CHNG II.

PHNG TRNH H PHNG TRNH

II.1. 1) m 2 x + 4m 3 = x + m 2 (1)

(1) m 2 1 x = m 2 4m + 3 (*)

m = 1
+ m2 1 = 0
m = 1
. m = 1, phng trnh (*) tr thnh 0 x = 0 phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
. m = 1, phng trnh (*) tr thnh 0 x = 8 phng trnh (1) v nghim.

m 1
+ m2 1 0
phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht.
m 1
m2 4m + 3 m 3
x=
=
.
m2 1
m +1
Kt lun:
+ Nu m = 1 th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
+ Nu m = 1 th phng trnh (1) v nghim.

m 1
m3
+ Nu
th phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht x =
.
m +1
m 1
2

)
+ 2ab + ( a

2) ( a + b ) + 2a 2 = 2a ( a + b ) + a 2 + b 2 x (1)
(1) a 2 + 2ab + b 2 + 2a 2 = 2a 2

+ b2 x

a 2 + b 2 x = a 2 + b2 ( *) .

a = 0
+ Nu a 2 + b 2 = 0
th phng trnh (*) tr thnh 0 x = 0 suy ra phng trnh (1)
b
=
0

c nghim ty .
a 0
a2 + b2
th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht x = 2
= 1.
+ Nu a 2 + b2 0
2
b

0
a
+
b

Kt lun:

a = 0
+ Vi
th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
b = 0
a 0
+ Vi
th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht x = 1.
b 0
3)a 2 x + 2ab = b 2 x + a 2 + b 2 (1)
2

( a 2 b 2 ) x = ( a b ) (* )

98

a = b
+ a2 b2 = 0
a = b
a = b th (*) tr thnh 0 x = 0 suy ra phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
a = b th (*) tr thnh 0 x = 4b 2 . Nu b = 0 th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty . Nu
b 0 th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
2

a b
(a b) a b .
+ a b 0
phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht x = 2 2 =
a b
a+b
a b
2

Kt lun:
+ Nu a = b th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .

a = b
+ Nu
th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
b 0
a b
ab
+ Nu
th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht x =
a+b
a b

4)a ( ax + b ) = 4ax + b 2 5 (1)

a 2 x + ab = 4ax + b 2 5

a 2 4a x = b 2 ab 5 (*)
a = 0
+ a 2 4a = 0
a = 4
Vi a = 0 th phng trnh (*) tr thnh 0 x = b 2 5.

b 5
Nu b 2 5 0
th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
b 5
b = 5
Nu b 2 5 = 0
th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
b = 5
Vi a = 4 th phng trnh (*) tr thnh 0 x = b 2 4b 5

b 1
Nu b 2 4b 5 0
th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
b

b = 1
Nu b 2 4b 5 = 0
th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
b = 5
a 0
b 2 4b 5
+ a 2 4a 0
th phng trnh (*) c nghim duy nht x = 2
.
a

4
a

4
a

Kt lun:
99

a = 4
a = 0

+ Nu
b 1 th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
b 5
b 5

a = 0
a = 4

+ Nu b = 5 b = 1 th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .

b = 5

b = 5

a 0
b 2 4b 5
phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht x = 2
.
+ Nu
a 4a
a 4
II. 2. 1)

2x + m x + m 1

= 1(1)
x 1
x

x 0
iu kin:
x 1

(1) ( 2 x + m ) x ( x + m 1)( x 1) = x ( x 1)
2 x 2 + mx x 2 + x mx + m + x 1 = x 2 x
3x + m 1 = 0
1 m
x=
.
3
x=

1 m
l nghim ca phng trnh (1) khi v ch khi
3

1 m
3 0
m 1

m 2
1 m 1
3
m 1
1 m
Kt lun: + Nu
th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht x =
.
3
m 2
m = 2
+ Nu
th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
m = 1

2)

mx 2
m x = 2m + 1(1)
x 1

x 1
iu kin:
x 1
x 0
+ Xt trng hp
th phng trnh (1) tr thnh
x 1

100

mx 2
mx = 2m + 1
x 1
mx 2 mx ( x 1) = ( 2m + 1)( x 1)
( m + 1) x = 2m + 1(*)

Nu m = 1 th (*) v nghim. Nu m 1 th (*) x =

x=

2m + 1
.
m +1

2m + 1
l nghim ca phng trnh (1) khi v ch khi
m +1

2m + 1
1
1
0

m + 1
m < 1 m
m < 1 m

2
2

2
m
+
1

m 0
m 0.
1
m + 1

m < 1 m
Vy, vi
2 th phng trnh (1) c nghim.
m 0
x < 0
th phng trnh (1) tr thnh
+ Xt trng hp
x 1

mx 2
+ mx = 2m + 1
x 1
mx 2 + mx ( x 1) = ( 2m + 1)( x 1)
( m + 1) x = 2m 1(**)
Nu m = 1 th (**) v nghim. Nu m 1 th (**) x =
x=

2 m 1
.
m +1

2m 1
l nghim ca phng trnh (1) khi v ch khi
m +1

2m 1
m 0
m + 1 1 m 0

1
1
2m 1 < 0
m < 1 m > 2
m < 1 m > 2 .
m + 1

Kt lun:
m 0
2m + 1
2m 1

+ Nu
, x2 =
.
1 th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 =
m
+
1
m
+
1
m
<

2
1
(Trng hp m = th hai nghim ny bng nhau v bng 0)
2

101

1 m <

+ Nu
2 th phng trnh (1) v nghim.

m = 0
3)

2mx 1
m +1
2 x 1 =
(1)
x 1
x 1

iu kin x > 1.

(1) 2mx 1 2 ( x 1) = m + 1
( 2m 2 ) x = m(*)
Nu m = 1 th (*) v nghim.
Nu m 1 th (*) x =
x=

m
.
2(m 1)

m
l nghim ca phng trnh (1) khi v ch khi
2(m 1)

m
2m
>1
> 0 1 < m < 2.
2(m 1)
2(m 1)
Kt lun: Khi 1 < m < 2 th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht x =

m
.
2(m 1)

m 1
phng trnh (1) v nghim.
Khi
m 2
II.3. m 2 x 2 m(5m + 1) x (5m + 2) = 0 (1)

+ Xt m2 = 0 m = 0, (1) tr thnh 2 = 0 (1) v nghim.

+ Xt m 2 0 m 0 th (1) l phng trnh bc hai.
2

= m ( 5m + 1) + 4m 2 ( 5m + 2 ) = 25m4 + 30m3 + 9m 2 = m 2 (5m + 3) 2 0, m .

m = 0
m2 = 0
+ = 0 m (5m + 3) = 0

, kt hp vi gi thit m 0, ta
2
m = 3
(5m + 3) = 0
5

c m =

3
5
, th phng trnh (1) c nghim kp x1 = x2 = .
5
3

m 0

+ > 0 m (5m + 3) > 0

3 th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit
m 5
2

102

x1 =

5m + 2
1
x2 =
.
m
m

Kt lun:
+ m = 0, phng trnh (1) v nghim.
+ m=

3
5
, phng trnh (1) c nghim kp x1 = x2 = .
5
3

m 0
5m + 2
1

+
; x2 = .
3 , phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit l x1 =
m
m
m 5

II.4. ( a + b ) x 2 a 2 + 4ab + b 2 x + 2ab ( a + b ) = 0 (1)

+ Xt a + b = 0 a = b, phng trnh (1) tr thnh 2b 2 x = 0.

b = 0 : Phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
b 0 : Phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht x = 0.

+ Xt a + b 0 a b, ta c
2

= ( a 2 + 4ab + b 2 ) 8ab ( a + b ) = ( a 2 + b 2 )

Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit x1 =

2ab
; x2 = a + b.
a +b

Kt lun:
Nu a = b = 0 th phng trnh (1) c nghim ty .
Nu a = b 0 th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim duy nht x = 0.
Nu a b th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit x1 =

2ab
; x2 = a + b.
a +b

II.5. Gi s x1 , x2 l nghim ca phng trnh x 2 + ax + bc = 0(1). x1 , x3 l nghim ca

phng trnh x 2 + bx + ca = 0.(2) ( x1 l nghim chung ca cc phng trnh (1) v (2)).

Ta chng minh x2 , x3 tha mn phng trnh x 2 + cx + ab = 0(3).
Theo nh l Viet ta c
x1 + x2 = a
x1 + x3 = b
(*) v
(**)

x1 x2 = bc
x1 x3 = ca

Do x1 l nghim chung ca cc phng trnh (1) v (2) nn ta c

103

x12 + ax1 + bc = x12 + bx1 + ca

(a b) x1 = c (a b)
x1 = c

(Do a, b, c khc nhau i mt v khc 0).

Thay x1 = c vo (*) v (**) ta c
x2 = b = a c
x3 = a = b c
Thay gi tr x2 = b = a c vo v tri phng trnh ( 3) ta c
(a c )2 + c(a c) + ab = a 2 + 2ac + c 2 ac c 2 + a (a c )
= a 2 + 2ac + c 2 ac c 2 a 2 ac = 0
x2 l nghim ca phng trnh ( 3) .

Thay gi tr x3 = a = b c vo v tri phng trnh ( 3) ta c

(b c) 2 + c(b c) + ab = (b c )2 + c(b c ) + (b c)b
= b 2 + 2bc + c 2 bc c 2 b 2 bc = 0
x3 l nghim ca phng trnh ( 3) .

