Gia Tri Lon Nhat Gia Tri Nho Nhat Va Mot So Ung Dung 0398 PDF

I HC THI NGUYN
TRNG I HC KHOA HC
T VN HON
GI TR LN NHT, GI TR NH NHT
V
MT S NG DNG
Chuyn ngnh:
M s:
PHNG PHP TON S CP
60.46.40
TM TT LUN VN THC S TON HC
Thi Nguyn 2011
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
Cng trnh c hon thnh ti

Trng i hc Khoa hc - i hc Thi Nguyn
Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS. TS M VN NH
Phn bin 1: PGS.TS L TH THANH NHN

Phn bin 2: TS NGUYN MINH KHOA
Lun vn c bo v trc hi ng chm lun vn hp ti:
Trng i hc Khoa hc i hc Thi Nguyn
Ngy 22 thng 11 nm 2011
C th tm hiu lun vn ti th vin i hc Thi Nguyn
Ga tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht
v
Mt s ng dng
T Vn Hon
Khoa Ton HKH Thi Nguyn
E-mail:tvhoanbs@gmail.com
Ngy 1 thng 9 nm 2011
Mc lc
Phn chun b
1.1
Khi nim v mt vi tnh cht ca bt ng thc
. . . . . . .
1.2
Mt vi phng php chng minh n gin . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3
Hm li v Bt ng thc Jensen
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Mt s phng php tm gi tr ln nht-nh nht
31
2.1
Phng php bt ng thc
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2
Phng php a thc hai bin bc hai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3
Phng php o hm
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3.1
Hm mt bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3.2
Hm li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.3.3
Hm nhiu bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.4
Phng php hnh hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.5
Mt s bi cc tr trong tam gic
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.5.1
S dng hm lng gic
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.5.2
S dng nghim a thc bc ba
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Mt s ng dng vo gii bi ton lin quan
66
3.1
Xy dng li mt s bt ng thc c in . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.2
Gii phng trnh v bt phng trnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
1
m u
Bi ton tm gi tr ln nht hoc nh nht hay tm cc tr mt biu thc
c t lu, nhng lun xut hin trong mi lnh vc ca ton hc. Trong
chng trnh ton ph thng, bi ton tm gi tr ln nht hoc nh nht tri
di hu ht cc cp hc, c mt tt c cc b mn S hc, i s, Gii
tch, Hnh hc v Lng gic. c bit, trong k thi i hc, Hc sinh gii
quc gia v quc t thng c bi xc nh cc tr mt biu thc no . Bi
vy, bi ton tm gi tr ln nht hoc nh nht l mt trong s nhng bi
ton c rt nhiu ngi thuc nhiu lnh vc quan tm n.
Cc bi ton tm gi tr ln nht hay nh nht mt biu thc rt phong ph,
a dng, i hi vn dng nhiu kin thc v vn dng sao cho hp l, i
khi rt c o. Hn na, bi ton xc nh gi tr ln nht hoc nh nht
cn lin quan n s nh gi, tm ci chn hoc xt xem biu thc s c
tnh cht g khi n t cc tr. Chnh v th, phng php xc nh gi tr ln
nht hay nh nht mt biu thc s rt thit thc i vi nhng ai mun tm
hiu su v ton s cp.
p ng nhu cu hc tp v ging dy mn ton bc ph thng, lun
vn t vn : Trnh by mt s phng php tm gi tr ln nht hoc
nh nht mt biu thc. Qua lun vn cng a ra vic vn dng cc kt
qu t c gii quyt mt s bi ton lin quan.
Ni dung ca lun vn c chia ra lm ba chng.
Chng I dnh gii thiu khi nim v mt vi phng php chng minh
bt ng thc vi cc v d tng thch. ChngII dnh trnh by v gi
tr ln nht v nh nht. y l chng trng tm gii thiu v cc phng
php tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht. C th mc 2.1 tp trung gii thiu mt
s bi ton chn lc tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht bng phng php bt
ng thc. Mc 2.2 gii thiu iu kin t cc tr ca hm a thc hai bin
bc hai v cc v d lin quan. Mc 2.3 gii thiu phng php o hm tm
gi tr ln nht v nh nht i vi hm mt bin, hm li, hm nhiu bin
v cc sng tc bi tp tng ng. Mc 2.4 gii thiu mt s bi ton tm c
tr bng phng php ta im, ta vc t hoc da vo tnh c bit
ca hnh hc. Mc 2.5 gii thiu mt s bi ton tm gi tr ln nht v nh
nht qua vn dng cc hm lng gic v trnh by phng php sng tc
3
mt s bi ton cc tr trong tam gic qua a thc bc ba.
Chng III tp trung trnh by mt vi ng dng cc kt qu t c. Nh
chng minh li cc bt ng thc c in qua vic vn dng khi nim cc
tr tip theo gii thiu cc ng dng bi ton cc tr trong vic gii phng
trnh, bt phng trnh, h phng trnh v h bt phng trnh.
D rt c gng, nhng chc chn ni dung c trnh by trong lun
vn khng trnh khi nhng thiu xt nht nh v em rt mong nhn c
s gp ca cc thy c gio v cc bn.
Lun vn c hon thnh di s hng dn ca PGS.Ts. m Vn Nh.
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy v s gip nhit tnh t khi xy dng
cng, vit v hon thnh lun vn.
Em xin cm n chn thnh ti Trng i hc Khoa Hc Thi Nguyn,
ni em nhn c mt hc vn sau i hc cn bn.
Tip theo, em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c phn bin c v
gp kin cho lun vn em hon thin lun vn ca mnh.
Li cui xin chc sc khe tt c cc thy cc c, chc thy c lun hon
thnh tt nhim v c giao.
Chn thnh cm n!
Thi Nguyn, Ngy 1 thng 09 nm 2011.
Ngi thc hin
T Vn Hon
Chng 1
Phn chun b
1.1
Khi nim v mt vi tnh cht ca bt ng thc
b. a c gi l ln hn b, k hiu
a > b, nu hiu a b l mt s dng; a c gi l ln hn hoc bng b,
k hiu a > b, nu hiu a b l mt s khng m; a c gi l nh hn
b, k hiu a < b, nu hiu a b l mt s m; a c gi l nh hn hoc
bng b, k hiu a 6 b, nu hiu(
a b l mt s khng dng.
a khi a > 0
Gi tr tuyt i ca a l |a| =
a khi a < 0.
nh ngha
Tnh cht
1.1.1. Cho hai s thc
1.1.2. Vi cc s thc
a, b, c v s t nhin n lun c tnh cht:
a>b
a>b
a>b
|a| > |b|
Vi
ab>0
a+c>b+c
a2n+1 > a2n+1
a2n > a2n
a=b
a>b.
ac > bc
ac < bc.
= a > c.
(
>0
|a| 6
6 a 6 .
a>b
a > b, c > 0
c<0
a > b, b > c
Khi chng minh bt ng thc, nhng ng nht thc thng c s dng:
4
5
Mnh
1.1.3. Vi cc s thc
a, b, c, x, y, z v d 6= 0 c cc ng nht thc
sau y:
(i)
(ii)
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 .
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca).
(iii)
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3ab(a + b) + b3
(iv)
a2 b2 = (a b)(a + b).
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(a b)3 = a3 3ab(a b) b3 .
a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) v a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 ab + b2 ).
(a2 + b2 )(x2 + y 2 ) = (ax + by)2 + (ay bx)2 .
(a2 + b2 + c2 )(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = (ax + by + cz)2 + (ay bx)2 + (bz
cy)2 + (cx az)2 .
a
|a|
|ab| = |a||b|, | | =
d
|d|
|a| = |b| khi v ch khi a = b.
Ba b di y trnh by cc bt ng thc thng c s dng sau ny.

B
(i)
(ii)
1.1.4. Vi cc s thc
a, b, c, x, y, z
d 6= 0 c cc kt qu sau:
a2 + b2 > 2ab.
(a2 + b2 )(x2 + y 2 ) > (ax + by)2 .
(iii)
(a2 + b2 + c2 )(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) > (ax + by + cz)2 .
(iv)
||a| |b|| 6 |a + b| 6 |a| + |b|.
Bi gii: (i) Bi v
khi
(a b)2 > 0 nn a2 + b2 > 2ab. Du = xy ra khi v ch
a = b.
(a2 + b2 )(x2 + y 2 ) = (ax + by)2 + (ay bx)2 > (ax + by)2 nn

b
a
(a2 + b2 )(x2 + y 2 ) > (ax + by)2 . Du = xy ra khi v ch khi = .
x y
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(iii) Do (a +b +c )(x +y +z ) = (ax+by+cz) +(aybx) +(bzcy) +
(cxaz)2 > (ax+by+cz)2 nn (a2 +b2 +c2 )(x2 +y 2 +z 2 ) > (ax+by+cz)2 .
a
b
c
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
= = .
x y
z
(iv) Ta lun c |a| > a, |b| > b. Khi a+b > 0 th |a+b| = a+b 6 |a|+|b|;
cn khi a+b < 0 th |a+b| = ab 6 |a|+|b|. Tm li |a+b| 6 |a|+|b|. Bi
(ii) Do bi
|a| = |a + b + (b)| 6 |a + b| + | b| = |a + b| + |b| nn |a| |b| 6 |a + b|.

Tng t |b| = |a + b + (a)| 6 |a + b| + | a| = |a + b| + |a| nn
|b| |a| 6 |a + b|. Tm li ||a| |b|| 6 |a + b| 6 |a| + |b|.
a, b, c, x, y, z, u, v, t > 0 lun c cc bt ng thc sau:
3
(i) a + b + c > 3 abc.
p
3
(ii)
(a + x)(b + y)(c + z) > 3 abc + 3 xyz.
p
3
(iii)
(a + x + u)(b + y + v)(c + z + t) > 3 abc + 3 xyz + 3 uvt.
p
p
4
3
3
3
Bi gii: (i) V a + b + c +
abc
>
2
ab
+
2
c
abc
>
4
abc
abc nn
3
3
3
a + b + c + abc > 4 abc hay a + b + c > 3 abc.
(ii) Nu mt trong ba s a + x, b + y, c + z bng 0, chng hn a + x = 0, th
a = x = 0 v bt
Xt a + x, b + y, c + z 6= 0 :
ng thc hin nhin ng.r
a
b
c
abc
+
+
>33
a+x b+y c+z

r (a + x)(b + y)(c + z) v
Theo (i) ta c
x
y
z
xyz
+
+
>33
a+x b+y c+z

(a + x)(b + y)(c + z)
3
abc + 3 xyz
cng v theo v c 3 > 3 p
. T y suy ra (ii).
3
(a
+
x)(b
+
y)(c
+
z)
p
p
3
3
(iii) V
(a
+
x
+
u)(b
+
y
+
v)(c
+
z
+
t)
>
(a + x)(b + y)(c
+ z)+
p
3
3
3
uvt nn 3 (a + x + u)(b + y + v)(c + z + t) > abc+ 3 xyz+ uvt.
B
1.1.5. Vi
1.1.6. Cho ba s thc
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
a, b, c > 0. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:
1
1
2
+
>
khi ab > 1.
1 + a2 1 + b2
1 + ab
1
1
1
3
+
+
>
khi a, b, c > 1.
1 + a2 1 + b2 1 + c2
1 + abc
1
1
1
+
>
.
(1 + a)2 (1 + b)2
1 + ab
1
1
2
+
6
(1 + a)2 (1 + b)2
1 + ab
khi
ab 6 1.
1
1
1
3
+
+
6
(1 + a)2 (1 + b)2 (1 + c)2
1 + abc
khi
a, b, c 6 1.
7
(vi)
1
1
2
1
1
+
> r
+
+
v
a + b 2
1 + a2
1 + b2
1 + a2
1 + b2
1+
2
1
3
1
>r
khi a, b, c > .
a + b + c 2
2
1 + c2
1+
3
Bi gii: (i) Bt ng thc tng ng vi bt ng thc
(ab 1)(a b)2 >
1
2
1
+
>
khi ab > 1.
1 + a2 1 + b2 1 + ab
1
1
2
2
+
>
>
1 + b2
1 + ab 1 + abc
1 + a
1
1
2
2
(ii) V a, b, c > 1 nn t
ta suy ra
+
>
>
1 + b 2 1 + c2
1 + bc
1 + abc
1 + 1 > 2 >
1 + c 2 1 + a2
1 + ca 1 + abc
1
1
1
3
+
+
>
.
1 + a2 1 + b2 1 + c2
1 + abc
2
2
(iii) Bt ng thc tng ng vi bt ng thc (ab 1) + ab(a b) > 0.
1
1
1
Vy
+
>
.
(1 + a)2 (1 + b)2
1 + ab
0. Vy
(iv) l hin nhin qua quy ng hai v.
1
1
2
2
+
6
6
2
2
(1 + b)
1 + ab
1 + abc
(1 +1 a)
1
2
2
+
6
6
(v) V a, b, c 6 1 nn t
ta
2
2
(1
+
b)
(1
+
c)
1
+
bc
1
+
abc
1
1
2
2
+
6
6
(1 + c)2 (1 + a)2
1 + ca
1 + abc
1
1
1
3
suy ra
+
+
6
.
(1 + a)2 (1 + b)2 (1 + c)2
1 + abc
1
0
2 3/2
vi x > 0 c y = x(1 + x )
< 0. Vy y n
(vi) Hm s y =
2
1+x
2x2 1
2
2 5/2
2 3/2
iu gim. Ta li c y = 3x (1 + x )
(1 + x )
=p
>
(1 + x2 )5
1
1
1
0 khi x > v nh vy y l hm li. Vy
+
>
2
1 + a2
1 + b2
2
1
1
1
3
r
r
v
+
+
>
a + b 2
a + b + c 2
1 + a2
1 + b2
1 + c2
1+
1+
2
3
8
khi
1
a, b, c > .
2
ab > 1 s khng c (iv). Tht vy, khi a = 2, b = 1 c

1
1
1 1
2
2
ab = 2 > 1 v
+
=
+
<
=
; cn khi a =
(1 + a)2 (1 + b)2
9 4
3
1 + ab
1
1
1
1
2
2
9, b = 1 c ab = 9 > 1 v
+
=
+
>
=
.
(1 + a)2 (1 + b)2
100 4 10 1 + ab
Ch
1.2
1.1.7. Khi
Mt vi phng php chng minh n gin
Bt ng thc c in
S dng Bt ng thc Cauchy hoc Bt ng thc Bunhiakowski vi 3 s
hng trong tng hoc tch, xem B 1.1.4 v B 1.1.5, chng minh
bt ng thc mi.
V d
1.2.1. Chng minh rng, vi
a, b, c > 0 ta lun c bt ng thc sau:
1 1 1
9
+ + >
.
a b c
a+b+c
1 1 1
3
3
theo Bt ng
Bi gii: Ta c a + b + c > 3 abc v
+ + >
3
a b
c
abc
1 1 1
9
thc Cauchy. Vy
+ + >
.
a b c
a+b+c
V d 1.2.2. [Russia MO 2000] Chng minh rng nu a, b, c > 0 tha mn
a + b + c = 3 th ta c bt ng thc a + b + c > ab + bc + ca.

(a + b + c)2 a2 b2 c2
9 a2 b2 c2
=
Bi gii: V ab + bc + ca =
2
2
2
2
2
nn ch cn chng minh a + b + c + 2( a +
b + c) > 9. Tht vy, t
a2 + a + a > 3a, b2 + b + b > 3b, c2 + c + c > 3c
2
2
2
suy ra a + b + c + 2( a +
b + c) > 3(a + b + c) = 9. Du = xy ra
khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.
V d
1.2.3. Gi s
a, b, c > 0. Khi ta lun c bt ng thc di y:
a
b
c
9
+
+
>
.
(b + c)2 (c + a)2 (a + b)2
4(a + b + c)
9
Bi gii: S dng Bt ng thc Bunhiakowski ta c ngay bt ng thc

(a + b + c)
a
b
c
b
c 2
a
+
+
>
+
+
.
(b + c)2 (c + a)2 (a + b)2
b+c c+a a+b
a
b
c
a2
b2
c2
+
+
=
+
+
b+c a+c a+b
ab + ac ba + bc ca + cb
3
(a + b + c)2
> . T y suy ra bt ng thc cn chng minh.
>
2(ab + bc + ca) 2
Tng t, ta li c
V d
1.2.4. Cho
a, b, c > 0 tha mn a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng

a2
b2
c2
T =
+
+
> 1.
a + 2b2 b + 2c2 c + 2a2
Bi gii: Theo Bt ng thc Bunhiakowski ta c
[a2 (a + 2b2 ) + b2 (b + 2c2 ) + c2 (c + 2a2 )]T > (a2 + b2 + c2 )2 .

(a2 + b2 + c2 )2
. Do ch cn chng minh
a3 + b3 + c3 + 2(a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 )
(a2 + b2 + c2 )2 > a3 + b3 + c3 + 2(a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ) hay bt ng thc sau
Vy
T >
a4 + b4 + c4 > a3 + b3 + c3 .
+ b3 + c3 ) = (a3 + b3 + c3 )(a + b + c) > (a2 + b2 + c2 )2 v
3(a + b + c ) > (a + b + c)2 = 9 suy ra a3 + b3 + c3 > a2 + b2 + c2 . Do bi
(a4 + b4 + c4 )(a2 + b2 + c2 ) > (a3 + b3 + c3 )2 nn a4 + b4 + c4 > a3 + b3 + c3 .
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1.
Tht vy, t 3(a
2
2
2
V d
1.2.5. Gi s
a, b, c, d > 0 tha mn a+b+c+d = abc+bcd+cda+dab.
Chng minh bt ng thc sau
r
abc + bcd + cda + dab >
a2 + 1
+
2
b2 + 1
+
2
c2 + 1
+
2
d2 + 1
.
2
(a + b)(a + c)(a + d) = (a2 + 1)(a + b + c + d).

a + 1 (a + c)(a + d)
=
. Tng t c cc h thc khc v suy ra c
a+b
a+b+c+d
Bi gii: T gi thit suy ra

2
Vy
a2 + 1 b2 + 1 c2 + 1 d2 + 1 (a + b + c + d)2
+
+
+
=
= a + b + c + d.
a+b
b+c
c+d
d+a
a+b+c+d
10
a2 + 1 b2 + 1 c2 + 1 d2 + 1
Li c bt ng thc 2 a + b + c + d
+
+
+
>
a
+
b
b
+
c
c
+
d
d
+
a

2 + 1 2 theo Bt ng thc Bunhia2 + 1 + b2 + 1 + c2r
+ 1 + dr
r
r
2
2
2
a +1
b +1
c +1
d2 + 1
akowski. Vy a+b+c+d >
+
+
+
.
2
2
2
2
V d
1.2.6. Chng minh rng, vi
a, b, c, d > 0, abcd = 1, ta lun c
(a + b + c + d)6 > 28 (a2 + 1)(b2 + 1)(c2 + 1)(d2 + 1).

a = x2 , b = y 2 , c = z 2 , d = t2 vi x, y, z, t > 0, xyxt = 1. Ta
2
2
2
2 6
8 4
4
4
4
s chng minh (x + y + z + t ) > 2 (x + 1)(y + 1)(z + 1)(t + 1).
2
2
2
2 6
V xyzt = 1 nn bt ng thc ny tng ng (x + y + z + t ) >
28 (x3 + yzt)(y 3 + xzt)(z 3 + xyt)(t3 + xyz). Theo Bt ng thc Cauchy c
Bi gii: t
4(x3 +yzt)(y 3 +xzt) 6 (x3 +y 3 +xzt+yzt)2 = (x+y)2 (x2 xy +y 2 +zt)2 ,

4(t3 +xyz)(z 3 +xyt) 6 (z 3 +t3 +xyz +xyt)2 = (z +t)2 (z 2 zt+t2 +xy)2 .
4(x2 xy + y 2 + zt)(z 2 zt + t2 + xy) 6 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 + t2 )2 v
(x + y)(z + t) = xz + yt + xt + yz 6 x2 + y 2 + z 2 + t2 nn t 4 bt ng
Do bi
thc ny d dng suy ra bt ng thc cn chng minh.

V d
a, b, c > 0, abc = 1, lun c

r
r
r
a+b
b+c
c+a
+
+
> 3.
a+1
b+1
c+1
1.2.7. [Mathlinks Contests] Vi
Bi gii: Theo Bt ng thc Cauchy cho 3 s hng trn, ch cn chng minh
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) > (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1).

Tht vy, vi iu kin
abc = 1, bt ng thc trn tng ng vi
ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a) > a + b + c + ab + bc + ca.

Theo Bt ng thc Cauchy vi nhm 5 s hng ta c 3 bt ng thc sau:
a2 b + a2 b + a2 c + a2 c + bc > 5a
b2 a + b2 a + b2 c + b2 c + ac > 5b
c2 b + c2 b + c2 a + c2 a + ab > 5c
11
v suy ra
2[ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a)] > 5(a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca).
Tng t, theo Bt ng thc Cauchy vi nhm 5 s hng c 3 bt ng thc
b2 a + b2 a + a2 b + a2 b + c > 5ab
b2 c + b2 c + c2 b + c2 b + a > 5bc
a2 c + a2 c + c2 a + c2 a + b > 5ca
v suy ra
2[ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a)] > 5(ab + bc + ca) (a + b + c).
Cng hai bt ng thc cui c iu phi chng minh.

