Chapter 15 Review Questions

1.
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2. Geology is the science devoted to the study of dynamic processes occurring
on the earths surface and in its interior. The core is extremely hot and has a
solid inner part. The mantle is hot solid rock under the crust. The crust is the
outermost and thinnest zone of the earth.
3. Convection currents in the magma drive plate tectonics and mantle plumes
are an upwelling of abnormally hot rock within the earths mantle.
4. Huge rigid plates that move extremely slow in the underlying asthenosphere.
Lithosphere is a combination of continental and oceanic crust. The theory of
plate tectonics is that they move around the speed as your fingernails grow.
5. The three different types of boundaries is that plates separate, collide, or
slide past one another.
6. Erosion is the process that breaks things down such as rocks. Weathering is
the physical, chemical, and biological processes that break down rocks into
smaller particles that help build soil.
7. A result of movements within the earths crust or volcanic action. Shaking and
sometimes a permanent vertical or horizontal displacement of the ground.
Examine historical records and make geological measurements to locate
active fault zones.
8. When an active volcanos magma reaches the earths surface through a
central vent or a long crack called a fissure. The benefits is that it creates
outstanding scenery in the form of mountains, some lakes, and other
landforms. The hazards are lava flows, ash falls, and debris avalanches.
Ways to reduce volcano hazards is to research land and pick better locations
for civilizing.
9. A mineral is a solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence and a rock is a
solid mineral material forming part of the surface of the earth and other
similar planets. Igneous rocks are a product of cooled solidified magma/lava.
Examples of igneous rocks are granite and pegmatite. Sedimentary rock are
formed by the deposition of material at the earths surface and within bodies
of water. Examples of sedimentary rocks are sandstone and shale.
Metamorphic rocks are rocks that transform from heat through a process
called metamorphism. Examples of metamorphic rocks are slate and phyllite.
10. The rock cycle is an idealized cycle of processes undergone by rocks in the
earth's crust, involving igneous intrusion, uplift, erosion, transportation,
deposition as sedimentary rock, metamorphism, remelting, and further
igneous intrusion. It is important to us because it is a model that describes
the formation, breakdown, and reformation of a rock as a result of
sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic processes.

11. A mineral resource is a concentration or occurrence of natural, solid,

inorganic or fossilized organic material in or on the Earth's crust in such form
or quantity and of such grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects for
economic extraction. An ore is a naturally occurring solid material from which
a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted. An identified resource
includes economic, marginally economic, and subeconomic components. An
undiscovered resource may be postulated in deposits of such grade and
physical location as to render them economic, marginally economic, or
subeconomic. Resources are a stock or supply of money, materials, staff, and
other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organized in order to
function effectively.
12. Surface mining, subsurface mining, contour strip mining, open pit, dredging,
mountaintop removal, and area strip mining.
13. Surface mining is when soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit are
removed. Subsurface mining is when you dig tunnels or shafts into the earth
to reach buried ore deposits. Open-pit mining is when you extract rock or
minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or burrow. Dredging
is the removal of sediments and debris from the bottom of lakes, rivers,
harbors, and other water bodies. Contour strip mining is a method of surface
mining or in which bulldozers, power shovels, or stripping wheels are used to
remove large chunks of earth in terraced strips in order to extract coal from a
seam or seams on a hill or mountain. Mountaintop removal is surface mining
that involves the mining of the summit or summit ridge of a mountain.
14. Air particulates, Land pollution, Water pollution, Sound pollution, Heat
pollution.
15. The exhaustion of raw materials within a region including minerals like coal.
Shortages in sources, lack of sufficient sinks or overflows, pollution
16.