Phng php 9

CC I LNG DNG KHI QUT

Trong cc kim tra v thi tuyn sinh theo phng php trc nghim chng ta thy
rng s lng cu hi v bi tp kh nhiu v a dng bao trm ton b chng trnh
ha hc ph thng. Rt nhiu cc phng php, cc dng bi c bn c bit
n. Sau y l mt s v d v dng bi tm mi lin h khi qut gia cc i lng
thng xut hin trong trong cc thi tuyn sinh i hc.
V d 1: (Cu 11 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Cho t t dung dch cha a mol HCl vo dung dch cha b mol Na2CO3 ng thi
khuy u, thu c V lt kh ( ktc) v dung dch X. Khi cho d nc vi trong vo
dung dch X thy c xut hin kt ta. Biu thc lin h gia V vi a, b l
A. V = 22,4(a b). B. V = 11,2(a b).
C. V = 11,2(a + b). D. V = 22,4(a + b).
Hng dn gii
Cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch Na2CO3 ta c phng trnh:
HCl + Na2CO3 NaHCO3 + NaCl (1)
b b
b mol
HCl + NaHCO3 NaCl + CO2 + H2O (2)
(a b)
(a b) mol
Dung dch X cha NaHCO3 d do HCl tham gia phn ng ht,
NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 d CaCO3 + NaOH + H2O
Vy: V = 22,4(a b). (p n A)
V d 2: (Cu 13 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Clo ho PVC thu c mt polime cha 63,96% clo v khi lng, trung bnh 1 phn
t clo phn ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC. Gi tr ca k l
A. 3. B. 6. C. 4. D. 5.
Hng dn gii
Mt phn t Clo phn ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC theo phng trnh:
+ kCl2
Do: %mCl = 63,96%
%mC,H cn li = 36,04%.
Vy =
= 3. (p n A).
V d 3: (Cu 21 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Trn dung dch cha a mol AlCl3 vi dung dch cha b mol NaOH. thu c kt

ta th cn c t l
A. a : b = 1 : 4. B. a : b < 1 : 4.
C. a : b = 1 : 5. D. a : b > 1 : 4.
Hng dn gii
Trn a mol AlCl3 vi b mol NaOH thu c kt ta th
kt ta tan hon ton th
4 4.
Vy c kt ta th < 4
a : b > 1 : 4. (p n D)
V d 4: (Cu 37 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
t chy hon ton a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO2. Mt khc, trung ha a
mol Y cn va 2a mol NaOH. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y l
A. HOOCCH2CH2COOH. B. C2H5COOH.
C. CH3COOH. D. HOOCCOOH.
Hng dn gii
- t a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO2 axit hu c Y c hai nguyn t C
trong phn t.
- Trung ha a mol axit hu c Y cn dng 2a mol NaOH axit hu c Y c 2
nhm chc cacboxyl (COOH).
Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y l HOOCCOOH. (p n D)
V d 5: (Cu 39 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Dung dch HCl v dung dch CH3COOH c cng nng mol/l, pH ca hai dung
dch tng ng l x v y. Quan h gia x v y l (gi thit, c 100 phn t CH3COOH
th c 1 phn t in li)
A. y = 100x. B. y = 2x. C. y = x 2. D. y = x + 2.
Hng dn gii
pHHCl = x [H+]HCl = 10x

Ta c: HCl H+ + Cl
10x 10x (M)
CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO
100.10y 10y (M).
Mt khc: [HCl] = [CH3COOH]

 10x = 100.10y y = x + 2. (p n D)
V d 6: (Cu 53 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
thu ly Ag tinh khit t hn hp X (gm a mol Al2O3, b mol CuO, c mol Ag2O),
ngi ta ho tan X bi dung dch cha (6a + 2b + 2c) mol HNO3 c dung dch Y,
sau thm (gi thit hiu sut cc phn ng u l 100%)
A. c mol bt Al vo Y. B. c mol bt Cu vo Y.
C. 2c mol bt Al vo Y. D. 2c mol bt Cu vo Y.
Hng dn gii
Ha tan hn hp X trong dung dch HNO3
Al2O3 + 6HNO3 2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2O
a 6a 2a mol
CuO + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O
b 2b b mol
Ag2O + 2HNO3 2AgNO3 + H2O
c 2c 2c mol
Dung dch HNO3 va . Dung dch Y gm 2a mol Al(NO3)3, b mol Cu(NO3)2, 2c
mol AgNO3. thu Ag tinh khit cn cho thm kim loi Cu vo phng trnh
Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
c mol 2c
Vy cn c mol bt Cu vo dung dch Y. (p n B)
V d 7: (Cu 32 - M 285 - Khi B - TSH 2007)
in phn dung dch cha a mol CuSO4 v b mol NaCl (vi in cc tr, c mng
ngn xp). dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng th
iu kin ca a v b l (bit ion SO42 khng b in phn trong dung dch)
A. b > 2a. B. b = 2a. C. b < 2a. D. 2b = a.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh in phn dung dch
CuSO4 + 2NaCl Cu + Cl2 + Na2SO4 (1)
a 2a mol
Dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng sau phn ng
(1) th dung dch NaCl cn d v tip tc b in phn theo phng trnh
2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2 (2)
Vy: b > 2a. (p n A)
Ch : Tng t cng cu hi trn chng ta c th hi:

+ dung dch sau in phn c mi trng axit th iu kin ca a v b l.

A. b > 2a. B. b = 2a. C. b < 2a. D. a = 2b.
+ dung dch sau in phn c kh nng ha tan kt ta Al(OH)3 th iu kin ca
a, b l
A. b > 2a. B. b < 2a. C. b 2a. D. b 2a.
V d 8: t chy hon ton a mol mt anehit X (mch h) to ra b mol CO2 v c
mol H2O (bit b = a + c). Trong phn ng trng gng, mt phn t X ch cho 2
electron. X thuc dy ng ng anehit
A. no, n chc.
B. khng no c hai ni i, n chc.
C. khng no c mt ni i, n chc.
D. no, hai chc.
Hng dn gii
Trong phn ng trng gng mt anehit X ch cho 2e X l anehit n chc bi
v:

trong : C+1 2e C+3.

t cng thc phn t ca anehit n chc X l CxHyO ta c phng trnh
CxHyO + xCO2 + H2O
a a.x mol
(b mol) (c mol)
Ta c: b = a + c ax = a + y = 2x 2.
Cng thc tng qut ca anehit n chc X l CxH2x2O c dng
Cx1H2(x1)1CHO l anehit khng no c mt lin kt i, n chc. (p n C)
V d 9: Cng thc phn t ca mt ancol A l CnHmOx. cho A l ancol no th m
phi c gi tr
A. m = 2n. B. m = 2n + 2.
C. m = 2n 1. D. m = 2n + 1.
Hng dn gii
Theo phng php ng nht h s: Cng thc tng qut ca ancol no l CnH2n+2x(OH)x hay CnH2n+2Ox. Vy m = 2n+2. (p n B)
V d 10: Hi t l th tch CO2 v hi nc (T) bin i trong khong no khi t
chy hon ton cc ankin.
A. 1 < T 2. B. 1 T < 1,5.

C. 0,5 < T 1. D. 1 < T < 1,5.

Hng dn gii
CnH2n-2 nCO2 + (n 1)H2O
iu kin: n 2 v n N.
T==
Vi mi n 2 T > 1; mt khc n tng T gim.
n = 2 T = 2 l gi tr ln nht.
Vy: 1 < T 2. (p n A)
V d 11: t chy 1 mol aminoaxit NH2(CH2)nCOOH phi cn s mol O2 l
A. B. C. D.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh t chy amino axit l
H2N(CH2)nCOOH + O2 (n + 1)CO2 + H2O
(p n C)
V d 12: Mt dung dch hn hp cha a mol NaAlO2 v a mol NaOH tc dng vi
mt dung dch cha b mol HCl. iu kin thu c kt ta sau phn ng l
A. a = b. B. a = 2b. C. b = 5a. D. a < b < 5a.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng:
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O (1)
a mol a mol
NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl (2)
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O (3)
NaAlO2 + 4HCl AlCl3 + NaCl + 2H2O (4)
a mol 4a mol
iu kin khng c kt ta khi nHCl + nNaOH = 5a. Vy suy ra iu kin c
kt ta:
nNaOH < nHCl < + nNaOH
a < b < 5a. (p n D)
V d 13: Dung dch cha a mol NaOH tc dng vi dung dch cha b mol H3PO4
sinh ra hn hp Na2HPO4 + Na3PO4. T s l
A. 1 < < 2. B. 3.
C. 2 < < 3. D. 1.

Hng dn gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
NaOH + H3PO4 NaH2PO4 + H2O (1)
2NaOH + H3PO4 Na2HPO4 + 2H2O (2)
3NaOH + H3PO4 Na3PO4 + 3H2O (3)
Ta c: nNaOH = a mol ; = b mol.
thu c hn hp mui Na2HPO4 + Na3PO4 th phn ng xy ra c hai phng
trnh (2 v 3), do :
2 < < 3, tc l 2 < < 3. (p n C)
V d 14: Hn hp X gm Na v Al.
- Th nghim 1: Nu cho m gam X tc dng vi H2O d th thu c V1 lt H2.
- Th nghim 2: nu cho m gam X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d th thu c V2
lt H2.
Cc kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V1 v V2 l
A. V1 = V2. B. V1 > V2. C. V1 < V2. D. V1 V2.
Hng dn gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng khi ha tan hn hp Na v Al vi H2O v vi dung dch
NaOH d:
Na + H2O NaOH + H2 (1)
2Al + 6H2O + 2NaOH Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2 (2)
t s mol Na v Al ban u ln lt l x v y (mol).
TN1: x y nNaOH va hoc d khi ha tan Al c hai th nghim cng to
thnh mol H2.
V1 = V2.
TN2: x < y trong TN1 (1) Al d, TN2 (2) Al tan ht
V2 > V1.
Nh vy (x,y > 0) th V2 V1. (p n D)
V d 15: Mt bnh kn cha V lt NH3 v V lt O2 cng iu kin. Nung nng bnh
c xc tc NH3 chuyn ht thnh NO, sau NO chuyn ht thnh NO2. NO2 v
lng O2 cn li trong bnh hp th va vn ht trong nc thnh dung dch HNO3.
T s l
A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4.
Hng dn gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng:

4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O

V 5V/4 V
2NO + O2 2NO2
V V/2 V
4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3
V
V = 4 = 2. (p n B)
V d 16: Cht X c khi lng phn t l M. Mt dung dch cht X c nng a
mol/l, khi lng ring d gam/ml. Nng C% ca dung dch X l
A. . B. . C. . D. .
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 lt dung dch cht X:
nX = a mol mX = a.M
mdd X = = 1000d
C% = . (p n A)
V d 17: Hn hp X c mt s ankan. t chy 0,05 mol hn hp X thu c a mol
CO2 v b mol H2O. Kt lun no sau y l ng?
A. a = b. B. a = b 0,02.
C. a = b 0,05. D. a = b 0,07.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc tng qut ca 1 s ankan l
+ CO2 + H2O
0,5
0,05 0,05 mol
a = b 0,05. (p n C)
V d 18: (Cu 40 - M 285 - Khi B - TSH 2007)
Thc hin hai th nghim:
1) Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch HNO3 1M thot ra V1 lt NO.
2) Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch cha HNO3 1M v H2SO4 0,5 M
thot ra V2 lt NO.
Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht, cc th tch kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia
V1 v V2 l
A. V2 = V1. B. V2 = 2V1. C. V2 = 2,5V1. D. V2 = 1,5V1.
Hng dn gii
TN1:

3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O

u bi: 0,06 0,08 0,08 H+ phn ng ht
Phn ng: 0,03 0,08 0,02 0,02 mol
V1 tng ng vi 0,02 mol NO.
TN2: nCu = 0,06 mol ; ;
Tng = 0,16 mol ; = 0,08 mol.
3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
u bi: 0,06 0,16 0,08 Cu v H+ phn ng ht
Phn ng: 0,06 0,16 0,04 0,04 mol
V2 tng ng vi 0,04 mol NO.
Nh vy V2 = 2V1. (p n B)
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG PHP CC I LNG
DNG TNG QUT
01. Dung dch A c a mol NH4+, b mol Mg2+, c mol SO42 v d mol HCO3. Biu
thc no biu th s lin quan gia a, b, c, d sau y l ng?
A. a + 2b = c + d. B. a + 2b = 2c + d.
C. a + b = 2c + d. D. a + b = c+ d.
02. Cho a mol Fe vo dung dch cha b mol dung dch AgNO3. a v b c quan h nh
th no thu c dung dch Fe(NO3)3 duy nht sau phn ng?
A. b =2a. B. b a. C. b=3a. D. b a.
03. Dung dch A cha cc ion Na+: a mol; HCO3: b mol; CO32: c mol; SO42: d
mol. to ra kt ta ln nht ngi ta dng 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 nng x
mol/l. Lp biu thc tnh x theo a v b.
A. x = a + b. B. x = a b. C. x = . D. x = .
04. Dung dch X cha a mol NaAlO2. Khi thm vo dung dch X b mol hoc 2b mol
dung dch HCl th lng kt ta sinh ra u nh nhau. T s c gi tr bng
A. 1. B. 1,25. C. 1,5. D. 1,75.
05. Oxi ha mt lng Fe thnh hn hp X gm FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 cn a mol Oxi.
Kh hon ton hn hp X thnh Fe cn b mol Al. T s c gi tr bng
A. 0,75. B. 1. C. 1,25. D. 1,5.
06. C mt lng anehit HCHO c chia lm 2 phn bng nhau, mi phn cha a
mol HCHO.
- Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 /NH3 thu c m gam Ag.
- Phn 2: Oxi ha bng Oxi thnh HCOOH vi hiu sut 40% thu c dung dch A.

Cho A tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 /NH3 thu c m gam Ag. T s c gi tr

bng
A. 0,2. B. 0,4. C. 0,6. D. 0,8.
07. A l axit cha ba nguyn t cacbon trong phn t. Cho 0,015 mol A tc dng vi
dung dch cha a mol Ba(OH)2 thu c dung dch B. Ngi ta nhn thy:
Nu a = 0,01 mol th dung dch B lm qu tm.
Nu a = 0,02 mol th dung dch B lm xanh qu tm. B c cng thc cu to:
A. CH3CH2COOH. B. CH2=CHCOOH.
C. CHCCOOH. D. HOOCCH2COOH.
08. C 2 axit hu c no: (A) l axit n chc v (B) l axit a chc. Hn hp (X)
cha x mol (A) v y mol (B). t chy hon ton (X) th thu c 11,2 lt CO2
(ktc). Cho x + y = 0,3 v MA < MB. Vy cng thc phn t ca (A) l:
A. CH3COOH. B. C2H5COOH.
C. HCOOH. D. C3H7COOH.
09. Hn hp A gm Al v Fe2O3 c khi lng trung bnh l . Tin hnh phn ng
nhit nhm, sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp B c khi lng phn t trung bnh l
. Quan h gia v l
A. = . B. > .
C. < . D. .
10. Kh hon ton mt lng oxit st cn V lt H2. ha tan hon ton lng st sinh ra
trn trong dung dch HCl thy to ra V lt H2. Bit V > V (cc kh o cng iu
kin). Cng thc oxit st l
A. Fe2O3. B. FeO.
C. Fe3O4. D. Fe2O3 v Fe3O4.
p n cc bi tp vn dng:
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. A
6. D 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. D