V d
1.2.8. Chng minh rng, nu
a, b, c > 0 th c bt ng thc sau y:
1
1
1
9
+
+
>
.
b(b + a) c(c + b) a(a + c) 2(ab + bc + ca)
9
c(a + b) + ab a(b + c) + bc b(c + a) + ca
+
+
>
b(b + a)
c(c + b)
a(a + c)
2
c b a
a
b
c
9
hay
+ + +
+
+
> v n tng ng bt ng
b a c a+b b+c c+a
2
a
b
c
15
c+b b+a a+c
+
+
+
+
+
> . Theo Bt ng
thc
b
a
c
a+b b+c c+a
2
a+b
a
b+c
b
c+a
c
thc Cauchy ta c
+
> 1,
+
> 1,
+
> 1.
4a
a+b
4b
b+c
4c
c+a
a+b
a
b+c
b
c+a
c
Do
+
+
+
+
+
> 3. Mt khc, cn
4a
a
+
b
4b
b
+
c
4c
c
+
a
3a + b b + c c + a 3
b c a 9
c
+
+
=
3+ + +
> . Cng hai bt ng
4
a
b
c
4
a b c
2
Bi gii: Ch cn ch ra
thc trn li ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh.

1.2.9. Chng minh rng, nu a, b, c > 0 tha mn a + b + c =
2
2
2
2
2
2
c bt ng thc (a ab + b )(b bc + c )(c ca + a ) 6 12.
V d
3 th ta
a > b > c. Khi

b bc+c 6 b , a ac+c 6 (a+c) , a ab+b 6 (a+c)2 (a+c)b+b2 .
2
2
2
2
Ta s chng minh M = b (a+c) ((a+c) (a+c)b+b ) 6 12. Tht vy, t
ab+c
a+b+c
3
> 0, s =
= . Khi M = (s2 x2 )2 (s2 + 3x2 ).
x=
2
2
2
4 3
3 2
2 3 2
2
2
2
Theo Bt ng thc Cauchy c
(s x ) (s x )(s + 3x ) 6
s2 =
2
2
3
9
27 v suy ra c M 6 27 hay M 6 12. Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
4
c = 0, s2 = 9x2 hay a = 2, b = 1, c = 0.
Bi gii: Khng lm mt tnh cht tng qut, c th coi
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
12
Phng php tam thc bc hai
Hm u tin c xt n l mt tam thc bc hai
f (x) = ax2 +bx+c, a 6= 0.
x1 , x2 l nghim ca f (x) = 0. Khi c kt qu:
f (x) = a(x x1 )(x x2 )
b
x1 + x2 =
a
x1 x2 = .
a
2
s f (x) R[x] v = b 4ac. Khi c cc kt
Mnh
1.2.10. Gi s
Mnh
1.2.11. Gi
qu:
(i)
f (x) > 0 vi mi gi tr ca x khi v ch khi
(ii)
f (x) > 0 vi mi gi tr ca x khi v ch khi
(iii)
f (x) < 0 vi mi gi tr ca x khi v ch khi
(iv)
f (x) 6 0 vi mi gi tr ca x khi v ch khi
(v)
f (x) = 0 c
af () < 0.
hai nghim
x1 , x2
v s thc
(
a>0
< 0.
(
a>0
6 0.
(
a<0
< 0.
(
a<0
6 0.
x1 < < x2
khi v ch khi
(
a0 = 1
p
V d 1.2.12 . Dy (an ) xc nh bi:
an+1 = 6an + 35a2n + 2010, n > 0.
a2n 2010
Chng minh rng an+1 = 12an an1 , an+1 =
vi mi n > 1.
an1
2
Bi gii: T an+1 6an
= 35a2n + 2010 ta suy ra phng trnh sau y:
a2n+1 12an an+1 + a2n 2010 = 0 vi mi n > 0. Th n + 1 qua n c
a2n1 12an an1 + a2n 2010 = 0. Nh vy an1 v an+1 l hai nghim ca
2
2
phng trnh x 12an x + an 2010 = 0. Theo nh l Vit v tng v tch
a2n 2010
.
hai nghim suy ra c ngay an+1 = 12an an1 , an+1 =
an1
13
a1 , a2 , a3 , b1 , b2 , b3 vi a21 a22 a23 > 0. Khi

2
2
2
2
a1 a2 a3
b21 b22 b23 6 a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3 .

2
2
2
2
Bi gii: Xt tam thc f (x) = a1 a2 a3 x 2 a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3 x+

2
2
2
b1 b2 b3 = (a1 x b1 )2 (a2 x b2 )2 (a3 x b3 )2 . T gi thit suy
b
1
ra a1 6= 0 v f
6 0. Vy f (x) = 0 c nghim v nh th 0 > 0.
a1
V d 1.2.14 . Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x, y, z v mi tam gic ABC
2
2
2
lun c bt ng thc x + y + z > 2xy cos C + 2yz cos A + 2zx cos B.
1
1
1
5
T ch ra
cos A + cos B + cos C 6 .
3
4
5
12
2
2
2
Bi gii: V tam thc f (x) = x 2x(y cos C +z cos B)+y +z 2yz cos A
c 6 0 nn f (x) > 0 vi mi s thc x, y, z v mi tam gic ABC. Vi
8
10
6
,y =
v z =
ta c ngay bt ng thc
x =
6.8.10
6.8.10
6.8.10
1
1
1
5
cos A + cos B + cos C 6 .
3
4
5
12
V d 1.2.15 . Gi s ba s a, b, c > 0. Hy gii h phng trnh sau:
x + y + z = a + b + c
4xyz = abc + a2 x + b2 y + c2 z
x, y, z > 0.
V d
1.2.13. Cho cc s thc
abc
a2
b2
c2
a
+
+
+
. t cos A = ,
4xyz 4yz 4zx 4xy
2 yz
c
b
cos B = , cos C = . T h thc di y suy ra A, B, C l ba
2 xy
2 zx
(
cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C + 2 cos A cos B cos C = 1
Bi gii: Hin nhin c
1=
gc mt tam gic:
0 < cos A, cos B, cos C < 1.
T a + b + c = x + y + z suy ra x + y + z = 2 yz cos A + 2 zx cos B +
2 xy cos C 6 x + y + z theo V d 1.2.14. Do vy du = phi xy ra hay
y
x
x
z
y
z
=
=
hay
=
=
.
sin A sin B
sin C
sin2 A sin2 B
sin2 C
b+c
c+a
a+b
,y =
,z =
.
T y d dng suy ra x =
2
2
2
14
V d
1.2.16. Gi s
x0
l nghim ln ca phng trnh
a 13 = 0. Tm gi tr ln nht ca x0
bit
x2 + 2(a 3)x +
a > 1.
x0 l nghim b ca phng trnh x2 +(a3)x2a2 =

0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca x0 bit a 6 4.
1.2.17. Gi s
V d
x0 l nghim ln ca phng trnh x2 + 2(a b 3)x +

a b 13 = 0. Tm gi tr ln nht ca x0 bit a > 2, b 6 1.
y + 2 = (3 x)2
(2z y)(y + 2) = 9 + 4y
V d 1.2.19 . Gii h phng trnh sau:
x2 + z 2 = 4x
z > 0.
V d
1.2.18. Gi s
V d
1.2.20. Gii h phng trnh sau:
V d
1.2.21. Tm tt c cc cp
y 3 + 3y 2 = x2 3x + 2
(2 x)(3x 2z) = 3 z
y 2 + z 2 = 6z
z 6 3.
(x; y) bit
p

2 x+y
2
4 3 4x x sin
+ 2 cos(x + y) = 13 + 4 cos2 (x + y).
2
V d
1.2.22. Tm tt c cc cp
(x; y) bit
sin2 (x y)
3 + 2 cos(x y) p
2 xy
2
= 3 + 2x x cos
+
.
2
2
2
a tn ti duy nht mt cp s
2
2
15x 11xy + 2y = 7
nguyn (x; y) tha mn h phng trnh sau:
2a2 x + 3ay < 0
x < y.
V d
1.2.23. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca
Phng php nh gi
chng minh
V d
A 6 B, ta chn C
1.2.24. Cho s nguyn
v nh gi
A 6 C. Sau ch ra C 6 B.
n > 1. Chng minh
1 1 1
1
1
+
+
+
+
<
.
23 33 43
n3
4
15
n = 2, n = 3, bt ng thc ng l hin nhin. Vi n > 3 c

1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
T = 3 + 3 + 3 + + 3 < +
+
+ +
2
3
4
n
8 27 4 3.4
(n 1)n

1
1
1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
6
+
+
+ + +
< +
+ .
8 24 4 3 4 4 5
n1 n
8 24 12
Bi gii: Vi
1
T < .
4
V d 1.2.25 . Dy (an ) c cho nh sau: a0 = 1, a1 = 3, a2 = 6, a3 =
10, a4 = 15, a5 = 21, . . . . Xc nh an theo n v chng minh bt ng thc

1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
< + .
T = 1
3
6
10
an
3 n
T y suy ra
a1 = 3 = a0 + 2, a2 = 6 = a1 + 3, a3 = 10 = a2 + 4, a4 = 15 =
a3 + 5, a5 = 21 = a4 + 6 suy ra an = an1 + n + 1 v iu ny d dng c
(n + 1)(n + 2)
c qua qui np. Vy an = 1 + 2 + 3 + + n + n + 1 =
2
1
ak 1
(k + 1)(k + 2) 2
k(k + 3)
v suy ra 1
=
=
=
. Nh
ak
ak
(k + 1)(k + 2)
(k + 1)(k + 2)

1
1
1
vy 1
= 1
1+
v ta c c cc php bin i sau:
ak
k+1
k+2

1
1
1
1
1
1
T = 1
1+
1
1+
... 1
1+
2
3
3
4
n+1
n+2

1
1
1
1
1
1
=
1 2 1 2 1 2 ... 1
1+
2
3
4
5
(n + 1)2
n+2

2
2
2
2
1 3 1 4 1 5 1
(n + 1) 1
1
=
...
1+
2
32
42
52
(n + 1)2
n+2
n+3
2.3.42 .52 . . . (n 1)2 n2 (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
=
=
2.32 .42 .52 . . . (n 1)2 n2 (n + 1)2 (n + 2)
3(n + 1)
n+3 1 1
<
= + .
3n
3 n
Bi gii: T
Tm li
V d
an =
1.2.26.
(n + 1)(n + 2)
1 1
v nhn c bt ng thc T <
+ .
2
3 n
Cho 0 < d 6 c 6 b 6 a v a + b + c + d 6 1. Khi ta c
1 > a2 + 3b2 + 5c2 + 7d2 .
16
1 > (a + b + c + d)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2ad +

2bc + 2bd + 2cd > a2 + 3b2 + 5c2 + 7d2 nn 1 > a2 + 3b2 + 5c2 + 7d2 .
Bi gii: V
a, b, c > 0 lun tha mn a + b + c = abc th c bt ng

1
1
1
2
2
2
thc a + b + c +
+
+
> 10.
a2 b2 c2
3
Bi gii: T abc = a + b + c > 3 abc, theo Bt ng thc Cauchy, ta suy
p
p
1
1
1
3
2
2
2
2
(abc) > 3. V T = a + b + c + 2 + 2 + 2 > 3 3 (abc)2 +
ra t =
a
b
c

1
1
p
,
theo Bt ng thc Cauchy, nn T > 3 t +
vi t > 3. Nh
3
t
(abc)2
1
vy T > 3 t +
> 10 tng ng vi (t 3)(3t 1) > 0 : ng.
t
V d
V d
1.2.27. Nu
a, b, c lun tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 1.
T = abc + 2(1 + a + b + c + ab + bc + ca) > 0.
1.2.28. Gi s cc s thc
Chng minh rng
|a|, |b|, |c| 6 1, nn khi abc 6 0 th T = 2(1 + a)(1 + b)(1 +

c) abc > 0; cn khi abc > 0 th T = (a + b + c + 1)2 + abc > 0.
Bi gii: Do
V d
1.2.29. Cho ba s thc
a, b, c > 0
a + b + c 6 3.
Chng minh bt
ng thc sau y:
a+b
b+c
c+a
2
2
2
+
+
6
+
+
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2+a +b 2+b +c 2+c +a
2+a+b 2+b+c 2+c+a
Bi gii: V
2+a2 +b2 = 1+a2 +1+b2 > 2(a+b) nn ta c
a+b
6
2 + a2 + b2
1
b+c
1
c+a
1
. Tng t,
6
,
6
. Nh vy c bt ng thc
2
2 + b2 + c2
2 2 + c2 + a2
2
a+b
b+c
c+a
3
+
+
6
.
2 + a2 + b2 2 + b2 + c2 2 + c2 + a2
2
x=
1 + a, y = 1 + b, z = 1 + c. Khi x, y, z > 0 v 2x + 2y + 2z 6 12.
y+z z+x
12
1
+
+
6
x+y x+y
x+y
z+x x+y
12
Do
Cng cc bt ng thc, v theo v,
+
6
1+
y+z y+z
y+z
x+y y+z
12
1 +
+
6
.
z+x z+x z+x
17
1
1
y+z x+y z+x x+y
1
+
+
> 3+
+
+
+
+
x+y y+z z+x
x+y y+z x+y z+x
x+z
y+z
2
2
2
+
> 9. T y suy ra
+
+
=
y+z
x+z
2+a+b 2+b+c 2+c+a
2
2
2
3
+
+
> v c c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
x+y y+z z+x
2
V d 1.2.30 . Chng minh rng vi cc s thc a, b, c > 1 c bt ng thc
1
1
1
3
(i)
+
+
>
.
a(b + 1) b(c + 1) c(a + 1)
1 + abc
12
1
1
1
3
+
+
>
.
ab + a + 1 bc + b + 1 ca + c + 1
2 + abc
Bi gii: (i) Do a, b, c > 1 nn (a 1)(b 1)(c + 1) > 0
1 + abc > a + b c + ac + bc ab. Tng t, ta cn c:
(ii)
tng ng
1 + abc > b + c a + ac + ab bc, 1 + abc > c + a b + bc + ab ca.

Cng ba bt ng thc, v theo v, ta c
3 + 3abc > ab + a + bc + b + ca + c.
1
1
1
T 3 + 3abc
+
+
>
ab + a bc + b ca + c

1
1
1
ab + a + bc + b + ca + c
+
+
>9
a(b + 1) b(c + 1) c(a + 1)
1
1
1
3
hay
+
+
>
.
a(b + 1) b(c
+
1)
c(a
+
1)
1
+
abc
2 + abc > a + b c + ac + bc ab + 1
(ii) Nh trn c
Cng ba bt
2 + abc > b + c a + ac + ab bc + 1
2 + abc > c + a b + bc + ab ca + 1.
ng thc, v theo v, ta c 6 + 3abc > ab + a + bc + b + ca + c + 3. V

1
1
1
+
+
6 + 3abc
>
ab
+
a
+
1
bc
+
b
+
1
ca
+
c
+
1

ab + a + 1 + bc + b + 1 + ca + c + 1

1
1
1
+
+
>9
ab + a + 1 bc + b + 1 ca + c + 1
1
1
1
3
+
+
>
.
ab + a + 1 bc + b + 1 ca + c + 1
2 + abc

nn
18
Phng php hnh hc
Mnh
(i)
1.2.31. Vi cc im
v cc vct
~x, ~y , ~z
ta lun c
AB + BC > AC.
(ii)
|~x||~y | > |~x~y | > ~x~y .
(ii)
|~x| + |~y | > |~x + ~y |.
(iii)
A, B, C
|~x| + |~y | + |~z| > |~x + ~y + ~z|.

(D1 ), (D2 ) vi din
(D2 ) th S1 6 S2 .
(iv) Gi s hai min phng

Nu
(D1 ) cha trong
tch
S1
S2
tng ng.
Chng minh: Hin nhin.
|a + b + c| > 1. Chng minh bt ng thc sau y:

p
p
p
2
2
2
2
a + ab + b + b + bc + c + c2 + ca + a2 > 3.
b 3b ~
c 3c
a 3a
Bi gii: Vi ~
a = a+ ;
,b = b+ ;
, ~c = c + ;
ta c
2
2
2 2
2 2

3
3
(a + b + c) . Do |~a| + |~b| + |~c| > |~a + ~b + ~c|
~a + ~b + ~c = (a + b + c);
2
2
2
suy ra
a + ab + b + b2 + bc + c2 + c2 + ca + a2 > 3.
V d
1.2.32. Cho
V d
1.2.33. Cho
a, b, c tha mn 0 6 c 6 a, 0 6 c 6 b. Chng minh rng

p
p
c(a c) + c(b c) 6 ab.
c = 0. Khi c > 0, dng hai tam
c
gic vung OAB v OAC cng vung gc O vi cnh chung OC =
v OA =
b c, OB = a c v hai pha khc nhau so p
vi OC. Khi
BC =
a, AC = b. T SOAC + SOBC = SABC suy ra c(a c) +
p
c(b c) = 2SABC 6 ab.
Bi gii: Bt ng thc hin nhin ng khi
V d
1.2.34. Vi
a, b, c, d [0; 1] ta lun c bt ng thc di y:
a2006 + b2006 + c2006 + d2006 6 2 + a2006 b + b2006 c + c2006 d + d2006 a.
19
ABCD cnh 1, ln lt ly cc im M, N, P v
AB, BC, CD v DA sao cho AQ = a, BM = b, CN = c
Bi gii: Trn hnh vung
trn cc cnh
DP = d. Khi
1
1
1
1
a(1 b) + b(1 c) + c(1 d) + d(1 a)
2
2
2
2
= SM AQ + SN BM + SP CN + SQDP 6 SABCD = 1.
a(1 b) + b(1 c) + c(1 d) + d(1 a) 6 2. Do a, b, c, d [0; 1] nn

a(1 b) + b(1 c) + c(1 d) + d(1 a) > a2006 b + b2006 c + c2006 d + d2006 a.
2006
Vya
+ b2006 + c2006 + d2006 6 2 + a2006 b + b2006 c + c2006 d + d2006 a.
Vy
Phng php lng gic

a bt ng thc cn chng minh v bt ng thc lng gic s dng
nhng tnh cht ca cc hm s lng gic. Tt nhin, khng phi bi ton
no cng dng phng php ny. Sau y l mt s du hiu v php lng
gic ha tng ng thng c s dng:
x = r cos
2
2
2
Khi x + y = r , r > 0, th ta t
y = r sin
[0; 2].
x = ra cos
x2 y 2
Khi
+ 2 = r2 , a, b, r > 0, th ta t y = rb sin
2
a
b
[0; 2].
x = r cos
y = r sin
x2 y 2
Nu
+
6
1,
a,
b
>
0,
th t
a2 b2
[0; 2]
0 6 r 6 1.
Nu |x| 6 r th t x = r cos vi [0; ] hoc x = r sin vi

[ ; ].
2 2
2
2
V d 1.2.35 . Vi hai s thc a v b tha mn a + b
= 2 ta lun c bt
3
3
ng thc 2(a b ) 3(a b) 6 2.
2 cos u, b = 2 sin u. Khi 2(a3 b3 ) 3(a b) =

Bi gii: t a =
2 cos(3u ) 6 2.
4
20
V d
a v b tha mn a2 + 4b2 6 6a + 16b ta lun

3a 8b 6 18.
1.2.36. Vi hai s thc
c bt ng thc
a2 + 4b2 6 6a + 16b suy ra (a 3)2 + 4(b 2)2 6 52 . t

1
a = 3 + r cos u, b = 2 + r sin u vi r [0; 5]. Khi 3a 8b = 7 +
2
r(3 cos u 4 sin u) = 7 + 5r cos(u + ) 6 7 + 25 = 18.
Bi gii: T
V d
a, b, c. Chng minh bt ng thc

1 + ab 2 1 + bc 2 1 + ca 2
T =
+
+
> 1.
ab
bc
ca

t a = tan , b = tan , c = tan , , , [ ; ]. Khi
2 2
1.2.37. Cho ba s thc phn bit
Bi gii:
M = cot2 ( ) + cot2 ( ) + cot2 ( ).

( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 0 nn cot( ) cot( ) + cot(
) cot( ) + cot( ) cot( ) = 1. T suy ra T > 1.

a b c d ad + bc

V d 1.2.38 . Chng minh rng
a + b + c + d + ac bd > 3.

a b c d ad + bc

Bi gii: t M =
a + b + c + d + ac bd . Xt cc trng hp:

c

1

c
c
d
c
= 1 + d
. t x = c +1.
Khi a = 0 th M = 1 +
c

c + d d d
d
+ 1
d

x2 + 2 x
2
2
2|x|
|x|
=
Ta c M = x +
>
=
2
2
1
>
3.

x
|x|
|x|
Khi c = 0, hon ton tng t nh trn, ta cng c M >

3.
Do
21
b
d
= tan v = tan , ta c ngay
a
c
b
tan
tan

ab
a =
4
x =
=
=
tan
b
a+b
4
1 + tan tan
1+
4
a
d
tan
tan

cd
c
4
y =
=
=
=
tan
d
c+d
4
tan
1
+
tan
1+
4
c
d b
+
ad + bc
c
a = tan + tan = tan( + ).
z =
=
bd
ac + bd
1 + tan tan
1
ac

Do bi
+ + ( + ) = nn xy + yz + zx = 1. Kt hp vi
4
4
2
2
bt ng thc (x + y + z) > 3(xy + yz + zx) suy ra M = |x + y + z| >
3.
Khi
a, c 6= 0, t
Vy bt ng thc cho c chng minh.