Vy, x2 , x3 l nghim ca phng trnh x 2 + cx + ab = 0. (pcm)

II.6. mx 2 2(m 3) x + m 4 = 0 (1)

+ Xt m = 0, (1) tr thnh 6 x 4 = 0 x =

2
m = 0 tha bi.
3

+ Xt m 0, phng trnh (1) c ng mt nghim dng trong cc trng hp sau

Phng trnh (1) c mt nghim kp dng:

= 9 2m = 0
9

iu kin l
m= .
2 ( m 3)
2
>0
S =
m

Phng trnh (1) c mt nghim dng v mt nghim bng 0:

m4

P = m = 0
iu kin l
m = 4.
2
m

3
(
)
S =
>0

Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim tri du:

iu kin l P =

104

m4
< 0 0 < m < 4.
m

Vy, vi 0 m 4 m =

9
th phng trnh (1) c ng mt nghim dng.
2

II.7. ( m 1) x 4 + 2 ( m 3) x 2 + m + 3 = 0 ( 1)
t X = x 2 0

Khi (1) tr thnh ( m 1) X 2 + 2 ( m 3) X + m + 3 = 0 ( 2 )

+ Nu m 1 = 0 m = 1 khi ( 2 ) tr thnh X = 1 x = 1.
Nh vy m = 1 khng tha yu cu bi.
+ Xt m 1 khi ( 2 ) l phng trnh bc II.

(1)

v nghim khi v ch khi (2) hoc v nghim hoc c hai nghim u m

= ( m 3) 2 ( m 1)( m + 3) < 0
3

m > 2

2
3
= ( m 3 ) ( m 1)( m + 3) 0

m 3
m>

2
2
S = 2 ( m 3 ) < 0

m < 3
m 1
m < 1 m > 3

m < 3 m > 1
P = m + 3 > 0

m 1

Vy, vi m < 3 m >

3
th (1) v nghim.
2

II.8. x 2 2 x m x 1 + m 2 = 0 (1)
2

Ta c (1) ( x 1) m x 1 + m2 1 = 0.
t X = x 1 0 ta c phng trnh X 2 mX + m 2 1 = 0(2)

Phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (2) c nghim khng m. Ta gii
bi ton ngc tc l tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh (1) v nghim. Phng trnh
(1) v nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (2) hoc l v nghim hoc c hai nghim u
m. iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi

2 3
2 3
m<
m>

3
3
= 4 3m 2 < 0

2 3
2 3

2 3
m < 1
m
<

m
>
2
2
3

= 4 3m 0
m

3
3

(*)
3
3
2

m > 2 3

P
=
m

1
>
0

2
3

m < 1 m > 1
m < 1
3

S = m < 0

m < 0

Nh vy, phng trnh (1) v nghim khi v ch khi m tha iu kin (*).

105

Vy, gi tr cn tm ca m l 1 m

2 3
.
3

II.9. 1)( x 1) = 2 x k (1)

( x 1) 2 = 2 ( x k )
x 2 2 x + 1 = 2 x 2k
(1)

2
2

x 2 x + 1 = 2k 2 x
( x 1) = 2 ( k x )

x2 4x +1
1
1
k
=
= x2 + 2x

x 4 x + 1 = 2k
2
2
2
2

x +1 1 2 1
x + 1 = 2k
k = 2 = 2 x + 2
2

1
1
1
1
V cc ng Parabol ( P1 ) : y = x 2 + 2 x , ( P2 ) : y = x 2 + v y = k trn cng mt
2
2
2
2
h trc ta . S nghim ca phng trnh (1) chnh bng s giao im ca ng thng
y = k vi cc Parabol ( P1 ), ( P2 ).

Cc Parabol ( P1 ), ( P2 ) v ng thng y = k c v hnh sau

y

3
2
1
O

y=k

Da vo th ta kt lun c phng trnh (1) c bn nghim phn bit khi v ch khi

1
3
< k < 11 < k < .
2
2

2 ) 2 x 2 + 10 x 8 = x 2 5 x + a ( 2 )
(2) 2 x 2 + 10 x 8 x 2 + 5 x = a . Xt hm s
2
x 5 x + 8; x < 1 x > 4
f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 10 x 8 x 2 + 5 x =
2
3x + 15 x 8;1 x 4

V cc ng Parabol ( P1 ) : y = x 2 5 x + 8, x < 1 x > 4, ( P2 ) : y = 3 x 2 + 15 x 8,1 x 4

v y = a trn cng mt h trc ta . S nghim ca phng trnh (2) chnh bng s giao
im ca ng thng y = a vi cc Parabol ( P1 ), ( P2 ).
106

Cc Parabol ( P1 ), ( P2 ) v ng thng y = a c v hnh sau

y
43
4

y=a
4
5
2
O

Da vo th ta kt lun c phng trnh ( 2 ) c bn nghim phn bit khi v ch khi

4<a<

43
.
4

II.10. 1) ( x 1)( x + 5 )( x 3 )( x + 7 ) = 297 (1) .

(1) ( x 1)( x + 5 ) ( x 3)( x + 7 ) = 297

)(

x 2 + 4 x 5 x 2 + 4 x 21 = 297
2

t t = x 2 + 4 x 5 = ( x + 2 ) 9 9

Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh

t ( t 16 ) = 297
t 2 16t 297 = 0
t = 27

t = 11
Ta nhn t = 27 v ta c phng trnh
x = 4
x 2 + 4 x 5 = 27 x 2 + 4 x 32 = 0
x = 8.
Vy, nghim ca phng trnh l x = 4 x = 8 .
2) ( x + 2 )( x 3)( x + 1)( x + 6 ) = 36 (1)
(1) ( x + 2 )( x + 1) ( x + 6 )( x 3) = 36

)(

x 2 + 3x + 2 x 2 + 3x 18 = 36
t t = x 2 + 3 x + 2.

Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh

107

t ( t 20 ) = 36
t 2 20t + 36 = 0
t = 2

t = 18
Vi t = 2 th ta c phng trnh

x 2 + 3x + 2 = 2
x 2 + 3x = 0
x = 0

x = 3
Vi t = 18 th ta c phng trnh
x 2 + 3x + 2 = 18
x 2 + 3 x 16 = 0

3 + 73
x =
2

3 73
x =

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh l x = 0, x = 3, x =

3) x ( x 2 )( x + 2 )( x + 4 ) = 18 (1)
(1) x ( x + 2 ) ( x 2 )( x + 4 ) = 18

)(

x 2 + 2 x x 2 + 2 x 8 = 18
2

t t = x 2 + 2 x = ( x + 1) 1 1

Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh

t = 4 + 34
t ( t 8) = 18 t 2 8t 18 = 0
t = 4 34
Ta nhn t = 4 + 34 v ta c phng trnh
x 2 + 2 x = 4 + 34
2

( x + 1) = 5 + 34
x = 1 + 5 + 34

x = 1 5 + 34

108

3 73
.
2

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh l x = 1 5 + 34 .

4

II.11. 1) x 4 + ( x 1) = 97 (1)
t t = x

1
1
x = t + . Khi (1) tr thnh
2
2

1 1
t + 2 + t 2 = 97

1
2t 4 + 3t 2 + = 97
8
16t 4 + 24t 2 775 = 0
2 25
t = 4

t 2 = 31

4
Ta nhn t 2 =

25
.
4

5
t = 2
25
2
Vi t =

4
t = 5

2
Khi t =

5
1 5
th x = x = 3.
2
2 2

Khi t =

5
1
5
th x = x = 2.
2
2
2

Vy, nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 3, x = 2.

4

2) ( x + 3) + ( x + 5 ) = 16 (1)
t t = x + 4 x = t 4. Khi (1) tr thnh
4

( t 1) + ( t + 1)
4

= 16

2t + 12t + 2 = 16
2t 4 + 12t 2 14 = 0
t 4 + 6t 2 7 = 0
t 2 = 1
t = 1
2

t = 1
t = 7

Khi t = 1 th x + 4 = 1 x = 3.

109

 Khi t = 1 th x + 4 = 1 x = 5.

Vy, phng trnh cho c nghim l x = 3; x = 5.

4

3) ( x + 2 ) + ( x + 6 ) = 2 (1)
t t = x + 4 x = t 4. Khi (1) tr thnh
4

(t 2) + (t + 2)

=2

2t 4 + 48t 2 + 32 = 2
t 4 + 24t 2 + 15 = 0
t 2 = 12 129

(Loi)
t 2 = 12 + 129
Vy, phng trnh cho v nghim.
II.12. 1) 6 x 4 35 x 3 + 62 x 2 35 x + 6 = 0 (1)

Do x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh (1) nn chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
x 2 0, ta c phng trnh tng ng
6( x 2 +

1
1
) 35( x + ) + 62 = 0 (2)
2
x
x

1
t t = x + , iu kin: t 2
x
x2 +

1
= t2 2
x2

Khi , phng trnh (2) tr thnh

6(t 2 2) 35t + 62 = 0
6t 2 35t + 50 = 0
10
t = 3

t = 5
2
Vi t =
x+

10
ta c phng trnh
3

1 10
10
=
x 2 x + 1 = 0 (Do x 0 )
x 3
3

3x 2 10 x + 3 = 0

110

x = 3

x = 1
3

Vi t =
x+

5
2

1 5
5
= x 2 x + 1 = 0 (Do x 0 )
x 2
2

x = 2

x = 1

2
1
1
Vy, phng trnh cho c bn nghim x = 3; x = ; x = 2; x = .
3
2

2) x 4 + x3 4 x 2 + x + 1 = 0 (1)
Do x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh (1) nn chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
x 2 0, ta c phng trnh tng ng
x2 + x 4 +
(x2 +

