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I)
S CN THIT, MC CH CA VIC THC HIN SNG KIN
Sch gio khoa lp 11 mn Hnh hc gim ti b phn php i xng qua mt trc,
php i xng qua mt tm, nh vy khi hc phn ny hc sinh cm thy nh b thiu
ht v kh nm bt ,php bin hnh trong mt phng ch cn li cc php tnh tin,
php quay, php v t v php ng dng.Cc bi tp trong sch gio khoa li t v s
lng thi gian li nhiu bi do gim ti.Php bin hnh cho bi quy tc li tru
tng hc sinh trung bnh v yu kh nm bt c thng tin ca bi hc .Trong khi
ging dy phn php bin hnh l vn mi i vi hc sinh
V l nhm t hiu qu trong ging dy gim bt kh khn cho hc sinh nn ti
c gng tm ti c rt ra c cc vn ct li cho hc sinh d hiu hn cc mi
quan h ca php bin hnh vi nhau, bn cht ca php bin hnh v phng php
gii bi ton tm nh ca mt im, nh ca mt hnh qua cc php Tnh tin, php
quay, php V t , php ng dng v cc vn lin quan
Cho hc sinh thy c php bin hnh c nhiu ng dng gii cc bi ton m hnh
hc thun ty nan gii, phng php gii m sch gio khoa cha cp n hoc l
cc kin thc cha c trong sch gio khoa.N b sung y cc kin thc ca php
bin hnh cho hc sinh tin li trong vic gii cc bi tp phn ny,m rng cc kin
thc cn thit cho hc sinh hc tp d dng hn
II)
PHM VI TRIN KHAI THC HIN
Chuyn c thc hin ging dy trn cc lp 11c4,11c5,11c6 c chuyn ti n
ngi hc mt cch thit thc v hiu qu trong c hc k mt, ngoi ra cng c th
p dng chuyn ny gii mt s bi thi vo i hc.p dng gii quyt cc bi tp
ca sch gio khoa mt cch nhanh chng, phn chuyn phn php quay c khai
thc vi cc kin thc mi m
III) M T SNG KIN
x ' 2 x 1
x ' 3
A ' 3;1
y ' 2 y 1
y' 1
M d M ' F M d '
1 x '
x
x ' 2 x 1
2
Ta c
y ' 2 y 1
y ' 1
y
2
y ' 1
M x; y d 1- x+3 =0 2 x ' y ' 7 0
2
trang1
Vy d : 2x+y 7 =0
BI 2
Trong
mt phng Oxy cho php bin hnh F bin im M(x;y) thnh im M sao cho
OM ' OM v, v 3; 2 .
a)Tm ta M
b) Cho d: 3x 4y +6 = 0.Tm d ' F d
GII
a)Gi ta M(x;y) OM ' x '; y ' , OM v x 3; y 2 M ' x 3; y 2
b) Gi ta M(x;y) l nh ca M d qua F
x' x 3
x x ' 3
y' y2
y y ' 2
Vy d: 3x-4y -11 = 0
BI TP
Trong mt phng Oxy, cho php bin hnh F bin im M(x;y) thnh im
1
3
M(x; y)
a)Tm ta A l nh ca A(2;-3)
b)Tm phng trnh d l nh ca ng thng d : x y+ 3 =0
c)Tm phng trnh nh ca ng trn (x-1)2+(y-2)2= 4
II)
BIU THC TA CA PHP TNH TIN
1)Trong mt phng Oxy, cho v a; b v M(x;y)
x' x a
y' yb
2)BI TP P DNG
BI1
Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ng thng d c phng trnh x- 2y +3=0 vc t
v 2; 1
a) Tm d= Tv d
b)Tm d1 sao cho d= Tv d1
nh hng cho cu a)
Qua php tnh tin ng thng bin thnh ng thng
Cch 1. Ta s dng d M ' x '; y ' | M ' Tv M , M x; y d
T biu thc ta
x' x a
x x ' a
d '/ / d
d ' d
Cch2. d= Tv d
a) d= Tv d
Trang 2
nn d1 c dng x- 2y +c = 0 (**)
ly ly M ' d M ' 3;0 M '' (-5;1) d1
-5 2 +c = 0 hay c =7 thay vo (**)
Vy d1: x 2y +7 =0
BI2
Php tnh tin Tv bin ng trn (C) c phng trnh x2+y2-2x +2y 7 = 0
Ta M:
x ' a cos
x a cos
M ':
y a sin
y ' a sin
Ta c
M'
M
hay
c bit
Nu 900 M ' y; x
Nu 900 M ' y; x
AC y0 ; x0
trang3
x X x0
y Y y
0
c bit
y0
O1
Y
O
x0
x ' y y0 x0
y ' x x0 y0
x ' y y0 x0
*Kt qu 2: 900
y ' x x0 y0
c) BI TP P DNG
Bi1) Bi tp sch gio khoa hnh hc 11 trang 19
Trong mt phng ta Oxy cho A(2;0) v ng thng d c phng trnh
x+y-2=0. Tm nh ca A v d qua php Q O ,90
GII
V 900 , Nu M(x;y) th M(-y;x)
A(2;0) th A(0;2)
0
x' y
y x '
y' x
x y
x' y
y ' x
GII
Ta tm ca ng trn (C) l I(1;2), bn knh R=2
0
Tm nh ca I l I :
x' 2
I ' 2; 1
y ' 1
Trang 4
2
2
y x'
thay vo phng trnh ca (C) ta c y ' x ' 2 y ' 4 x ' 1 0
x y '
GII
0
x ' y y0 x0
M d M ' QO1 ,900 M x '; y ' ta c 900
y ' x x0 y0
x' y 3
y 3 x '
y ' x 1
x y ' 1
GII
0
3
1
x'
y 2 1
x ' x 1
5
3 3
2
2
2
ta c 300
A ' ; 2
2
2
y ' x 1 1 y 2 3 2 y ' 2 3 3
2
2
2
v B '
3;3 3
BI 5
Cho hai ng trn (C) v (C) ln lt c phng trnh
x2+y2 -2x -4y +1= 0 v x2+y2+4x = 0. Tm ta tm ca php quay gc 900 bin
(C) thnh (C).
GII
Ta c tm (C) l I(1;2) ,R =2
Tm ca (C) l I(-2;0), R=2
Gi ta tm quay O1(x0;y0)
p dng kt qu ta c
x ' y y x
2 2 y x0
0
0
0
I= Q O ,90 I ta c 900
y
'
y
0
y0
0
0
0
x y0 0
0
x0 y0 1
x0 2
1 1
O1 ;
1
2 2
y0
2
3
x0 2
3 5
2 2 y0 x0
O2 ;
5
0 1 x0 y0
2 2
y0
BI 6
Trong mt phng Oxy,cho hai ng thng d: 2x-y +4 = 0 v d:x -3y 2 = 0 . Tm
ta hai im A, B ln lt nm trn d v d sao cho tam gic OAB vung cn ti O
GII
Gi d1= Q O ,90 (d)
0
trang5
x' y
y x '
y' x
x y'
x 5
x 2y 4 0
8 6
A ;
x 3y 2 0
6
5 5
y
5
xB 5
6 8
xB y A
B = Q O,900 (A)
B ;
x
8
B
A
5 5
yB
5
O
x
BI 7 Khi D-2011
Trong mt phng Oxy ,cho im A(1;0) v ng trn (C) : x 2 y 2 2 x 4 y 5 0
.Vit phng trnh ng thng ct (C) ti hai im M,N sao cho tam gic AMN
vung cn ti A
GII
Ga s gc lng gic AM , AN 90
Gi M 0 x0 ; y0 C x02 y02 2 x0 4 y0 5 0 1
AM x0 1; y0 , AN y0 ; x0 1 , N 1 y0 ; x0 1
N C x02 y02 2 x0 9 0 2
x 2; y0 1
T (1) v (2) ta c 0
x0 2; y0 3
M 2;1 , N 0;1 : y 1 0
M 2; 3 , N 4; 3 : y 3 0
BI TP
1) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho A(3;3), B(0;5), C(1;1) v ng thng d:
5x -3y +15 = 0.Hy xc nh ta cc nh ca tam gic ABC v d theo th t l
nh ca tam gic ABC v d theo php quay Q O ,90
2) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho d: x +y 2=0.Hy vit phngtrnh d ' Q O,45 d
0
x y 3
x ' y ' 3
x '
x
2
2
2
y' x 3 y
y x ' 3 y '
2
2
2
QO ,600 d d1 : 2 3 x 2 3 1 y 8 0
x y 2 0
B d ' d1
2 3 x 2 3 1 y 8 0
d'
Trang 6
23 17 3
x
13
y 3 17 3
13
A Q 0,600 B
yA ' x A
y A ' 1
y ' x
x y '
M d 3y-x+1 =0
d : -x+3y+ 1 =0
6) Trong mt phng Oxy cho A(1;2) v hai ng thng
d1 : x 2 y 1 0, d 2 : x 2 y 8 0 . Tm cc im B,C,D sao ABCD l hnh
vung, B d1 , D d 2
7) khi B-2007
Cho A(2;2) v hai ng thng
1 : x y 2 0, 2 : x y 8 0 .Tm ta hai im B,C ln lt thuc 1 , 2 sao cho
tam gic ABC vung cn ti A
Bi ny nu 1, 2 ct nhau vn tha mn
IV)PHP DI HNH
1) NH NGHA
Php di hnh l php bin hnh khng lm thay i khong cch gia hai im bt k
Trong mt phng Oxy cho php di hnh F, M=F(M) v N=F(N)
2
x ' 5 x 5 y
4
3
y' x y
5
5
trang7
3
4 3
4 4
3 4
3
x y x1 y1 x y x1 y1
5 5
5 5
5 5
5
5
2
2
4
3
3
4
x x1 y y1 x x1 y y1
5
5
5
5
y ' y1'
= x x1 y y1 MN 2
b) gi M(x;y) l nh ca M(x;y) thuc d khi d ' M ' | M ' F M , M d
3
4
3
4
x ' 5 x 5 y
x 5 x ' 5 y '
4
3
4
3
y' x y
y x ' y '
5
5
5
5
4 4
3
3
M d 2 x ' y ' x ' y ' 1 0 10x +5y +5= 0
5 5
5
5
d: 2x +y +1 = 0
V D 2
Php bin hnh F bin im M(x;y) thnh M(x;y)
sao cho
x ' 2x y 1
y ' x 2 y 1
a) Tm nh ca A(2;1) qua F
b) F c phi l php di hnh khng ?
GII
a) Thay ta ca A vo cng thc
x' 4
vy A(4;3)
y' 3
b) x= y = 0 ta c B(1;-1)
A ' B ' 9 16 5, AO 4 1 5 khng phi l php di
x
sin
y
1
1
1cos
y ' y
'
1
2
2
pcm
Chng minh bn php bin hnh cn li cng l php di l n gin
2) BI TP P DNG
BI 1(bi tp 1 trang 23 sch gio khoa hnh hc 11)
Trong mt phng Oxy cho A(-3;2), B( -4;5) v C(-1;3)
a) Chng minh rng A(2;3), B(5;4) v C(3;1) th t l nh ca A, B, C qua
php Q O ,90
GII
0
900 A ' :
2 2
x' y
ng .
y ' x
3 3
Trang 8
vy A l nh ca A qua Q O,90
Bc 1: php tnh tin bin ng thng thnh ng thng song song hoc trng vi
n
0
d '/ / d
d ' d d ' : x 2 y c 0
Bc 2
Tm c bng cch tm M thuc d c nh M thuc dtheo cng thc
x' x a
y' yb
c phng trnh d
*Ch tm d c n 3 cch gii
Bc 3
Tm nh ca d = Q O,90 (d)
GII
d '/ / d
d ' d d ' : x 2 y c 0
Ly M d M 3; 0 Tv M M ' 2; 2
V M ' d 2 4 c 0 c 2
TV d d ' : x- 2y 2 = 0
Gi M ' Q O ,90 M x '; y '
x' y
y x'
y ' x
x y '
vi I(1;2)
V)PHP V T
1) NH NGHA
Cho
im
O v s k 0 .Php bin hnh bin mi im M thnh M sao cho
x ' kx
M ' V O ,k M =(x;y) OM ' kOM
y ' ky
trang9
x ' a k x a
x ' k x a a
IM ' k IM
y ' a k y b
y ' k y b b
BI TP P DNG
BI 1
Trong mt phng Oxy, cho im A(1;-2) v ng thng d c phng trnh
3x -4y +6 =0. Tm:
a) nh ca A, d qua php v t tm O v t s k =3
b) Ta ca B sao cho VO ,3 B A
GII
a) Ta c A l nh ca A c ta
x ' 3x
x' 3
A ' 3; 6
y ' 3y
y ' 6
Gi M(x;y) l nh ca M(x;y) d
x'
x 3
x ' 3x
Ta M= V O ,3 M l
y ' 3y
y'
y
3
4
V M d x ' y ' 6 0 3 x ' 4 y ' 18 0
3
xB
3
x
B
3 B 1; 2
b) VO ,3 B A A
2
y A 3 yB
3 3
yB
3
A ' 5; 8
y ' 8
y
'
k
y
b
y
'
x ' 2
x 3
x ' k x a a
x ' 3x 2
M:
y ' 3y 2
y ' 2
y ' k y b b
y
3
4
M d x ' 2 y ' 2 6 0
3
a)
d: 3x 4y +4= 0
b)ng trn (C) c tm I(-1;3) v R =3
---Php bin hnh trong mt phng ta -u Trng Nhc
Trang 10
x ' 1
I ' 1; 7
y' 7
a
a
x '
kx
x ' kx a
1 k
1 k
y ' ky b
y ' b k y b
1 k
1 k
b
a
Php v t tm O '
;
t s k
1 k 1 k
BI4
Trong mt phng Oxy cho im I(2;-1) v hai ng thng d c phng trnh 2x-3y-5
= 0 v d: 2x-3y -3 =0.Php v t tm I t s k bin d thnh d. tm k ?
GII
Ly M thuc d M 1; 1
Gi M(x;y) l nh ca M , IM 1; 0
x ' 2 k
x ' k 2
IM ' kIM
y ' 1
y ' 1
1
2
xN ' xM '
y N ' yM ' k 2 [ x N x M y N y M ]
V D
Trong mt phng Oxy, php bin hnh F bin mi im M(x;y) thnh
M(-2x+3;2y-1).Chng minh F l php ng dng
trang11
GII
Gi M(x;y) v N ' x ; y ln lt l nh ca M(x;y), N(x1;y1)
'
1
'
1
y ' y
'
1
2 x 3 2 x1 3 2 y 1 2 y1 1
x '
V 1 M M '
O,
y '
2
1
x
2 x 2x '
1
y 2y '
y
2
x ''
Q O,450 M ' M''
y ''
2
x '
2
2
x '
2
2
y'
x '
2
2
y '
y'
1
2
1
2
x '' y ''
y '' x ''
2
2
x
y
x '
2
2 x ' 0
Q O,450 I I '
y ' 2
y ' 2 x 2 y
2
2
x '' 0
V
O, 2 I ' I '' y '' 2 I'' 0;2
R= 2R 2 2
Vy phng trnh ng trn cn tm l x2+(y- 2)2= 8.
BI3(Bi 6 trang 35-SGK 11)
Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ng trn tm I(1;-3) bn knh bng 2.Vit phng trnh
nh ca ng trn tm I bn knh bng 2 qua php ng dng c c thc hin lin
tip php v t tm O t s k=3 v php i xng trc Ox
GII
x ' 3
V O,3 I I'
I' 3; 9 ,R=6
y ' 9
x '' 3
I '' 3;9 v R=6
Ox(I) =I
y '' 9
---Php bin hnh trong mt phng ta -u Trng Nhc
Trang 12
trang13
BO CO
TM TT NI DUNG, HIU QU SNG KIN
Tn sng kin : Php bin hnh trong mt phng Oxy
Ho va ten: au Trong Nhac
Thi gian trin khai thc hin: T ngy 20/11/2012 n ngy 5/03/2013
1.S can thiet, mc ch ca vic thc hin sng kin
Khi sach giao khoa mi gim ti phn php i xng trc, php i xng tm th thi gian
lp y b sung cho phn bi tp, bi tp phi tng thm v s lng theo phi c k thut
v phng php gii km theo.Vn t ra l gii cc bi tp cho nhanh chng v hiu qu
trong vic xc nh nh ca im, ca hnh qua php bin hnh. gip hc sinh tip thu
kin thc php bin hnh v l chuyn c thc hin
2.Pham vi trin khai thc hin
Chuyen e nay ap dung cho giao vien Toan 11 ang trc tiep ng lp dy phn php bin
hnh trong mt phng ta , hc sinh lp 11 s dng mot cach hieu qu v tin li.
3.M t sang kien
Sng kin gm cc mc sau
Gii thiu php bin hnh trong mt phng ta mt cch tng quan
Php di hnh: Php tnh tin, php Quay bng biu thc to
Php V t,xy dng cng thc ta
Php ng dng
Mi phn c m t cc bi tp p dng v bi tp t lm c hng dn c th cho mi loi
bi v mi n v kin thc
4.Kt qu, hiu qua mang li
Hoc sinh de nam bat kien thc mi va on lai kien thc cu, cung co lai cac kien thc b
mat. D p dng vo cc bi trc nghim v t lun, t hc sinh hng th hc ton hn,
hiu su cc kin thc hc.Hc sinh lm bi kim tra cui chng v hc k mt t kt
qu tt
5. nh gi v phm vi nh hng ca sng kin
Hc sinh c dy cc khi lp 11 nm bt kin thc mi v n kin thc c mt cch su
rng v thu o, cc ng nghip cng thy rng y l vn mi v tnh s phm cao.
gim c thi gian chuyn ti kin thc ti ngi hc. Cc bi ton Hnh trong mt phng
ta thi i hc ca nhng nm gn y p dng chuyn ny kh thnh cng.Hc sinh
thy y l ti liu b ch cho mn hc
6. kin xut:
Sch gio khoa nn c phn xy dng tng ng cc biu thc ta cho php quay, php v
t tng t nh php tnh tin. Khng nn ct b phn i xng trc v i xng tm nh
hin nay
kin xc nhn
Ngy 5/3/2013
ca Th trng n v
Ngi bo co
au Trong Nhac
Trang 14
u trng Nhc
trang15