V d
1.2.39. Vi ba s thc
a, b, c ta lun c bt ng thc di y:
(ab + bc + ca 1)2 6 (a2 + 1)(b2 + 1)(c2 + 1).

a = tan u, b = tan v, c = tan w vi u, v, w , . Khi
2 2
1
1
1
2
2
2
(a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) =
. Bt ng thc tr thnh
cos2 u cos2 v cos2 w
2
sin u sin v cos w + sin v sin w cos u + sin w sin u cos v cos u cos v cos w
2
6 1 hay sin v sin(u + w) cos v cos(u + w) = cos2 (u + v + w) 6 1.
Bi gii: t
V d
1.2.40. Vi ba s thc
a, b, c lun c bt ng thc di y:
|a b|
|b c|
|a c|
+p
>p
.
(1 + a2 )(1 + b2 )
(1 + b2 )(1 + c2 )
(1 + a2 )(1 + c2 )
a = tan u, b = tan v, c = tan w. Khi bt ng thc tr

thnh | sin(u v)| + | sin(v w)| > | sin(u w)|. T | sin(x + y)| =
| sin x cos y + sin y cos x| 6 | sin x| + | sin y| d dng suy ra | sin(u w)| =
| sin(u v + v w)| 6 | sin(u v)| + | sin(v w)|.
Bi gii: t
22
V d
1.2.41. Vi dy s thc
n
X
i=0
a0 = 1, a1 , . . . , an , an+1 = n + 1, n > 1, c
|ai ai+1 |
2n
q
>
.
p
3(n
+
2)
2
2
ai + 1 ai+1 + 1
a, b, c ta t a = tan x, b = tan y, c = tan z. Khi bt

|b c|
|c a|
|a b|
+
>
tng
ng thc
a2 + 1 b2 + 1
b2 + 1 c2 + 1
c 2 + 1 a2 + 1
ng | sin(x y)| + | sin(y z)| > | sin(x z)|. T | sin(u + v)| =
| sin u cos v + sin v cos u| 6 | sin u| + | sin v| ta suy ra bt ng thc sau:
| sin(x z)| = | sin(x y + y z)| 6 | sin(x y)| + | sin(y z)|. S dng
|a1 a2 |
|a2 a3 |
|a1 a3 |
p
p
p
p
p
kt qu ny: p
+
>
.
a21 + 1 a22 + 1
a22 + 1 a23 + 1
a21 + 1 a23 + 1
n
P
|ai ai+1 |
|a0 an+1 |
q
q
Quy np theo n c
>
>
p
p
2
2
2
2
i=0
ai + 1 ai+1 + 1
a0 + 1 an+1 + 1
n
n
2n
>
>
.
2(n + 2) 3(n + 2)
2n2 + 4n + 4
Bi gii: Vi ba s
1.2.42. Vi s t nhin n ta xt dy a0 =
n
P
ai = 1. Chng minh rng
1, 2, . . . , n tha mn
i=1
V d
16
n
X
i=1
0, ai > 0
vi mi
i =
ai
< .
2
1 + a0 + + ai1 ai + + an
Bi gii: Theo Bt ng thc Cauchy ta c kt qu sau y:
1
1 + a0 + + ai1 ai + + an 6 (1+a0 + +ai1 +ai + +an )
2
n a
P
ai
i
>
= 1. t ui =
1
1
+
a
+
+
a
a
+
+
a
0
i1
i
n
i=1
i=1
arcsin(a0 + + ai1 + ai ) vi i = 0, 1, . . . , n. Khi c cc h thc sau:
= 1.
Vy
n
P
ai = (a0 + + ai1 + ai ) (a0 + + ai1 ) = sin ui sin ui1

q
p
cos ui1 =
1 sin2 ui1 = 1 (a0 + + ai1 )2
p
=
1 + a0 + + ai1 ai + + an , i = 1, . . . , n.
23
n sin u sin u
P
ai
i
i1
=
cos ui1
1 + a0 + + ai1 ai + + an
i=1
i=1
ui + ui1
ui ui1
sin
n 2 cos
n
P
P
ui ui1
2
2
hay S =
<
2 sin
. V sin x <
cos ui1
2
i=1
i=1
n
P
x khi x (0; ) nn S < (ui ui1 ) = .

2
2
i=1
Vy
S =
n
P
1.2.43. Vi s t nhin
n
P
1, 2, . . . , n, v tha mn
ai
i=1
V d
n
X
i=1
ta xt dy
a0 = 0, ai > 0
vi mi s
i=
= 1. Chng minh rng
ai
p
p
< .
4
1 + (a0 + + ai1 )2 1 + (a0 + + ai )2
ui = arctan(a0 + + ai1 + ai ) vi i = 0, 1, . . . , n. Khi
ui [0; ] v c cc h thc sau:

4
Bi gii: t
cc gc
ai = (a0 + + ai1 + ai ) (a0 + + ai1 ) = tan ui tan ui1

p
p
1
=
1 + tan2 ui = 1 + (a0 + + ai )2 , i = 1, . . . , n. Vy S =
cos ui
n tan u tan u
P
ai
i
i1
p
p
=
1
1 + (a0 + + ai1 )2 1 + (a0 + + ai )2
i=1
i=1
cos ui1 cos ui
n
n
P
P
hay S =
sin(ui ui1 ) < (ui ui1 ) = un = .
4
i=1
i=1
n
P
V d
1.2.44. Vi mi tam gic
ABC
ta lun c bt ng thc sau:
1
1
1
3
+
+
6
.
(1 + sin A)2 (1 + sin B)2 (1 + sin C)2
1 + sin A sin B sin C
Bi gii: Suy ra t V d 1.1.6.
V d
1.2.45. Cho
ABC.
x = tan
B
C
A
, y = tan , z = tan .
2
2
2
Khi
ta c cc bt ng thc sau y:
(i)

4x
4y
4z 27
2 2 2
1+
1+
1+
>
27x y z + 1 .
y+z
z+x
x+y
2
24
(ii)
r
4x
2r 3
4y
4z
1+
1+
1+
> 1+23
.
y+z
z+x
x+y
R
a = x + y + z, b = xy + yz + zx = 1, c = xyz v

4y
4z
(a + 3x)(a + 3y)(a + 3z)
4x
1+
1+
=
.
T = 1+
y+z
z+x
x+y
(a x)(a y)(a z)
a3 + 3aa2 + 9ba + 27c

4a3 + 9a + 27c
Vy T =
.
Xt T =
vi a >
3=
a3 aa2 + ba c
ac
1
9 > 9c > 0. Ta coi T l hm ca a v a > 9c > 0. Do a > 1 nn ta c
3 3
Bi gii: (i) t
Ta0
2a3 3a2 c 9c
a2 (2a 3c) 9c
15a2 c 9c
=4
=4
>4
>0
(a c)2
(a c)2
(a c)2
4.36 c3 + 108c 36 2 27
= c +
v c bt ng thc.
v nh vy T > T (9c) =
8c
2
2
r

4x
c 3
4y
4z
3
(ii) Li c T = 1+
1+
1+
> 1+4
=
y
+
z
z
+
x
x
+
y
a
c
r

2r 3
.
1+23
R
Tc0 > 0 v c T > T (0) = 9 + 4a2 > 21.
Tuy b chn di, cng d thy T khng c gi tr nh nht. Khi mt trong
cc gc tam gic tin ti v hai gc cn li tin ti 0 th a +. Vy
T cng khng c gi tr ln nht. Ch rng, ta cn c th chng minh
T > 25, nhng vic tm ra s 25 hon ton khng t nhin.
Nu coi
l hm ca
c>0
th
Phng php hm s
V d
1.2.46. Chng minh rng nu
x + y = 1 th: x4 + y 4
1
.
8
x + y = 1 suy ra y = 1 x nn x4 + y 4 = x4 + (1 x)4
4
4
0
3
3
Xt hm s f (x) = x + (1 x) , o hm f (x) = 4x 4(1 x) ,
1
1
f 0 (x) = 0 khi x = . Lp bng bin thin ta c f (x) . Du bng xy
2
8
1
ra khi x = y = .
2
1
4
4
Vy nu x + y = 1 th x + y .
8
Bi gii: T
25
V d
1.2.47. Vi n l s nguyn dng l khng nh hn 3. Chng minh
rng vi mi s thc
x 6= 0, ta lun c:
x2 x3
xn
x2 x3
xn
(1 + x +
+
+ ... + )(1 x +
+ ... ) < 1
2!
3!
n!
2!
3!
n!
.
x2 x3
xn
x2 x3
Bi gii: t f (x) = 1 + x +
+ + ... + , g(x) = 1 x + +
2!
3!
n!
2! 3!
xn
... , xt F (x) = f (x).g(x). Ta i chng minh F (x) < 1 vi mi x 6= 0.
n! 0
0
0
Ta c: F (x) = f (x).g(x) + g (x).f (x) , vi
x2 x3
xn1
xn
0
f (x) = 1 + x +
+
+ ... +
= f (x) .
2!
3!
(n 1)!
n!
2
3
n1
x
x
x
xn
0
g (x) = 1 + x
+
... +
) = g(x) .
2!
3!
(n 1)!
n!

n
n
2
n1
x
x
x
x
0
Suy ra F (x) =
[f (x) + g(x)] = 2
1+
+ ... +
. Nh
n!
n!
2!
(n
1)!
0
F (x) > 0, x < 0
vy ta c du F (x) nh sau:
F 0 (x) < 0, x > 0
0
F (x) = 0, x = 0
Lp bng bin thin ta c F (x) < 1, vi mi x 6= 0.
V d
1.2.48. Chng minh rng vi mi
x > 0 th ta lun c:
x3
sin x > x
6
Bi gii: Xt hm s
x3
f (x) = x
sin x, vi x > 0 ta c:
6
x2
cos x; f 00 (x) = x + sin x; f 000 = 1 + cos x
2
000
Thy f
= 1 + cos x < 0, vi x > 0 suy ra f 00 (x) nghch bin vi x > 0.
00
00
00
Suy ra f (x) < f (0) vi x > 0 tng ng f (x) < 0 vi x > 0 tng
0
0
0
ng f (x) nghch bin vi x > 0. Suy ra f (x) < f (0) vi x > 0 tng
0
ng f (x) < 0 vi x > 0 tng ng f (x) nghch bin vi x > 0. Suy ra
x3
f (x) < f (0) vi x > 0 tng ng x
sin x < 0 vi x > 0.
6
x3
Vy sin x > x
vi x > 0.
6
f 0 (x) = 1
26
V d
1.2.49. Chng minh rng vi
xy 6= 0 ta lun c
x4 y 4 x2 y 2 x y
+
+ + 2
y 4 x4 y 2 x2 y x
Bi gii: t
x4 y 4 x2 y 2 x y
f (x, y) = 4 + 4 2 2 + + .
y
x
y
x
y x
Ta vit li hm s di dng
x2 y 2
f (x, y) = ( 2 + 2 )2 2
y
x

2
2
x y
x2 y 2
x y
+
)
+
(
+ )
y 2 x2
y
x

.
2
x y
x y
= ( + ) 2 2 ( + ) 2 +( + )
y x
y x
y x
x y x y
x y
+ , ta nhn thy |t| = + = + 2
Bng cch t t =
y x
y x
y
x
Bi ton chuyn thnh, chng minh rng: vi |t| 2, th
(
F (t) = t4 5t2 + t 4 2
.
F (t) = (t2 3)(t2 2) + t 2

2
2
2
Do |t| 2, nn t 3 1, t 2 0 , nn ta c F (t) t + t 4
1
2
0
Xt g(t) = t + t 4, c g (t) = 2t + 1 = 0 t = .
2
Lp bng bin thin ta c g(t) 2 suy ra F (t) 2 hay f (x, y) 2.
x4 y 4 x2 y 2 x y
Vy vi xy 6= 0 th
+
+ + 2
y 4 x4 y 2 x2 y x
Ta c th vit li
V d
1.2.50. Cho cc s thc x,y tho mn iu kin:
(x + y)3 + 4xy 2.
Chng minh rng:
3(x4 + y 4 + x2 y 2 ) 2(x2 + y 2 ) + 1
9
16
.
Bi gii: t
f (x, y)
f (x, y) = 3(x4 + y 4 + x2 y 2 ) 2(x2 + y 2 ) + 1. Ta chng minh
9
. Tht vy:
16
3
Kt hp hai bt ng thc (x + y) + 4xy 2; (x
3
2
Suy ra: (x + y) + (x + y) 2 x + y 1
+ y)2 4xy .
3
3
f (x, y) = 3(x4 + y 4 +x2 y 2 ) 2(x2 + y 2 ) + 1 = (x2 + y 2 ) + (x4 + y 4 )
2
2
27
3
3
2(x2 + y 2 ) + 1 (x2 + y 2 )2 + (x2 + y 2 )2 2(x2 + y 2 ) + 1.
2
4
9 2
2 2
2
2
Suy ra: f (x, y) (x + y ) 2(x + y ) + 1.
4
2
(x2 + y 2 )
1
2
2
t t = x + y , ta c t
.
2
2
9
1
9 2
t 2t + 1. Xt f (t) = t2 2t + 1 vi t ,
Khi f (x, y)
4
4
2
9
1
1
9
f 0 (t) = t 2 > 0, t . Suy ra f (t) f ( ) =
4
2
2
16
1
9
. ng thc xy ra khi x = y =
Vy f (x, y)
16
2
1.3
ta c
Hm li v Bt ng thc Jensen
Tip tc, ta s xt hm li v chng minh Bt ng thc Jensen v h qu.

nh ngha
y = f (x) c gi l hm li, (xung pha di),

vi mi a < x1 , x2 < b v mi (0; 1) lun c
1.3.1. Hm s
trong khong
(a; b)
nu
bt ng thc:

f (x1 ) + (1 )f (x2 ) > f x1 + (1 )x2 .
nh ngha
y = f (x) c gi l hm lm, (ln pha trn),

vi mi a < x1 , x2 < b v mi (0; 1) lun c
1.3.2. Hm s
trong khong
(a; b)
nu
bt ng thc:

f (x1 ) + (1 )f (x2 ) 6 f x1 + (1 )x2 .
y = f (x) xc nh v lin tc trong (a; b) vi a < b.
f (x) f (x1 )
Hm y = f (x) l li trong khong (a; b) khi v ch khi
6
x
x
1

1 x1 f (x1 )

f (x2 ) f (x)
> 0 vi mi x1 , x, x2 (a; b) tha mn
hoc 1 x
f
(x)

x2 x
1 x2 f (x2 )
x1 < x < x 2 .
Mnh
1.3.3. Gi s
Chng minh: Gi s
y = f (x) l hm li trong khong (a; b). Vi x1 , x, x2
(a; b), x1 < x < x2 , c biu din

x=
x2 x
x x1
x2 x
x x1
x1 +
x2 , f (x) 6
f (x1 ) +
f (x2 ).
x2 x1
x2 x1
x2 x1
x2 x1
28
(x2 x)f (x1 )+(x1 x2 )f (x)+(xx1 )f (x2 ) > 0

1 x1 f (x1 )

1 x f (x) > 0. iu ngc li l hin nhin.

1 x2 f (x2 )
Nh vy c bt ng thc
hay biu din dng
1.3.4. Gi s y = f (x) xc nh v lin tc trong khong (a; b) v

0
0
c o hm hu hn f (x). Khi y = f (x) l hm li nu v ch nu f (x)
Mnh
l hm khng gim trong
(a; b).
y = f (x) l hm li trong khong (a; b). Vi x1 , x, x2

x x1
x2 x
x1 +
x2
(a; b), x1 < x < x2 , c hai biu din sau y: x =
x2 x1
x2 x1
f (x2 ) f (x)
f (x) f (x1 )
f (x) f (x1 )
6
. Khi f 0 (x1 ) = lim
6
v
xx1
x x1
x2 x
x x1
f (x2 ) f (x1 )
f (x2 ) f (x)
6 lim
= f 0 (x2 ). Nh vy f 0 (x1 ) 6 f 0 (x2 ).
xx2
x2 x1
x2 x2
0
Ngc li, gi thit f (x) l hm khng gim trong (a; b). Vi x1 , x, x2
f (x2 ) f (x)
f (x) f (x1 )
= f 0 () v
= f 0 (),
(a; b), x1 < x < x2 ta c
x x1
x2 x
f (x) f (x1 )
0
0
trong x1 < < x < < x2 . V f () 6 f () suy ra
6
x x1
f (x2 ) f (x)
. Vy y = f (x) l hm li theo Mnh 1.3.3.
x2 x
Chng minh: Gi s
T Mnh 1.3.4 suy ra ngay kt qu di y:

nh l
f (x)
1.3.5. Gi thit y = f (x) xc nh v lin tc trong khong I. Gi

0
c o hm f (x) cng lin tc v c f (x) hu hn trong khong
I. Khi y = f (x) l hm li nu v ch nu f (x) > 0 trong I.

y = f (x) l hm li trong khong (a; b) th vi
n
P
mi a1 , . . . , an (a; b) v mi s thc 1 , . . . , n > 0,
k = 1, n > 2, ta
nh l
1.3.6. [Jensen] Nu
k=1
lun c bt ng thc di y:
1 f (a1 ) + 2 f (a2 ) + + n f (an ) > f (1 a1 + 2 a2 + + n an ).

n. Vi n = 2 kt lun hin nhin ng theo nh
ngha. Gi s kt lun ng cho n > 2. Xt n + 1 im a1 , . . . , an , an+1
Chng minh: Quy np theo
29
n+1
P
1 , . . . , n , n+1 > 0,
k = 1 v n+1 > 0. t
k=1
n
n+1
bn =
an +
an+1 (a; b). Theo gi thit quy np ta c
n + n+1
n + n+1
(a; b)
v cc s thc
f (1 a1 + 2 a2 + + n1 an1 + n an + n+1 an+1 )

= f (1 a1 + 2 a2 + + n1 an1 + (n + n+1 )bn )
> 1 f (a1 ) + 2 f (a2 ) + + n1 f (an1 ) + (n + n+1 )f (bn ).
V
n
n+1
n f (an ) n+1 f (an+1 )
an +
an+1 ) >
+
n + n+1
n + n+1
n + n+1
n + n+1
n+1
n+1
P
P
k f (ak ) >
f (k ak ). Nh vy nh l c chng minh.
f (bn ) = f (
nn
k=1
Ch
k=1
1.3.7. i vi cc hm s lm ta c du bt ng thc ngc li.
a, b, c > 1 th ta c
s
s
s
s
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
T = 3
+
+
>
3
.
(1 + a)8
(1 + b)8
(1 + c)8
(1 + abc)8
3
8
Bi gii: V f (x) =
v x l hm n iu tng, li v a, b, c > 1 nn c bt
u 1
1
1
s
u
+
+
3
h
t 1 + a 1 + b 1 + c i8
1
ng thc: T > 3
.
>33
3
(1 + abc)8
V d
V d
1.3.9. Gi s
a, b, c > 0 tha mn a + b + c = 1. Chng minh bt ng
thc sau:
r
r
r
2
2
2
6
3
3
3
3
T =
+ 9bc +
+ 9ca +
+ 9ab 6
+ 27.
a
b
c
abc
3
Bi gii: V f (x) =
x, x > 0, l hm lm nn theo Ch 1.3.7 c
r
r
r
r
2
2
2
3
2 2
3
3
3
3 2
+ 9bc +
+ 9ca +
+ 9ab 6
+
+ + 9(ab + bc + ca)
3
a
b
c
3 a b c
r
r
r
r

2
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
hay
+ 9bc+
+ 9ca+
+ 9ab 6
+ 9 (ab + bc + ca).
3
a
b
c
3 rabc
6
3
2
V 1 = (a + b + c) > 3(ab + bc + ca) nn T 6
+ 27.
abc
r
30
V d
1.3.10. Gi thit s nguyn
n
Y
3k 1
k=1
Bi gii: V
3k1
n > 2. Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
3
3 n
6 3
+
.
2n 2n.3n

f (x) = ln x, x > 0, l hm li nn theo nh l 1.3.6 c
k=1
k=1
h 1 X 3k 1 i

3
3
1 X 3k 1
ln k1 6 ln
= ln 3
+
.
n
3
n
3k1
2n 2.3n
T y ta suy ra bt ng thc

n 3k 1
Q
3
3 n
6 3
+
.
k1
2n 2n.3n
k=1 3
Chng 2
Mt s phng php tm gi tr ln
nht-nh nht
2.1
Phng php bt ng thc
S dng cc kt qu bit v bt ng thc c gi tr ln nht hay nh

nht ca biu thc cn tm.
V d
T =x
2.1.1. Xc nh gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
+ 9 x2 trn on [3; 3].
3 6 x 6 3 nn T = x + 9 x2 > x > 3. VyTnn = 3

khi x = 3. Theo Bt ng thc Bunhiakpxki c T = x +
9 x2 6
p
3
2(x2 + 9 x2 ) = 3 2. Vy Tln = 3 2 khi x = .
2
Bi gii: V
V d
2.1.2. Xc nh gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
T = 3x +
1
x3
vi
x > 0.
1
1
T = 3x + 3 = x + x + x + 3 > 4 theo Bt ng thc Cauchy
x
x
= 4 khi x = 1.
Bi gii: V
nn
Tnn
V d
2.1.3. Xc nh gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
T = a4 + b4 + c4
khi
ab + bc + ca = 1.
3T = 3(a4 + b4 + c4 ) > (a2 + b2 + c2 )2 > (ab + bc + ca)2 = 1
1
1
theo Bt ng thc Bunhiakpxki nn Tnn =
khi a = b = c = ,.
3
3
Bi gii: V
31
32
V d
2.1.4. Gi s
x1 , . . . , xn > 0 v
n
P
xk = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
k=1
T =
x1
x2
xn
+
+ +
.
1 x1
1 x2
1 xn
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn bnh ng nn c th coi dy
1
1
1
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn l dy tng. Khi
,
,...,
cng l
1 x1 1 x2
1 xn
Bi gii: Do bi vai tr ca
mt dy tng. Theo Bt ng thc Chebyshev ta c
nT =
n
X
k=1
P
n
X X
X
1
xk
1
xk
>
=
.
1 xk
1
x
1
x
k
k
k=1
k=1
k=1
1
1 xk
P
n
1 xk > n2 v
n
P
k=1
V d
k=1
(1 xk ) >
n
P
1 xk ,
n
P
1
n n
theo Bt ng thc Bunhiakpxki, suy ra nT >