1 1
+
=0
x x2

1
1
) + (x + ) 4 = 0
2
x
x

1
t t = x + , iu kin: t 2
x
x2 +

1
= t2 2
x2

Khi phng trnh tr thnh

t2 + t 6 = 0
t = 2

t = 3

x1 = 1, x2 = 2
Vi t = 2
x+

1
= 2 x2 2x + 1 = 0 x = 1
x

Vi t = 3
x+

1
= 3 x 2 + 3x + 1 = 0
x

111


3 + 5
x =
2

3 5
x =
2

Vy, phng trnh cho c ba nghim l x = 1; x =

3 + 5
3 5
;x =
.
2
2

3) x 4 5 x 3 + 10 x 2 10 x + 4 = 0 (1)
Ta c
(1) x 4 5 x 3 + 10 x 2 10 x + 4 = 0
( x 4 x3 ) + 10( x 2 x ) 4( x3 1) = 0
x3 ( x 1) + 10 x ( x 1) 4( x 1)( x 2 + x + 1) = 0
( x 1)( x 3 + 10 x 4 x 2 4 x 4) = 0
( x 1)( x 3 4 x 2 + 6 x 4) = 0
( x 1)( x 2)( x 2 2 x + 2) = 0

x = 1

x = 2
2
x 2x + 2 = 0
x = 1

x = 2
Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim l x = 1; x = 2.
4) 2 x 4 21x3 + 74 x 2 105 x + 50 = 0
Do x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
x 2 0, ta c phng trnh tng ng
2( x 2 +

25
5
) 21( x + ) + 74 = 0
2
x
x

5
t t = x + ; iu kin: t 2 5
x
x2 +

25 2
= t 10
x2

Khi phng trnh tr thnh

t = 6
2t 21t + 54 = 0 9
t =
2
2

112

 Vi t = 6 x +

x = 1
5
=6
x
x = 5.

x = 2
5 9
9
Vi t = x + =
x = 5 .
2
x 2

2
5
Vy, phng trnh cho c bn nghim l x = 1; x = 2; x = 5; x = .
2

5) 2 x 4 + 5 x3 + x 2 + 5 x + 2 = 0
Ta thy x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia hai v ca phng trnh
cho x 2 0, ta c phng trnh tng ng
2( x 2 +

1
1
) + 5( x + ) + 1 = 0
2
x
x

1
t t = x + , iu kin: t 2
x
x2 +

1
= t2 2
2
x

Khi phng trnh tr thnh

2(t 2 2) + 5t + 1 = 0
2t 2 + 5t 3 = 0
t = 3
1
t =
2
Vi t =

1
(Loi)
2

Vi t = 3

1
= 3 x 2 + 3x + 1 = 0
x

3 + 5
x =
2

3 5
x =

2
x+

Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim l x =

3 + 5
3 5
;x =
.
2
2

II.13. ( x + 3)( x 1)( x + 5 )( x 3) 40 = m (1)

t t = ( x + 3)( x 1) = x 2 + 2 x 3 ( ) t 12 = x 2 + 2 x 15 = ( x 3)( x + 5 )

113

Khi (1) tr thnh t ( t 12 ) 40 = m t 2 12t 40 = m

Xt hm s t = f ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x 3
f ( x ) = 2 x + 2 = 0 x = 1

Bng bin thin

Xt hm s g ( t ) = t 2 12t 40
g ( t ) = 2t 12 = 0 t = 6

Bng bin thin

Ta c nhn xt:
t = 4, phng trnh (*) c mt nghim x.
t < 4, phng trnh (*) v nghim x.
t > 4, phng trnh (*) c hai nghim x phn bit.

Vy, ta c s nghim ca phng trnh cho nh sau

+ m = 24, (1) c ba nghim phn bit.
+ m > 24 m = 76, (1) c hai nghim phn bit.
+ 76 < m < 24, (1) c bn nghim phn bit.
+ m < 76, (1) v nghim.
2 x + y + 1 x + y = 1(1)
II.14. 1)
3x + 2 y = 4 ( 2)

y +1
x

iu kin:
2 (*)
x y

Vi iu kin (*) th h phng trnh cho c bin i v

114

 1
1
2x + y + 1 x + y = 1
x + 3 2 x = 1( 2 )

2
2

3
y = 2 x
y = 2 3 x

(3)
2

( 2)

1
1
x + 3 2 x =1
2
2

1
1
x + 3 = 2 x +1
2
2

x 0
2
x=2
x + 2x 8 = 0

Th x = 2 vo phng trnh (3) ta c y = 1. Cp gi tr (2; 1) tha iu kin (*) nn

l nghim ca h phng trnh cho.
x

2
xy

3
= 15

2)
(1)
xy + x = 15

y
iu kin: y 0
2 xy 2 3 x = 15 y
2 xy 2 3 x = 15 y
2 xy 2 3 x = 15 y
(1)

2
2
2
xy 4 x = 0
xy + x = 15 y
x ( y 4 ) = 0

2 xy 2 3 x = 15 y

x = 0

y = 2
y = 2

Vi x = 0 th y = 0 (Loi)
Vi y = 2 th x = 6
Vi y = 2 th x = 6

Vy, h phng trnh c hai nghim l (6;2) v (6; 2).

x
. Khi h phng trnh cho c a v h phng
y
trnh bc nht i vi hai n u , v.

Ch . C th t u = xy, v =

x 2 xy = 12
3) 2
(1)
y xy = 28
0 = 12
Vi x = 0 thay vo (1), ta c 2
(V l).
y = 28

115

12
12

x( x y ) = 12
y x =
y x =

Vi x 0 , ta c (1)
x
x
y ( y x ) = 28 y ( y x) = 28 12 y = 28 x

12
7
2 18
10 x 2 = 36
x =
3 x + x = x

7
y = 7 x
y = 3 x
y = 7 x

3
3

3 10
3 10
3 10
3 10
x=
x =
x =
x =

5
5
5
5

y = 7 x
y = 7 10 y = 7 10

3
5
5
3 10 7 10 3 10 7 10
;
;
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l
,
.
5
5
5
5
x + y 3x + 2 y = 1
4)
x + y + x y = 0;

x + y 0
iu kin:
t u = x + y 0, v = 3 x + 2 y 0. H phng trnh cho tr
3 x + 2 y 0
v = u + 1
u v = 1
v = u + 1

thnh

1
2
2
2
u + 2u 5v = 0
3u + 5u + 2 = 0
u = 2 u = 6
x + y = 2
x + y = 4
x = 1
Ta chn u = 2; v = 3. Ta c

y = 3
3x + 2 y = 3 3 x + 2 y = 9

Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim l (1;3).

1
1
2
2
x + y + x2 + y 2 = 4

5)
(1)
1 1

x+ y+ + = 4

x y
x 0
iu kin:
(*)
y 0

116

1 2
1 2

1
1
(
)
(
)
8
x
+
+
y
+
=
4 ( y + ) + ( y + )2 = 8

x
y

y
y
(1)

( x + 1 ) + ( y + 1 ) = 4
x + 1 = 4 ( y + 1 )

x
y
x
y

1 2
1

y+ =2
2( y + y ) 8( y + y ) + 8 = 0

x + 1 = 4 ( y + 1 )
x + 1 = 2

x
y
x
x 2 2 x + 1 = 0
x = 1
2

tho iu kin (*).

y 2 y + 1 = 0
y =1
Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim l (1;1).
x2 + y2 + 6x + 2 y = 0
6)
x + y + 8 = 0

Ta c x + y + 8 = 0 x = 8 y thay vo phng trnh x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 2 y = 0 ta c

( 8 y )

+ y 2 + 6 ( 8 y ) + 2 y = 0

64 + 16 y + y 2 + y 2 48 6 y + 2 y = 0
y2 + 6 y + 8 = 0
y = 2 y = 4 .
Vi y = 2 x = 6
Vi y = 4 x = 4
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( 6; 2 ) , ( 4; 4 ) .
x 2 + y 2 xy = 13
7)
(I )
x + y xy = 3
iu kin: xy 0

( x + y )2 3xy = 13
(I )
x + y xy = 3
t u = x + y , v = xy 0 .

Khi ta c

117

u 2 3v 2 = 13 (1)
(I )
u v = 3 ( 2 )

( 2) u = 3 + v

thay vo (1) ta c ( 3 + v ) 3v 2 = 13.

v 2 3v + 2 = 0.
v = 1
(Nhn)

v = 2
x + y = 4 x = 2 3 x = 2 + 3
Vi v = 1 u = 4. T y ta c h

xy = 1
y = 2 + 3 y = 2 3
x + y = 5
x = 4 x = 1
Vi v = 2 u = 5 . T y ta c h

xy = 2
y =1 y = 4
Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l

(1; 4 ) , ( 4;1) , ( 2 +

)(

3; 2 3 , 2 3; 2 + 3 .

x + y + x 2 + y 2 = 8
8)
xy ( x + 1)( y + 1) = 12
H phng trnh cho tng ng vi
( x + y ) 2 + x + y 2 xy = 8
(I)

xy ( xy + x + y + 1) = 12

t S = x + y; P = xy, iu kin: S 2 4 P 0 .

S 2 + S 2 P = 8
()
P ( P + S + 1) = 12

(1) P =

S2 + S 8
2

(1)
( 2)

(3)

Th (3) vo (2) ta c

S2 + S 8 S2 + S 8
+ S + 1 = 12

2
2

S 4 + 4 S 3 11S 2 30 S = 0

S S 3 + 4S 2 11S 30 = 0

118

S
S

=0
=3
= 2
= 5

Th ln lt cc gi tr ca S vo (3) ta c
S = 0
S = 3 S = 2 S = 5
(Tho iu kin S 2 4 P 0 )

P = 4 P = 2 P = 3 P = 6
S = 0
x + y = 0
x = 2
x = 2

P = 4 xy = 4
y = 2 y = 2
S = 3 x + y = 3 x = 1 x = 2

P = 2 xy = 2
y = 2 y =1
S = 2 x + y = 2
x = 1
x = 3

P = 3 xy = 3
y = 3 y = 1
S = 5 x + y = 5 x = 3 x = 2

P = 6
xy = 6
y = 2 y = 3
Vy, h phng trnh cho c tm nghim l (2; 2), ( 2;2), (1;2), (2;1), (1; 3),
( 3;1), ( 3; 2),( 2; 3).
Ch . C th t u = x( x + 1); v = y ( y + 1). Khi h phng trnh cho c a v h
u + v = 8

uv = 12
2
2
x + y + x + y = 4
9)
(I )
x ( x + y + 1) + y ( y + 1) = 2

( x + y )2 + x + y 2 xy = 4
(I )
2
2
x + xy + x + y + y = 2
2
( x + y ) 2 + x + y 2 xy = 4
( x + y ) + x + y xy = 2

2
( x + y ) + x + y xy = 2
xy = 2

t S = x + y; P = xy, iu kin S 2 4 P 0 .

