2
2 4
x
2
x
3x
5x 2
sin
cos +
sin = 2 cos
2 2
2
2
2 4 2
2
x
x
3x
5x
sin
cos + sin = 2 cos
2
2
2
2 4 2
2
3x
5x
x
sin
2 sin + = 2 cos
2
2 4 2
2 4
356
3x
5x
x
sin sin + = 2 cos
2
2 4
2 4
2 cos
cos
3x
3x
sin x = 2 cos
2
4
2
3x
2sin x 2 = 0
2
4
3x
2 = 2 + k
3x
cos 2 = 0

x = + k 2
4 4

sin x 4 = 2 = sin 4

x = 3 + k 2
4
4
k 2
x = 3 + 3
k 2
x= +
3
3 , k .
x = + k 2
(
)
x = + k 2
x = + k 2
k 2
; x = + k , ( k ) .
3
2
15) 2 cos 2 x + 2 3 sin x cos x + 1 = 3(sin x + 3 cos x) (1)
(
(
(
3cos 2 x + 2 3 sin x cos x + sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x + 1 = 3
3 cos x + sin x
) ( 3 cos x + sin x ) = 0
3 cos x + sin x )( 3 cos x + sin x 3) = 0
3 cos x + sin x 3
3 cos x + sin x = 0
3
1
cos x + sin x = 0
2
2
3 cos x + sin x = 3 (VN )
sin( x + ) = 0 x + = k x = + k , ( k ) .
3
3
3
+ k , ( k ) .
VI.8.1) tan 2 x + cot 2 x + m(tan x + cot x) + 2m = 0(1)

iu kin: x
k
, (k ).
2
(1) (tan x + cot x) 2 + m(tan x + cot x ) + 2m 2 = 0

357
t t = tan x + cot x. iu kin: t 2.
Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh t 2 + mt + 2m 2 = 0(2) m =
t 2 + 2
, ( t 2)
t+2
(V t = 2 khng l nghim ca phng trnh (2))

Bi ton tr thnh: Tm m phng trnh (2) c nghim thuc ( ; 2] [ 2; + ) ".
t 2 + 2
Xt f (t ) =
, ( t 2)
t+2
f (t ) =
t = 2 + 2
t 2 4t 2
f (t ) = 0
2
(t + 2)
t = 2 2
Bng bin thin
1
Da vo bng bin thin, ta suy ra gi tr m cn tm l m 2(2 + 2) m .
2
2) m ( sin x + cos x ) + s in2x + m 1 = 0 (1)
t t = sin x + cos x = 2 sin x + . iu kin: t 2.

4
Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh t 2 + mt + m 2 = 0 (2)

Xt f (t ) = t 2 + m t + m 2
Phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (2) c nghim t 2; 2 .
T phng trnh (2) ta c
= m 2 4 ( m 2 ) = m 2 4m + 8 > 0, m
2
f 2 . f 2 = 1 2 m 1 + 2 m = m 0, m .
) ( ) (
) (
Suy ra phng trnh f (t ) = 0 lun c hai nghim phn bit v c t nht mt nghim
t 2; 2 .
Vy, vi m i m th phng trnh cho lun c nghim.
3) 6(cos x sin x) + sin 2 x = m(1)
6(cos x sin x) (cos x sin x) 2 + 1 = m
358
t t = cos x sin x. iu kin: t 2
Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh t 2 + 6t + 1 = m(2)

Phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (2) c nghim t tha t 2.
Xt f (t ) = t 2 + 6t + 1 f ' (t ) = 2t + 6
f ' (t ) = 0 t = 3 . Ta c bng bin thin
T bng bin thin, suy ra (1) c nghim khi v ch khi 6 2 1 m 6 2 1.

Vy, phng trnh cho c nghim khi m 6 2 1; 6 2 1 .
VI.9. cos 2 x 2m cos x + 4 ( m 1) = 0.(1)
t t = cos x, iu kin: t 1. (1) tr thnh
t 2 2mt + 4 ( m 1) = 0
t = 2
t = 2 ( m 1)
Do t 1 nn ta ch xt trng hp t = 2 ( m 1) .
(1) c nghim tha
< x<
3
khi v ch khi 0 < 2 ( m 1) 1 1 < m .
2
2
VI.10. sin 2 x + 2sin x cos x 2 cos 2 x = m(1).
Xt x =
+ k , ( k )
(1) tr thnh 1 = m.
+ Khi m = 1
(1) sin 2 x + 2sin x cos x 2cos 2 x = 1 2sin x cos x 3cos 2 x = 0
cos x ( 2sin x 3cos x ) = 0
cos x = 0
x = 2 + k
tan x = 3
x = + k , tan = 3 , < <
2
2 2
2
359
+ Khi m 1 cos x 0. Chia hai v ca (1) cho cos 2 x 0, ta c

tan 2 x + 2 tan x 2 = m (1 + tan 2 x )
( m 1) tan 2 x 2 tan x + m + 2 = 0
Nu = m2 m + 2 0
1 13
1 + 13
m
2
2
th phng trnh (1) c nghim l
1 + m2 m + 3
1 + m2 m + 3
x = arctan
+ k
tan x =
m 1
;(k ).
1 m2 m + 3
1 m2 m + 3
tan x =
+ k
x = arctan
m 1
m
1
Nu = m 2 m + 2 < 0 m <
1 13
1 + 13
m>
2
2