>
1
x
n1
k
k=1
n
1
hay T >
. Du bng xy ra khi x1 = = xn = . Do
n
n1
n
Tnn =
.
n1
T
k=1
k=1
a, b, c, d > 0, hy tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

r
r
r
r

7
7
7
a
b
c
d 7
3
3
3
3
T =
+
+
+
.
a+b
b+c
c+d
d+a
2.1.5. Vi
c
d
a
b
, y = , z = , t = . Khi x, y, z, t > 0, xyzt = 1,
a
b
c
d
1
1
1
1
p
p
p
v T = p
+
+
+
. Theo Bt ng
3
3
3
3
(1 + x)7
(1 + y)7
(1 + z)7
(1 + t)7
Bi gii: t
x=
33
thc Cauchy ta c
s
1
1
7
7 p
p
+
>
7
=
3
3
3
3
2(1 + x)2
(1 + x)7
27 (1 + x)42
27
s
1
1
7
6
7 p
p
+
>
7
=
3
3
3
3
2(1 + y)2
(1 + y)7
27 (1 + y)42
27
s
1
1
7
6
7 p
+
=
>
7
3
3
3
3
2(1 + z)2
(1 + z)7
27 (1 + z)42
27
s
1
1
7
6
7 p
p
>
7
+
=
3
3
3
3
2(1 + t)2
(1 + t)7
27 (1 + t)42
27
1
1
1
7
1
4
+
+
+
v nh vy 6T + >
y)2 (1 + z)2 (1 + t)2
4 3 2 3 2 (1 + x)2 (1 +
4
7
1
1
7
1
7
1
hay 6T + >
=
.
+
=
+
3
3
3
432
2 1 + xy 1 + zt
2 1 + xy 1 + 1
2
xy
1
Tm li Tnn = khi a = b = c = d > 0.
3
2
a 3 b 3 c 3
V d 2.1.6. Tm gi tr nh nht ca T =
+
+
+
a
+
b
b
+
c
c
+
d
d 3
khi a, b, c, d > 0.
d+a
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
vi u, v, w, t >
Bi gii: Ta c T =
(1 + u)3 (1 + v)3 r(1 + w)3 (1 + t)3
1
1
1
3
3
0 v uvwt = 1. V 2
+
>
3
=
, x > 0,
(1 + x)3 23
23 (1 + x)6
2(1 + x)2
4
3
1
1
1
1
3
>
+
+
+
> hay
nn 2T +
3
2
2
2
2
2
2 (1 + u)
(1 + v)
(1 + w)
(1 + t)
2
1
1
T > . Do Tnn = khi a = b = c = d > 0.
2
2
V d 2.1.7. Gi s cc s thc x, y, z > 0, x + y + z = 1. Tm gi tr ln
6
nht ca biu thc
r
T =
(y z)2
x+
+
12
(z x)2
y+
+
12
(x y)2
z+
.
12
34
Bi gii: Trc ht s ch ra, vi
u = y z, v = x z, k =
1
12
lun c
p
p
p
x + ku2 + y + kv 2 6 2(x + y) + k(u + v)2 .
p
Bt ng thc ny tng ng 2
(x + ku2 )(y + kv 2 ) 6 x + y + 2kuv
hay
4(x + ku2 )(y + kv 2 ) 6 (x + y)2 + 4k 2 u2 v 2 + 4kuv(x + y).

2
Bt ng thc ny tng ng (x y) + 4kvx(u v) + 4kuy(v u) > 0
2
hay (x y) + 4k(u v)(xv yu) > 0. Bt ng thc ny tng ng
(x y)2 (1 4k(x + y z)) > 0 : ng. C th coi x > y > z v nh gi
r
(x + y 2z)2
(x y)2
T 6
2(x + y) +
+ z+
12
12
r
r
(1 3z)2
(x y)2
=
2(1 z) +
+ z+
12
12
r
r
2
(1 3z)
(1 3z)2
5 3z + 1 + 3z
6
2(1 z) +
+ z+
=
12
12
2 3
v
0 6 x y 6 1 3z.
xy ra v ta nhn c
V d
Do vy
Tln =
T 6
3.
Khi
x=y=z=
1
3
th du bng
3.
a, b, c > 0 bin thin tha mn abc = 1. Tm
gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
b3 + c3
c 3 + a3
a3 + b 3
T = 2
+
+
.
a + ab + b2 b2 + bc + c2 c2 + ca + a2
3(a3 + b3 )
3(b3 + c3 )
3(c3 + a3 )
>
a
+
b,
>
b
+
c
v
>
a2 + ab + b2
b2 + bc + c2
c2 + ca + a2
2(a + b + c)
c + a nn T >
> 2 3 abc. Vy Tnn = 2 khi a = b = c = 1.
3
Bi gii: V
a, b, c > 1. Chng minh bt ng thc sau

1
1
1
3
y:
+
+
>
v tm gi tr ln nht
ab + a + 1 bc + b + 1 ca + c + 1
2 + abc
1
1
1
ca biu thc T =
+
+
.
ab + a + 1 bc + b + 1 ca + c + 1
V d
35
a, b, c > 1 nn ta c (a1)(b1)(c+1) > 0. Nh vy 2+abc >

a + b c + ac + bc ab + 1. Tng t 2 + abc > a + b + c + ac + ab bc + 1
v 2 + abc > a b + c + ab + bc ac + 1. Cng ba bt ng thc c
6 + 3abc > 3 + a + b + c + ab + bc + ca. Bin i
Bi gii: V
1
1
1
+
+
)
ab + a + 1 bc + b + 1 ca + c + 1
= [(ab + a + 1) + (bc + b + 1) + (ca + c + 1)]
1
1
1
[
+
+
] > 9.
ab + a + 1 bc + b + 1 ca + c + 1
(6 + 3abc)T = (6 + 3abc)(
3
. Hin nhin ab + a + 1 > 3, bc + b + 1 > 3
2 + abc
ca + c + 1 > 3. Vy T 6 1. Khi Tln = 1 khi a = b = c = 1.
T y suy ra
T >
a, b, c [1; 2]. Chng minh bt ng thc

1
1
3
1
+
+
>
v tm gi tr nh
sau y:
4 + a ab 4 + b bc 4 + c ca
3 + abc
1
1
1
nht ca biu thc T =
+
+
.
4 + a ab 4 + b bc 4 + c ca
V d
a, b, c > 1 nn ta c (a1)(b+1)(c+1) > 0. Nh vy 3+abc >

a + b + c + bc ab ca + 4. Tng t 3 + abc > a b + c + ca ab bc + 4
v 3 + abc > a + b c + ab bc ca + 4. Cng ba bt ng thc c
9 + 3abc > 12 + a + b + c ab bc ca. Bin i
Bi gii: V
1
1
1
+
+
)
4 + a ab 4 + b bc 4 + c ca
= [(4 + a ab) + (4 + b bc) + (4 + c ca)]
1
1
1
[
+
+
] > 9.
4 + a ab 4 + b bc 4 + c ca
(9 + 3abc)T = (9 + 3abc)(
3
1
T >
. Bi v 2 6 4 + a(1 b) 6 4 nn
6
3 + abc
4
1
1
3
3
3
6 . T y suy ra
6 T 6 . Nh vy Tnn =
khi
4 + a ab
2
4
2
4
3
a = b = c = 1 v Tln = khi a = b = c = 2.
2
V d 2.1.11 . Gi s cc s thc dng bin thin a, b, c tha mn abc = 1.
a
b
c

Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc T =
+c
+a
+b .
b
c
a
T y suy ra
36
Bi gii: D dng ch ra, nu x, y, z, u, v, t >
3
3
3 xyz + 3 uvt
. Vy T > 1 + 3 abc
0 th (x + u)(y + v)(z + t) >

= 8. Nh vy Tnn = 8 khi
a = b = c = 1.
V d
a, b, c tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 2.
T = a + b + c abc.
2.1.12. Gi s cc s thc bin thin
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
2 = a2 + b2 + c2 > 2bc nn 1 > bc. T (a + b + c abc)2 =

[(b + c) + a(1 bc)]2 6 [a2 + (b + c)2 ][1 + (1 bc)2 ] suy ra bt ng thc
Bi gii: V
T 2 6 [2 + 2bc][2 2bc + b2 c2 ] = 4 2b2 c2 (1 bc) 6 4.

Do vy
T 6 2 v thy ngay Tln = 2 khi b = c = 1, a = 0, chng hn.
a, b, c > 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc di y:

a
b
c
T =
+
+
.
a2 + 8bc
b2 + 8ca
c2 + 8ab
a
as
s
hay a +
> s
Bi gii: Ta chn s thc s sao cho
s
s
a +b +c
a2 + 8bc

2
bs + cs > a2s2 a2 + 8bc = a2s + 8a2s2 bc. Li c
2

as + bs + cs a2s = bs + cs as + as + bs + cs
4
> 2 bs cs .4 a2s bs cs = 8as/2 b3s/4 c3s/4 .
V d
2.1.13. Cho
a
a4/3
Chn
c
> 4/3
. Tng t chng minh
a + b4/3 + c4/3
a2 + 8bc
cho ba s hng cn li. T suy ra T > 1. Do nh vy Tnn = 1 khi
a = b = c = 1.
4
s =
3
a, b, c, d > 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

a
b
c
d
T =
+
+
+
.
3
3 3
3 3
3
a3 + 63bcd
b + 63cda
c + 63dab
d3 + 63abc
a
as
hay
Bi gii: Ta chn s thc s sao cho
> s
3
3 + 63bcd
a + bs + cs + ds
a
3

as + bs + cs + ds > a3s3 a3 + 63bcd = a3s + 63a3s3 bcd. Li c
3
as + bs + cs + ds a3s

2

= bs + cs + ds as + bs + cs + ds + as as + bs + cs + ds + a2s
21
3
> 3 bs cs ds .21 a15s b9s c9s d9s = 63a5s/7 b16s/21 c16s/21 d16s/21 .
V d
2.1.14. Cho
37
a
a21/16
Chn
c
> 21/16
. Tng
3
a
+ b21/16 + c21/16 + d21/16
a3 + 63bcd
t chng minh cho ba s hng cn li. T suy ra T > 1. Do nh vy
Tnn = 1 khi a = b = c = d = 1.
21
s=
16
2.2
Phng php a thc hai bin bc hai
f (x, y) = ax2 + 2bxy + cy 2 + 2dx + 2ey + g

R[x, y], trong a, b, c tha mn a2 +b2 +c2 6= 0. Khi vi , R c biu
2
2
din f (x, y) = au +2buv+cv +2(a+b +d)u+2(b+c +e)v+f (, ),
u = x , v = y .
Mnh
2.2.1. Xt a thc
Chng minh: Kim tra d dng qua khai trin v phi.
By gi, xt h
(
b + c + e = 0
vi
D = b2 ac, D1 = ae bd v
a + b + d = 0
D2 = cd be. Khi D 6= 0, h phng trnh ch c mt nghim (, ) v c
2
2
th biu din f (x, y) = au + 2buv + cv + f (, ). Xt cc trng hp:
ac b2 > 0 : Khi a > 0 th c > 0 v f (x, y) f (, ) =

1

1 2 2
a u +2abuv +acv 2 = (au+bv)2 +(acb2 )v 2 . Vi v = 0, u
a
a
, th f (x, y) + v f (x, y)nn = f (, ) khi v = 0, au + bv = 0.

1 2 2
Khi a < 0 th c < 0 v f (x, y) f (, ) =
a u + 2abuv + acv 2 =
a

1
2
2 2
(au+bv) +(acb )v . Vi v = 0 v cho u th f (x, y)
a
v f (x, y)ln = f (, ) khi v = 0, au + bv = 0.
(i) Trng hp
ac b2 < 0 : Khi a, c > 0 ta c f (x, y) f (, ) =

1

1 2 2
a u + 2abuv + acv 2 = (au + bv)2 + (ac b2 )v 2 . Vi au + bv =
a
a
0, v , th f (x, y) v vi v = 0, u , th f (x, y)
+.

1 2 2
Khi a < 0, c < 0, v f (x, y) f (, ) =
a u + 2abuv + acv 2 =
a

1
2
2 2
(au + bv) + (ac b )v . Vi v = 0, u , th f (x, y)
a
v vi au + bv = 0, v , th f (x, y) +.
(ii) Trng hp
38
Khi
ac < 0
hoc
ac = 0
c xt tng t v
f (x, y)
khng c gi tr
ln nht cng nh nh nht.

(iii) Trng hp
ac b2 = 0 :
Khi
khng th ng thi bng 0.

2
b
. Ta c
a
b
ae bd
b 2
y + g.
f (x, y) = a x + y + 2d(x + y + 2
a
a
a
Khng hn ch c th coi
a 6= 0. Vy c =
D1 = ae bd = 0 th f (x, y) = at2 + 2dt + g. Khi a > 0 th

f (x, y) khng c gi tr ln nht, nhng c gi tr nh nht; Khi a < 0
th f (x, y) c gi tr ln nht, nhng khng c gi tr nh nht. Nu
ae bd
D1 = ae bd 6= 0 th f (x, y) = at2 + 2dt + g + 2
y. Khi
a
f (x, y) khng c gi tr ln nht, nh nht.
Nu
Tm li, chng ta c kt qu di y:
Mnh
f (x, y) = ax2 + 2bxy + cy 2 + 2dx + 2ey + g

a, b, c tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 6= 0. Khi
2.2.2. Xt a thc
R[x, y], trong
ac b2 > 0 th f (x, y) khng c gi tr ln nht, c gi tr nh

nht f (x, y)nn = f (, ) khi a > 0; cn khi a < 0 th f (x, y) khng c
gi tr nh nht v c gi tr ln nht f (x, y)ln = f (, ).
(i) Nu
(ii) Nu
ac b2 < 0
th
f (x, y)
khng c gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh
nht.
ac b2 = 0 : Khi D1 = ae bd = 0 v a > 0 th f (x, y) khng c

gi tr ln nht, nhng c gi tr nh nht; Khi D1 = ae bd = 0 v
a < 0 th f (x, y) c gi tr ln nht, nhng khng c gi tr nh nht.
Khi D1 = ae bd 6= 0 th f (x, y) khng c gi tr ln nht, nh nht.
(iii) Nu
V d
2.2.3. Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht (nu c) ca a thc di y:
f (x, y) = x2 4xy + 3y 2 4x + 6y 20.

Bi gii: V
ac b2 = 1 < 0
nn theo Mnh 2.2.2 a thc
f (x, y)
khng c gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht.
39
V d
2.2.4. Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht (nu c) ca a thc di y:
f (x, y) = x2 + 6xy + 14y 2 4x + 8y 12.

ac b2 = 5 > 0 nn theo Mnh 2.2.2
( a thc f (x, y) khng
3 + 14 + 4 = 0
c gi tr ln nht, nhng c gi tr nh nht. h
c
+ 3 2 = 0
2
2
nghim = 8, = 2. Khi f (x, y) f (8, 2) = u + 6uv + 14v > 0
theo Mnh 2.2.1. Vy f (x, y)nn = f (8, 2) = 36.
Bi gii: V
V d
2.2.5. Vi
n
P
f (x, y) =
n
P
a2k > 0
hy xc nh gi tr nh nht ca a thc
k=1
(ak x + bk y + ck )2 .
k=1
2
2
Bi gii: Biu din f (x, y) = ax + 2bxy + cy + 2dx + 2ey + g R[x, y],
n
n
n
n
n
P
P
P
P
P
trong a =
a2k > 0, b =
ak b k , c =
b2k , d =
ak c k , e =
bk ck
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1
n
P
c2k > 0. Nh trn, biu din f (x, y) = au2 + 2buv + cv 2 + f (, ).
v g =
k=1
n
n
n
P
P
P
2
2
2
ak )( bk ) ( ak bk )2 > 0 v a > 0 nn f (x, y)nn =
V ac b = (
k=1
k=1
k=1
(
f (, ), trong ,
V d
l nghim ca h
b + c + e = 0
a + b + d = 0.
2.2.6. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc
bit hai s
T = a + 2b + 1
a, b bin thin, nhng lun lun tha mn phng trnh:

a2 + 4ab + 10b2 + 8a + 16b + 15 = 0.
2
( (a+2b+3)(a+2b+5)+6b = 0. Vy (a+2b+3)(a+
a + 2b + 3 6 0
2b + 5) 6 0 hay
T suy ra 4 6 a + 2b + 1 6 2.
a + 2b + 5 > 0.
Vy Tnn = 4 khi a = 5, b = 0; Tln = 2 khi a = 3, b = 0.
Bi gii: Hin nhin
40
2.3
2.3.1
Phng php o hm
Hm mt bin
Gi s phi tm cc tr ca hm
y = f (x)
trn mt min
D.
Tnh
f 0 (x)
da vo tnh tng-gim ca hm s qua o hm c gi tr ln nht hay

nh nht ca hm s.
+ b + c > 3.
a
b
c
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc T =
+
+
.
b+c c+a a+b
2
a3 + b 3 + c 3
(b + c + c + a + a + b)T
Bi gii: V T =
>
theo
2(a + b + c)
2(a
+
b
+
c)
2
a3 + b3 + c3
Bt ng thc Bunhiakpxki nn T >
. Xt hm y =
2(a + b + c)
1
3
3
x3 x trn (0; +). D dng ch ra x3 x > ymin = y(1) = . Nh
2
2
2

3
1
3
vy
x3 > x . T y suy ra a3 + b3 + c3 > a+b+c1 > 0. Ta
2
2
2
9 (a + b + c 1)2
(t 1)2
nhn c T >
. Xt hm z =
vi t = a+b+c >
8
a+b+c
t
9 (3 1)2
3
t2 1
0
>
0
nn z ng bin. Vy T >
=
. Tm li
3. V z =
t2
8
3
2
3
Tnn = khi a = b = c = 1.
2
1
3
V d 2.3.2. Gi s a, b, c [ ;
2]. Xc nh gi tr ln nht ca biu
3
2
a
b
c
thc T =
+
+
.
a3 + 1 b 3 + 1 c 3 + 1
1 2x3
f (x) =
x
(1 + x3 )2
Bi gii: Hm s f (x) =
c
l n iu
2 3
6x
(x
2)
x3 + 1
f (x) =
(1 + x3 )3
1
a + b + c
a+b+c
3
gim v lm trn [ ;
2].
Nh vy T 6 3f
.
V
>
3
3
3
2
1
1
3
3
3
abc >
nn T 6
4.
Vy Tln =
4
khi a = b = c = .
3
3
2
2
V d
2.3.1. Cho ba s thc
a, b, c > 0
bin thin tha mn a

3
3
3
41
2.3.3. Gi s dy cc s thc a1 , a2 , . . . , an > 0 vi a1 a2 . . . an = 1.
p n
n
n
n
an1
a1
a2
an
Tm gi tr nh nht ca T =
+
+ +
+
.
1 + a2 1 + a3
1 + an
1 + a1
V d
n n
T (1 + a2 + 1 + a3 + + 1 + an + 1 + a1 ) >
a1 + a2 +
p n
n n
2
a1 + a2 + + an1 + ann
p n
n 2
. Xt
+ an1 + an nn T >
n + a1 + + an
n
n
n
hm s y =
xn x vi x > 0. D dng ch ra xn > x + 1 . Nh
2
2
2
n2
p n
n n
n n
vy
a1 + a2 + + an1 + an > a1 + a2 + + an
+ n.
2
2
2
n
(t
n)
+
n
2
V t = a1 + a2 + + an > n n a1 a2 . . . an = n nn T >
n+t