Ta c h phng trnh
S 2 + S P = 2

P = 2

119

S = 0
S 2 + S = 0

S = 1

P
=

P = 2

S = 0
S = 1
(Tho iu kin S 2 4 P 0 )

P = 2 P = 2
x = 2 x = 2
S = 0
x + y = 0

P = 2 xy = 2
y = 2
y = 2
S = 1 x + y = 1
x = 1
x = 2
+

P = 2 xy = 2
y = 2 y = 1

) (

Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l 2; 2 ,

2; 2 , (1; 2 ) , ( 2;1) .

( x 2 + y 2 ) xy = 78
10) 4
4
x + y = 97
Ta c
( x 2 + y 2 ) xy = 78
( x 2 + y 2 ) xy = 78
2
(I )
4
4
2 2
2 2
x + y = 97
( x + y ) 2 x y = 97
T phng trnh th nht ca h cho ta suy ra x. y > 0. t u = x 2 + y 2 , v = xy, iu kin
u > 0, v > 0. Ta c
78

78

v=
v=
78

u
u
uv = 78

v =

u
2
(I ) 2 2
2
u = 169
u 2v = 97
u 2 2 78 97 = 0
u 4 97u 2 12168 = 0

u 2 = 72
u

78

v = u

u = 13

u = 13
2
2
u = 13 x + y = 13
Ta nhn
2 2
( II )
v = 6
x y = 36

X = 9
T ( II ) ta c x 2 , y 2 l hai nghim ca phng trnh bc hai X 2 13 X + 36 = 0
X = 4
Vy ta c

120

 x = 3 x = 3

x = 9 x = 4
y = 2 y = 2
2

2
x = 2 x = 2
y = 4 y = 9

y = 3 y = 3
2

Vy, h cho c tm nghim l

( 3; 2 ) , ( 3; 2 ) , ( 3; 2 ) , ( 3; 2 ) , ( 2;3) , ( 2; 3) , ( 2;3) , ( 2; 3) .
x 3 y 3 = 7( x y )
11) 2
2
x + y = x + y + 2
Ta c
3
3
2
2
x y = 7( x y )
( x y )( x + xy + y 7) = 0

2
2
2
2
x + y = x + y + 2
x + y ( x + y ) 2 = 0

x = y
(I )
2
2
x + y ( x + y) 2 = 0
2
2
x + xy + y 7 = 0
( II )
x 2 + y 2 ( x + y ) 2 = 0

Gii ( I )

1+ 5
x =
2

1+ 5
y
=

x = y
2
(I ) 2

x x 1 = 0
1 5
x =
2

y = 1 5

2
Gii ( II )
( x + y )2 xy 7 = 0
( II )
2
( x + y ) 2 xy ( x + y ) 2 = 0
xy + ( x + y ) 5 = 0

2
( x + y ) 2 xy ( x + y ) 2 = 0

t S = x + y, P = xy, ( S 2 4 P )

Nh vy ta c

121

S = 3

P = 5 S
P = 2
( II ) 2

S = 4
S + S 12 = 0

P = 9
S = 3
Ta nhn
suy ra x, y l nghim ca phng trnh bc hai
P = 2
X =1
X 2 3X + 2 = 0
X = 2
x = 1 x = 2
Vy ta c

y = 2 y =1
H phng trnh cho c bn nghim l
1+ 5 1+ 5 1 5 1 5
;
;
,
.
2
2
2
2

(1; 2 ) , ( 2;1) ,

x + 2 + y 3 = 10
12)
(I)
4
4 y 3 = 4.
x
+
2
+

x 2
iu kin:
y 3.
4
u = x + 2
t
(Vi u 0, v 0 ). (*)
4 y 3.
v
=

u 2 = x + 2

2
v = y 3.

H phng trnh (I) tr thnh

u + v = 4
2 2
u + v = 10
(u + v )2 2uv = 10
u = 1
u + v = 4

uv = 3
v = 3
u + v = 4

u = 3

v = 1.

4 x + 2 = 1 x + 2 = 1
u = 1
x = 1

(Nhn).
+
4 y 3 = 3
y

3
=
81
y
=
84

v = 3

4
u = 3
x + 2 = 3 x + 2 = 81 x = 79

(Nhn).
+
y 3 =1
y = 4.
v = 1
4 y 3 = 1

122

Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l (1;84), (79; 4).

( x 1)( y 1)( x + y 2 ) = 6
13) 2
(I )
2
x + y 2 x 2 y 3 = 0
( x 1)( y 1)( x 1 + y 1) = 6
Ta c ( I )
2
2
( x 1) + ( y 1) = 5

X = x 1
t
, h phng trnh cho tr thnh
Y = y 1
XY ( X + Y ) = 6
XY ( X + Y ) = 6

2
2
X + Y = 5
( X + Y ) 2 XY = 5

S = X + Y 2
t
; S 4 P 0 , ta c h
P = XY
6

P=

S
.
P
=
6

P = 2

P =
S

S
2
S 2 P = 5 S 2 12 = 5 S 3 5S 12 = 0 S = 3

S
X +Y = 3 X =1 X = 2
x 1 = 1 x 1 = 2
x = 2 x = 3
Nh vy ta c

XY = 2
Y = 2 Y = 1
y 1 = 2 y 1 = 1
y = 3 y = 2
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( 2;3) , ( 3; 2 ) .
xy + x + 1 = 7 y
14) 2 2
2
x y + xy + 1 = 13 y

y = 0 : H phng trnh cho v nghim.

y 0 : H phng trnh cho tng ng vi

x 1

x + y + y = 7
1
x
1
x
1

. t a = x + ; b = a 2 = x 2 + 2 + 2 x 2 + 2 = a 2 2b.

y
y
y
y
y
x 2 + x + 1 = 13
2

y y
Ta c h phng trnh theo n mi
a + b = 7
a + b = 7
a + b = 7
2

2
a = 4 a = 5
a b = 13 a + a 20 = 0

123


1
x + y = 4
x2 4 x + 3 = 0

x = 1

a = 4
x

=3
y

y = 1

3
b = 3
y

2
a = 5
1

x
+
5
x
+
12
=
0

x + = 5

x = 3

(VN )
y
b
=
12

y = 1.
y =
x
12

= 12
y
1
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l 1; , ( 3;1) .
3
x ( x + y + 1) 3 = 0

15)
. iu kin: x 0. H phng trnh cho tng ng vi
5
2
( x + y ) 2 + 1 = 0
x

x ( x + y + 1) 3 = 0

x ( x + y + 1) 3 = 0

. t t = x ( x + y ) . Ta c h phng trnh

2
5
2
2
2
( x + y ) + 1 = 2
x ( x + y ) + x = 5
x

t + x = 3
t + x = 3 x = 2 x = 1
t + x = 3

2
2
t = 1 t = 2.
t + x = 5 ( t + x ) 2tx = 5 tx = 2
x = 2
x = 1
x ( x + y ) = 1 x ( x + y ) = 2

Nh vy, ta c
(Tha iu kin)

3
=
1.
y
=

y
x = 2
x = 1

2
3

Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l 2; , (1;1) .

2

x 2 3xy = 4 y
(1)
II.15. 1) 2
y 3xy = 4 x
2
2
x y = 4 ( x y )
( x y )( x + y + 4 ) = 0
(1) 2
2
y 3xy = 4 x
y 3xy = 4 x

x = y
x = y
x = 0
2
2

y = 0
y 3 xy = 4 x
x + 2 x = 0

x = 2
y = 4 x
y = 4 x

y 2 3 xy = 4 x
x 2 + 4 x + 4 = 0
y = 2.

Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( 0; 0 ) , ( 2; 2 ) .

124

7 x + y x 2 = 0
2)
(1)
7 y + x 1 = 0
y2

iu kin: x 0, y 0.
2
2
3
2
7 x + x y 1 = 0 ( x y ) 7 x + xy + y + xy = 0
(1) 3

2
7 y + xy 1 = 0 7 y 3 + xy 2 1 = 0

1
x = y

x=

x
=
y

2
4 ( x + y ) + 3 x 2 + y 2 = 0(*) 3

8 x = 1 y = 1 .
3
2
7 y + xy 1 = 0

(Do x 0, y 0 nn (*) v nghim)

1 1
Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l ; .
2 2
x 2 = y 1 + 2 x 1
3)
(1)
2
y = x 1 + 2 y 1
x 1
iu kin:
y 1
x 2 2 x + 1 = y 1

1
() 2
y 2 y + 1 = x 1
( x 1) 2 = y 1 (1)

2
( y 1) = x 1 ( 2 )

( 2 ) ( y 1)

= x 1

( y 1) + 1 = x
Th gi tr x va tm c vo (1) ta c:
8

( y 1)

t: t =

= y 1 (a)
y 1 (t 0)

( a ) t 16 = t

t t15 1 = 0

t=0
t = 0
y =1
15

t = 1
t =1
y = 2
125

Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l (1;1) v ( 2; 2 ) .