Kt lun:
+ Nu
1 13
1 + 13
m
, nghim ca phng trnh cho l
2
2
1 + m2 m + 3
x = arctan
+ k
m 1
;(k ).
1 m2 m + 3
+ k
x = arctan
m 1
+ Nu m <
1 13
1 + 13
m>
, th phng trnh cho v nghim.
2
2
VI.11. m cos 2 2 x 2sin 2 x + m 2 = 0 (1)

t t = sin 2 x. Ta c vi 0 < x <
th t = sin 2 x ( 0;1) .
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh m(1 t 2 ) 2t + m 2 = 0 m(2 t 2 ) 2t 2 = 0 m =
2t + 2
.
2 t2
2 t 2 + 2t + 2
2t + 2
Xt hm s f (t ) =
, f (t ) =
> 0, t ( 0;1) .
2
2 t2
2 t2
Hm s f (t ) ng bin trong khong ( 0;1) . Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f (t ) trong

khong ( 0;1) ta tm c gi tr ca tham s m l 1 < m < 4.
360
TI LIU THAM KHO

ng Hng Thng. 1998. Phng trnh, bt phng trnh v h phng trnh. H Ni:
NXB Gio dc.

on Qunh (Tng ch bin) Nguyn Huy oan (Ch bin) Nguyn Xun Lim
ng Hng Thng Trn Vn Vung. 2008. i s 10 (Nng cao). H Ni: NXB
Gio dc.
on Qunh (Tng ch bin) Nguyn Huy oan (Ch bin) Nguyn Xun Lim
Nguyn Khc Minh ng Hng Thng. 2008. i s v Gii tch 11 (Nng
cao). H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
on Qunh (Tng ch bin) Nguyn Huy oan (Ch bin) Trn Phng Dung
Nguyn Xun Lim ng Hng Thng). 2008. Gii tch 12 (Nng cao). H Ni:
NXB Gio dc.
Hong Huy Sn. 2009. i s s cp. i hc An Giang. Lu hnh n i b.

Hong K. 1999. i s s cp. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
Hong K. 2007. Gio trnh cn s v ton v t. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
Nguyn Thi He. 2001. Dng n ph gii ton. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
Nguyn Vn Mu. 2001. Phng php gii phng trnh v bt phng trnh. H Ni:
NXB Gio dc.
Phan c Chnh. 1999. Bt ng thc. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
Phan c Chnh Nguyn Dng Thy T Mn o Tam L Thng Nht. 1996.
Cc bi ging luyn thi mn Ton Tp 2. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
Phan Huy Khi. 2001. Phng php th bin lun h phng trnh cha tham s.
H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
Trn Phng. 1995. Phng php mi gii thi tuyn sinh mn Ton. H N i: NXB
Gio dc.
Tuyn tp cc thi tuyn sinh vo i hc, Cao ng ton quc t nm 2002 2003 n
2008 2009.
Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
.., ..,1978.
. . .
.., .., ...1986.
. . .
V.A.Kretsmar.1978. Bi tp i s s cp Tp 1. V Dng Thy Nguyn Duy
Thun, dch. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
V.A.Kretsmar.1978. Bi tp i s s cp Tp 2. V Dng Thy Nguyn Duy

Thun, dch. H Ni: NXB Gio dc.
361
Chu trch nhim xut bn:
Gim c NG TRN I
Tng bin tp V DNG THU
Bin tp :
NFUYN TRNG B
Trnh by ba:
NGUYN QUC I
BI TP I S S CP
In 100.000 cun kh 24 x 35 cm ti Cng ti In Tin An.
Giy php xut bn s 1536/358-00/ XB-QLXB, k ngy 19/11/2022.
In xong v np lu chiu qu IV nm 2022.
Cng tc gi:
Gi: 56.000

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B GIO DC V O TO

(Gio trnh o to gio vin

Gio trnh o to gio vin trung hc

BNG MT S K HIU V CH VIT TT S DNG

Chng III. Bt ng thc Bt phng trnh

PHN II: LI GII V HNG DN

Chng II. Phng trnh H phng trnh

Chng III. Bt ng thc Bt phng trnh

Chng IV. Phng trnh, Bt phng trnh v t

Chng V. Phng trnh, Bt phng trnh m v lgarit

Chng VI. Phng trnh lng gic

TI LIU THAM KHO

BNG MT S K HIU V CH VIT TT S DNG TRONG TI LIU

* : Tp hp cc s thc khc khng.

{... / ...} : Tp hp.

Max f ( x) : Gi tr ln nht ca hm s f trn tp D.

Min f ( x) : Gi tr nh nht ca hm s f trn tp D.

\: Hiu ca hai tp hp.

: Hoc (tuyn ca hai mnh ).

Gi s X v Y l hai tp hp ty . Nu c mt quy tc f cho tng ng m i x X

S thc x X c g i l bin s c lp (gi tt l bin s hay i s). S thc

Hin nhin T f Y . Ch rng T f c th l mt tp hp con thc s ca Y hoc

Vic biu din cc im ( x; f ( x ) ) thuc th ca hm s y = f ( x ) ln mt phng

3.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s y = f ( x ) c tp xc nh l tp D, khong ( a; b ) l

Hm s y = f ( x ) gi l nghch bin (hay gim) trn khong ( a; b ) , nu vi

Mt hm s ng bin hoc nghch bin trn khong ( a; b ) th ta ni hm s n iu

hm s y = f ( x ) + c (c l hng s) cng ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( a; b ) .

hm s y = kf ( x ) ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( a; b ) nu k > 0 ; hm s

3.3.3. Nu hm s y = f ( x ) v y = g ( x ) ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong

y = f ( x ) + g ( x ) ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong ( a; b ) .

3.3.4. Nu hm s y = f ( x ) v y = g ( x ) khng m trn khong ( a; b ) v cng

bin) trn khong ( a; b ) .

Ch . th ca hm s ng bin hoc nghch bin trn khong ( a; b ) ct ng thng

m i im M ( x0 ; y0 ) thuc th ( G ) , ta xt im i xng vi n qua trc tung l

iu chng t ( G ) c trc i xng l trc tung.

Nu f l hm s l th l lun tng t, ta cng c ( G ) c tm i xng l gc ta

hon nu tn ti mt s dng T sao cho vi m i x D ta c

S nh nht (nu c) trong cc s T c cc tnh cht trn gi l chu k ca hm s tun

Ch . Chng ta c mt s du hiu nhn bit mt hm s cho khng phi l mt hm

y = f ( x ) khng phi l mt hm s tun hon.

s ngc nhau y = f ( x ) v y = f 1 ( x ) i xng nhau qua ng phn gic th nht

Chng ta bit th hm s chn nhn trc Oy lm trc i xng, th hm s l

mt hm s c trc i xng, tm i xng. (Trong phn ny chng ta ch xt trc i

lm trc i xng khi v ch khi f ( 2 x ) = f ( x ) vi m i x D.

1.2. nh l. th hm s y = f ( x ) nhn im I ( ; ) lm tm i xng khi v ch

Lp hm s mi bng cch thay x = X + x0 ; y = Y vo hm s y = f ( x);

Sau chng minh hm s mi Y = g ( X ) l hm s l kt lun im I ( x0 ; y0 ) l tm

3.1. nh l. th ca hm s y = f ( x ) + b ( y = f ( x ) b ) , b > 0 suy ra t th

y = f ( x ) bng mt php tnh tin theo vect Oy Oy mt on bng b.

4. Php tnh tin song song vi trc honh

hm s y = f ( x ) bng php tnh tin theo vect Ox Ox mt on bng a.

T th hm s y = f ( x), tnh tin theo vect v = ( a; b ) th c th hm s

Thy ngay y = f ( x ) l hm s chn nn th c trc i xng l Oy. Vi x 0 th

+ i xng phn th y = f ( x ) trn min u ( x ) < 0 qua trc honh.

Ta c nhn xt: Gi s im ( x0 ; y0 ) thuc ( ) th ( x0 ; y0 ) cng thuc ( ) .

2. Mt s phng php tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s

Ni dung ca phng php ny nh sau.

+ Kho st s bin thin ca hm s y = f ( x ) ;

Ch . Trong trng hp tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s y = f ( x ) trn

Bc 1. Tm f ( x ) v tm cc im ti hn x1 , x2 ,..., xn ca f ( x ) trn on [a; b];

(Nu hm s y = f ( x ) lin tc trn on [a; b], th gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca

Dng bt ng thc quen thuc chng minh f ( x ) M hoc f ( x ) m.

Cc bt ng thc quen thuc sau y thng c dng tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr