gii ng v nhanh cc bi ton ha hc ta cn bit v cn bng nhanh cc phn ng c trong

bi . C rt nhiu phng php cn bng, di y xin gii thiu mt s phng php

(T d n kh):

1. Phng php nguyn t nguyn t:

y l mt phng php kh n gin. Khi cn bng ta c vit cc n cht kh (H2, O2, C12,
N2) di dng nguyn t ring bit ri lp lun qua mt s bc.
V d: Cn bng phn ng P + O2 > P2O5
Ta vit: P + O > P2O5
to thnh 1 phn t P2O5 cn 2 nguyn t P v 5 nguyn t O:
2P + 5O > P2O5
Nhng phn t oxi bao gi cng gm hai nguyn t, nh vy nu ly 5 phn t oxi tc l s
nguyn t oxi tng ln gp 2 th s nguyn t P v s phn t P2O5 cng tng ln gp 2, tc 4
nguyn t P v 2 phn t P2O5.
Do : 4P + 5O2 > 2P2O5
2. Phng php ha tr tc dng: (7)
Ha tr tc dng l ha tr ca nhm nguyn t hay nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong cht tham
gia v to thnh trong PUHH.
p dng phng php ny cn tin hnh cc bc sau:
+ Xc nh ha tr tc dng:
II I

III II

II-II

III I

BaCl2 + Fe2(SO4)3 > BaSO4 + FeCl3

Ha tr tc dng ln lt t tri qua phi l:
II I III II II II III I
Tm bi s chung nh nht ca cc ha tr tc dng:
BSCNN(1, 2, 3) = 6

+ Ly BSCNN chia cho cc ha tr ta c cc h s:

6/II = 3, 6/III = 2, 6/I = 6
Thay vo phn ng:
3BaCl2 + Fe2(SO4)3 > 3BaSO4 + 2FeCl3
Dng phng php ny s cng c c khi nim ha tr, cch tnh ha tr, nh ha tr ca cc
nguyn t thng gp.
3. Phng php dng h s phn s:
t cc h s vo cc cng thc ca cc cht tham gia phn ng, khng phn bit s nguyn hay
phn s sao cho s nguyn t ca mi nguyn t hai v bng nhau. Sau kh mu s chung
ca tt c cc h s.
V d: P + O2 > P2O5
+ t h s cn bng: 2P + 5/2O2 > P2O5
+ Nhn cc h s vi mu s chung nh nht kh cc phn s. y nhn 2.
2.2P + 2.5/2O2 > 2P2O5
hay 4P + 5O2 > 2P2O5
4. Phng php chn l:
Mt phn ng sau khi cn bng th s nguyn t ca mt nguyn t v tri bng s nguyn
t nguyn t v phi. V vy nu s nguyn t ca mt nguyn t mt v l s chn th s
nguyn t nguyn t v kia phi chn. Nu mt cng thc no s nguyn t nguyn t
cn l th phi nhn i.
V d: FeS2 + O2 > Fe2O3 + SO2
v tri s nguyn t O2 l chn vi bt k h s no. v phi, trong SO2 oxi l chn nhng
trong Fe2O3 oxi l l nn phi nhn i. T cn bng tip cc h s cn li.
2Fe2O3 > 4FeS2 > 8SO2 11O2
l th t suy ra cc h s ca cc cht. Thay vo PTPU ta c:
4FeS2 + 11O2 > 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
5. Phng php xut pht t nguyn t chung nht:

Chn nguyn t c mt nhiu hp cht nht trong phn ng bt u cn bng h s cc phn

t.
V d: Cu + HNO3 >Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O
Nguyn t c mt nhiu nht l nguyn t oxi, v phi c 8 nguyn t, v tri c 3. Bi s
chung nh nht ca 8 v 3 l 24, vy h s ca HNO3 l 24 /3 = 8
Ta c 8HNO3 > 4H2O 2NO (V s nguyn t N v tri chn)
3Cu(NO3)2 > 3Cu
Vy phn ng cn bng l:
3Cu + 8HNO3 > 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
6. Phng php cn bng theo nguyn t tiu biu:
Nguyn t tiu biu l nguyn t c c im sau:
+ C mt t nht trong cc cht phn ng .
+ Lin quan gin tip nht n nhiu cht trong phn ng.
+ Cha thng bng v nguyn t hai v.
Phng php cn bng ny tin hnh qua ba bc:
a. Chn nguyn t tiu biu.
b. Cn bng nguyn t tiu biu.
c. Cn bng cc nguyn t khc theo nguyn t ny.
V d: KMnO4 + HCl > KCl + MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O
a. Chn nguyn t tiu biu: O
b. Cn bng nguyn t tiu biu: KMnO4 > 4H2O
c. Cn bng cc nguyn t khc:
+ Cn bng H: 4H2O > 8HCl
+ Cn bng Cl: 8HCl > KCl + MnCl2 + 5/2Cl2

Ta c:
KMnO4 + 8HCl > KCl + MnCl2 + 5/2Cl2 + 4H2O
Sau cng nhn tt c h s vi mu s chung ta c:
2KMnO4 + 16HCl > 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O
7. Phng php cn bng theo trnh t kim loi phi kim:
Theo phng php ny u tin cn bng s nguyn t kim loi, sau n phi kim v cui cng l
H, sau cng a cc h s bit cn bng nguyn t O.
V d 1. NH3 + O2 > NO + H2O
Phn ng ny khng c kim loi, nguyn t phi kim N cn bng. Vy ta cn bng lun H:
2NH3 > 3H2O (Tnh BSCNN, sau ly BSCNN chia cho cc ch s c cc h s)
+ Cn bng N: 2NH3 > 2NO
+ Cn bng O v thay vo ta c:
2NH3 + 5/2O2 > 2NO + 3H2O
Cui cng nhn cc h s vi mu s chung nh nht:
4NH3 + 5O2 > 4NO + 6H2O
V d 2. CuFeS2 + O2 CuO + Fe2O3 + SO2
Hon ton tng t nh trn. Do nguyn t Cu cn bng, u tin ta cn bng Fe, tip theo
cn bng theo th t
Cu > S > O ri nhn i cc h s:
4CuFeS2 + 13O2 > 4CuO + 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
8. Phng php cn bng phn ng chy ca cht hu c:
a. Phn ng chy ca hidrocacbon:
Nn cn bng theo trnh t sau:
- Cn bng s nguyn t H. Ly s nguyn t H ca hidrocacbon chia cho 2, nu kt qu l th
nhn i phn t hidrocacbon, nu chn th nguyn.

- Cn bng s nguyn t C.
- Cn bng s nguyn t O.
T ly v d nghen.
b. Phn ng chy ca hp cht cha O.
Cn bng theo trnh t sau:
- Cn bng s nguyn t C.
- Cn bng s nguyn t H.
- Cn bng s nguyn t O bng cch tnh s nguyn t O v phi ri tr i s nguyn t O c
trong hp cht. Kt qu thu c em chia i s ra h s ca phn t O2. Nu h s l th
nhn i c 2 v ca PT kh mu s.
9. Phng php xut pht t bn cht ha hc ca phn ng:
Phng php ny lp lun da vo bn cht ca phn ng cn bng.
V d: Fe2O3 + CO > Fe + CO2
Theo phn ng trn, khi CO b oxi ha thnh CO2 n s kt hp thm oxi. Trong phn t Fe2O3
c 3 nguyn t oxi, nh vy bin 3 phn t CO thnh 3 phn t CO2. Do ta cn t h
s 3 trc cng thc CO v CO2 sau t h s 2 trc Fe:
Fe2O3 + 3CO > 2Fe + 3CO2
10. Phng php cn bng electron:
y l phng php cn bng p dng cho cc phn ng oxi ha kh. Bn cht ca phng trnh
ny da trnm nguyn tc Trong mt phn ng oxi ha kh, s electron do cht kh nhng
phi bng s electron do cht oxi ha thu.
Vic cn bng qua ba bc:
a. Xc nh s thay i s oxi ha.
b. Lp thng bng electron.
c. t cc h s tm c vo phn ng v tnh cc h s cn li.
V d. Cn bng phn ng:

FeS + HNO3 > Fe(NO3)3 + N2O + H2SO4 + H2O

a. Xc nh s thay i s oxi ha:
Fe+2 > Fe+3
S-2 > S+6
N+5 > N+1
(Vit s oxi ha ny pha trn cc nguyn t tng ng)
b. Lp thng bng electron:
Fe+2 > Fe+3 + 1e
S-2 > S+6 + 8e
FeS > Fe+3 + S+6 + 9e
2N+5 + 8e > 2N+1
> C 8FeS v 9N2O.
c. t cc h s tm c vo phn ng v tnh cc h s cn li:
8FeS + 42HNO3 > 8Fe(NO3)3 + 9N2O + 8H2SO4 + 13H2O
V d 2. Phn ng trong dung dch bazo:
NaCrO2 + Br2 + NaOH > Na2CrO4 + NaBr
CrO2- + 4OH- > CrO42- + 2H2O + 3e

x2

Br2 + 2e > 2Br- x3

Phng trnh ion:
2CrO2- + 8OH- + 3Br2 > 2CrO42- + 6Br- + 4H2O
Phng trnh phn ng phn t:
2NaCrO2 + 3Br2 + 8NaOH > 2Na2CrO4 + 6NaBr + 4H2O
V d 3. Phn ng trong dung dch c H2O tham gia:

KMnO4 + K2SO3 + H2O > MnO2 + K2SO4

MnO4- + 3e + 2H2O > MnO2 + 4OH- x2
SO32- + H2O > SO42- + 2H+ + 2e

x3

Phng trnh ion:

2MnO4- + H2O + 3SO32- > 2MnO2 + 2OH- + 3SO42Phng trnh phn ng phn t:
2KMnO4 + 3K2SO3 + H2O > 2MnO2 + 3K2SO4 + 2KOH
11. Phng php cn bng i s:
Dng xc nh h s phn t ca cht tham gia v thu c sau phn ng ho hc, ta coi h s
l cc n s v k hiu bng cc ch ci a, b, c, d ri da vo mi tng quan gia cc nguyn
t ca cc nguyn t theo nh lut bo ton khi lng lp ra mt h phng trnh bc nht
nhiu n s. Gii h phng trnh ny v chn cc nghim l cc s nguyn dng nh nht ta s
xc nh c h s phn t ca cc cht trong phng trnh phn ng ho hc.
V d: Cn bng phn ng:
Cu + HNO3 > Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O
K hiu cc h s phi tm l cc ch a, b, c, d, e v ghi vo phng trnh ta thu c:
aCu + bHNO3 > cCu(NO3)2 + dNO + eH2O
+ Xt s nguyn t Cu: a = c (1)
+ Xt s nguyn t H: b = 2e (2)
+ Xt s nguyn t N: b = 2c + d (3)
+ Xt s nguyn t O: 3b = 6c + d + e (4)
Ta c h phng trnh 5 n v gii nh sau:
Rt e = b/2 t phng trnh (2) v d = b 2c t phng trnh (3) v thay vo phng trnh (4):
3b = 6c + b 2c + b/2
=> b = 8c/3

Ta thy b nguyn th c phi chia ht cho 3. Trong trng hp ny h s ca phng trnh

ho hc l nh nht ta cn ly c = 3. Khi : a = 3, b = 8, d = 2, e = 4
Vy phng trnh phn ng trn c dng:
3Cu + 8HNO3 > 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
v d trn trong phng trnh ho hc c 5 cht (Cu, HNO3, Cu(NO3)2, NO, H2O) v 4 nguyn
t (Cu, H, N, O) khi lp h phng trnh i s cn bng ta c mt h 4 phng trnh vi 5
n s. Hay ni mt cch tng qut, ta c n n s v n 1 phng trnh.
Nh vy khi lp mt h phng trnh i s cn bng mt phng trnh ho hc, nu c bao
nhiu cht trong phng trnh ho hc th c by nhiu n s v nu c bao nhiu nguyn t to
nn cc hp cht th c by nhiu phng trnh.

Cn bng cc PTHH sau :

1) MgCl2 + KOH Mg(OH)2 + KCl
2) Cu(OH)2 + HCl CuCl2 + H2O
3) Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O
4) FeO + HCl FeCl2 + H2O
5) Fe2O3 + H2SO4 Fe2 (SO4)3 + H2O
6) Cu(NO3)2 + NaOH Cu(OH)2 + NaNO3
7) P + O2 P2O5
8) N2 + O2 NO
9) NO + O2 NO2
10) NO2 + O2 + H2O HNO3
11) SO2 + O2 SO3
12) N2O5 + H2O HNO3
13) Al2(SO4)3 + AgNO3 Al(NO3)3 + Ag2SO4
14) Al2 (SO4)3 + NaOH Al(OH)3 + Na2SO4
15) CaO + CO2 CaCO3
16) CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
17) CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2
18) Na + H3PO4 Na2HPO4 + H2
19) Na + H3PO4 Na3PO4 + H2
20) Na + H3PO4 NaH2PO4 + H2
21) C2H2 + O2 CO2 + H2O

22) C4H10 + O2 CO2 + H2O

23) C2H2 + Br2 C2H2Br4
24) C6H5OH + Na C6H5ONa + H2
25) CH3COOH+ Na2CO3 CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
26) CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
27) Ca(OH)2 + HBr CaBr2 + H2O
28) Ca(OH)2 + HCl CaCl2 + H2O
29) Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2O
30) Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + NaOH
31) Na2S + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2S
32) Na2S + HCl NaCl + H2S
33) K3PO4 + Mg(OH)2 KOH + Mg3 (PO4)2
34) Mg + HCl MgCl2 + H2
35) Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2
36) Al(OH)3 + H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + H2O
37) Al(OH)3 + HCl AlCl3 + H2O
38) KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
39) MnO2 + HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O
40) KNO3 KNO2 + O2
41) Ba(NO3)2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + HNO3
42) Ba(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + NaNO3
43) AlCl3 + NaOH Al(OH)3 + NaCl
44) Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + H2O
45) KClO3 KCl + O2
45) Fe(NO3)3 + KOH Fe(OH)3 + KNO3
46) H2SO4 + Na2CO3 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
47) HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
48) Ba(OH)2 + HCl BaCl2 + H2O
49) BaO + HBr BaBr2 + H2O
50) Fe + O2 Fe3O4
Bi 2
Cho s ca cc phn ng sau:

a) Na + O2 Na2O
b) P2O5 + H2O H3PO4
c) HgO Hg + O2
d) Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + H2O
Lp PTHH v cho bit t l s nguyn t, s phn t ca cc cht trong mi
phn ng.
Bi 3

Cho s phn ng
a) NH3 + O2 NO + H2O
b) S + HNO3 H2SO4 + NO
c) NO2 + O2 + H2O HNO3
d) FeCl3 + AgNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + AgCl
e) NO2 + H2O HNO3 + NO
f) Ba(NO3)2 + Al2(SO4)3 BaSO4 + Al(NO3)3
Hy lp PTHH v cho bit t l s nguyn t, phn t cc cht trong mi phn
ng.
Bi 4 (*)

Lp phng trnh ha hc ca cc phn ng sau:

1) CnH2n
+
O2
CO2 +
H2O
2) CnH2n + 2 +
O2

CO2 +
H2O
3) CnH2n - 2 +
O2

CO2 +
H2O
4) CnH2n - 6 +
O2

CO2 +
H2O
5) CnH2n + 2O
+
O2
CO2 +
H2O
6) CxHy
+
O2

CO2 +
H2O
7) CxHyOz
+
O2

CO2 +
H2O
8) CxHyOzNt
+
O2
CO2 +
H2O + N2
9) CHx + O2 COy + H2O
10) FeClx + Cl2 FeCl3