Ch . C th gii bng cch khc nh sau:
Tr tng v ca hai phng trnh ca h cho ta c
x 2 y 2 = y 1 x 1 + 2 x 2 y x2 2 x + x 1 = y 2 2 y + y 1
f ( x) = f ( y ).(*)

Xt hm s f (t ) = t 2 2t + t 1, t [1; +). Hm s ny ng bin trn tp xc nh, do

ta c (*) x = y. T tm c nghim ca h phng trnh cho l (1;1) , ( 2; 2 ) .
1
1
x x = y y (1)
4)
2 y = x 3 + 1 ( 2 )

x 0
iu kin:
y 0
Ta c

(1) x y =

1 1

x y

( x y ) + 1 = 0
xy
y = x

y = 1
x

+ Th y = x vo phng trnh ( 2 ) ta c

( 2 ) x3 + x 2 = 0
( x 1) ( x 2 + x + 2 ) = 0

x = 1 v x 2 + x + 2 > 0, x

Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh l (1;1).

+ Th y =

1
vo phng trnh ( 2 ) ta c
x

( 2 ) x 4 + x + 2 = 0 ( 3)
1
1
Xt hm s y = f ( x) = x 4 + x + 2 y = 4 x3 + 1 = 0 x = 3 ; f ( 3 ) < 0. Lp bng
4
4
bin thin ca hm s f ( x ) ta kt lun c th ca hm s khng ct trc honh.
Suy ra phng trnh ( 3) v nghim.
126

Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l (1;1).

4
3
2 2
x + 2 x y + x y = 2 x + 9
(I)
5) 2
x + 2 xy = 6 x + 6

Xt x = 0, khi h phng trnh tr thnh

0 = 9
(V nghim)

0
=
6

Xt x 0 , khi h phng trnh (I) tng ng vi

x 2 ( x + y )2 = 2 x + 9 (1)

x2 + 6 x + 6
(2)
y
=

2x

Thay (2) vo (1) ta c

2

x2 + 6x + 6
x x+
= 2x + 9
2x

x2 + 6 x + 6
x
= 2x + 9
2x

( x 2 + 6 x + 6)2 = 4(2 x + 9)
2

( x + 3)2 3 = 8( x + 3) + 12 (3)
t t = x + 3, khi (3) tr thnh

(t

3 = 8t + 12

t 4 6t 2 + 9 = 8t + 12
(t + 1)3 (t 3) = 0
t + 1 = 0
t = 1

t 3 = 0
t = 3
Vi t = 3 ta c 3 = x + 3 x = 0 (Loi)
Vi t = 1 ta c 1 = x + 3 x = 4 (Nhn), thay x = 4 vo (2) ta c

(4) 2 + 6(4) + 6 17
y=
=
2(4)
4
17

Vy, h phng trnh cho c nghim l 4; .

4

xy + x + y = x 2 2 y 2
6)
(I )
x 2 y y x 1 = 2 x 2 y
127

x 1
iu kin:
(*)
y 0
2
xy + x + y + y = ( x + y )( x y )
(I )
x 2 y y x 1 = 2 x 2 y

x( y + 1) + y ( y + 1) = ( x + y )( x y )

x 2 y y x 1 = 2 x 2 y
( y + 1)( x + y ) = ( x + y )( x y )

x 2 y y x 1 = 2 x 2 y
( x + y )(2 y x + 1) = 0

x 2 y y x 1 = 2 x 2 y
x + y = 0

x = 2 y + 1

x 2 y y x 1 = 2 x 2 y

Do iu kin (*) nn ta loi trng hp x + y = 0. Nh vy ta ch c trng hp

2 y + 1 = x

x 2 y y x 1 = 2 x 2 y
2 y + 1 = x

(2 y + 1) 2 y y 2 y = 2(2 y + 1) 2 y
2 y + 1 = x

2 y ( y + 1) = 2( y + 1)
2 y + 1 = x

( y + 1)( 2 y 2) = 0
2 y + 1 = x

( y + 1 > 0)
2 y 2 = 0

x = 5
(Nhn)

y = 2

Vy, h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l (5; 2) .

4
3
2 2
x x y + x y = 1
7) 3
(I )
2
x y x + xy = 1

( x 2 xy ) 2 + x 3 y = 1

Ta c ( I )
3
2
x y ( x xy ) = 1

128

u = x 2 xy
t
, khi ta c h phng trnh
3
v = x y
u = 1
u 2 + v = 1
u 2 + u 2 = 0

u = 2

v u = 1 v = u 1
v = u 1

u = 1 u = 2

v = 0 v = 3
2
x 2 xy = 1 xy = x 1
u = 1
+
3
2 2
x x 1 = 0
x y = 0
v = 0

x = 1 x = 1

y = 0 y = 0
2
x 2 xy = 2
u = 2
xy = x + 2
+
3
2 2
(H phng trnh v nghim)
x
x
+
2
+
3
=
0
(
)
x y = 3
v = 3

Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l (1;0); ( 1;0).

x 3 3 x 2 y + 2 x 6 y = 15
8) 3
2
x + x y + 2 x + 2 y = 9

H phng trnh cho tng ng vi

x x 2 + 2 3 y x 2 + 2 = 15

2
2
x x + 2 + y x + 2 = 9

(
(

) (
)
) (
)
( x + 2 ) ( x 3 y ) = 15 (1)

( 2)
( x + 2 ) ( x + y ) = 9
2
2

V x + y = 0 khng tha phng trnh ( 2 ) , nn chia (1) cho ( 2 ) theo v ta c

x 3 y 5
=
x+ y
3
3x 9 y = 5 x 5 y
y = 2 x.
Thay y = 2 x vo ( 2 ) ta c

(x

+ 2 ( x + 2x) = 9

x3 + 2 x 3 = 0
x = 1 y = 2.
129

Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l (1; 2 ) .

2
2
x + y 3 x + 4 y = 1
9) 2
(I )
2
3 x 2 y 9 x 8 y = 3

x 2 3 x + y 2 + 4 y = 1
Ta c ( I )
(2)
2
2
3 ( x 3 x ) 2 ( y + 4 y ) = 3
2
u = x 3 x
t
ta c h phng trnh
2
v = y + 4 y

3 13
3 + 13
x 2 3 x = 1
u + v = 1
u = 1
x =
x=

2
2
y + 4 y = 0
3u 2v = 3
v = 0
y = 0 y = 4

Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l

3 + 13 3 13 3 + 13
3 13

; 0 ,
; 0 ,
; 4 ,
; 4 .

2
2
2
2

( x y )2 y = 2
10)
(I )
3
3

=
19
x
y

( x y )2 y = 2

Ta c ( I )
2
2
( x y ) x + xy + y = 19(*)

Ta nhn xt rng ( x; y ) / x = y khng l nghim ca h phng trnh cho, do chia

theo v ca hai phng trnh ca h ta c

( x y) y
2

x + xy + y

2
19

19 xy 19 y 2 = 2 x 2 + 2 xy + 2 y 2
2 x 2 17 xy + 21y 2 = 0
2

x
x
2 17 + 21 = 0
y
y
x
y =7

x 3
y = 2

x
= 7 x = 7 y kt hp vi (*) ta c h phng trnh
y

130


x=
x = 7 y
x = 7 y

3
3
3
x y = 19 18 y = 1 y =

7
18
1
3
18

x 3
3
= x = y kt hp vi (*) ta cng c h phng trnh
y 2
2

x = 3
x = y

x 3 y 3 = 19 y = 2

1
7
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l 3 ; 3 , ( 3; 2 ) .
18 18
3
3
x + y = 1
(I )
11) 2
2
3
x y + 2 xy + y = 2

( x + y ) x 2 xy + y 2 = 1 ( x + y ) x 2 xy + y 2 = 1

(I )

2
2
2
y x + 2 xy + y = 2
y ( x + y ) = 2
x 2 xy + y 2 1

= 2 x 2 xy + y 2 = xy + y 2
y ( x + y)
2

2 x 2 2 xy + 2 y 2 xy y 2 = 0 ( x y )( 2 x y ) = 0
x = y

2x = y

34 34
+ Trng hp x = y, ta c nghim ca h phng trnh l
;
.
2 2

+ Trng hp 2 x = y, thay vo phng trnh th nht ca h phng trnh cho ta c

3

x3 + ( 2 x ) = 1 9 x3 = 1 x =

1
. Nghim ca h phng trnh l
3
9

3 9 23 9
;

.
3
3

3 4 3 4 3 9 23 9
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l
;
;
,
.
3
2 2 3
3
3
2
x y = x y
12) 2
(I )
2
x + y = x y
2
y 3 = y
y = 0
y y 1 = 0
Khi h phng trnh ( I ) tr thnh 2

y = y
y = 1
y ( y + 1) = 0

131

Nh vy, nghim ca h l ( 0; 0 ) , ( 0; 1) .
+ Xt trng hp x 0
Nhn hai v ca phng trnh th hai ca h ( I ) vi x ta c h phng trnh tng
ng
3
3
2
x y = x y
3
2
2
x + xy = x xy

Sau khi tr tng v ca hai phng trnh v bin i tip ta c

x 3 y 3 = x 2 y
x3 y 3 = x 2 y
x 3 y 3 = x 2 y

3
3
3
2
2
2
2
x + xy = x xy
y + xy = y xy
y + xy y + xy = 0
3
3
2
3
3
2
x y = x y
x y = x y

2
y ( y + 1)( x + y 1) = 0
y ( y + xy 1 + x ) = 0

y = 0, suy ra x = 1, do ta c nghim (1;0 ) .

y = 1, suy ra x = 1, do ta c nghim (1; 1) .
3

y = 1 x, ta c phng trnh x 3 (1 x ) = x 2 1 + x x3 2 x 2 + x = 0 x = 1, ( x 0).

Ta c nghim (1;0 ) .
Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l ( 0; 0 ) , ( 0; 1) , (1;0 ) , (1; 1) .
3 x y = x y
II.16. 1)
( I ). Ta c
x + y = x + y + 2

x y 0, x + y 0
6
6

(I ) 3 x y = x y

( x + y ) 2 = x + y + 2

x y 0, x + y 0

2
( x y ) 1 ( x y ) = 0

x + y = 2

) (
(

x y 0, x + y 0

2
3
( x y ) ( x y ) = 0

2
( x + y ) ( x + y ) 2 = 0

x y 0, x + y 0 x y 0, x + y 0
x=

x = 1

2
x = y
x y = 1

y =1 y = 1

x + y = 2
x + y = 2

2
3 1
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l (1;1), ( ; ).
2 2

132

 x 2 + y 2 = 25 xy
2)
(I )
y ( x + y ) = 10
xy = 25 x 2 y 2
10 y 2 25 + x 2 + y 2 = 0
I

( )

2
2
xy = 10 y
xy = 10 y
x = 15
x = 15

x = 15

2
y 2 + 15 y 10 = 0

x 2 = 15
xy = 10 y

x = 15

2
x = 15
x = 15
xy = 10 y

xy = 10 y
2

2
xy
=
10

y 15 y 10 = 0
x =
x = 15
x = 15

15
55
15
55

+
+
y =
y =
y =

2
2

x =

15
55
15
55

y=
y=

2
2

y =

x = 15

15 + 55
15 + 55
y =

2
2

x = 15
15

15 55
15 55
.
y =

2
2

15

Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l

15 + 55
15 55
15 + 55
15 55
15;
; 15;
; 15;
; 15;
.
2
2
2
2

x + y = 2(*)
3)
x + 3 + y + 3 = 4

iu kin:

x 0
y 0
x 0

y 0
x + 3 0
y + 3 0

Bnh phng hai v ca cc phng trnh ca h ta c

x + y + 2 xy = 4

x + 3 + y + 3 + 2 ( x + 3)( y + 3) = 16
x + y + 2 xy = 4

x + y + 2 ( x + 3)( y + 3) = 10

Tr v theo v ca hai phng trnh ca h trn ta c

133

( x + 3)( y + 3)

xy = 3

( x + 3)( y + 3) = 3 + xy
( x + 3)( y + 3) = 9 + xy + 6

xy

xy + 3 ( x + y ) + 9 = 9 + xy + 6 xy
x + y 2 xy = 0

x y

=0

x= y
Thay x = y vo ( ) ta c
2 x = 2 x = 1 x = 1. (Tha iu kin)
Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l (1;1) .
3 x 2 + xy + 3 x + y = 3
4) 2
(I )
2
2
xy + 2 x + y + 2 x = 2
3 x ( x + 1) + y ( x + 1) = 3
Ta c ( I )
2
2 x ( x + 1) + y ( x + 1) = 2
( x + 1)( 3 x + y ) = 3
(1)

2
( x + 1) 2 x + y = 2 (2)

Ta thy v tri ca cc phng trnh (1) v (2) khc 0 nn chia v theo v ca cc phng
trnh ca h ta c
3x + y 3
=
y2 + 2x 2

2 ( 3x + y ) = 3 y 2 + 2 x

6x + 2 y = 6x + 3 y2
3 y2 2 y = 0
y (3 y 2) = 0

y = 0

y = 2
3

+ Vi y = 0 , thay vo (1) ta c

( x + 1) x = 1
134

 x2 + x 1 = 0

1 + 5
x =
2

1 5
x =
2

+ Vi y =

2
, thay vo (1) ta c
3

( x + 1) 3x +

2
=3
3

3x 2 + 3 x +

2
2
x+ =3
3
3

9 x 2 + 11x 7 = 0

11 + 373
x =
18

11 373
x =
18

Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l

1 + 5 1 5 11 + 373 2 11 373 2
; 0 ,
; 0 ,
; ,
; .

2
18
3
18
3

2

x 2 y 2 2 x 2 + y 3 2 y = y 2
5) 2
2
x + y y 2 = 0
2
2
x = 2 + y y

2
2
2
3
2
2 + y y y 2 2 + y y + y 2 y = y
2
2
x = 2 + y y
4
3
2
y + 2 y + 3 y 4 y 4 = 0

2
2
x = 2 + y y

2
2
( y + 1) ( y 2 ) = 0

x = 0
x2 = 2 + y y 2
x2 = 2 + y y 2

y = 1

( y + 1) = 0 y = 1

x = 0

y = 2
2

( y 2 ) = 0
y = 2
Vy, nghim ca h phng trnh cho l ( 0; 1) v ( 0; 2 ) .
135

 x + x 2 2 x + 2 = 3 y 1 + 1
6)
(I )
y + y 2 2 y + 2 = 3x 1 + 1
x 1 + x 2 2 x + 2 = 3 y 1
Ta c ( I )
y 1 + y 2 2 y + 2 = 3x 1
u = x 1
t
th h ( I ) tr thnh
v = y 1
u + u 2 + 1 = 3v (1)
( II )

v + v 2 + 1 = 3u (2)
Ly (1) tr ( 2 ) theo v ta c
u v + u 2 + 1 v 2 + 1 = 3v 3u
u + u 2 + 1 + 3u = v + v 2 + 1 + 3v
f (u ) = f (v) (3)

Xt hm s f (t ) = t + t 2 + 1 + 3t
t

f (t ) = 1 +

t +1

+ 3t ln 3

t2 +1 t

Ta c

t
t 2 +1

f (t ) 0, t .
Do , hm s f (t ) lun lun tng trn ton b .
V vy, ( 3) u = v.
Thay u = v vo (1) ta c
u + u 2 + 1 = 3u

)(

) (

u + u 2 + 1 u u 2 + 1 = 3u u u 2 + 1

1 = 3u u u 2 + 1
3u

u 2 + 1 u = 1(*)

Xt hm s g (u ) = 3u

136

u 2 + 1 u xc nh trn .

g (u ) = 3u ln 3
Ta c
Do

u 2 + 1 u + 3u
1 = 3u
2
u +1

1
u 2 + 1 u ln 3

u2 +1

u2 + 1 u 0

1
u2 + 1

1 m ln 3 > 1 nn ln 3

1
u2 +1

0.

Vy, g (u ) 0.
Suy ra hm s g (u ) lun lun ng bin trn . Do ( ) nu c nghim th c mt
nghim duy nht.
Ta thy u = 0 tha ( ) , nh vy u = v = 0. T ta c x = y = 1.
Vy, h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht (1;1) .
xy 3 x 2 y = 16
7) 2
(I )
2
x + y 2 x 4 y = 33
(1)
2 xy 6 x 4 y = 32
Ta c ( I ) 2
2
x + y 2 x 4 y = 33 (2)

Cng tng v ca cc phng trnh (1) v (2) ta c

x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 8 x 8 y = 65
2

( x + y ) 8 ( x + y ) 65 = 0

x + y = 13

x + y = 5

x + y = 13 x = 13 y . Thay x = 13 y vo (1), ta c

(13 y ) y 3 (13 y ) 2 y = 16
y 2 14 y + 55 = 0

Phng trnh trn v nghim.

x + y = 5 x = 5 y . Thay x = 5 y vo (1), ta c

( 5 y ) y ( 5 y ) 3 2 y = 16
y2 + 4 y +1 = 0
y = 2 3

y = 2 + 3
Vi y = 2 3 th x = 3 + 3 .
Vi y = 2 + 3 th x = 3 3 .
137

) (

Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l 3 + 3 ; 2 3 , 3 3; 2 + 3 .

x 3 + y + 2 = 3
8)
x + y = xy + 2 x 3 y 6 + 4
u = x 3
u 0, v 0
t
v = y + 2

Khi h phng trnh cho tr thnh

u + v = 3
2 2
u + v = uv + 3
u + v = 3

2
(u + v ) = 3uv + 3
u + v = 3

uv = 2

u = 1
u = 2

v = 2
v = 1
Vi u = 1, v = 2 , ta c
x 3 = 1
x = 4

y = 2
y + 2 = 2

Vi u = 2, v = 1 , ta c
x 3 = 2
x = 7

y = 1
y + 2 = 1

Vy, h phng trnh c hai nghim l (4; 2), (7; 1).

( x + y ) 2

9)
x y 2+
)
(

1 9
=
xy 2
1 5
=
xy 2

(I )

(1)

x 0
iu kin:
y 0
1 1 9

2 x + 2 y x y = 2

Ta c ( I )
2 x 2 y 1 + 1 = 5
x y 2

138

(1)
( 2)

Cng (1) v (2) theo v ta c

4x

2
1
= 7 4x2 7 x 2 = 0 x = 2 x =
x
4

Thay x = 2 vo (1), ta c 2 y
Thay x =

1
1
1 = 0 2 y2 y 1 = 0 y = 1 y = .
y
2

1
1
1
vo (1), ta c 2 y 1 = 0 2 y 2 y 1 = 0 y = 1 y = .
4
2
y

1 1 1 1

Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l ( 2;1) , 2; , ;1 , ; .

2 4 4 2

2
x + xy = 2
(I )
10) 3
2
x + 2 xy 2 y = x

Cch 1. Ta c nhn xt rng x = 0 khng tha h phng trnh, do nhn hai v ca

phng trnh th nht ca h ( I ) vi x ta c
x 3 + x 2 y = 2 x
3
2
x + 2 xy 2 y = x
Tr tng v ca hai h phng trnh cho nhau ta c phng trnh
x 2 y 2 xy 2 + 2 y x = 0 ( x 2 y )( xy 1) = 0.

2 3 3 2 3 3
Trng hp x = 2 y, ta c cc nghim
;
;
,
.
3 3
3
3
Trng hp xy = 1, ta c cc nghim (1;1) , ( 1; 1) .

2 3 3 2 3 3
Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l (1;1) , ( 1; 1) ,
;
;
,
.
3 3
3
3
x 2 1 = 1 xy
(1)
Cch 2. ( I )
2
x ( x 1) = 2 y (1 xy ) (2)

x = 2y
Th (1) vo (2) ta c x (1 xy ) = 2 y (1 xy ) (1 xy )( x 2 y ) = 0
xy = 1

3
y=

1
3
+ Thay x = 2 y vo (1) ta c 4 y 2 1 = 1 2 y 2 y 2 =
3

3
y =
3

2 3 3 2 3 3
T ta c nghim l
;
;
,
.
3 3
3
3
139

x = 1
+ Thay xy = 1 vo (1) ta c x 2 1 = 0
x = 1
T ta c nghim (1;1) , ( 1; 1) .
2 3 3 2 3 3
Vy, h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l (1;1) , ( 1; 1) ,
;
;
,
.
3
3
3
3

x
y
7
+
=
+1

x
xy
11) y
(I )

x xy + y xy = 78

( x + y ) + xy = 7

iu kin: xy > 0. Ta c ( I )
( x + y ) . xy = 78

Suy ra x + y, xy l nghim ca phng trnh bc hai

X = 13
x + y = 13
x + y = 13
X 2 7 X 78 = 0

X = 6
xy = 36
xy = 6
x = 9 x = 4

y = 4 y = 9.
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( 9; 4 ) , ( 4;9 ) .
x 1 + y 1 = 3
(1)
12)
x + y ( x 1)( y 1) = 5 (2)

iu kin: x 1, y 1. H phng trnh cho tng ng vi

x 1 + 2 ( x 1)( y 1) + y 1 = 9 x + y + 2 ( x 1)( y 1) = 11

x + y ( x 1)( y 1) = 5
x + y ( x 1)( y 1) = 5

11 ( x + y )

11 ( x + y )
( x 1)( y 1) =
( x 1)( y 1) =
2

2
x + y 11 x y = 5
2 ( x + y ) 11 + ( x + y ) = 10

11 ( x + y )
11 ( x + y )

xy ( x + y ) + 1 =
xy ( x + y ) + 1 =

2
2
3 ( x + y ) = 21
x + y = 7

xy 6 = 2
xy = 10
x = 2 x = 5

x + y = 7
y = 5 y = 2
x + y = 7
140

Cc gi tr ca x, y u tha iu kin.
Vy, h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( 2;5 ) , ( 5; 2 )
x 2 + 6 y = y + 3
13)
x + y + x y = 4.
x2 + 6 y 0

iu kin: x + y 0
x y 0

H phng trnh cho tng ng vi

y +3 0
y 3
2

x + 6 y = y2 + 6 y + 9
x2 y 2 = 9

2
2
2
2
x + y + x y + 2 x y = 16
x + x y = 8
y 3
y 3
x = 5
2

2
x y = 9 x = 5

y = 4
x = 5
y = 4 y = 4

Vy, h phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht l ( 5; 4 ) .

2
a2
2
x
=
y
+

II.17.
(I )
2
a
2 y 2 = x +

x
x > 0
T cc phng trnh ca h ( I ) ta suy ra iu kin ca n l
y > 0
2 x 2 y = y 2 + a 2
(I )
2
2
2
2 xy = x + a

2 x 2 y = y 2 + a2

( x y )( 2 xy + x + y ) = 0

x > 0
ta suy ra 2xy + x + y >0
Do
y > 0
2x 2 y = y 2 + a 2
2x3 x 2 = a 2
Vy, ta c h

x=y
x= y

Xt hm s y = f ( x ) = 2 x 3 x 2 ,
x = 0
y ' = 6 x 2 x, y ' = 0 6 x 2 x = 0
x = 1
3

141

1
1 2 1
Ta c f =
=
27
3 27 9
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f ( x ) v da vo bng bin thin ta c ng thng y = a 2
ct th f ( x ) ti mt im duy nht c honh x > 0. Vy, h phng trnh cho c
mt nghim duy nht vi m i a 0.
2
2
x 4 xy + y = k
II.18. 2
(I )
y 3 xy = 4

2
2
x 4 xy + y = 1
1) Thay k = 1 vo h ( I ) ta c 2
(2).
y 3 xy = 4

y 2 = 1
(V l).
Vi x = 0, thay vo h (2) ta c 2
y = 4
x 2 xy + y 2 3xy = 1
y 2 = 4 + 3xy
Vi x 0, ta c (2) 2
2
y 3 xy = 4
x xy + 4 = 1
y 2 = 4 + 3xy
2 x 4 + 7 x 2 9 = 0 (*)

x2 + 3
x2 + 3
y
=
y
=

x
x

Gii (*) ta c x = 1 x = 1.
Vi x = 1, th vo y =

x2 + 3
ta c y = 4.
x

Vi x = 1, th vo y =

x2 + 3
ta c y = 4.
x

Vy, khi k = 1 th h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l (1; 4), (1; 4).
2) Cch 1.
x2 = k
Vi y = 0, thay vo (1) ta c
(V l).
0 = 4

2 y 4 ( 40 9k ) y 2 16 = 0 (3)

y2 4

x =
3y
Vi y 0, ta c (1)

y2 4
x
=
x 2 4 xy + y 2 = k

3y

142

Phng trnh trng phng 2 y 4 (40 9k ) y 2 16 = 0 (3) c cc h s a, c tri du nn

chc chn c nghim y 0 vi m i k .
Vy, h phng trnh cho lun lun c nghim vi m i gi tr ca k .
t 2 4t + 1 y 2 = k
Cch 2. T h phng trnh ta c y 0. t x = ty , ta c h
2
(1 3t ) y = 4

Suy ra

3t 2 + 2t 1
t 2 4t + 1 k
t 2 4t + 1
1
= . Xt hm s f (t ) =
, f (t ) =
< 0, t
2
1 3t
4
1 3t
3
(1 3t )

hm s f (t ) lun lun nghch bin, do ng thng y =

hai im phn bit c honh t1 , t2 tha t1 <
y 2 (1 3t1 ) = 4 y =

k
lun ct th y = f (t ) ti
4

1
< t2 . Khi vi t = t1 ta c
3

2
2t1
x=
. (pcm)
1 3t1
1 3t1

x + 1 + y + 2 = a
II.19.
(I )
x + y = 3a
Nu a 0 th h phng trnh cho v nghim nn ta ch xt a > 0. Ta c

x + 1 + y + 3 = a
(I )
(I )
x + 1 + y + 2 = 3a + 3
u = x + 1 0
t
v = y + 2 0

Khi ta c h phng trnh theo bin u, v

u + v = a
v = a u

2 2
2
2
u + v = 3a + 3
f (u ) = 2u 2au + a 3a 3 = 0(*)

H phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c nghim u 0 tha
v = a u 0. Gi s u1 , u2 l hai nghim ca phng trnh (*), th t phng trnh (*) theo
nh l Viet ta c u1 + u2 = a, nh vy nu u1 l nghim ca phng trnh (*) th nghi m
u2 chnh l v v ngc li. T h phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi phng
trnh (*) c hai nghim u1 , u2 u khng m.
iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi

143


3 15 a 3 + 15
= a 2 2(a 2 3a 3) 0

3 + 21
3 21
3 + 21

2
a
a

a 3 + 15
2 f (0) = a 3a 3 0
2
2
2
a

0
a 0

2
4 x y m = 0
II. 20.
(I )
3x + x ( y + 1) = 1

Cch 1.
Ta c
y = 4 x m
y = 4 x m
y = 4 x m
(I )

2
x ( y + 1) = 3x 1 x(4 x m + 1) = 3 x 1 4 x mx + x = 3x 1
y = 4x m
y = 4x m

1
1

x
x
3
3

2
2
4 x mx + x = 9 x 6 x + 1 f ( x ) = 5 x 2 + ( m 7 ) x + 1 = 0(*)

H phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c t nht mt nghim
1
x . iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c nghim x1 , x2 tha
3

1
7

5. f 3 0

0
x1 3 x2
m 7 2 5 m 7 + 2 5

1
1 < x x
m > 7
2
5. f 3 > 0
3 1

11

S 1
m <
2 > 3
3

m 7 2 5.
7 < m 7 2 5
3

Vy, khi m 7 2 5 th h phng trnh cho c nghim.

Cch 2.

y = 4 x m
y = 4 x m
(I )

x ( y + 1) = 3x 1 x(4 x m + 1) = 3 x 1

144

 y = 4x m

y = 4 x m
1

x
2
3
4 x mx + x = 3 x 1
2
2
4 x mx + x = 9 x 6 x + 1

y = 4x m
y = 4x m
y = 4x m

1
1
1

x
x
x
3
3
3

2
2
1
5 x 7 x + 1 = mx
5x 7 x + 1

= m

f ( x) = 5 x 7 + x = m
x

1
1 5 x2 1
1
Xt hm s f ( x) = 5 x 7 + , f ( x ) = 5 2 =
, f ( x) = 0 x =
.
2
x
x
x
5
x=

1 1
< (Loi)
5 3

1
1
f
= 7 + 5. Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f ( x ) trn [ 3 ; +),
5
ta c min gi tr T f = [2 5 7; +). T cc gi tr cn tm ca m phi tha

7
1
Ta c f = ;
3
3

m 2 5 7 m 7 2 5.

II.21.

x = y 2 y + m

2
y = x x + m

Ta c nhn xt rng nu ( x0 ; y0 ) l mt nghim ca h phng trnh cho th ( y0 ; x0 )

cng l nghim ca h, do h c nghim duy nht th x0 = y0 . Khi ta c
x0 = x02 x0 + m x02 2 x0 + m = 0(*)

Do x0 duy nht nn phng trnh (*) phi c nghim duy nht. iu ny xy ra khi v ch
khi = 1 m = 0 m = 1.
Vi m = 1, h phng trnh cho tr thnh
2
x = y y + 1

2
y = x x + 1

Cng theo v ca hai phng trnh ca h ta c

x = 1
2
2
x + y = y 2 y + 1 + x 2 x + 1 ( x 1) + ( y 1) = 0
y =1
x = y = 1 tha h phng trnh nn l nghim v l nghim duy nht ca h. Vy, khi m = 1
th h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht.

145

 x 2 5 x + 4 0
II.22. 2
(I )
3 x mx x + 16 = 0
Ta c

1 x 4
(I ) 2
3 x mx x + 16 = 0
t t = x , vi 1 x 4 th 1 t 2. Khi ta c

1 t 2
1 t 2

4
3t 4 + 16
3
3
t

mt
+
16
=
0
m
=

t3

Xt hm s
3t 4 + 16
, 1 t 2
t3
3t 4 48

0, t [1; 2]
f (t ) =
t4

y = f (t ) =

Vy hm s f (t ) nghch bin trn [1; 2]

f (1) = 19, f (2) = 8.
Vy 1 t 2 th 8 f (t ) 19
Vy, cc gi tr ca m cn tm l 8 m 19.
x + 1 + y = m
II.23.
y + 1 + x = 1

iu kin: x 0, y 0

Vi x 0, y 0 ta c y + 1 + x 1. Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = 0. T

m = 1. Vi m = 1 th h phng trnh cho c nghim. Vy, m = 1 l gi tr cn tm.
x + xy + y = m + 1
II.24. 2
(I )
2
x y + xy = m

S = x + y
vi S 2 4 P 0.
t
P
=
xy

S + P = m + 1 P = m P = 1
Khi ( I ) tr thnh

SP = m
S = 1 S = m
Suy ra ( x; y ) l nghim ca phng trnh
X 2 X + m = 0 ( a ) hoc X 2 mX + 1 = 0 ( b )

146

1) Vi m = 2

(a) X 2 X + 2 = 0

(Phng trnh v nghim)

x = 1
y =1

(b) X 2 2 X + 1 = 0 X = 1

Vy, vi m = 2 h phng trnh cho c nghim l (1;1) .

2) H phng trnh cho c t nht mt nghim ( x; y ) tha mn x > 0; y > 0 khi v ch khi
phng trnh ( a ) hoc phng trnh ( b ) c hai nghim dng.
+ Phng trnh ( a ) c hai nghim dng khi v ch khi

= 1 4m 0
1

1
1

m
4 0<m .
X1 + X 2 = > 0
1
4

m > 0
X1 X 2 = m > 0
+ Phng trnh ( b ) c hai nghim dng khi v ch khi

= m2 4 0
m 2 m 2

m 2.
X1 + X 2 = m > 0
m
>
0

X X =1 > 0
1 2
Vy, vi m 2 0 < m

1
th h phng trnh cho c t nht mt nghim ( x; y )
4

tha x > 0; y > 0.

m x 2 + 1 + y 2 = m + 1
II.25.
(I )
2
2
x
+
my
=
1

x2 +1 + y2 = 2
x2 + y 2 = 1
1) Khi m = 1 h ( I ) tr thnh 2
x 2 + y 2 = 1.

2
2
2
x
+
y
=
1
x
+
y
=
1

Vy, tp hp nghim ca h phng trnh ( I ) ng vi m = 1 l

{( x; y ) / x

+ y 2 = 1 (Tp

hp nhng cp ( x; y ) l ta ca nhng im nm trn ng trn n v).

m ( x 2 + 1) + y 2 = m + 1(1)
2) 2
2
( 2)
x + my = 1

T phng trnh ( 2 ) x 2 = 1 my 2

Th vo phng trnh (1) ta c m 2 my 2 + y 2 = m + 1

2m m2 y 2 + y 2 = m + 1

147

1 m 2 y 2 = 1 m (3)
Xt 1 m 2 = 0 m = 1 m = 1.

Vi m = 1, h phng trnh ( I ) c v s nghim. Tp hp nghim ca h phng trnh ( I )

l

{( x; y ) / x

+ y 2 = 1 . Vi m = 1, (3) tr thnh 0 y 2 = 2 phng trnh (3) v nghim

t h phng trnh ( I ) v nghim.

Xt 1 m 2 0 m 1
1 m
. H phng trnh ( I ) c nghim khi v ch khi
1 m2

2 m 1
m > 1
y = 2
0

m > 1

m 1
m 1

m 1
x 2 = 1 m. m 1 0
m 1
2
2
0
m 1

m 1

(3) y 2 =

Vy, kt hp cc trng hp xt th gi tr cn tm l m > 1.

Ch . Chng ta c th gii cch khc nh sau
t X = x 2 0, Y = y 2 0. Khi ta c h phng trnh

mX + Y = 1
( II )

X + mY = 1
D=

m 1
1 1
m 1
= m 2 1, DX =
= m 1, DY =
= m 1.
1 m
1 m
1 1

m = 1
+ D=0
m = 1
m = 1 . H phng trnh ( II ) c v s nghim nn h phng trnh ( I ) c v s nghim.
m = 1. H phng trnh ( II ) v nghim nn h phng trnh ( I ) v nghim.

+ D 0 m 1.
H phng trnh ( I ) c nghim khi v ch khi h phng trnh ( II ) c nghim
( X ; Y ) / X > 0, Y > 0.
DX
1

X
=
=
>0

D m +1

m > 1.
D
1
Y
Y =
=
>0

D m +1
Vy, kt hp cc trng hp xt th gi tr cn tm l m > 1.

148

 x 2 my 2 + 2 x + 2 m = 0
II. 26.
(I )
2
2
m ( x + 2 x + 2 ) y = m + 2

1) Khi m = 1 th h phng trnh cho tr thnh

2
2
x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 3 = 0
x + y + 2 x + 3 = 0
2

2
2
2
x + 2 x + 2 y = 1 x + y + 2 x + 3 = 0

x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 3 = 0 ( x + 1) + y 2 + 1 = 0.

Vy, h phng trnh trn v nghim.

2) Ta c

x 2 + 2 x + 2 = m ( y 2 + 1)
( I ) 2
2
y + 2 = m ( x + 2 x + 1)
( x + 1)2 m ( y 2 + 1) = 1

2
2
m ( x + 1) ( y + 1) = 1
u = ( x + 1) , u 0
t
2
v = y + 1, v 1
2

Khi ta c h phng trnh bc nht i vi hai n u, v

u mv = 1
( II )

mu v = 1
Ta c
D=

1 m
1 m
1 m
= m 2 1, Du =
= 1 + m, Dv =
= 1+ m
m 1
1 1
1 1

m = 1
+ Nu D = 0
m = 1
Vi m = 1 th theo Cu 1) h phng trnh v nghim.

u v = 1
Vi m = 1 th ( I ) tr thnh
, h phng trnh v nghim.
u v = 1
+ Nu D 0 m 1 th
Du
m +1

u
=
u
=

1
m2 1
D
u=v=
.

D
m
+
1
m

1
v
v =
v =

D
m2 1

149

H phng trnh ( I ) c nghim khi v ch khi h phng trnh ( II ) c nghim

(u; v), u 0, v 1. Ta phi c
1
1 1 < m 2. Vy, khi 1 < m 2 th h phng trnh cho c nghim.
m 1
2
x( x + 2)(2 x + y ) = 9
( x + 2 x )(2 x + y ) = 9
II.27. 2
( I ) . Ta c ( I ) 2
( x + 2 x ) + (2 x + y ) = m
x + 4x + y = m

u = x 2 + 2 x 1
uv = 9
t
. Khi ta c h phng trnh theo n u, v :
u + v = m
v = 2 x + y

Theo nh l Viet th u, v l hai nghim ca phng trnh f ( X ) = X 2 mX + 9 = 0. (*)

Nh vy h phng trnh ( I ) c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c t nht mt
nghim ln hn hoc bng 1.
Yu cu ca bi ton c tha khi v ch khi phng trnh (*) c hai nghim X1 , X 2 tha

f (1) 0
m + 10 0

m 10

X1 1 X 2
m 6 m 6
m 10
0
m 36 0

1 < X X f (1) > 0 m + 10 > 0 m > 10

m 6

1
2

S
m

m > 2

1
<

1
<


2
2
Vy, cc gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l m 10 m 6.
x + 1 + y 2 = m
II.28.
. iu kin:
x 2 + y + 1 = m

x 2

y2
m 0

Tr tng v ca hai phng trnh ca h cho ta c

x +1 x 2 =

f (t ) =

y + 1 y 2(*). Xt hm s f (t ) = t + 1 t 2, t 2. Ta c

1
1
t 2 t +1

=
< 0, t > 2.
2 t +1 2 t 2 2 t +1 t 2

Do , hm s f (t ) nghch bin trn [2; +). V vy, () x = y.

Vi x = y, ta c
h' ( x ) =

x + 1 + x 2 = m . Xt hm s h( x) = x + 1 + x 2

1
1
+
> 0, x > 2 hm s h( x) ng bin trn [2; +).
2 x +1 2 x 2

Ta c h(2) = 3, lim h( x ) = +, suy ra min gi tr Th ca hm s h( x) trn [2; +) l

x +

[ 3; +). T gi tr ca tham s m cn tm phi tha

150

m 3 m 3.