2
2 tn+2 2
tn+2
n
hay T >
vi t > n. V y =
vi t > n l ng
4
n+t
n+t
n
n
bin nn T > ynn = y(n) =
. Vy Tnn = khi a1 = = an = 1.
2
2
V d 2.3.4. Gi s dy cc s thc bin thin a1 , a2 , . . . , an > 0 tha mn
h thc a1 a2 . . . an = 1. Xc nh gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
Bi gii: V
a2n1
a21
a22
a2n
T =
+
+ +
+
.
1 + a2 + a3 1 + a3 + a4
1 + an + a1 1 + a1 + a2
T (1 + a2 + a3 + 1 + a3 + a4 + + 1 + an1 + an + 1 + an + a1 +
2
2
a1 + a2 + + an
. Xt
1+a1 +a2 ) > a1 +a2 + +an nn T >
n + 2 a1 + a2 + + an
x2
2x2 + 6x
0
hm s y =
vi x = a1 + a2 + + an > n c y =
2 > 0.
2x + n
2x + 3
n
n
D dng ch ra y >
. Du bng xy ra khi a1 = = an = 1. Vy Tnn =
3
3
khi a1 = = an = 1.
Bi gii: V
V d
a, b, c [0; 2] tha mn a + b + c = 4.
T = 4(ab + bc + ca) 3abc.
2.3.5. Gi s ba s thc
gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
Tm
a, b, c bnh ng nn c th coi a > b > c. Vy 2 > a >

4
(b + c)2
. Biu din T = 4a(b + c) + bc(4 3a) > 4a(b + c) +
(4 3a) hay
3
4
(4 a)2
(4 a)(3a2 + 16)
T > 4a(4 a) +
(4 3a). Xt hm s y =
vi
4
4
Bi gii: V vai tr
42
4
2>a>
3
xy ra khi
2.3.2
(3a 4)2
v y =
6 0. D dng ch ra T > y > 14. Du bng
4
a = 2, b = c = 1. Tm li Tnn = 14 khi a = 2, b = c = 1.
0
Hm li
Bng cch chn mt hm li (lm) tng ng t xc nh c gi tr

ln nht-nh nht ca biu thc.
V d
2.3.6. Gi s
a, b, c > 0
tha mn
ab + bc + ca = 1.
Xc nh gi tr
ln nht ca biu thc sau:
r
r
1
1
3 1
3 1
T =
+ 6b +
+ 6c +
+ 6a
.
a
b
c
abc
3
Bi gii: V f (x) =
x, x > 0, l hm lm nn theo Ch 1.3.7 c
r
r
r
r
3 3 1 1 1
3 1
3 1
3 1
+ 6b +
+ 6c +
+ 6a 6
+ + + 6(a + b + c)
3
a
b
c
3 a b c
r
r
r
r
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
hay
+ 6b + 3 + 6c + 3 + 6a 6
+ 6(a + b + c). V 1 =
3
a
b
c
3 abc r
3 3 3
1
(ab + bc + ca)2 > 3abc(a + b + c) nn T 6
. V 1 =
3
abc
abc
3
p
ab + bc + ca > 3 3 (abc)2 nn 1 > 27(abc)2 . T y suy ra T 6 0. Vy
1
Tln = 0 khi a = b = c = .
3
3
V d 2.3.7. S dng f (x) =
x2012 virx > 0 tm gi
nh nht ca
r
r
rtr

1 2012 3
1 2012 3
1 2012 3
1 2012
3
T =
a+
+
b+
+
c+
+
d+
khi
a
b
c
d
a, b, c, d > 0 v a + b + c + d = 1.
3
2012 vi x > 0 l hm li v n iu tng nn c bt
Bi gii: V f (x) =
v x
u
1
1
1
1
rh i
u
3 ha +
+ b + + c + + d + i2012
t
17 2012
a
b
c
d
ng thc: T > 4
>43
.
4
4
rh i
17 2012
1
3
Vy Tnn = 4
khi a = b = c = d = .
4
4
3
43
2
2.3.8. S dng hm li f (x) = x vi
a 4 b 4 c 4
x > 0 tm gi tr nh nht
d 4
ca T =
+
+
+
khi a, b, c, d > 0.
a+b
b+c
c+d
d+a
1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4
Bi gii: Hin nhin T =
+
+
+
1+u
1 + v
1
+
w
11+ t2
1 2
vi u, v, w, t > 0 v uvwt = 1. Vi x1 =
, x2 =
,
1+u
1+v
1 2
1 2
v x4 =
ta c
x3 =
1+w
1+t
h x + x + x + x i2
1
2
3
4
2
2
2
2
.
T = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 > 4
4
V d
1
1
1
1
h (1 + u)2 + (1 + v)2 + (1 + w)2 + (1 + t)2 i2
Nh vy c T > 4
hay T >
4
1
1
+
h
i2 1
1
1
+
uv
1
+
wt
4
= . Do Tnn = khi a = b = c = d > 0.
4
4
4
3
V d 2.3.9. S dng hm li f (x) =
x2012 r
vi x > 0 tm gi tr nh nht
r
r

c 2012 r d 2012
2012
2012
a
b
3
+ 3
+ 3
+ 3
ca T =
a+1
b+1
c+1
d+1
1
.
khi a, b, c, d (0; 1) v abcd =
100
v
v
2012 v
u
u 1 2012 u 1 2012
1
u
Bi gii: Bin i T = t
+u
+u
+
t
t
3
3
3
1
1
1
1+
1+
1+
a
b
c
v

u
2012
1
1
1
1
1
u
.
t
x
=
,
x
=
,
x
=
,
x
=
. Khi ta c T =
1
2
3
4
t
3
1
a
b
c
d
1+
d
r
2012 r 1 2012 r 1 2012 r 1 2012
1
3
+ 3
+ 3
+ 3
vi
1 + x1
1 + x2
1 + x3
1 + x4
3
x1 x2 x3 x4 = 100, x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 > 1. V f (x) = x2012 vi x > 0 l hm li
44
v n iu tng nn c cc bt ng thc sau y:
v
u
1
1
1
1
u
3 h
+
+
+
i
t
1 + x1 1 + x2 1 + x3 1 + x4 2012
T > 4
4
v
u
2
2
s
u
+
3
i
h
i2012
th
2012
1 + x1 x2 1 + x3 x4
1
3
> 4
>4
.
4
1 + 4 x1 x2 x3 x4
Vy
Tnn = q
3
4
2012
1 + 10
khi
1
a=b=c=d= .
10
a1 , a2 ,
. . . , an > 0 tha mn a1 6
a2 3, a2 6 a3 3, . . . , an1 6 an 3, an 6 a1 3. Xc nh gi tr nh nht
a3n1
a3n
a31
a32
+
.
ca biu thc T =
+
++ 3
a32 + a21 a2 a33 + a22 a3
an + a2n1 an a31 + a2n a1
a 3
a 3
a 3
a 3
V d
2.3.10. Gi s dy cc s thc
n1
a
a1
an 2 +
a 2 .
1
2
n1
n
1+
1+
1+
1+
a2
a3
an
a1
2
4
3x + x
f 0 (x) =
3
x
(1 + x2 )2
vi x > 0 c
Hm s f (x) =
l n
2x(3 x2 )
x2 + 1
f (x) =
(1 + x2 )3
a1 a2
an
+
+
+

a2 a3
a1
iu tng v li trn (0;
3]. Nh vy T > nf
. V
n
a1 a2
an
+
+ +
n
n
a2 a3
a1
> 1 nn T > . Vy Tln = khi a1 = a2 = =
n
2
2
an1 = an > 0.
Bi gii:
V d
T =
2.3.11. Khi
a2
a 2 +
a, b, c > 1
a3
a 2 + +
bin thin lun tha mn
abc = 64,
hy xc
nh gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
r
8 r 1 8 r 1 8
1
+ 3
+ 3
.
T = 3
1+a
1+b
1+c
45
3
f
(x)
=
x8 l hm n iu tng, li v a, b, c > 1 nn
v
u 1
1
1
u
+
+
3 h
i8
t
3
3
1
+
a
1
+
b
1
+
c
T > 3
> rh
. Vy
=
3
i8
8
3
5
3
1 + abc
Bi gii: V
c :
3
Tnn =
3
58
2.3.3
khi
a = b = c = 4.
Hm nhiu bin
Xt biu thc nh mt hm nhiu bin c gi tr ln nht hay nh nht

ca n.
2.3.12. Xc nh gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht (nu c) ca hm
x3 + y 3 3xy trong min D : 0 6 x 6 2, 1 6 y 6 2.
V d
z=
zx0 = 3x2 3y = 0, zy0 = 3y 2 3x = 0.

Gii ra c hai im dng O(0; 0) v M (1; 1). Khi zO = 0, zM = 1.
Tip theo, xt hm trn bin min D :
Bi gii: Trc tin, tm im dng:
x = 0 c z = y 3 vi 1 6 y 6 2.
(0; 2), znn,x=0 = 1 ti (0; 1).
(i) Khi
Khi
zln,x=0 = 8
ti
x = 2 c z = y 3 6y
+ 8 vi 1
6 y 6 2. Khi zln,x=2 = 13 ti
(2; 1), znn,x=2 = 8 4 2 ti (2; 2).
(ii) Khi
y = 1 c z = x3 + 3x 1 vi 0 6 x 6 2.
ti (2; 1), znn,y=1 = 1 ti (0; 1).
(iii) Khi
y = 2 c z = x3
6x +
8 vi 0 6 x 6 2.
(0; 2), znn,y=2 = 8 4 2 ti ( 2; 2).
(iv) Khi
Vy
Khi
Khi
zln,y=1 = 13
zln,y=2 = 8
ti
znn = 1 ti (1; 1) zln = 13 ti (2; 1).
(Oxy) cho ba im A1 (a1 , b1 ), A2 (a2 , b2 ) v

A3 (a3 , b3 ) khng thng hng. Vi im M (x, y) hy xc nh gi tr nh
nht ca tng T (M ) = M A1 + M A2 + M A3 .
V d
2.3.13. Trong mt phng
46
T (x, y) =
Bi gii: Hin nhin
ta c
3
P
p
T
(x.y)
=
x
Ty (x.y) =
Vi
k=1
3
P
k=1
x ak
(x xk )2 + (y yk )2
y bk
= cos 1 + cos 2 + cos 3
= sin 1 + sin 2 + sin 3

(x xk )2 + (y yk )2
ng thng M Ak to vi trc Ox. Ch rng, ti
k=1
l gc gia
3 p
P
(x ak )2 + (y bk )2 . o hm ring
A
(k o hm ring c th khng tn ti. Xc nh im dng: Gii h
cos 1 + cos 2 + cos 3 = 0
Nhn phng trnh u vi sin 2 v phng
sin 1 + sin 2 + sin 3 = 0.
trnh th hai vi cos 2 , sau em tr v theo v, c sin(1 2 ) =
sin(2 3 ) hay 1 2 = 2 3 . Tng t cng c 2 3 = 3 1 .
T y suy ra gc gia 2 trong s ba ng thng M A1 , M A2 , M A3 s
2
2
v M l im giao gia cung cha gc
dng trn cnh
phi bng
3
3
A1 A2 A3 .
2
Nu A1 A2 A3 khng c gc
th cc cung cha gc trn ct nhau ti
3
2
. Ta
im M trong tam gic nhn ba cnh tam gic di cng mt gc
3
li c
A1 A22 = A1 M 2 + A2 M 2 2M A1 .M A2 cos A1 M A2

2
1
2
2
= A1 M + A2 M + M A1 .M A2 > M A2 + M A1 .
2
1
1
A1 A2 > M A2 + M A1 . Tng t A1 A3 > M A3 + M A1 . T y suy
2
2
ra A1 A2 + A1 A3 > M A1 + M A2 + M A3 hay T (A1 ) > T (M ). Tng t
T (A2 ), T (A3 ) > T (M ). Nh vy T (M ) l nh nht.
2
Nu A1 A2 A3 c gc
th khng c im dng M. Khi gi tr nh
3
nht ca T (M ) = min{T (A1 ), T (A2 ), T (A3 )}.
Vy
47
2.4
Phng php hnh hc
V d
a, b, c, d, x, y, z, t tha mn h a + b + c + d =
2, ax + by + cz + dt = 6. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

p
p
p
p
T = 16a2 + a2 x2 + 16b2 + b2 y 2 + 16c2 + c2 z 2 + 16d2 + d2 t2 .
~u = (4a; ax),
~ = (4c; cz), ~ = (4d; dt). Khi
p ~v = (4b; by), w
T = |~u|+|~v |+|w+
~ ~| = 16(a + b + c + d)2 + (ax + by + cz + dt)2 = 10.
1
Do vy Tnn = 10 khi a = b = c = d = , x = y = z = t = 3.
2
Bi gii: Xt
V d
2.4.2. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s di y:
p
p
p
p
2
2
2
y = 5x + 20+ 5x 32x + 64+ 5x 40x + 100+ 5x2 8x + 16.
~u = (5x; 10), ~v = (16 5x; 8), w
~ = (20 5x; 10), ~z = (5x
4;
5y = |~u| + |~v | + |w|

~ + |~z| >|~u + w|
~ + |~v + ~z| v nh th
8). Khi
5y > 20 2 + 20. Do vy ynn = 4 10 + 4 5 vi x = 2.
Bi gii: Xt
V d
x1 , x2 , x3 , y1 , y2 , y3
tha mn h sau:
2
2
x1 4x1 + y1 2y1 + 4 = 0
x22 4x2 + y22 2y2 + 4 = 0
2
x3 4x3 + y32 2y3 + 4 = 0.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca
S = x1 (y2 y3 ) + x2 (3 y1 ) + x3 (y1 y2 ).
A(x1 ; y1 ), B(x2 ; y2 ), C(x

3 ; y3 ) nm trnng
3 3
3 3
2
2
trn (x 2) + (y 1) = 1 v |S| = 2SABC 6
. Vy Sln =
khi
2
2
tam gic ABC u v nh hng ngc chiu quay kim ng h.
Bi gii: Hin nhin ba im
V d
x1 , x2 , x3 , y1 , y2 , y3
tha mn h sau y:
2
2
x1 4x1 + y1 4y1 1 = 0
x22 4x2 + y22 4y2 1 = 0
2
x3 4x3 + y32 4y3 1 = 0.
p
(x1 x2 )2 + (y1 y2 )2 +
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc T =
p
p
(x2 x3 )2 + (y2 y3 )2 + (x3 x1 )2 + (y3 y1 )2 .
48
A(x1 ; y1 ), B(x2 ; y2 ), C(x3 ; y3 ) nm trn

ng
9 3
2
2
trn (x 2) + (y 2) = 9 v T = AB + BC + CA nn T 6
. Vy
2
9 3
Tln =
khi tam gic ABC u.
2
V d 2.4.5. Vi cc s thc a v b hy tm gi tr nh nht ca
p
p
p
T = a2 + 4 + a 2ab + b2 + 1 + b2 6b + 10.
Bi gii: Hin nhin ba im
(Oxy) xt O(0; 0), A(a; 2), B(b; 3) v C(3; 4).

T OA + AB + BC > OC = 5 theo Mnh 1.2.31 suy ra T > 5. D dng
suy ra Tnn = 5.
Bi gii: Trong mt phng
V d
2.4.6. Vi cc s thc dng
a, b, c
tha mn
a+b+c 6 3
hy tm
gi tr nh nht ca
1
1
1
+ b2 + 2 + c2 + 2 .
2
a
b
c
1
1
1
Bi gii: Vi ba vct ~
x = (a; ), ~y = (b; ), ~z = (c; ) ta c bt ng thc
a
b
c
r
r
r
r
2
1 1 1 2
1
1
1
a2 + 2 + b2 + 2 + c2 + 2 >
+ +
a+b+c +
.
a
b
c
a b c
1 1 1
1 1 1
9
+ +
> 9 nn + + >
. T y suy
Do bi a + b + c
a b c
ar b c
a+b+c
s
2
81
81
2
ra T >
a+b+c +
vi t = (a + b + c) 6 9.
2 = t +
t
a+b+c
r
81
81
V y = t +
vi 0 < t 6 9 n iu gim nn T >
9+
= 3 2. Vy
9
t
Tnn = 3 2.
T =
V d
a2 +
2.4.7. Vi cc s thc
a, b, c, d tha mn a2 + c2 = b2 + d2 = 100 hy
tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc di y:
T =
200 12a 16c +
200 12b 16d +
200 2ab 2cd.
B(a; c) v C(b; d) thuc ng trn tm O(0; 0) bn knh

10. Vi im A(6; 8) cng thuc ng trn ny ta c AB + AC + BC 6
303 hay 200 12a 16c + 200 12b 16d + 200 2ab 2cd 6
30 3. Do Tln = 30 3.
Bi gii: Hai im
49
V d
(i)
(ii)
2.4.8. Vi cc s thc
a, b, c [0; 1], hy tm gi tr ln nht ca
T = a + b + c ab bc ca.
P = a3 + b3 + c3 (a3 b + b3 c + c3 a).
ABC vi BC = 1 ly M
BC, N CA, P AB vi BM = a, CN = b, AP = c. T SCM N +
SAN P + SBM P 6 SABC suy ra b(1 a) + c(1 b) + a(1 c) 6 1 hay
a + b + c ab bc ca 6 1. Do Tln = 11.
3
3
3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3
3
3
(ii) Nh trn c a + b + c 6 a b + b c + c a + 1 6 a b + b c + c a + 1.
Do Pln = 1.
Bi gii: (i) Trn cc cnh ca tam gic u
V d
2.4.9. Vi cc s thc
a, b, c, d [0; 2], hy tm gi tr ln nht ca
T = 2(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 ) (a2 b + b2 c + c2 d + d2 a).

a, b, c, d [0; 2] nn a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 d2 + d2 a2 6 a2 b.2 + b2 c.2 +
c d.2 + d a.2 hay a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 d2 + d2 a2 6 2(a2 b + b2 c + c2 d + d2 a). Ta
Bi gii: V
2
2
ch ra:
4(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 ) 6 32 + a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 d2 + d2 a2 .
a2 , b2 , c2 , d2 [0; 4]. Dng hnh vung ABCD vi AB = 4. Ly
M, N, P, Q thuc cc cnh AB, BC, CD, DA, tng ng sao cho AM =
a2 , BN = b2 , CP = c2 , DQ = d2 . T SM BN + SN CP + SP DQ + SQAM 6
SABCD suy ra 4(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 ) 6 32 + a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 d2 + d2 a2 . Nh
vy T 6 16. Du = xy ra khi a = c = 2, b = d = 0, chng hn. Do
Tln = 16.
Hin nhin
V d
p, x + y + z = q
a, b, c, x, y, z > 0
tha mn
a+b+c =
khng i. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
T = ax + by + cz +
p
(a2 + b2 + c2 )(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ).
2
T > (a+b+c)(x+y+z). Xt ~u = (a, b, c), ~v = (x, y, z)
3
2
v w
~ = (1, 1, 1). Bt ng thc tr thnh ~u.~v + |~u||~v | > (~u.w)(~
~ v .w)
~ hay
3
~u.~v
~u.w
~ ~v .w
~
+1 > 2
. K hiu , , l gc gia ~u v ~v , gia ~v
|~u||~v |
|~u||w|
~ |~v ||w|
~
Bi gii: Ta ch ra
50
cos + 1 > 2 cos cos .

V ba vct chung gc to thnh mt tam din nn + > . Do
cos + 1 > cos( + ) + 1 > cos( + ) + cos( ) = 2 cos cos v
2
pq. Du = xy ra
nh th bt ng thc c chng minh. Nh vy T >
3
p
q
2
kh a = c = , x = z = . Do Tnn = pq.
3
3
3
v
w,
~
2.5
gia
w
~
~u.
Bt ng thc trn chnh l
Mt s bi cc tr trong tam gic
2.5.1
S dng hm lng gic
V d
ABC
hy tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc

1
1
1
T =
+
+
1 + sin A sin B sin C .
(1 + sin A)2 (1 + sin B)2 (1 + sin C)2

Bi gii:
V d
Tln = 3 c suy ra t V d 1.1.6.
2.5.2. Vi mi tam gic nhn
ABC
hy tm gi tr nh nht ca
T = tan A tan B tan C.

tan A= tan(B + C) suy ra tan A tan B tan C = tan
A+
3
tan B + tan
C > 3 tan A tan B tan C. Vy tan A tan B tan C > 3 3. Do
Tnn =
3 khi ABC u.
Bi gii: T
V d
T =
ABC
tan5 A + tan5 B + tan5 C

.
tan A + tan B + tan C

Bi gii: Ta c
=
.
tan A + tan B +
tan C
tan A tan B tan C
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
V tan A + tan B + tan C > 3 tan A tan B tan C nn ta c ngay

3
bt ng thc
> 3 tan2 A tan2 B tan2 C > 9
tan A + tan B + tan C
theo V d 2.5.4. Do Tnn = 9 khi ABC u.
V d
T =
ABC
hy tm gi tr ln nht ca
1
1
1
+
+
.
1 + tan A + tan B 1 + tan B + tan C 1 + tan C + tan A
51
a = tan A, b = tan B, c = tan C. Ta chng minh c:

3 a+b+c
1
1
1
>
+
+
. Nh
1+a+b
1+b+c
1+c+a
a + b + c + 2 ab + bc + ca
1
1
1
3
vy T =
+
+
6
. Do
ab + bc + ca
1+a+b
1+b+c
1+c+a
1+2
a+b+c
3
bi a + b + c = abc nn T 6
. V (ab + bc + ca)2 >
ab + bc + ca
1+2
abc
ab
+
bc
+
ca
3
.
> 3. Bi vy T 6
3abc(a + b + c) = 3(abc)2 nn
abc
1+2 3
Do Tln = 9 khi ABC u.
Bi gii: t
V d
T = tan2
ABC
A
B
C
+ tan2 + tan2 .
2
2
2
A
B
C
A
B
B
C
+ tan2 + tan2 > tan tan + tan tan +
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
A
B
C
C
A
tan tan = 1 suy ra tan2 + tan2 + tan2 > 1. Do Tnn = 1 khi
2
2
2
2
2
ABC u.
A
B
C
V d 2.5.6. Vi ABC, t x = tan
, y = tan , z = tan . Hy tm
2
2
2
Bi gii: T
tan2
gi tr ln nht ca biu thc sau y:
x + y + z + 2
1
1
1
T =
+
+
.
1+x+y 1+y+z 1+z+x
x+y+z

xy + yz + zx = 1. Ta chng minh c bt ng thc

3 x+y+z
1
1
1
. Nh
+
+
6
1+x+y 1+y+z 1+z+x
x + y + z + 2 xy + yz + zx
vy T 6 3. Do Tln = 3 khi ABC u.
Bi gii: Ta c
V d
2.5.7. Cho
ABC.
x = tan
A
B
C
, y = tan , z = tan .
2
2
2
Hy tm
gi tr nh nht ca biu thc sau y:
4x
4y
4z
1
T = 1+
1+
1+
.
y+z
z+x
x + y 27x2 y 2 z 2 + 1

52
a = x + y + z, b = xy + yz + zx = 1, c = xyz v P =
4x
4y
4z
(a + 3x)(a + 3y)(a + 3z)
1+
1+
=
. Vy
y+z
z+x
x+y
(a x)(a y)(a z)
a3 + 3aa2 + 9ba + 27c

4a3 + 9a + 27c
3 =
.
Xt P =
vi a >
a3 aa2 + ba c
ac
> 9c > 0. Ta coi P l hm ca a v a > 9c > 0. Do bi a > 1 nn c
Bi gii: t
1+
P =
1
9
3 3
Pa0 = 4
2a3 3a2 c 9c
a2 (2a 3c) 9c
15a2 c 9c
=
4
>
4
>0
(a c)2
(a c)2
(a c)2
P > T (9c) =
27
27
T > . Do Tnn =
2
2
v nh vy
2.5.2
36
27
4.36 c3 + 108c
= c2 +
8c
2
2
khi ABC u.
v c bt ng thc.
S dng nghim a thc bc ba
Mc ny gii thiu mt phng php pht hin ra cc cc tr trong tam gic

qua phng trnh a thc bc ba.
ABC vi di cnh l a, b, c, bn knh cc ng trn ni, ngoi

tip l r, R, bn knh cc ng trn bng tip l r1 , r2 , r3 , na chu vi p v
3
2
2
2
din tch S. Ta s ch ra a, b, c l ba nghim ca x 2px + (p + r +
4Rr)x 4Rrp = 0 v r1 , r2 , r3 l ba nghim ca phng trnh x3 (4R +
r)x2 + p2 x p2 r = 0.
Cho
ABC vi di ba cnh BC = a, CA = b, AB = c.
K hiu p l na chu vi, r v R l bn knh cc ng trn ni, ngoi tip.
Khi a, b, c l ba nghim ca phng trnh di y:
Mnh
2.5.8. Cho
x3 2px2 + (p2 + r2 + 4Rr)x 4Rrp = 0.

A
A
r
2
Chng minh: T tan
=
v a = 2R sin A suy ra a = 2R
A
2
pa
1 + tan2
2
r
pa
pa
hay a = 4R
r 2 = 4Rr r2 + (p a)2 . Nh vy, ta c quan h
1+
pa
2 tan
53
a(a2 2pa+p2 +r2 ) = 4Rr(pa) hay a3 2pa2 +(p2 +r2 +4Rr)a4Rrp =

0. Do a l mt nghim ca x3 2px2 + (p2 + r2 + 4Rr)x 4Rrp = 0.
Tng t, b v c cng l nghim ca phng trnh ny.
ABC vi di ba cnh BC = a, CA = b, AB = c.
K hiu p l na chu vi, r v R l bn knh cc ng trn ni, ngoi tip.
Khi sin A, sin B v sin C l ba nghim ca phng trnh sau y:
Mnh
2.5.9. Cho
p 2 p2 + r2 + 4Rr
rp
x x +
x
= 0.
R
4R2
2R2
3
a = 2R sin A v a l nghim ca x3 2px2 + (p2 + r2 +

4Rr)x4Rrp = 0 nn 8R3 sin3 A8pR2 sin2 A+(p2 +r2 +4Rr)2R sin A
p
p2 + r2 + 4Rr
rp
2
3
4Rrp = 0 hay sin A sin A +
sin
A
= 0. Nh
R
4R2
2R2
p 2 p2 + r2 + 4Rr
rp
3
vy sin A l mt nghim ca x
x +
x
= 0. Tng
R
4R2
2R2
t sin B v sin C cng l nghim ca phng trnh ny.
Chng minh: V
Mnh
trn ni, ngoi tip
ha , hb , hc
ABC vi din tch S v di bn knh cc ng

l r, R. Gi ha , hb , hc l di ba ng cao. Khi
2.5.10. Cho
l ba nghim ca phng trnh a thc bc ba sau y:
2S 2
S 2 + 4Rr3 + r4 2 2S
y +
y
= 0.
y
2Rr2
Rr
R
3
Hn = hna + hnb + hnc
vi
n = 1, 2, . . . . Khi ta c h thc lin h sau:
S 2 + 4Rr3 + r4
2S
2S 2
Hn+3
Hn+2 +
Hn+1
Hn = 0.
2Rr2
Rr
R
a, b, c l ba nghim ca x3 2px2 +(p2 +4Rr+r2 )x4Rrp = 0
S2
+ 4Rr + r2
2
2S 2S 2S
2S
2
nn
, ,
l nghim ca 2S
y+ r
y 2 Ry 3 = 0.
a b c
r
2
Do vy ha , hb , hc l ba nghim ca phng trnh a thc bc ba sau y:
Bi gii: V
S 2 + 4Rr3 + r4 2 2S
2S 2
y
y +
y
= 0.
2Rr2
Rr
R
3
Vy
S 2 + 4Rr3 + r4
2S
2S 2
Hn+3
Hn+2 +
Hn+1
Hn = 0.
2Rr2
Rr
R
54
Mnh
2.5.11. Cho
ABC
vi na chu vi
p,
bn knh cc ng trn
r, R v bn knh cc ng trn bng tip l r1 , r2 , r3 . Khi

r1 , r2 .r3 l ba nghim ca phng trnh x3 (4R + r)x2 + p2 x p2 r = 0.
A
2
tan
A
r1
2
Chng minh: T tan
=
v a = 2R sin A suy ra a = 2R
A
2
p
1 + tan2
2
r
ni, ngoi tip
p
.
r12 + p2
Bi v r1 (p a) = S = rp nn ta c
r12
1+ 2
p
(r1 r)p
p
2
2
2
quan h
= a = 4Rr1 2
hay (r1 r)(r1 + p ) = 4Rr1 . Do
r1
r1 + p2
3
2
2
2
r1 l mt nghim ca x (4R + r)x + p x p r = 0. Tng t, r2 v
r3 cng l nghim ca phng trnh ny.
hay
a = 4R
= 4Rr1
ABC vi na chu vi p, bn knh cc ng trn ni,

A
B
C
ngoi tip r, R. Khi tan
, tan , tan l ba nghim ca phng trnh
2
2
2
r
4R
+
r
x2 + x = 0. T y suy ra
x3
p
p
A
B
C
4R + r
(i) tan
+ tan + tan =
.
2
2
2
p
Mnh
2.5.12. Cho
B
B
C
C
A
A
tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1. T y suy ra hai bt
2
2
2
2
2
2
A
A
B
C
B
C
1
ng thc tan
+ tan + tan > 3, tan tan tan 6 .
2
2
2
2
2
2
3 3
(ii)
tan
(iii)
tan
A
B
C
r
tan tan = .
2
2
2
p
A
r1 = p tan v r1 l nghim ca x3 (4R + r)x2 +
2
A
A
A
p2 x p2 r = 0 nn p3 tan3 (4R + r)p2 tan2 + p2 p tan p2 r = 0 hay
2
2
2
4R + r
A r
A
3 A
2 A
tan
tan
+tan = 0. Nh vy tan l mt nghim ca
2
p
2
2 p
2
4R + r 2
r
B
C
x3
x + x = 0. Tng t tan v tan cng l nghim ca
p
p
2
2
Chng minh: V
phng trnh ny. Kt qu (i), (ii) v (iii) c suy ra qua nh l Vit.
55
Mnh
2.5.13. Cho
ngoi tip
(i)
vi na chu vi
p, bn knh cc ng trn ni,
r, R. Khi ta c
cos A, cos B, cos C

x3
(ii)
ABC
l ba nghim ca phng trnh a thc di y:
R + r 2 4R2 + r2 + p2
p2 (2R + r)2
x +
x
= 0.
R
4R2
4R2
cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 +
r
.
R
r2
1
(iii) P = (1 cos A)(1 cos B)(1 cos C) =
.
T suy ra P 6 .
2R2
8
(iv) t U = sin A sin B + sin B sin C + sin C sin A v V = cos A cos B +
3
cos B cos C + cos C cos A. Ta c U V 6 .
2
A
B
C
Chng minh: (i) Ta bit tan
, tan . tan
l ba nghim ca phng
2
2
2
2 A
1
tan
4R + r 2
r
2
2 =
3
trnh x
x + x = 0. V cos A =
1
A
A
p
p
2
2
1 + tan
1 + tan
2
2
y =
2
1 + x2
T
nn cos A + 1 =
. Xt h:
4R + r 2
r
A
3
2
x
+
x
=
0.
1 + tan
p
p
2
2
4R
+
r
2Ry
x2 = 1
x =
y
p
p
suy ra
v
r
4R
+
r
4R
+
r
r
2
3
2
x3
x +x =0
x
x +x =0
p
p
p
p
4R + r 2Ry 2
nhn c y
+y2 = 0. Vy cos A+1, cos B+1, cos C +1

p
p
4R + r 2 (4R + r)2 + p2
p2
3
l ba nghim ca y
y +
y
= 0. Do
R
4R2
2R2
cos A, cos B, cos C l ba nghim ca phng trnh c c qua vic thay
R + r 2 4R2 + r2 + p2
p2 (2R + r)2
y = x + 1 : x3
x +
x
= 0.
R
4R2
4R2
R+r
r
(ii) Theo nh l Vit c cos A + cos B + cos C =
=1+ .
R
R
56
(iii) T phng trnh trn c
Do
R > 2r
nn
1
P 6 .
8
r2
P = (1 cos A)(1 cos B)(1 cos C) =
.
2R2
p2 + r2 + 4Rr
, xem Mnh 2.5.9. Do vy
4R2
4R2 + 4Rr
r
3
p2 + r2 + 4Rr 4R2 + r2 + p2
=
=
1+
6
.
U V =
4R2
4R2
4R2
R
2
Ch 2.5.14 . Phng trnh a thc bc 3 nhn tan A, tan B, tan C lm ba
(iv) Theo nh l Vit c
U=
nghim l khng c v tam gic vung s khng tha mn.

V d
2.5.15. Gi s
ABC
thay i. t
x = sin A, y = sin B, z = sin C.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
T = 4(xy + yz + zx) + (x + y + z).

a, b, c, l nghim ca x3 2px2 + (p2 + r2 + 4Rr)x 4Rrp = 0
2
2
2
nn ab + bc + ca + (a + b + c)R = 2R + 4pR + p + r + 4Rr. V
A
B
C
a + b + c = 8R cos cos cos 6 3 3R nn ab + bc + ca + (a + b + c)R
2
2
2
2
6 (11 + 6 3)R
hay 4(xy + yz + zx) + (x + y + z) 6 11 + 6 3. Vy
Tln = 11 + 6 3 khi ABC u.

Bi gii: V
V d
2.5.16. Cho
ABC
vi bn knh cc ng trn ngoi tip l
knh cc ng trn bng tip l r1 , r2 , r3 , na chu vi

r2
r2
r2

h (2R + r)2
i
1
2
3
1
1
1 =4
1 .
p2
p2
p2
p2
p.
Chng minh rng
3
2
2
l ba nghim ca x (4R + r)x + p x
2
2
2
2
nh phng trnh nhn y1 = r1 p , y2 = r2 p , y3 =
(
3
2
2
2
Bi gii:
r1 , r2 , r3
nghim. Kh
t h
R, bn
x (4R + r)x + p x p r = 0
x2 p2 y = 0.
p2 r = 0. Xc
r32 p2 lm ba
Ta c ngay h
(
x3 (4R + r)x2 + p2 x p2 r = 0
2
2
2
v (4R + r)x yx 2p x + p r = 0
3
2
x p x yx = 0
2
2
2
hay phng trnh (4R + r)(y + p ) (y + 2p )x + p r = 0. t T = 4R + r.
T y + (T + r)p2
(T y + (T + r)p2 )2
. Vy
p2 y = 0 hay
Khi x =
2
2
2
y+p
(y + 2p )
2
y(y + 2p2 )2 + p2 (y + 2p2 )2 T y + (T + r)p2 = 0. Phng trnh ny
57
c ba nghim l
y1 , y2 , y3 .
Do
(r12 p2 )(r22 p2 )(r32 p2 )

y1 y2 y 3
=
=
6
p
p6
(4R + 2r)2 p4 4p6

. T h thc cui cng ta suy ra
p6
r2
r2

r2
(2R + r)2

2
3
1
1
=
4
1
.
p2
p2
p2
p2
V d
2.5.17. Cho
ABC
c ng nht thc
vi bn knh cc ng trn ni, ngoi tip l
r, R, bn knh cc ng trn bng tip l r1 , r2 , r3 . Khi ta lun c:

(i)
(ii)
1
1
1
2R r
+
+
=
.
(r r1 )(r r2 ) (r r2 )(r r3 ) (r r3 )(r r1 )
2Rr2
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
6 2 2.
(r r1 )(r r2 ) (r r2 )(r r3 ) (r r3 )(r r1 ) r
R
1
1
1
+
+
.
(r r1 )(r r2 ) (r r2 )(r r3 ) (r r3 )(r r1 )
nh gi tr nh nht ca T khi r khng i.
(iii) t
T =
Xc
r1 , r2 , r3 l ba nghim ca x3 (4R + r)x2 + p2 x p2 r = 0

3
2
2
2
nn f (x) = x (4R + r)x + p x p r = (x r1 )(x r2 )(x r3 ). Ly hai
ln o hm c 3x 4R r = (x r1 ) + (x r2 ) + (x r3 ). T y c
3x 4R r
1
1
1
=
+
+
.
f (x)
(x r1 )(x r2 )
(x r2 )(x r3 )
(x r3 )(x r1 )
1
1
1
Cho x = r c
+
+
=
(r r1 )(r r2 )
(r r2 )(r r3 )
(r r3 )(r r1 )
2R r
1
1
2R r
2R r
.
Vy c (i) v do bi
6
nn c (ii) v v
=
2Rr2
2Rr2
r 2 R2
2Rr2
1
1
3
3
>
nn T >
. Du = xy ra khi ABC u v nh th
r2 2Rr
4r2
4r2
3
Tnn = 2 .
4r
V d 2.5.18 . Cho ABC vi bn knh ng trn ni tip l r v chu vi
2p = 6. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc di y:
Bi gii: V
T =
1
1
1
+
+
.
(4 a)(4 b) (4 b)(4 c) (4 c)(4 a)

3
2
2
nn f (x) = x 6x + (9 + r + 4Rr)x 12Rr = (x a)(x b)(x c). Ly
Bi gii: V
58
3x 2p = (x a) + (x b) + (x c). T y c
3x 2p
1
1
1
=
+
+
. Cho x = 4
f (x)
(x a)(x b) (x b)(x c) (x c)(x a)
1
1
3
1
+
+
=
. V
c
(4 a)(4 b) (4 b)(4 c) (4 c)(4 a) 2 + 2r2 + 2Rr
1
1
1
3
R > 2r suy ra
+
+
6 2
.
(4 a)(4 b) (4 b)(4 c) (4 c)(4 a) 6r + 2
3
Du = xy ra khi R = 2r hay tam gic ABC u. Do vy Tln = .
4
V d 2.5.19 . Cho ABC vi di cnh a, b, c v bn knh ng trn ni
tip l r. Hy xc nh gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
hai ln o hm c
(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2

p2
+
+
2.
ab
bc
ca
4r
3
2
2
2
Bi gii: V a, b, c, l nghim ca x 2px + (p + r + 4Rr)x 4Rrp = 0
(b c)2
(c a)2
2(p2 + r2 + 4Rr)
(a b)2
+
+
=
9.
nn d dng c
ab
bc
ca
4Rr
(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2
2(p2 + r2 )
Nh vy
+
+
=
7. Bi v R > 2r
ab
bc
ca
4Rr
(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2
2(p2 + r2 )
p2
27
nn
+
+
6
7
=
. Do vy
ab
bc
ca
8r2
4r2
4
27
Tln = khi ABC u.
4
V d 2.5.20 . Cho ABC vi bn knh ng trn ni tip l r khng i
v di cnh a, b, c. Hy xc nh gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
1
1
1
T = 2 + 2 + 2.
a
b
c
3
2
2
2
Bi gii: V a, b, c, l nghim ca x 2px + (p + r + 4Rr)x 4Rrp = 0
3
2
2
2
nn f (x) = x 2px + (p + r + 4Rr)x 4Rrp = (x a)(x b)(x c).
Ly hai ln o hm c 3x 2p = (x a) + (x b) + (x c). T y c
1
1
1
3x 2p
=
+
+
. Cho x = p
f (x)
(x a)(x b) (x b)(x c) (x c)(x a)
1
1
1
p
1
c
+
+
= 2 = 2 . Tm li
(p a)(p b) (p b)(p c) (p c)(p a) r p r
1
1
1
1
1 1 1
=
+
+
>
+ + .
4r2
4(p a)(p b) 4(p b)(p c) 4(p c)(p a) a2 b2 c2
1
Do vy Tln =
khi ABC u.
4r2
T =
59
V d
2.5.21. Gi s
ABC
thay i. K hiu di cnh l
knh ng trn ni, ngoi tip l
T =
a, b, c v bn
r, R. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
ab + bc + ca + (a + b + c)r + r2
.
R2

1
1
1
3x2 4px + p2 + r2 + 4Rr
+
+
=
. Vi x = r c
xa xb xc
(x a)(x b)(x c)
Bi gii: V
nn
1
1
4r2 + 4pr + p2 + 4Rr
1
+
+
=
.
a+r b+r c+r
(r + a)(r + b)(r + c)
2
39
+
3
3 R
1
1
1
4
T y suy ra bt ng thc
+
+
6
a+r b+r c+r
(r + a)(r + b)(r + c)

39
39
2
hay ab + bc + ca + (a + b + c)r + r 6
+ 3 3 R2 . Vy Tln =
+3 3
4
4
khi ABC u.
ABC vi di ba cnh a, b, c v bn knh cc ng
trn ni, ngoi tip l r, R. Hy xc nh gi tr
V d
2.5.22. Cho
(i) ln nht ca tch
T = (a2 + 2Rr)(b2 + 2Rr)(c2 + 2Rr)
khi
khng
khng
thay i.
(ii) nh nht ca tch
T = (a2 + 2Rr)(b2 + 2Rr)(c2 + 2Rr)
khi
thay i.
T = 2Rr(ab + bc + ca 2Rr)2 theo V d 2.5.22. V

4p > 3(ab + bc + ca) v 4p2 6 27R2 nn T 6 2Rr(9R2 2Rr)2 . Nh vy
T 6 R3 .2r(9R 2r)2 . Xt hm s y = x(9R x)2 vi 0 < x 6 R. V
y 0 > 0 nn y 6 64R3 . Vy T 6 64R6 v Tln = 64R6 khi ABC
u.
3
3
2
2
2
(ii) Bi v T = (a + 2Rr)(b + 2Rr)(c + 2Rr) >
a2 b2 c2 + 2Rr
abc
3
v do bi
= r(a + b + c) > 3r 3 abc nn a2 b2 c2 > 6Rr v nh th
2R
T > 83 R3 r3 > 84 r6 . Do Tnn = 46 r6 khi ABC u.
Bi gii: (i) Ta c
2
V d
2.5.23. K hiu
r1 , r2 , r3
ABC. Khi R khng

T = r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1 .
gic
l bn knh cc ng trn bng tip tam
thay i, hy xc nh gi tr ln nht ca tng
60
r1 , r2 , r3 l ba nghim ca x3 (4R + r)x2 + p2 x p2 r =

0 nn r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3
r1 = p2 . V p = R(sin A + sin B + sin C) 6
A+B+C
3 3R
27R2
3R sin
=
nn r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1 6
. Vy Tln =
3
2
4
27R2
khi ABC u.
4
V d 2.5.24 . Cho ABC vi bn knh cc ng trn ngoi tip l R, bn
knh cc ng trn bng tip l r1 , r2 , r3 , na chu vi p. Hy xc nh gi
Bi gii: V
tr nh nht ca tch
T =
r2
1
p2
+1
r2
2
p2
+1
r2
3
p2
+1 .
3
2
2
l ba nghim ca x (4R + r)x + p x
2
2
2
2
nh phng trnh nhn y1 = r1 + p , y2 = r2 + p , y3 =
(
3
2
2
2
Bi gii:
r1 , r2 , r3
nghim. Kh
t h
x (4R + r)x + p x p r = 0
x2 + p2 y = 0.
p2 r = 0. Xc
r32 + p2 lm ba
Ta c ngay h
(
x3 (4R + r)x2 + p2 x p2 r = 0
2
2
v (4R + r)x yx + p r = 0 hay
3
2
x + p x yx = 0
2
2
phng trnh (4R + r)(y p ) yx + p r = 0. t T = 4R + r. Khi
T y 4Rp2
(T y 4Rp2 )2
. Vy
+ p2 y = 0 hay y 3 (T 2 + p2 )y 2 +
x=
y
y2
8RT p2 y 16R2 p4 = 0. Phng trnh ny c ba nghim l y1 , y2 , y3 . Do
(r12 + p2 )(r22 + p2 )(r32 + p2 )
y1 y 2 y3
16R2 p4
=
=
. T h thc cui suy ra
p6
p6
p6
r2
r2
r2
16R2
64
64
1
2
3
ng nht thc
+
1
+
1
+
1
=
>
.
Vy Tnn =
p2
p2
p2
p2
27
27
khi ABC u.
V d
2.5.25. Cho
ABC
cc ng trn bng tip l
vi bn knh ca ng trn ni tip l
(ii)
T =
ca
r1 , r2 , r3 , na chu vi p. Xc nh gi tr nh nht
ca
(i)
r,
r12 + r22 + r32

.
p2
r12 + r22 + r32

P =
.
r2
61
3
2
2
2
Bi gii: (i) V r1 , r2 , r3 l ba nghim ca x (4R + r)x + p x p r = 0
r12 + r22 + r32
r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1
nn
>
= 1. Vy Tnn = 1 khi ABC u.
2
p
p2
2
2
2
r12 + r22 + r32
1
1
1
(ii) Do bi
>
r
+r
+r
=
4R+r
>
8r+r
1
2
3
r2
3r2
3r2
3r2
nn P > 27. Do Pnn = 27 khi ABC u.
ABC vi di cnh BC bng 1. Gi s
im M trong tam gic v M A = x, M B = y, M C = z > 0. Gi r1 , r2 , r3
l bn knh ng trn ni tip trong tam gic M BC, M CA, M AB tng
3
ng. Tm gi tr ln nht ca T = r1 r2 r3 1 + 2 3 xyz .
V d
2.5.26. Cho tam gic u
M n BC, CA, AB l u, v, t > 0. Bi v
r1 (1 + y + z) = 2SM BC = u.1 = u nn u > r1 (1+ 2 yz). Tng t
v > r2 (1 + 2 zx) v t > r3 (1 + 2 xy). Do vy

= u+v+t >
2
>
3 3 uvt > 3 3 r1 r2 r3 (1 + 2 yz)(1 + 2 zx)(1 + 2 xy) hay c
2
3
1
3 3 r1 r2 r3 (1 + 2 3 xyz). Tm li > r1 r2 r3 1 + 2 3 xyz . Do Tln =

24 3
1
khi M l tm tam gic u ABC.
24 3
Bi gii: Gi khong cch t
V d
2.5.27. Gi s
i v
Gi
A 6 .
2
ABC c di hai cnh AB = c, AC = b khng

M v N l trung im ca AB v AC, tng ng; I
l tm ng trn ni tip trong
IN
ct tia
ABC. Gi s IM
(AC) ti C1
T = AB1 .AC1 .
ct tia
(AB) ti B1 . Xc nh gi tr ln nht ca
BC = a, AB1 = x, AC1 = y v k hiu r l bn knh ng

1y
AM AC1
SABC =
rp, SAIC1 =
trn ni tip trong ABC. T SAM C1 =
AB AC
2b
yr
cr
1y
yr
cr
v SAIM =
suy ra
rp
= SAM C1 SAIC1 = SAIM =
hay
2
4
2b
2
4
(ab+c)y = bc. Tng t (a+bc)x = bc. Nh vy (a+bc)(ab+c)xy =
A
b2 c2 hay (a2 b2 c2 + 2bc)xy = b2 c2 . T y suy ra 4xy sin2 = bc. V
2
A
1
bc
2
A 6
nn sin
6 . Do vy m 2xy > bc. Tm li Tnn =
khi
2
2
2
2
A= .
2
Bi gii: t
62
V d
knh
2.5.28. Gi s
ABC
v c ng trn ni tip tm
trc tm v
O bn
r. Gi H l
thay i ni tip trong ng trn tm
thay i vi bn knh
G l trng tm ABC. Khi hy:
2
2
2
(i) Chng minh rng lun c s thc k M A + ka = M B +
M C 2 + kc2 vi mi M (HO) v a = BC, b = CA, c = AB.
kb2 =
2r
(R 2r). Ch ra gi tr nh
3
T = IH + IG khng tn ti khi R 6= 2r.
(ii) Chng minh rng

nht ca
Bi gii: (i) t
2
2
T = IH + IG > 2
u = BHG, v = AHG. Khi AH cos v BH cos u =
a + b
. Hin nhin AH 2 BH 2 = a2 + b2 . Vi mi M (HO) ta c
3HG
M A2 M B 2 = AH 2 BH 2 2HM.(AH cos v BH cos u)

a2 + b2 2HM
2
2
= b a 2HM.
=
1 (a2 b2 ).
3HG
3HG
1 2HM
2
2
2
2
2
Vi k =
ta c M A + ka = M B + kb . Tng t M A +
3HG
ka2 = M C 2 + kc2 . Tm li M A2 + ka2 = M B 2 + kb2 = M C 2 + kc2 .
2
2
2
(ii) Gi E l trung im HO. Ta c IO = d = R = 2Rr theo H thc
Euler. V ng trn ni tip tip xc trong vi ng trn 9-im bn knh
R
2
theo nh l Feuerbach nn
IE =
R
r. D dng kim tra
2
3IG = 4IE IH = 2IE + IO, IH = 2IE IO.

1
2r
Do vy IH.IG =
2IE + IO 2IE IO = (R2r) hay IH.IG =
3
r 3
2r
2r
(R 2r). T y suy ra T = IH + IG > 2
(R 2r). Du = xy ra
3
3
khi IH = IG hay R = 2r : mu thun.
V d
2.5.29. Gi s im
2. Tm gi
M A + M B + M C + M D.
di cnh bng
ABCD vi
hm F (M ) =
trong hay trn cnh hnh vung

tr nh nht v ln nht ca
M A + M C > AC
F (M )nn = 4 khi M
M B + M D > BD.
Bi gii: Hin nhin
F (M ) > 4.
l tm hnh vung. Dng h ta
Do
Nh vy
63
(Oxy) vi A(1; 0), B(0; 1), C(1;p0) v D(0; 1). p

Gi s (x; y) vi
2
2
1
ta c F (x, y) =
(x 1) + y + (x + 1)2 + y 2 +
p 6 x, y 6 1. Khip
x2 + (y 1)2 + x2 + (y + 1)2 . V F (x, y) = F (x, y) v F (x, y) =
F (y, x) nn khi t x = r cos u, y = r sin u vi r [0; 1], u [0; ]. Ta

2
2
2
2
c F =
1 + r + 2r cos u + 1 + r + 2r sin u + 1 + r 2r cos u +
2
1 + r 2r sin u. Coi F l hm ca r, u c nh. Ly o hm theo r, c
r + cos u
r cos u
+
1 + r2 2r cos u
1 + r2 + 2r cos u
r + sin u
r sin u
+
+
.
1 + r2 2r sin u
1 + r2 + 2r sin u
Fr0 =
r + cos u
r cos u
> 0; Cn nu
+
1 + r2 2r cos u
1 + r2 + 2r cos u
r + cos u
r cos u
r < cos u th ta vn c
> 0 qua
+
1 + r2 2r cos u
1 + r2 + 2r cos u
r + sin u
r sin u
bin i tng ng. Tng t c
+
1 + r2 2r sin u
1 + r2 + 2r sin u
> 0. Vy F l hm n iu tng ca r v ta nhn c F 6 G(N ), trong
O, M, N thng hng v N thuc cnh AB. Tm li ch ra c F (M ) 6
G(N ), trong O, M, N thng hng v N thuc cnh AB. Vy F (M )
ln nht cn M thuc cnh hnh vung, chng hn M AB. t M A = x.
q
2 + ( 2 a)2 + 2 + a2 = g(a) vi a [0; 2].

Khi M C + M D =
Kho st hm s g(a) c g(a) 6 2 +

2. Vy F (M ) 6 2 + 2 2.
Du bng
xy ra khi M trng mt nh hnh vung. Vy F (M )ln = 2 + 2 2.
Nu
r > cos u
V d
th
2.5.30. Gi s im
chy trn ng trn
(E)
vi bn knh 1. Tam
ABC v hnh vung M

N P Q ni tip trong cng ng trn (E).
Khi T = IA + IB + IC < 3 2 v P = IM + IN + IP + IQ < 4 2.

Tm Pln .
gic u
Bi gii: V tm tam gic u hay hnh vung u l trng tm ca n nn

2
2
2
2
IA + IB + IC = 6. T IA + IB + IC
6 3[IA2 + IB 2 + IC 2 ]
IA + IB + IC
6
3
2. V IA, IB, IC khng th bng nhau
2
2
2
2
nn IA + IB + IC < 3 2. Tng t c IM + IN + IP + IQ = 8.

2
T
IM + IN + IP + IQ 6 4[IM 2 + IN 2 + IP 2 + IQ2 ] ta suy ra
ta suy ra
64
IM + IN + IP + IQ 6 4 2. V IM, IN, IP, IQ khng th bng nhau nn

IM +IN +IP +IQ < 4 2. Do tnh i xng ca hnh vung nn ta ch cn
xt A(1; 0), B(0; 1), C(1; 0), D(0; 1) v I(cos 2t; sin 2t) vi 0 6 t 6
.
4
q
p
2
Khi P = 2[( 2 + 1) cos t + sin t] 6
( 2 + 1) + 1 cos2 t + sin2 t
p
cos t
sin t
hay P 6 2
4 + 2 2. Du = xy ra khi
=
hay cos t =
1
2
+
1
1
2+1
p
, sin t = p
. Vy Pln = 2 4 + 2 2.
2 2+4
2 2+4
V d
BD
2.5.31. Cho ng trn tm O bn knh 1. K hai ng knh
AC
M chy trn cung nh AB ca

M D ct AC ti E, cn M C ct BD ti F. Khi hy
vung gc vi nhau. Mt im
trn. Gi s
(i) Xc nh gi tr nh nht ca
CE + DF
v ca
ng
EF.
DEF C khng th ngoi tip mt ng trn khi

M 6= A, B, v t gic DEF C ni tip trong mt ng trn nu v
ch nu M l trung im cung AB.
Bi gii: (i) t u = ACM, v = BDM. Ta c u + v =

v nh
4
vy 1 = tan(u + v) hay tan u + tan v + tan u tan v = 1. T y suy ra
CE.DF = (1 + tan v)(1 + tan u) =2. V CE + DF > 2 CE.DF = 2 2

nn CE + DF nh nht l bng 2 2 khi M l trung im cung AB. t
OE = x, OF = y. Khi x, y > 0 v x + y + xy= 1. T y suy ra
1 > xy + 2 xy v nh vy 0 6 t = xy 6 3 2 2. V T = EF 2=
x2 + y 2 = (x + y)2 2xy = (1 t)2 2t = 1 + t2 4t vi 0 6 t 6 3
2 2
0
nn T < 0 v nh th T l hm n iu gim. Do T > 6 4 2 v
Tnn = 6 4 2 khi M l trung im cung AB.

(ii) Nu t gic DEF C ngoi tip mt ng trn th DE +CF = CD+EF
p
p
hay
1 + x2 + 1 + y 2 = x2 + y 2 + 2. Vy (1 x2 )(1 y 2 ) = 0 :
mu thun. Nu t gic DEF C ni tip trong mt ng trn th DE.CF +
p
p
CD.EF = CE.DF hay p 1 + x2 1 + y 2 + x2 + y 2 2 = 2. T y c

3p
+ x2 + y 2 = x2 y 2 + 4 2(x2 + y 2 ) hay 3 + (1 xy)2 2xy =
x2 y 2 +
2 2
2
4 2((1 xy)
2xy). Vy x y 6xy +1 = 0. Do 0 6 xy 6 32 2 nn
xy = 3 2 2 hay M l trung im cung AB. Ngc li, kt qu ng.
(ii) Chng minh t gic
65
V d
2.5.32. Cho ng trn
tip ng trn
(E)
(E)
ABC ngoi
l r1 , r2 , r3 . Tm
bn knh bng 1. Gi s
c bn knh cc ng trn bng tip
gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
T =
1
1
1
+
+
.
(1 r1 )(1 r2 ) (1 r2 )(1 r3 ) (1 r3 )(1 r1 )
Bi gii: Do
T >
3
4
theo V d 2.5.17 nn
Tnn =
3
4
khi
ABC
u.
ABC trong mt phng (P ) vi BC = a, CA = b, AB =

c. Gi s hnh chp SABC c di ng cao SH = h khng i. Tm
gi tr nh nht ca din tch xung quanh P ca hnh chp SABC.
V d
2.5.33. Cho
H ca ng cao SH n BC,
CA, AB l x, y, z. Khi ax + by
+ cz = 2s =p
2rp, trong s l din
tch tam gic ABC. Vy 2P = a x2 + h2 + b
y 2 + h2 + c z 2 + h2 .
p
T 2P =
a2 x2 + a2 h2 + b2 y 2 + b2p
h2 + c2 z 2 + c2 h2 suyra 2P >
p
(ax + by + cz)2 + (a + b + c)2 h2 =
4r2 p2 + 4p2 h2 = 2p r2 + 4h2 .
Du = xy ra khi x = y = z = r. Tm li Pnn = p r 2 + 4h2 khi H l
tm ng trn ni tip trong ABC.
Bi gii: K hiu di i s t chn
Chng 3
Mt s ng dng vo gii bi ton lin

quan
3.1
Xy dng li mt s bt ng thc c in
Xy dng li mt s bt ng thc qua hm mt bin

Mt phng php rt thng dng c th xy dng bt ng thc l tm cc
0
tr ca mt hm f (x) no bng cch kho st du f (x) bit fnn hoc
fln . Sau chn gi tr c bit cho x.
Bt u bng vic xt hm f (x) = x x vi x > 0 v 0 < < 1. T

f 0 (x) = x1 = 0 c x = 1 v kho st du f 0 (x) suy ra f (x) 6 fln =
p
f (1) = 1 hay f (x) = x x 6 1 . Vi x = , p, q > 0, ta c
q
1
p q
6 p + (1 )q. t a = , b = 1 . Khi ta c bt ng thc:
p, q > 0 v a, b > 0, a + b = 1 ta c pa q b 6 ap + bq.
a2 a3
p1 = p, a1 = a v q = p2b p3b vi 0 < a2 < b v a2 + a3 = b. Li c:
Mnh
3.1.1. Vi
a2 a3
a2
a3
pa11 pa22 pa33 6 a1 p1 + bp2b p3b 6 a1 p1 + b
p 2 + p 3 = a1 p 1 + a2 p 2 + a3 p 3
b
b
vi
a1 , a2 , a3 > 0
a1 + a2 + a3 = 1.
Tip tc nh vy, bng quy np suy
ra c kt qu sau y:
ak > 0 vi k = 1, 2, . . . , n
n
n
Q
P
a1 + a2 + + an = 1. Khi ta c
pakk 6
ak p k .
Mnh
3.1.2. Gi thit
pk > 0
k=1
tha mn
k=1
66
67
Khi ly
ak =
1
n
k = 1, 2, . . . , n ta c Bt ng thc Cauchy di y:
vi
s
H qu
3.1.3. [Cauchy] Nu
p1 , p2 , . . . , pn > 0 th n
n
Q
pk 6
k=1
Tip tc vn dng Mnh 3.1.1, t
1
1
p1 q1 6 a1 p1a1 + b1 q1b1
n
P
pk .
k=1
a1 = a, b1 = b v p1 = pa , q1 = q b ta c
a1 , b1 > 0 v a1 + b1 = 1. Tng t, nu pk , qk > 0

1
1
ak
bk
v ak , bk > 0, ak +bk = 1, vi k = 1, 2, . . . , n lun c pk qk 6 ak pk +bk qk .
Cng n bt ng thc ny li c h qu sau y:
H qu
pk , qk > 0 v ak , bk > 0, ak + bk = 1, vi k = 1, 2, . . . , n
1
1
n
n
n
P
P
P
p q 6
a p ak +
b q bk .
3.1.4. Nu
th ta lun c
k k
k=1
Mnh
vi
vi
k=1
k k
k=1
k k
a, b > 0, a+b = 1, v cc Ak , Bk > 0

1 !b
1 !a
n
n
n
P a
Q
P b
Ak Bk 6
Bk
.
Ak
3.1.5. [Cauchy-Holder] Nu
k = 1, 2, . . . , n th ta c
k=1
Chng minh: Vi
k=1
k=1
Ak
ak = a, bk = b v pk =
n
P
1 !a
Aa
1 !a
Ba
n
P
k=1
Bk
, qk =
k=1
em thay vo bt dng thc trong H qu 3.1.4 ta nhn c Bt ng thc
Cauchy-Holder:
n
Q
k=1
Vi
a=b=
H qu
1
2
Ak Bk 6
n
P
1 !a
Aa
k=1
k=1
1 !b
Bb .
k
ta c c Bt ng thc Bunhiakopwski:
3.1.6. [Bunhiakopwski] Ta c
n
P
k=1
mi s thc
n
P
pk qk 6
s
P
n
k=1
p2k
P
n
k=1
qk2
pk , qk .
vi
68
f (x) = x x vi x > 0 v > 1. T f 0 (x) = x1

= 0 c x = 1 v kho st du f 0 (x) suy ra f (x) > fnn = f (1) = 1
hay x x > 1 . t x = 1 + y, y > 1. Khi ta c bt ng thc:

Tip theo, xt hm
Mnh
V d
3.1.7. [Bernoulli] Vi
> 1 v y > 1 ta c (y + 1) y + 1.
ak (0; 1] vi k = 1, 2, . . . , n
1
1
1

1 + a1 a2 1 + a2 a3 1 + an a1 > 2n .
bt ng thc:
th ta c
Bi gii: Theo Bt ng thc Bernoulli v Bt ng thc Cauchy ta c ngay
1 + a1
Vy
1
1
1

a2 1 + a2 a3 1 + an a1 > 1 + a1 1 + a2 1 + an .
a2
a3
a1
1 + a1
1
1
1

a2 1 + a2 a3 1 + an a1 > 2n .
3.1.9. Chng minh rng, nu ak > 0 vi k = 1, 2, . . . , n th ta c bt

P a1
P a2
P an
ng thc: T =
ak +
ak + +
ak
> n 1. c
k6=1
k6=2
k6=n
a
b
c
bit, nu a, b, c > 0 th (b + c) + (c + a) + (a + b) > 2.
V d
ak >P
1 th T
ai> n 1. Nu tn ti k ak > 1, chng
mi
ak
> 1 v nh vy T > n 1. Cui cng
Bi gii: Nu mi
hn
a1 > 1,
th
k6=i>1
l xt trng hp
0 < ak < 1 vi mi k.
P
P
ak
ak
0 < b < 1 ta c T >
k6=1
n
P
+
ak
k=1
k6=2
n
P
S dng kt qu
+ +
ak
k=1
k6=n
n
P
ab >
a
a+b
ak
= n 1.
ak
k=1
Xt thm ba hm sau y: Hm th nht
f (x) = ex x
f 0 (x) = ex 1
nn c ngay bng xt du
> 0
f 0 (x) = 0
<0
Nh vy
khi
x>0
khi
x=0
x < 0.
khi
f (x) > fnn = f (0) = 1 v suy ra bt ng thc di y:
khi
69
Mnh
3.1.10. Ta c
ex > x + 1 khi x > 0.
f (x) = xn +a1 xn1 +a2 xn2 + +an1 x+an

c n nghim thc, trong a1 , a2 , . . . , an1 > 0. Chng minh rng 1 + a1 +
a2 + +an1 +an < ea1 . T y suy ra, nu 1+a1 +a2 + +an1 +an > ea1
th f (x) khng th c n nghim u thc.
V d
3.1.11. Gi thit a thc
Bi gii: Gi s
thy
1 , 2 , . . . , n
1 , . . . , n < 0
n
Q
f (1) =
n
n
Q
f (x) =
nghim thc ca
(x k ).
Vy
f (x) = 0.
1 , . . . , n > 0
k=1
(1 k ).
ex > 1 + x
khi
x>0
nn
f (1) =
k=1
n
Q
(1 k ) <
k=1
e1 e2 . . . en = ea1 .
Xt hm th hai
D dng
g(x) = xex vi x > 0. V g 0 (x) = ex xex nn c ngay
bng xt du
> 0
0
g (x) = 0
<0
Nh vy
Mnh
V d
g(x) 6 gln = g(1) =

3.1.12. Ta c
1
e
xex 6
3.1.13. Gi thit cc s
khi
x<1
khi
x=1
0 6 x < 1.
khi
v suy ra bt ng thc di y:
1
e
khi
x > 0.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an > 0. Khi
n
P
ak eak 6
k=1
n
.
e
n
P
1 n
ak eak 6 n = .
e
e
k=1
0
Xt hm th ba h(x) = sin x + tan x 2x trong [0; ). V h (x) = cos x +
2
1
2
>
0
khi x (0; ) nn h(x) ng bin trong [0; ) vi hnn = g(0).
cos2 x
2
2
Bi gii: Theo Mnh 3.1.12 ta c
T y suy ra bt ng thc di y:
Mnh
V d
3.1.14. Ta lun c bt ng thc
sin x+tan x > 2x khi 0 < x <
ABC nhn vi cc gc c o bng raian.

sin A + sin B + sin C + tan A tan B tan C > 2.
3.1.15. Gi s tam gic
Khi
.
2
70
Bi gii: Theo Mnh 3.1.13 ta c cc bt ng thc di y:
sin A + tan A > 2A

sin B + tan B > 2B
sin C + tan C > 2C.
tan A+tan B +tan C = tan A tan B tan C nn sau khi cng ba bt ng
thc trn ta c sin A + sin B + sin C + tan A tan B tan C > 2.
V
Xy dng li mt s bt ng thc qua hm nhiu bin

By gi ta chng minh li mt vi kt qu qua o hm ca hm nhiu bin.
Mnh
3.1.16. Din tch
ng trn tm
bn knh
Sn+1
R
n + 1 cnh ni tip trong

(n + 1)R2
2
sin
hay ni
2
n+1
ca a gic li
khng vt qu
mt cch khc: Trong s nhng a gic li ni tip trong cng mt ng

trn th a gic u c din tch ln nht.
xk = A
k OAk+1 vi quy c An+2 A1 . Khi ta c
x1 + x2 + + xn + xn+1 = 2
n+1
P 2
=
R sin xk . Xt f = sin x1 + sin x2 + + sin xn + sin xn+1
k=1
0 < xk < 2, k = 1, 2, . . . , n + 1.
Chng minh: t
2Sn+1
T h ny suy ra h
xn+1 = 2 (x1 + x2 + + xn )
f = sin x1 + sin x2 + + sin xn sin(x1 + x2 + + xn )
0 < xk < 2, k = 1, 2, . . . , n + 1.
cos x1 cos(x1 + + xn ) = 0
cos x2 cos(x1 + + xn ) = 0
. . .
Xc nh im dng qua h phng trnh
cos xn cos(x1 + + xn ) = 0
x1 + x2 + + xn + xn+1 = 2
0 6 x 6 2, k = 1, 2, . . . , n + 1.
k
2
2
2
Nh vy c im dng M (
,...,
) v f (M ) = (n+1) sin
.
n+1
n+1
n+1
71
n v so snh vi gi tr ca hm xt trn bin vi phng

(n + 1)R2
2
xk = 0 ta d dng ch ra c Sn+1 6
sin
.
2
n+1
Bng quy np theo

trnh
Hon ton tng t ta cn c kt qu sau y:

Mnh
3.1.17. Trong s nhng a gic li ni tip trong cng mt ng
trn th a gic u c chu vi ln nht.

V d
3.1.18. Trong s nhng tam gic (t gic li) ni tip trong cng mt
ng trn th tam gic u (hnh vung) c din tch v chu vi ln nht.

Ch rng, nhiu khi s dng o hm li gii bi ton s tr ln di dng
v phc tp. Trc khi chuyn sang phn tip theo ta xt thm mt v d sau
y thy rng, nhiu bi ton s c li gii ngn gn khi ta kho bin i:
M (; ; ) trong khng gian vi h ta trc chun

(Oxyz), a, b, c > 0. Hy xc nh mt phng qua M ct Ox, Oy, Oz
ti A, B, C sao cho th tch t din OABC nh nht.
V d
3.1.19. Gi s
OA = a, OB = b, OC = c vi a, b, c > 0. Khi phng trnh

x y z

mt phng (ABC) l
+ + = 1. V (ABC) i qua M nn + + = 1
a b c
ap b c
3
hay abc = bc + ca + ab. T abc = bc + ca + ab > 3
(abc)2 ,
9
theo Bt ng thc Cauchy, ta suy ra abc > 27. Vy (VOABC )nn =
2
x y z
khi a = 3, b = 3, c = 3 v khi (ABC) :
+ + = 3.

Bi gii: t
3.2
Gii phng trnh v bt phng trnh
Vn tn ti nghim ca h c iu kin hoc xc nh gi tr tham s

h c nghim thng lin quan cht ch n vic tm cc tr ca mt hm
s. Mt vi mi lin h c biu hin qua cc kt qu sau y:
Mnh
3.2.1. Gi s hm s
y = f (x)
xc nh v lin tc trn
[a; b]
vi
m = fnn , M = fln . Khi

(i)
(ii)
f (x) = u c nghim thuc [a; b] khi v ch khi m 6 u 6 M.

f (x) 6 u
[a; b] khi v ch khi m 6 u

[a; b] khi v ch khi u < m.
c nghim thuc
khng c nghim thuc
f (x) 6 u
72
(iii)
f (x) > u
khng c nghim thuc

Mnh
[a; b] khi v ch khi u 6 M

[a; b] khi v ch khi u > M.
c nghim thuc
3.2.2. Gi s hm s
y = f (x)
f (x) > u
xc nh v lin tc trn
[a; b]
vi
m = fnn , M = fln . Khi

(i) Mi
x [a; b] u l nghim ca f (x) 6 u khi v ch khi u > M.
x [a; b] u l nghim ca f (x) > u khi v ch khi u 6 m.
V d 3.2.3. Gii phng trnh

9x2 1 + 6x 1 = 1.
1
Bi gii: iu kin x >
. Vy 1 = 9x2 1 + 6x 1 > 6x 1 >
3
r
1
1
6. 1 = 1. Do phng trnh c ng mt nghim x = .
3
3
(
x 2 + 14 y = 2 6
V d 3.2.4. Gii h phng trnh
y 2 + 14 x = 2 6.
(ii) Mi
2 6 x, y 6 14. Cng hai phng trnh, v vi v, c

p
p
x 2 + 14 x + y 2 + 14 y = 4 6.
Xt hm f (t) =
t 2 + 14 t trn [2; 14]. Hm lin tc ny nhn gi
tr ln nht fln = 2 6 ti t = 8. Vy h phng trnh c ng mt nghim
x = y = 8.
3
+
13
y
=
2
5

y 3 + 13 z = 2 5
z 3 + 13 x = 2 5.
Bi gii: iu kin
3 6 x, y, z 6 13. Cng hai phng trnh, v vi v, c

p
p
x 3 + 13 x + y 3 + 13 y + z 3 + 13 z = 6 5.
Xt hm f (t) =
t 3 + 13 t trn [3; 13]. Hm lin tc ny nhn gi
tr ln nht fln = 2 5 ti t = 8. Vy h phng trnh c ng mt nghim
x = y = z = 8.
3y > x
V d 3.2.6. Gii h bt phng trnh
4x 9 > y
2
2x + 3y 2 = 2349.
Bi gii: iu kin
73
x2
Bi gii: Ta c 4x 9 > y >
. Vy x2 12x + 27 6 0 hay 3 6 x 6 9.
3
2
2
2
2
T y suy ra y > 0 v 2349 = 2x + 3y 6 2x + 3(4x 9) = f (x). Kho
2
st hm f (x) = 50x 216x + 243 vi 3 6 x 6 9. V f (x) ng bin trn
[3; 9] nn fln = f (9) = 2349. Nh vy x = 9, y = 27.
(
x + y + z + xy + yz + zx = 6
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3.
2
2
2
t = x+y+z c 3(xy+yz+zx) 6 t2 6 3(x
+y +z ) = 9. Nh
x + y + z = 3
2
vy 9 > t > 3(6 t). T y suy ra t = 3. Tm li
xy + yz + zx = 3
2
x + y 2 + z 2 = 3.
D dng suy ra x = y = z = 1.
(
x2 + y 2 = 2
2(x3 y 3 ) 3(x y) = 2.
Bi gii: t x =
2 cos t, y = 2 sin t vi t [0; 2]. Khi ta c
2 = 2(x3 y 3 ) 3(x y) = 2(cos 3t + sin 3t) = 2 cos(3t ) 6 2.

4
Nh vy du = phi xy ra hay 3t =
+ 2k vi k = 0, 1, 2. T y suy ra
4
Bi gii: Vi
nghim ca h cho.
V d
x+3
y =
x2+ 1
x + 3 = m x2 + 1
Bi gii: Ta c
phng trnh
m x+3 = m x2 + 1 c nghim.
= m. D dng c 1 < y 6 10. Vy
3.2.9. Xc nh gi tr ca tham s
c nghim khi v ch khi
1 < m 6
10.
3.2.10. Gii phng trnh :
1x+
1x=3
1 x2 0
Bi gii: iu kin phng trnh
1 + x 0 hay 1 x 1.
1x0
4
t f (x) =
1 x + 4 1 + x + 4 1 x. Theo bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
V d
1+x+
74
x
+
1
+
x
1
+
1+x
1 x2 = 4 (1 x)(1 + x)
; 41+x
;
2
2
1+ 1x
4
4
. Do f (x) =
1x
1x + 41+x + 41x
2
1 + (1 + x) + 1 + (1 x)
= 3.
1+ 1+x+ 1x1+
2
Suy ra f (x) 3 vi mi 1 x 1. Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi:
x= 1+x
1
x = 0.
1 x = 1
1+x=1
Vy phng trinh c nghim duy nht l

V d
x = 0.
3.2.11. Gii phng trnh sau:
Bi gii: t
p
p
2
sin x + 2 sin x + sin x 2 sin2 x = 3
p
p
2
f (x) = sin x + 2 sin x + sin x 2 sin2 x.
Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacowski ta c:

p
2
2

2
x)
sin
x
+
(2
sin
x)
(1 + 1).
(sin x + 2 sin
p
Suy ra: sin x +
2 sin2 x 2.
p
sin2 x + (2 sin2 x)
2
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy ta li c: |sin x|
2 sin x
.
2
p
Suy ra: sin x
2 sin2 x 1, do f (x) 3. Du bng xy ra khi v ch
khi:
(
p
sin x = p2 sin2 x
|sin x| = 2 sin2 x
p

sin x = 2 sin2 x
sin x 0
2
sin x = 2 sin2 x
sin x = 1
x = + k2, k Z
2
+ k2, (k Z)
Vy phng trnh c nghim l x =
2
V d
3.2.12. Gii phng trnh:
3x2 + 6x + 7 +
p
5x2 + 10x + 14 = 4 2x x2
75
3x2
5x2
q
+ 10x + 14= 3(x 1)2 + 4+
f (x) =
+ 6x + 7+
q
5(x + 1)2 + 9, do f (x) 5, x D = {x : 4 2x x2 0}.
2
2
t g(x) = 4 2x x = (x + 1) + 5, do g(x) 5.

f (x) = 5
Khi phng trnh cho tng ng vi h
x = 1
g(x) = 5
Vy x = 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
Bi gii: t
V d
3.2.13. Tm gi tr ca tham s m phng trnh sau c nghim:
4
3 x 1 + m x + 1 = 2 x2 1
Bi gii: iu kin
x 1.
r
r
x1
x1
Phng trnh cho tng ng 3
+24
= m,(1)
x
+
1
x
+
1
r
r
r
x1
x
1
x1
4
+24
, t t =
, vi x 1 suy ra
Xt f (x) = 3
x+1
x+1
x+1
0 t < 1. Khi f (x) vi x 1 tng ng vi g(t) = 3t2 + 2t vi
0 t < 1. Ta kho st g(t) vi 0 t 1 thu c gnn = g(1) = 1 v
1
1
gln = , suy ra fln = v f (x) > 1.
3
3
1
Vy phng trnh c nghim th 1 < m
3
V d
3.2.14. Xc nh m phng trnh sau c nghim:
p
p
p
p
p
m( 1 x2 1 x2 + 2) = 2 1 x4 + 1 + x2 1 x2
Bi gii: iu kin 1 x 1
1 + x2 1 x2 vi 1
t t =
x 1 th 0 t 2
2
Phng trnh cho tr thnh m(t + 2) = t + t + 2, v 0 t
2 nn
2
t + t + 2
phng trnh tng ng vi phng trnh
=m
t+2
t2 + t + 2
t f (t) =
. Do f (t) lin tc vi 0 t
2. Bng phng
t+2
php kho st hm s ta thu c fln = f (0) = 1; fnn = f ( 2) =

2 1.
Vy phng trnh c nghim th

21m1
V d
3.2.15. Tm a bt phng trnh sau
p
(a + 2)x a = |x + 1| .
C ngim ng vi mi
0 x 2.
76
Bi gii: Bnh phng hai v ta a bt phng trnh v dng tung ng
sau:
x2 + 1 a(x 1), (1)

Ta thy
x = 1 khng phi l nghim ca (1) do (1) tng ng vi h:

2
x +1
x 1 a, 0 x < 1(I)
x2 + 1
a, 1 < x 2(II)
x1
x2 + 1
x2 2x 1
0
Xt hm s f (x) =
vi 0 x 2. o hm f (x) =
2 .
x1
(x
1)
0
2
Cho f (x) = 0 x 2x 1 = 0 x = 1
2
Lp bng bin thin ta thu c:
0 x < 1 ta c: fln = f (0) = 1 v fnn = , suy ra a 1

Vi 1 < x 1 ta c: fnn = f (2) = 5 v fln = +, suy ra a 5
Vy bt phng trnh c nghim vi mi 0 x 2 th a 1 hoc
a 5.
2x2
=y
1 + 2x
2y
V d 3.2.16 . Gii h phng trnh
=z
1 + y2
2z = x
1 + z2
Vi
x = y = z = 0.
x, y, z nhn gi tr khc 0 th
Bi gii: D thy nghim ca h l

Nu mt trong ba n s
gi tr khc
hai n kia cng nhn
0. Nhn cc v ca h ta c:
8x2 y 2 z 2
= xyz
(1 + x2 )(1 + y 2 )(1 + z 2 )
8xyz
=1
2
(1 + x )(1 + y 2 )(1 + z 2 )
(1 + x2 )(1 + y 2 )(1 + z 2 ) = 8xyz
1
1
1
(x + )(y + )(z + ) = 8
x
y
z
1
1
1
P = (x + )(y + )(z + ) = 8, ta c max P = 8. Du bng xy
x6=0,y6=0,z6=0
x
y
z
77
ra khi
x = y = z = 1.
Vy h phng trnh c nghim l:

V d
2x
(x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0); (1, 1, 1)
3.2.17. Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim:

(y + 2)x2 + xy = m
vi (x, y) R
2
x + x y = 1 2m

Bi gii: T h phng trnh
2x3 (y + 2)x2 + xy = m, (1)

x2 + x y = 1 2m, (2)
Nhn hai v ca phng trnh (1) vi 2 ri cng vi (1)ta c:

3
2
2
4x (2y + 4)x + 2xy + x + x y = 1

4x3 + 4x2 + x2 + x 1 = y(2x2 2x + 1)
4x3 3x2 + x 1
y=
2x2 2x + 1
1
3
y = 2x +
2 2(2x2 2x + 1)
3
1
1
2
=
1
(2x2
Thay vo (2) ta c: 2m = x + x +
2
2 2(2x 2x + 1)
2
3
2x + 1)
2(2x2 2x + 1)
3
1
2
2
, t t = 2x 2x + 1,
Xt f (x) = (2x 2x + 1)
2
2
2(2x 2x + 1)
1
1
3
1
vi t
. Khi f (x) tng ng vi g(t) = 1 (t + ), vi t
.
2
2
t
2
Bng phng php kho st ta tm c gln = 1
3; gnn = hay
fln = 1 3; fnn = .
1 3
Vy phng trnh c nghim th 2m 1
3 hay m
2
Kt lun
Trong lun vn ny, chng ti trnh by c nhng vn c bn sau:

(1) Nhc li nh ngha, mt s tnh cht ca bt ng thc. Trnh by li
mt s phng php c bn chng minh bt ng thc cng mt s
v d tng thch tng phng php.
(2) Nhc li khi nim gi tr ln nht hoc nh nht v mt s kt qu
lin quan. Trnh by c mt s phng php c bn xc nh gi
tr ln nht hoc nh nht mt biu thc hay mt hm s. Chn lc v
sng tc c mt s bi ton tng ng.
(3) Trnh by phng php sng tc mt s bi ton cc tr trong tam gic
qua a thc bc ba.
(4) Vn dng khi nim cc tr vo vic chng minh li mt s bt ng
thc c in v gii h phng trnh hay bt phng trnh.
Tuy ht sc c gng nhng do thi gian c hn nn lun vn vn khng
th trnh khi nhng sai xt v hn ch nht nh, rt mong c s ng
gp kin ca qu thy c v cc bn lun vn c hon thin hn.
78
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Don Minh Cng (ch bin), Ton n thi i hc, H Ni 2003.
[2] Nguyn (ch bin), Cc bi ton i s hay v kh , NXB Gio Dc
1996.
[3] L Hng c cng tp th gio vin trng THPT Quc T NEWTONH Ni, Phng php chng minh bt ng thc v tm gi tr ln nht
nh nht ca hm s, H Ni 1995.
[4] Trn Vn Ho (ch bin), Chuyn bt ng thc luyn thi i hc ,
NXB Gio Dc 2005.
[5] Phan Huy Khi, Cc phng php tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ,
H Ni 1995.
[6] Phan Huy Khi, Ton nng cao lng gic lp 11 , H Ni 1999.
[7] V i Mau- V i Hoi c (ch bin), Cc phng php c bit
tm gi tr ln nht nh nht ca hm s , NXB Gio Dc 2000.
79
80
Lun vn c bo v trc hi ng chm lun vn ngy 22 thng
11 nm 2011 v chnh sa vi cc kin ng gp ca cc thy, c trong
hi ng.
Thi Nguyn, ngy 24 thng 11 nm 2011
Xc nhn ca cn b hng dn khoa hc
PGS.TS m Vn Nh

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I HC THI NGUYN

PHNG PHP TON S CP

TM TT LUN VN THC S TON HC

Thi Nguyn 2011

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

Cng trnh c hon thnh ti

Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS. TS M VN NH

Phn bin 1: PGS.TS L TH THANH NHN

C th tm hiu lun vn ti th vin i hc Thi Nguyn

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

Khi nim v mt vi tnh cht ca bt ng thc

Mt vi phng php chng minh n gin . . . . . . . . . . .

Mt s phng php tm gi tr ln nht-nh nht

Phng php bt ng thc

Phng php a thc hai bin bc hai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Phng php hnh hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Mt s bi cc tr trong tam gic

S dng hm lng gic

S dng nghim a thc bc ba

Mt s ng dng vo gii bi ton lin quan

Gii phng trnh v bt phng trnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

Khi nim v mt vi tnh cht ca bt ng thc

1.1.1. Cho hai s thc

a, b, c v s t nhin n lun c tnh cht:

Khi chng minh bt ng thc, nhng ng nht thc thng c s dng:

(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca).

|a| = |b| khi v ch khi a = b.

Ba b di y trnh by cc bt ng thc thng c s dng sau ny.

(a2 + b2 + c2 )(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) > (ax + by + cz)2 .

||a| |b|| 6 |a + b| 6 |a| + |b|.

(a b)2 > 0 nn a2 + b2 > 2ab. Du = xy ra khi v ch

(a2 + b2 )(x2 + y 2 ) = (ax + by)2 + (ay bx)2 > (ax + by)2 nn

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

|a| = |a + b + (b)| 6 |a + b| + | b| = |a + b| + |b| nn |a| |b| 6 |a + b|.

a, b, c, x, y, z, u, v, t > 0 lun c cc bt ng thc sau:

a+x b+y c+z

a+x b+y c+z

1.1.6. Cho ba s thc

a, b, c > 0. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

Bi gii: (i) Bt ng thc tng ng vi bt ng thc

(ab 1)(a b)2 >

(iv) l hin nhin qua quy ng hai v.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

ab > 1 s khng c (iv). Tht vy, khi a = 2, b = 1 c

Mt vi phng php chng minh n gin

1.2.1. Chng minh rng, vi

a, b, c > 0 ta lun c bt ng thc sau:

a + b + c = 3 th ta c bt ng thc a + b + c > ab + bc + ca.

a2 + a + a > 3a, b2 + b + b > 3b, c2 + c + c > 3c

a, b, c > 0. Khi ta lun c bt ng thc di y:

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

a, b, c > 0 tha mn a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng

Bi gii: Theo Bt ng thc Bunhiakowski ta c

[a2 (a + 2b2 ) + b2 (b + 2c2 ) + c2 (c + 2a2 )]T > (a2 + b2 + c2 )2 .

a, b, c, d > 0 tha mn a+b+c+d = abc+bcd+cda+dab.

Chng minh bt ng thc sau

(a + b)(a + c)(a + d) = (a2 + 1)(a + b + c + d).

Bi gii: T gi thit suy ra

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn