Cuc chin gia hai h thng in:

Mt chiu v Xoay chiu

Nguyn Bo Huy v T Cao Minh
Trung tm Nghin cu ng dng v Sng to Cng ngh (CTI)
i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Li u cu chuyn
Trong nghin cu v ging dy, lch s chuyn ngnh lun l mt ch
hp dn. Cc tc gi nhn thy rng mt cht hiu bit v lch s ca
i tng ang nghin cu s em li s hng khi nht nh i vi bn thn
cng nh cc sinh vin. Tuy vy, dng nh ch ny t c chng ta
cp n trong cc bi ging cng nh t c quan tm khi lm cng vic
nghin cu. Chng ti vit bi ny vi hy vng to nn mt cht hng th, v
t bn c tip tc tm hiu v chia s nhng vn th v trong lch s
ngnh ngh ca mnh. Bi vit ny l mt tiu lun nh v cuc chin v i
gia hai h thng in mt chiu (DC) v xoay chiu (AC) m nhng i din
tham chin trc tip l Edison v Westinghouse cng nhng cng s ca
h vo cui th k 19. Sau , vi nhng cp nht v xu th pht trin ca
ngnh in hin nay, chng ti nu ln mt d on v s tri dy ca
in mt chiu, v rt c th s l h thng in ca tng lai. Bi vit
c s dng mt s t liu lch s; nhng d on phn no l quan im
ch quan ca tc gi.

Mt phin bn ca bi vit ng trn Tp ch T ng ha Ngy nay, s Tt,

thng 1-2 nm 2015.

Cuc chin v i cui th k 19:

S ton thng ca in xoay chiu

Cuc chin v i l t m Kassakian v cng s trong cun gio trnh [1]

ni ting ca mnh dng gi cuc tranh u vo giai on 18851895 ti
Hoa K gia hai doanh nghip cung cp in ca Edison v Westinghouse.
y thc s l mt cuc chin; n c c nhng li tuyn chin, thch thc,
nhng trn tranh u vi c tn cng v phng th, c c vin binh, v
c nhng yu t v thi cuc.

1.1

S thng tr v c on ca Edison

Thomas Edison, vi k ti thin ph trong c vai tr nh pht minh v

thng nhn, hon ton chi phi lnh vc k thut in cho n u
nhng nm 1880. H thng in lc by gi c s dng cho hai vic chnh
l chiu sng v chy ng c in. Bng n dy tc l sn phm do Edison
hon thin, v n d dng lm vic vi c in xoay chiu v mt chiu.
ng c in, tri li, ch c loi dng in mt chiu vo thi im .
Mt u th vt tri ca in mt chiu lc l ngi ta c th o c
lng tiu th in. ng h o in lc , cng do cng ty ca Edison
sn xut, l mt thit b lm vic da trn nguyn l in ha, v do , n
ch lm vic vi in mt chiu. Edison v cng ty ca ng lc ny thc s
mt v tr c tn.
Lch s cn ghi nhn thi gian ny mt nh pht minh thin ti na
l Nikola Tesla. i vi nhiu ngi, Tesla thm ch mt tm cao hn
hn Edison v nng lc sng to. Nm 1884, Tesla ti New York lm vic
cho cng ty ca Edison, ng bt u t v tr k s thng thng v rt
nhanh chng tr thnh mt ngi quan trng chuyn gii quyt cc vn
kh khn nht v k thut cho cng ty. Vo nm 1885, Tesla xut rng
ng c th ci tin hiu sut ca sn phm my pht in mt chiu, lm
tng c cht lng lm vic v tnh kinh t cho cng ty. Edison ni "S c
50 nghn -la cho anh, nu anh lm c iu ." Ta nn bit rng Edison
l mt ngi rt keo kit, v thc t l lc ng cng khng c bng y
tin mt trong tay. Vi thng sau, Tesla hon thnh cng vic, ng yu cu
c s tin ha. Edison cho bit ng ch ni a: "Tesla, anh khng hiu
tnh hi hc ca ngi M chng ti!" Edison thng cho thnh tch
ca Tesla bng cch tng lng ca ng t 10 ln 18 -la mt tun. Tesla
lp tc b vic.
V tr thng tr v mi mt ca Edison v h thng in mt chiu ca ng
bt u gp thch thc khi Shallenberger, mt k s trng ca cng ty West2

inghouse, vo u nm 1888 tm ra mt nguyn l o in xoay chiu,

chnh l nn tng cho cng-t in kiu a quay ph bin ngy nay.

1.2

ng c AC ca Tesla v ngn gi o chiu

C th ni rng cng vi ng h o in AC, vic sng ch ra ng c

in xoay chiu ca Nikola Tesla nm 1888 ([2]) c tc dng vi Cng ty
Westinghouse nh ngn gi ng trn sng Xch Bch. Hnh 1 chp mt
gc bng sng ch ca Tesla m t nguyn l hot ng ca ng c in
xoay chiu. Ti thi im ny, ng mi a ra nguyn l hot ng ch cha
c m hnh thc nghim ca ng c. y ta c th ch mt cht s
khc bit gia phng php ca Tesla v Edison. Edison pht minh da trn
hng chui my m th nghim; trong khi Tesla xy dng mi m hnh
v nguyn l vn hnh trong u ri mi trin khai xy dng thc nghim.
Tuy rng mi ch l nguyn l trn giy, nhng gii chuyn mn nh gi rt
cao sng ch ny. Ti liu [3] trch li mt k s:
Vic pht trin ng c in xoay chiu nh m t ca ngi
Tesla l n lc rt hiu qu ni lin chui mt xch n nay
vn cn thiu trong ng dng ca in xoay chiu.
Westinghouse ngay lp tc tin hnh m phn mua li cc bng
sng ch ca Tesla. Ch n thng By nm 1888, ng khng ch mua li
cc sng ch m cn bo h tt c cng vic ca Tesla. V bn nm sau,
vo nm 1892, cng ty Westinghouse thng mi ha thnh cng ng c
xoay chiu ca Tesla.

1.3

Chin dch tn cng ca phe DC

vo vn an ton in

Nm 1888 l mt du mc then cht ca cuc chin dng in (current

war). T nm 1886 v 1887, khi cng ty Westinghouse trin khai thnh cng
h thng cung cp in AC, Edison c mt lot ng thi cng kch
h thng ny. Ban u, v ph thy ca Menlo Park 1 tn cng trn tt c
cc phng din gm gi thnh v tnh kinh t, tin cy, tnh an ton, v
hiu sut. Tuy nhin, cc mi tn cng vo cc yu t kinh t v k thut
u khng thu c hiu qu. V kinh t th vic truyn in AC i hi
dy dn c tit din nh hn hn truyn in DC. thi im ny, gi ng
ang rt cao v do vy h thng truyn in AC c gi thnh cnh tranh
1

Bit danh m gii truyn thng v cng chng gi Edison

Hnh 1: nh chp mt gc bng sng ch ca Tesla vo nm 1888 v ng c

in xoay chiu. Ch rng vo thi im ny ng k sng ch ny th
Tesla mi a ra nguyn l ch cha c m hnh hot ng trong thc t
(ch No Model).
hn so vi DC. V phng din k thut, nhc im ln v s thiu vng
ng h o in AC c chnh i ng nghin cu ca Westinghouse
gii quyt. Vo nm 1888, khi Tesla sng ch ra ng c xoay chiu, phe DC
ng trc mt nguy c ln. ng vo nm ny, mt tr th c lc ca
Edison xut hin; l Harold P. Brown, mt k s cng t hc khng qua
o to chnh quy ging nh Edison.
Brown ch chuyn tm nghin cu mt ch chnh l an ton ca cc
h thng in i vi cng ng. Trong nhng tuyn b trn bo ch ca mnh,
Brown tuyn b rng in xoay chiu rt nguy him, trong khi h thng ca
Edison an ton mt cch hon ho. T 1888, phe DC tp trung ton b cc
mi tn cng vo vn an ton in. Edison vit mt bi bo trn t The
New York Times (s ra ngy 18/12/1888) ra li thch thc Westinghouse
n gp ng v cho in AC chy qua ngi, trong khi Edison s cho in
DC chy qua ngi trc s chng kin ca cc chuyn gia. (Rt may l)
Westinghouse t chi li thch thc ny. Brown v cc cng s cng ty
Edison tin hnh nhng th nghim v tc dng ca in ln ng vt nh

Hnh 2: Th nghim ca Edison v tc hi ca in xoay chiu ln ng vt

nm 1888. Trong th nghim ny, nhm nghin cu git cht mt con nga
bng in xoay chiu nh ca Westinghouse [3].
ch, nga, v c voi. Hnh 2 chp li mt cuc th nghim ca nhm Edison
v tc hi ca in xoay chiu bng cch git cht mt con nga. Th nghim
ni ting nht trong cuc chin ny l Edison nng chn mt con voi
36 tui bng in 6600 VAC vo nm 1903.2 Tuy nhin, thi im ny th
gn nh phe AC c bn dnh chin thng.
Thng li c coi l r rng nht ca nhm DC trong cuc tn cng trn
trn a an ton in ny li l mt s kin th v. Edison thuyt phc c
bang New York t hnh phm nhn bng gh in vi dng in xoay chiu
ca Westinghouse vi v t hnh u tin thc hin vo 06/08/1890. Gh in
cng chnh l mt pht minh ca Edison hnh thc t hnh ny Hoa K
tn ti n nm 2012.
2

C th xem video quay li cuc hnh quyt ny trn Youtube: http://youtu.be/

VD0Q5FeF_wU

1.4

Phe AC dnh chin thng

Mc d thc hin rt nhiu cuc cng kch l th k trn, Edison cng

khng th km hm bnh xe lch s. Thc tin k thut chng minh
nhng u im ca h thng in xoay chiu. S ra i v hon thin ca
ng h o v ng c in AC nn tng k thut vng chc cho in
xoay chiu tr thnh h thng cung cp in tiu chun. y c l cng
phi k n bn lnh ca Westinghouse. Trc nhng s khiu khch ca
phe Edison, ng ch n gin l t chi nhng li tuyn chin thch thc v
hon thin cng ngh ca mnh.
Thng li quyt nh ca phe AC l Thc Niagara. Nm 1892, cc k s
thit k cng trnh thy in ln nht lc Thc Niagara quyt nh
s dng h thng pht dn xoay chiu truyn in n Buffalo cch
20 dm (32,2 km). Vo nm 1895 khi h thng ny vn hnh thnh cng th
cuc chin coi nh ng ng. Nhng cng kch ca phe DC sau khng
cn kh nng xoay chuyn tnh hnh.

Th k 21: in mt chiu tri dy?

T thi im cuc chin kt thc n by gi, in xoay chiu vn l

h thng truyn ti v s dng ch yu trn ton th gii. Tuy vy, nhng
pht trin mnh m v khoa hc v k thut ngy nay, c bit l v in t
cng sut v cc lnh vc lin quan, ang thc y mt cuc xoay chuyn
mi. in mt chiu ang tri dy v rt c th s tr li thnh h thng
truyn ti, phn phi, v s dng ch cht trong dn dng v cng nghip.
Trn phng din truyn ti v phn phi in, HVDC (high-voltage direct current) ang ngy mt ln mnh, ha hn l mt phng thc thay th
hiu qu cho vic truyn ti bng in xoay chiu cao p nh hin nay.
Hnh 3 l hnh nh thi cng lp rp mng cp in mt chiu cao p HVDC
xuyn bin ni lin Na Uy v an Mch [4].
Trong cng nghip, ng c l mt i tng tiu th in ch yu.
ng c xoay chiu hin nay c u th tuyt i so vi ng c mt chiu.
Tuy vy, khc vi th h trc, ng c hin nay phn ln c s dng
vi cc b bin i in t cng sut, c th l bin tn, m ch o ang
l bin tn gin tip c khu mt chiu trung gian. Cc b bin tn ny
chnh lu in li thnh in mt chiu ri nghch lu thnh in xoay chiu
iu khin c cp cho ng c. Vi mt xu hng ang pht trin mnh
hin nay l tch hp bin tn vo ng c thnh mt h thng nht,
tng lai v mt th h i tng tch hp ng c bin tn ni thng
vo h thng in mt chiu l hon ton kh thi.
6

Hnh 3: H thng cp in mt chiu cao p (HVDC) ang c lp t

ni lin Na Uy v an Mch [4].
Trong lnh vc dn dng, tt c cc thit b in t ph bin hin nay,
t tivi n my tnh, in thoi, u s dng in mt chiu. Vic kt ni
cc thit b ny vi h thng in xoay chiu u phi thng qua cc b
chnh lu (tch hp trong thit b nh i vi tivi hay qua b sc nh vi
in thoi). T , ta thy rng vic s dng trc tip mng in mt chiu
c phn phi ti tng h dn dng l iu hon ton hp l. Mt s nh
khoa hc d on v i theo xu hng ny, n c nh mt nhm
Nht Bn chuyn nghin cu ch to cc thit b nh cng tc, cm, v.v.
dng cho mng in mt chiu [5].
Nhng ngi quan tm n h thng in mt chiu chc chn s thy s
ln mnh nhanh chng ca cc lnh vc nghin cu lin quan n ngun in
v d tr nng lng, vi cc ch nng nh c quy, fuel cell, siu t in
(supercapacitor), hay h thng ngun phn tn (distributed generation).

Tm kt
Trn y l mt lc kho nh v mt ch th v trong lch s chuyn ngnh.
Cc tc gi hy vng bi vit c th em li mt cht kin thc, v quan trng
hn l nim hng khi cho sinh vin t tm hiu thm nhng ch
tng t. Trong phn th hai v s tri dy ca in mt chiu, chng ti
c ch ni rt vn tt, ch yu cung cp nhng t kha v gi xu hng
cc bn yu thch chuyn ngnh t mnh khm ph.

Ti liu
[1] J. G. Kassakian, M. F. Schlecht, and G. Verghese, Principles of Power
Electronics. Addison-Wesley, 1991.
[2] N. Tesla, A New System of Alternate Current Motors and Transformers,
AIEE Trans., vol. 5, pp. 308327, 1888.
[3] T. S. Reynolds and T. Bernstein, The Damnable Alternating Current,
Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 64, no. 9, pp. 13391343, 1976.
[4] P. Fairley, Norway Wants to Be Europes Battery, IEEE Spectrum,
2014.
[5] H. Matsuo, S. Matsumoto, M. Suetomi, S. Fujino, K. Harada, W. Lin,
and Y. Sui, Novel DC switch and DC socket for high voltage DC power
feeding systems, in 2012 IEEE 34th International Telecommunications
Energy Conference (INTELEC), pp. 14, Sept. 2012.