1500 Cau Hoi Ve Dien HTC

MC LC
Chng 1 : Kin thc c bn in

1 - 1 Nhng khi nim c bn trong mch in
1 - 2 Dng bt th in kim tra mch in
1 - 3 Cun dy c li st
1 - 4 in v t
1 - 5 Vt liu cch in
4
9
12
14
15
Chng 2 : Nhng vn c bn ca h thng cp in

2 - 1 Truyn ti in
2 - 2 Dy ci
2 - 3 in qung
2 - 4 Vn tip t im trung tnh
2 - 5 Cp in v thng tin
2 - 6 Nhng vn khc
17
22
30
32
41
43
Chng 3 : Kh c in
3 - 1 nh hng ca mi trng i vi kh c in
46
3 - 2 ng bc (lng) v v s
48
3 - 3 S sn sinh v dp tt h quang in
51
3 - 4 u tip xc
54
3 - 5 B ngt mch du
58
3 - 6 B ngt mch Hexafluoride lu hunh. B ngt mch khng kh. B ngt mch
chn khng
65
3 - 7 Cng tc cch ly v cng tc cu dao
69
3 - 8 C cu thao tc v thao tc mch in
74
3 - 9 Cu ch
78
3 - 10 Cng tc khng kh t ng
86
3 - 11 Nam chm in
88
3 - 12 B tip xc
92
3 - 13 Rle
98
3 - 14 B in khng
104
3 - 15 Thit b phng chng n in
108
Chng 4 : My bin p
4 - 1 Nguyn l chung ca my bin p
4 - 2 Kt cu v cng ngh ca my bin p
4 - 3 Phng php u dy my bin p
4 - 4 o th my bin p
4 - 5 Vn hnh my bin p
4 - 6 B iu chnh in p v b h cm
112
120
133
139
144
152
Chng 6 : ng c in khng ng b
6 - 1 Nguyn l hot ng c bn ca ng c in khng ng b
6 - 2 Kt cu ca mt in khng ng b
6 - 3 Vn hnh mt in kiu lng sc
161
171
176
- Trang 1 -
6 - 4 Khi ng v phanh hm mt in kiu lng

6 - 5 Mt kiu vnh gp
6 - 6 Mt mt pha
6 - 7 Mt c gp chnh lu ba pha
6 - 8 H hng v kim tra sa cha mt
182
188
193
197
198
Chng 8 : Kt cu, cng ngh v nhng vn khc ca my in

8 - 1 Kt cu ca my in
8 - 2 Li st
8 - 3 Cun dy
8 - 4 trc
8 - 5 B i chiu, vnh gp v chi in
8 - 6 o kim my in
8 - 7 Nhng vn khc
203
209
211
218
221
223
226
Chng 9 . ng dy in lc
9 - 1 Nhng vn chung ca ng dy in
9 - 2 Dy dn
9 - 3 ng dy mc trn khng , ngoi tri
9 - 4 ng dy trong nh
9 - 5 Kt cu cp in
9 - 6 u ni cp in
9 - 7 Lp t v vn hnh cp in
232
236
241
247
250
254
256
Chng 10 : Tip t v an ton in

10 - 1 Kin thc c bn phng in git
10 - 2 Tip t v tip "khng"
10 - 3 in tr tip t v an ton in
10 - 4 Thit b tip t
10 - 5 Bin php an ton
262
269
274
278
282
Chng 11 : K thut chng st

11 - 1 B thu li (B trnh st)
11 - 2 Kim thu li, dy thu li v khe h thu li
11 - 3 Chng st cho thit b in
11 - 4 Chng st cho ng dy
11 - 5 Chng st cho cng trnh kin trc
11 - 6 Lp t dy tip t thu li v vn an ton
285
294
296
299
304
305
Chng 12 : H s cng sut

12 - 1 Dng t in nng cao h s cng sut
12 - 2 Lp dt v vn hnh t in
308
310
Chng 13 : Chiu sng

13 - 1 n sng trng
13 - 2 n hunh quang
13 - 3 Cc ngun sng khc
312
315
321
- Trang 2 -
13 - 4 Mch in chiu sng v vn hnh
323
Chng 14 : c qui
14 - 1 B tr bn cc c qui
14 - 2 Dung dch in gii
14 - 3 Np - phng in ca c qui
14 - 4 Vn hnh c qui
326
327
328
330
Chng 15 : Bo v bng rle v thit b t ng

15 - 1 Bo v qu dng in
15 - 2 Bo v vi sai v bo v chiu
15 - 3 Bo v th t khng
15 - 4 Ngun in thao tc
15 - 5 Thit b t ng
332
334
335
337
339
Chng 17 : K thut in t
17 - 1 Linh kin in t
17 - 2 Thirixto
17 - 3 Vn hnh thit b thirixto
17 - 4 Thit b thirixto xc pht v bo v
17 - 5 Mch chnh lu
17 - 6 Linh kin v thit b chnh lu khc
17 - 7 n p ngun in
342
345
348
350
353
362
365
Chng 18 : ng h in
18 - 1 Kt cu v nguyn l ca ng h in
18 - 2 S dng ng h in thng dng
18 - 3 ng h vn nng
18 - 4 ng h m ga m
18 - 5 Cng t in v ng h cng sut
18 - 6 ng h kp (dng gng km)
18 - 7 Cu in
367
377
385
393
400
407
409
Chng 19 : o th din
19 - 1 o in
19 - 2 Th nghim in
410
418
Chng 20 : Nhng vn khc

20 - 1 S b in kh
20 - 2 u ni, hn ni v nhit in
20 - 3 Xe in
20 - 4 Linh tinh
428
430
433
435
- Trang 3 -
CHNG I
KIN THC C BN IN
1 - 1 Nhng khi nim c bn trong mch in

1 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in xoay chiu bin i theo hnh sin, vy cng dng in v in
p m chng ta thng ni ly g lm chun?
p: Trong mch in xoay chiu, chng ta dng "Tr s hiu dng" lm
chun o; bng cch tnh nhit lng m dng in xoay chiu - pht ra khi qua
in tr bng vi nhit lng m dng in mt chiu pht ra khi chy qua cng
in tr, vi thi gian l nh nhau. Tr s ca dng in xoay chiu nh vy gi l
tr s hiu dng.
Hi: Sau khi mc song song mt pin kh 1.5V vi mt pin kh 1.2V ct mch
ngoi, mt lc sau pht hin in p cc pin 1.5V nhanh chng st xung, ti sao?
p: Khi in th ca hai cc pin
mc song song khng bng nhau, th gia hai
pin c dng in vng (hnh 1 - 1 - 2). Nu
in th E1 cao hn E2, tuy ngt mch
ngoi, gia hai pin vn sinh ra dng in
vng:
Io =
E1 E 2
r01 r02
r01, r02 l in tr trong, khi dng in Io chy qua r01, r02 s lm tiu hao in
nng ca pin c in th cao hn, cho n khi in th El bng E2 th dng in vng
Io s bng 0.
Cho nn hai cc pin (hoc ACCU) c in th khc nhau khng th mc song
song vi nhau.
Hi: Ti sao tr s c trn Ampe k tng ca mch in xoay chiu nh
hn tng cc tr s c c trn Ampe k cc mch nhnh?
p: Cng dng in c c trn Ampe k tng l tng vc t cng
dng in cc mch nhnh, ch khi h s cng sut cc mch nhnh bng nhau, th
tng vect cng dng in mi bng tng i s cng dng in cc mch
nhnh. Trong thc t, h s cng sut ca cc mch nhnh khng bng nhau, cho nn
cng dng in c trn Ampe k tng lun lun nh hn tng cng dng
in cc mch nhnh.
Hi: Ti sao b in tr (dng gia nhit) loi 3 pha u hnh sao, khi t mt
pha th dung lng ca n gim mt na?
- Trang 4 -
p: Vi s u dy th hin hnh 1 - 1 - 4, nu cn 3 pha th dung

lng ca n l:
P = 3U I =
3U 02
r
Khi t 1 pha (pha C), lc :

Ic = 0
IA = IB =
U 3U
=
2r
2r
Pt = PA + PB = UI A (hoc IB) = U
Do :
3U
2r
3U 2
2r
Pt 1
=
P
2
Cho nn khi t mt pha, dung lng gim xung cn mt na so vi 3

pha.
Hi: Th no l cng sut ton phn (biu kin)? Cng sut tc dng (hu
cng)? Cng sut phn khng (v cng)?
p:
o Tch tr s hu hiu ca in p v cng trong mch in gi l cng
sut ton phn biu kin, tc S = UI.

o Cng sut ton phn nhn vi Cosin ca gc lch pha gia cng v
in p (tc h s cng sut) l cng sut tc dng (cng sut hu cng),

tc P = UIcos.
o Cng sut ton phn nhn vi sin ca gc lch pha gia cng v in
p gi l cng sut phn khng (v cng), tc Q = UIsin.

o Quan h gia 3 i lng l: S2 = P2 + Q2 hoc S =
P 2 + Q2

Hi: Khi s dng my hn ngn mch (hn bm im) hn thp l th dng
in cc ng , nhng khi hn bc l ln ng l th khng th dng in cc
ng . Nguyn nhn ti sao?
p: in tr sut ca thp l ln hn in cc ng nhiu, khi lm ngn
mch do in tr ca thp l ti v tr hn ln hn nhiu so vi cc b phn khc ca
my hn im (tc I2R ca b phn thp l l ln nht), cho nn sinh nhit ln, nng
chy cc b m lin kt vi nhau.
Khi hn bc l vi ng l, in tr ti v tr hn lc ny thng nh hn in
cc. Kt qu b phn nng chy trc l in cc, khng th hn c. x l
phi s dng kim loi c in tr ln nhng phi c nhit nng chy cao hoc
dng thi than graphit (nhit nng chy cao) lm in cc. Lc ny phng php
hn l li dng nhit cao ca in cc h tr gia nhit, khin mt tip xc
gia bc vi ng nng chy trc, nh th mi hn c.
- Trang 5 -
1- 1 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

Hi: Gi thit in p ngun l 220V, nu c hai bng n 110V 25W v
110V 100W, liu c th mc ni tip hai bng n ny vo mch in khng (
dng in p 220V)? Sau khi mc nh vy th kt qu s ra sao?
p: Khng c. Bng n khc cng sut th khng th mc ni tip, nu
c mc th bng 25W s b chy.
25
25
= 473
= 0.23A; in tr l:
(0.23) 2
110
100
100
= 121
= 0.91A ; in tr l:
Dng in nh mc ca bng n 100W l
(0.91) 2
110
Khi hai bng n mc ni tip, u vi ngun 220V th dng in chy qua s l
220
= 0.37A . Cng dng in ny vt qu nhiu so vi dng
khong
473 + 121
Dng in nh mc ca bng n 25W l
in nh mc ca bng 25W, do bng n ny s b chy (lc , in p hai

u bng n 25W l khong 0.37 x 473 = 175V ch khng phi l 110V).

Hi: Mt phn dy in tr ca b in tr b ngn mch, khi a ngun
in vo, dy in tr b ngn mch khng nng, cn phn dy in tr khng b
ngn mch nng ln. Nhng vi mt cun dy qun trn li st b ngn mch mt
s vng, khi c dng xoay chiu chy qua, th cc vng dy b ngn mch li nng
hn rt nhiu so vi cc vng dy khng b ngn mch. Vy l ti sao?
p: Mt b phn b in tr b ngn mch, khi c in, dng in khng
chy qua dy in tr b ngn mch cho nn khng nng.
Cun y qun trn li st khi c b phn b ngn mch, tng ng nh
cun th cp ca bin th t ngu b ngn mch. Lc ny cng dng in chy
qua b phn b ngn mch ln gp nhiu ln so vi bnh thng, sinh ra nhit nng,
lm tng nhit .
Hi: Ti sao in tr xoay chiu v in tr mt chiu ca cng mt si dy
dn li khng ging nhau?
p: Khi dng in xoay chiu thng qua dy dn, mt phn b dng in
trong tit din dy dn l khng ging nhau, cng gn tm dy dn th mt dng
in cng nh, gn b mt dy dn th mt dng in tng i ln. Hin
tng ny gi l hiu ng b mt. Khi tn s cng cao, th hin tng ngy cng th
hin r rng. Do kt qu ca hiu ng b mt ny m lm cho tit din hu hiu
ca dy dn gim, in tr tng. Khi dng in mt chiu thng qua dy dn, khng
c hin tng ny, cho nn trn cng mt dy dn, in tr xoay chiu ln hn in
tr mt chiu.
Hi: Khi qun cun in cm cao tn, ti sao phi dng dy nhiu si hoc
dy dn rng rut?
- Trang 6 -
p: Khi qun cun cao tn, s dng dy dn nhiu si l nhm gim thiu
nh hng hiu ng b mt ca dng in xoay chiu tn s cao. S dng dy dn
rng rut l nhm li dng y tit din hu hiu ca dy dn, tit kim kim
loi mu. V vi cun dy cao tn (c dng in cao tn chy qua) th hiu qu ca
dy dn rng rut cng ging nh dy dn c c cng ng knh ngoi.
Hi: C mch in nh hnh 1-1-11. Khi cm mt li
st vo trong cun cm L, n tr nn ti li. Ti sao?
p: Khi trong mch xoay chiu c u vi cun dy,
dng in trong mch in khng ch c quyt nh bi
in tr trong bng n v in tr trn cun dy, m cn lin
quan n in cm L trong cun dy, L cng ln th dng in s cng nh, khi cm
li st vo trong cun dy, L tr nn ln, v th bng n tr nn ti.
Hi: Ti sao t in u vo mch in xoay chiu th c dng in chy
qua,
cn u vo mch in mt chiu th khng c dng in chy qua?
p: Khi u t in vo mch in xoay chiu, do s thay i mang tnh chu
k v chiu v ln ca in p xoay chiu, khin bn cc t in tin hnh np,
phng in theo chu k. Dng in phng v np in ny chnh l dng in xoay
chiu chy qua t in.
Khi u t in vo mch in mt chiu, do chiu ca in p mt chiu
khng thay i theo chu k, ch thi im u vo c dng in np nhng thi
gian rt ngn, np in xong s khng cn dng in chy qua. na, cho nn, dng
in mt chiu khng th chy qua t in.
Hi: Sau khi u ni tip hai t in c in p nh mc bng nhau nhng
in dung khng bng nhau, phi chng c th t in p ngoi bng gp hai ln
in p nh mc ca mi t in?
p: Khng c gp i, v sau khi hai t u ni tip , s phn b in p
bn t t l nghch vi in dung C, tc C cng nh th in p bn t ca n cng
cao. Khi mc ni tip hai t in c dung lng khc nhau, nu in p ngoi gp
hai ln in p nh mc ca mt t in th t c C nh t s xy ra qu p.
Hi: Hai t in Cl - C2, trong C1 l 16F 300V; C2 l 8 F 300V, u
ni tip chng vi nhau s ng ngun in mt chiu 550V, nhn thy t 8 F b
nh thng. Ti sao?
p: Khi ng dng t in u ni tip, th in p m n nhn c t l
nghch vi in dung gi thit in p trn hai t Cl v C2 l U1 V U2
Tng dung lng: C =
C1 .C 2
16.8 16
=
= F
C1 + C 2 16 + 8 3
- Trang 7 -
in lng trn cc t in: Q = CU = C2U2

U2 =
C
16 / 3
U=
x 550 = 367 V
C2
8
Qua c th thy, t in c in dung nh th in p nhn c ln hn

gii hn chu p ca n, cho nn b nh thng.
Hi: Khi hai cun dy khng c li st (c cng quy cch) ln lt u vi
in p mt chiu 220V v in p xoay chiu 220V, cun dy no nng nhanh hn.
Ti sao?
p: Cn c vo nh lut Jun ta c : nhit lng pht ra t l thun vi bnh
phng cng dng in chy qua dy dn, t l thun vi in tr dy dn, t l
thun vi thi gian gia nhit.
Sau khi u vi in p mt chiu 220V, cng dng in trong cun dy
khng c li st ch do in tr ca cun dy quyt nh. Cn khi cun dy khng c
li st u vi in p xoay chiu 220V, cm khng ca cun dy s cn tr dng
in xoay chiu chy qua, cng dng in do tr khng ca cun dy quyt
nh, cho nn cng dng in xoay chiu nh hn dng in mt chiu. V th,
cun dy dn vi in p mt chiu s pht nhit nhanh hn cun dy u vi in
p xoay chiu.
Hi: Cun dy in p ca cng tc in t xoay chiu, nu s vng qun
khng i m tng tit din dy dn th c th. gim tng nhit ca cun dy.
Nhng vi cun dy mt chiu cng tng tit din dy dn nh vy, nhit li
tng cao. Ti sao?
p: in khng ca cun dy xoay chiu ln hn in tr rt nhiu, nn
dng in trong cun dy hu nh khng chu nh hng ca in tr. Khi tit in
dy dn tng, in tr R gim, th cng dng in I hu nh khng thay i, tn
hao I2R trn ng ca cun dy gim, cho nn nhit gim xung. Cng dng
in ca cun dy mt chiu do in tr R quyt nh (khi in p khng i), khi R
gim, s tng ln ca I t l nghch vi R, tn hao I2R mt mt tng ln theo t l
nghch vi bnh phng R, mt mt gim xung theo t l thun vi R, kt qu l
tng ln theo t l nghch vi R, cho nn nhit li c tng ln.
- Trang 8 -
1 - 2 Dng bt th in kim tra mch in

Hi: Bt th in ch c mt u chm
vo vt dn in, ti san c th pht sng ?
p: Kt cu bn trong ca bt th in
nh th hin hnh 1 - 2 - 1. B phn pht sng l
bng n c hai cc. Bng n np kh neon, mt
cc ni vi u khc ca bt th sau khi u ni
tip vi mt in tr c in tr ln. Khi in p gia hai cc ca bng n t n
tr s nht nh, gia hai cc s pht sng, sng ca n t l thun vi in p
gia hai cc. Khi in p gia vt mang in i vi t ln hn in p bt u
pht sng ca bng n, th khi chm mt u bt vo n, cn u kia qua ngi ni
vi t thnh mch kn, nn c th pht sng, tc dng ca in tr l hn ch dng
in chy qua ngi nhm trnh in git nguy him.
Hi: Lm th no dng bt th in c th phn bit in p 220V l
in mt chiu hay xoay chiu? Lm sao c th phn bit cc m, cc dng ca
in mt chiu ?
p: Khi bng neon ca bt th in thng in, ch c cc u vi cc m l
pht sng. Khi th in xoay chiu, hai cc ca bng neon thay nhau lm cc m,
cc dng cho nn c hai cc cng pht sng. Khi ni bt th in vo gia cc m,
cc dng ca mch in mt chiu, trong bng neon ch c mt cc pht sng, cc
pht sng l cc ni vi cc m ca ngun in, cc khng pht sng l cc ni vi
cc dng.
Hi: Dng bt th in kim tra hai cc dng m ca my pht in mt
chiu 110V, bng n u khng sng, nhng khi chm vi bt k u no ca
Mgrm k trn 500V th u pht sng. Hai ci u khng
tip t, ti sao ci sau
c th pht sng?
p: Mgrm k v my pht in tuy khng trc tip
tip t, nhng u qua in tr cch in rt cao tip
t. Nh hnh 1 - 2 - 3, A, B biu th cho hai cc, R1, R2 l
in tr cch in ca hai cc i vi t. Nu Rl = R2 th
hiu in th (tr s tuyt i) ca cc dng, m i vi
t bng nhau. Khi in p u l 110V, hiu in th ca
mi cc i vi t ch c 55V, cha t ti in p pht
sng ca bng n, cho nn khng sng. Khi in p u vt qu 500V, in th
mi cc i vi t u vt
qu in p pht sng ca bng n cho nn u pht sng. Nhng khi Rl v R2 chnh
nhau rt xa, in th ca hai cc i vi t cng khng chnh nhau rt xa, lc
mt cc ca in p 110V cng c th lm bng n pht sng, mt cc ca in p
500V cng c th khng pht sng.
- Trang 9 -

Hi: Dng bt th in kim tra u kim loi ca bng
n, thng c th lm cho bng n neon pht sng, nhng
dng vn k ph thng o li khng c in p. To sao?
p: Hin tng trn y c th dng hnh 1 - 2 - 4
gii thch. im A biu th dy pha trong bng n, in tr
cch in ca n i vi kim loi trn ui n l Rl, in tr
cch in ca F i vi t G l R2, do dng in r gia A v
V
R 2 , gi thit
R1 + R 2
10
= 220
= 147 V cho
5 + 10
F l I1, st p gia FG l VFC = I1.R2 =

U = 220V, R1 = 5, R2 = 10 th VFG
nn c th lm cho bng n neon sng. Nhng in tr ca vn k ph thng nh

hn 0.1 dng n o in p gia F v G, tng ng vi vic mc song song
mt in tr nh gia F v G, khin
vn k l 0.1), th
VFG = 220
k ph thng.
R FG =
1
1
+
10 0.1
= 0.1
(gi thit in tr ca
0.1
= 4.3V nn khng thy c s c trn vn
5 + 0.1

Hi: Nh th hin hnh 1 - 2 - 5a, khi dy
gia (trung tnh) ca mch in chiu sng b t
dy, bng n b ngt, ti sao bt th in chm
im F ca dy gia c th pht sng? Cn im
G khng sng? Ti sao dng vn k o in p ca
im F i vi t li khng c?
Hnh 1-2-5
p: Mch in tng ng ca tnh hung nh th hin hnh 1 - 2 - 5
b. R1 l in tr cch in gia dy pha vi dy gia, R2 l tng in tr gia ngi
khi vi bt in. Lc ny, in th ca im F do t s gia R1 vi R2 quyt nh. V
1
3
1
4
1
4
1
5
d, khi R 2 = R 1 th UF = U = 55V; khi R 2 = R 1 th UF = U = 44V

- Trang 10 -
, cho nn bt in vn c th pht sng. im G trc tip ni vi t, in th ca

n gn bng 0, cho nn bt in khng pht sng.
Khi dng vn k o in p ca im F vi t, do in tr ca cun dy vn
k nh hn R1 rt nhiu, UF hu nh bng 0, cho nn khng c s c. ng
nhin,
nu cch in gia dy pha vi dy gia rt km, tc tr s Rl rt nh th vn k
cng c th c s c
Hi: Dy trung tnh pha in p thp ca my bin th, c mang in, in
p nghim c bng bt th in thy hn in p ca vt mang in thng
thng. l do nguyn nhn g gy nn?
p: tnh hung ny phn ln xy ra trng hp ni dng in cch ni
cung cp in tng i xa, ph ti ba pha qu khng cn bng, c bit l trng
hp tit din dy trung tnh qu nh thng d xy ra nht. Nguyn nhn ch yu
ca n l cng dng in chy qua dy trung tnh qu ln, st p xy ra trn
dy trung tnh tng i ln.
- Trang 11 -
1 - 3 Cun dy c li st
Hi Ti Sao trong cun cn tn s thp (thp dn), ni chung u c li st,
cn trong cun cn cao tn li khng c li st?
p: in khng ca cun cn c lin quan n in cm ca cun dy, m
in cm ca cun dy c lin quan n tnh cht ng t ca n. Nu ng t
ca
cun dy l vt cht t tnh, th in cm tng ln. Sau khi cun cn qun ln li
st nh vy c th tit kim c nhiu kim loi mu (ng hoc nhm).
Cun cn tn s thp ch nn s dng trong mch in di 100Hz. Do tn
s
thp nn dng phin thp Silic lm ng t s khng gy ra nhit cao do dng
in xoy trong li st sinh ra.
Cun cn cao tn do dng trong mch in cao tn, nn nu s dng li st,
s
sinh ra dng in xoy rt ln, lm tn tht nhiu nng lng, khin li st c
nhit cao. Mt khc, in cm ca cun cn cao tn thng khng yu cu qu
ln, cho nn ni chung cun cn cao tn khng dng li st.
Hi: Lc ht ca nam chm in sau khi li st c c nh c quyt
nh b tch ca cng dng in v s vng ca cun dy (I x W), th hi vi
ngun in xoay chiu (mt chiu) th trong hai cun dy sau y, cun no c lc
ht ln hn, gi thit cun A l 500 vng, cun B l 1000 vng, cn li u hon ton
khc nhau?
p: Khi vi ngun in mt chiu, lc ht gn nh bng nhau. V s vng
ca B tuy tng gp i, nhng in tr cng
gn nh tng gp hai ln, dng in I gim
i 1/2 cho nn IW gn nh khng thay i.
Vi ngun in xoay chiu, lc ht
ca cun dy c s vng t, ngc li, li
tng ln. Bi v cm khng t l thun vi
W2, cho nn tuy s vng ca B tng gp i,
cm khng li tng ln gp 4 ln, v th,
dng in gim cn 1/4, cho nn lc ht ca
B nh hn A khong 1/2 ln.
Hi: Nh th hin hnh 1 - 3 - 3, hai cun dy hon
ton ging nhau qun ln cng mt li st mch kn, t in
p xoay chiu U ln hai u ca mt cun dy no (nt lin
trong hnh) v u song song hai cun dy li vi nhau ri ni
Vi U (nt t trong hnh), trong hai trng hp , dng in
I ca mch in liu c bng nhau?
p: Dng in I ca mch in bng nhau.
- Trang 12 -
V dng in ny ch yu l dng in kch t, phn in th m t thng

xoay chiu do n sinh ra cm ng trong cun dy, gn nh bng vi in p U bn
ngoi, ngc chiu nhau; vi s Vng ca cun y v tn s ca ngun in c
nh, th ln ca phn in th s t l thun vi t thng; gi y in p ngoi
c nh, phn in th cng c nh, t thng cng c nh, cho nn trong hai tnh
hung trn, t thng trong li st mch kn l bng nhau. Khi u song song, s vng
ca cun dy tng gp i, lm cho t thng bng nhau, dng in kch t chy
qua mi cun dy phi gim 1/2, cho nn dng in I ca mch in vn khng i.
- Trang 13 -
1 - 4 in v t
Hi: Dy ti in ti sao li rung v ku?
p: Dy ci cng ca nh my in v trm bin in trong khi vn hnh
b rung v ku, phn ln xy ra trong dy ci hai phin (hoc nhiu phin) cng pha.
Bi v trong cc y ci cng pha, ln v chiu ca dng
in chy qua l ging nhau (nh hnh 1 - 4 - 1): Khi c dng
in chy qua, s sinh ra t trng quanh mi dy ci. Do
tc dng tng h ca t trng v dng in trong dy ci
khin hai si dy ci chu lc ht ln nhau, li v dng in
chy qua dy ci l in xoay chiu 50Hz, trong mi na
sng khi dng in bin i t "khng" n tr s ln nht
ri li gim xung n tr s "khng", lc ht gia hai dy
ci cng bin i t "khng" n tr s ln nht ri li
gim xung bng "khng". Nu phin in v cp gia khe
h dy ci cp rt chc chn th tuy chu lc dy ci cng khng b rung. Nhng,
thng thng trong qu trnh vn hnh, cp dy ci b r lng hoc khong cch
cp dy qu xa (ni chung c 800-1000mm c mt cp) th di tc dng ca lc t,
dy chnh s b rung 100 ln/giy, km theo c ting ku chi tai.
Dy ci rung trong thi gian di khng nhng pht ra tp m chi tai m cn s lm
cho kim loi dy ci b mi, nt v gy nn s c, cho nn cn nhanh chng loi tr
hin tng ny.
Hi: Mt thanh nam chm vnh cu v mt thanh st non, hnh dng hon ton
ging nhau (nh hnh 1 - 4 - 2), gi s khng da vo bt
c th g khc, c th nhanh chng on ra khng?
p: Ly thanh A cho ht phn gia ca thanh B.
Nu c ht, th thanh A l nam chm vnh cu, nu khng
ht th thanh A l st non. Bi v phn gia ca nam chm
vnh cu khng th hin t tnh. V th, st non khng th
ht phn gia ca nam chm, nhng nam chm li c th
ht phn gia ca st non.
Hi: Mt thanh nam chm vnh cu nu ct lm i theo
ng AB nh th hin hnh 1 - 4 - 3 th khi hai na gn
nhau s c hin tng g xy ra?
p: Sau khi thanh nam chm ct tch ra theo ng AB,
thnh hai thanh nam chm, lc ny t cc cng tnh cnh nhau,
gia hai thanh c lc y ln nhau khin chng khng th ghp
li vi nhau c na.
Trc khi chia tch ra, lc ht phn t ln hn lc t y
nhau cho nn khng
b y tch ra.
- Trang 14 -
1 - 5 Vt liu Cch in
Hi: Ti sao cch in trong ca thit b in cao p th s dng cch in
giy du, cn cch in ngoi li s dng cch in v c nh s cch in, thy
tinh v.v...
p: Cch in trong phn ln dng cch in giy du c ch to bng
cch chng xp giy cp in ri tm du, do x si c tc dng ngn cch trong
du, cn du li chn lp kn khe h trong giy, cho nn cng in hc rt cao,
c bit l cng in hc tc thi; c th t trn 100kV/mm, tnh cng ngh
cng tng i tt, v th c s dng lm cht cch in trong rt nhiu thit
b in cao p (nh t in, cp in, bin th, b h cm v.v...). Nhng cht v c
nh s cch in, thy tinh v.v... do kh bin cht li t b nh hng ca thi tit
kh hu, m cng c hc li cao, li chu c phng in, v th c s dng
rng ri lm cch in ngoi ca thit b in cao p.
Hi: Ti sao in tr cch in gim theo s tng ln ca nhit ?
p: Khi nhit tng cao, s chuyn ng ca phn t trong cht cch in
tng theo, in t trong phn t d thot ra do s va chm ln nhau gia cc phn t
lm tng tnh nng dn in trong cht cch in; ng thi khi nhit tng cao th
thnh phn nc trong cht cch in s bt u trng n, di ra, thnh dng si
nh phn b gia hai cc, do trong nc c cha tp cht dn in, v th lm tng
tnh nng in trong vt cht cch in. Tp cht cha trong nc v tp cht tnh
kim, tnh axt cha trong cht cch in sau khi b nc phn gii s lm tng tnh
nng dn in, do khi nhit tng cao, in tr cch in s gim thp.
Hi: dy cht cch in tng gp hai ln, phi chng cng chu p
cng tng gp hai?
p: Cht cch in tt v ng u (m ca rt mng) t trong in trng
u th cng chu p ca n c t l thun vi dy.
Nhng tuyt i a s vt liu cch in, do nhng nguyn nhn nh tnh
khng ng u v cht liu v s khc nhau v mc kh, c bit l, khi dy
tng ln nhit sinh ra do tn hao mi cht gy ra trong vt th cch in, khng th
tn pht ton b n in cc hoc vo mi cht khc chung quanh, tp trung lp
trong vt th cch in, lm nng vt cch in, d gy ra nh thng nhit. Do ,
dy tng gp i th cng chu p tng khng n gp i.
Hi: Khi chn vt liu cch in cho t in, mong mun h s cch in
tng i r Ca vt liu phi ln mt cht, cn khi chn vt liu cch in cho cp
in v my in th li yu cu r phi nh hn mt cht. Ti sao?
p: Mi cht cch in c . tc dng cch in v c nh c hc i vi
th dn in vi in th khc nhau; nhng trong t in, mi cht cn c mt tc
- Trang 15 -
dng quan trng na, l tng tr nng lng. i vi t in tm phng th in

dung ca n C= o. r.A/d, trong eo l h s cch in chn khng; r l h s cch
in tng i ca mi cht; A l din tch bn cc; d l khong cch gia hai cc
Nu r ln, th in dung C s tng ln theo t l thun. V th, khi chn vt liu
cch in dng cho t in, mt mt phi ch cng in hc, mt khc mun
r ln mt cht, nh vy c th gim th tch v trng lng cho n v dung lng
ca t in. Cht cch in dng cho cp in v my in khng c yu cu tng
tr nng lng, mun tnh cc ha tng i yu, tc er tng i nh. i vi
cch in cho cp in, r nh cn c th gim thiu dng in np in khi cp
in vn hnh. Ming rnh cun dy stato ca mt c khe h, nu r mi cht cch
in th rn ca mt nh chnh lch vi .khng kh tng i nh th cng
trng ca ming rnh hoc khe h cng tng i nh th c th nng cao in p
nh thng.
Hi: Trong khe h khng kh, thnh phn nc trong khng kh tng ln, in
p nh thng tng cao, ti sao mi cht th rn b m th in p nh thng li st
xung
p: Trong khe h khng kh, nu m tng ln, thnh phn nc trong
khng kh d thu ht in t, hnh thnh ion m, do hnh trnh t do ca n rt ngn
khin in p nh thng tng cao.
Mi cht cch in th rn sau khi ht m, do nc b thu ht vo bn trong
hoc b mt mi cht n c th ha tan tp cht ion hoc lm in ly cht c cc
tnh mnh, hn na vi nh hng ca cc tp cht khc, tc dng in ly ca bn
thn thnh phn nc tng mnh; do lm tng in ly mi cht th rn v tn hao
mi cht, dn n in p nh thng gim xung. i vi vt liu x si d ht
m th nh hng c bit ln, in p nh thng sau khi ht m lc thp nht c
th ch bng vi phn trm lc kh ro; cho nn trong vn hnh cn ch chng m.
Hi: Trong vt liu cch in cao p nu ln ln bt kh th trong vn hnh
d lm hng ton b vt liu cch in. Ti sao?
p: Trong vt liu cch in cao p, nu ln bt kh th s to thnh mi
cht c lp, cng in trng ca n phn b U l nghch vi h s cch in.
Do h s cch in ca bt kh nh, cng in trng ln, bt kh s in ly t
do trc khin ton b cng cch in gim, t lm hng tnh nng ca ton
- Trang 16 -
CHNG II
NHNG VN C BN CA
H THNG CP IN
2-1 Truyn ti in

Hi: Ti sao h thng in xoay chiu s dng sng hnh sin m khng s
dng sng dng khc?
p: Sau khi cc loi my in v thit b in t hp thnh h thng in,
mun vn hnh bnh thng phi bo m h thng in c hnh (dng) sng thng
nht nh vy thit k v ch to my in v thit b in mi c cn c chung. Bi
v,trn t C cng dng in i = C.du/dt (trong cng thc du/dt l biu sut) trn
in cm L, in p u = L.di/dt (trong cng thc , di/dt l biu sut cng ); xt
v ton hc, ch c hm s sin sau khi vi phn hoc tch phn th th (dng sng)
ca hm s mi khng thay i. ng thi, trong mch in thng s c mt s
in p v cng thm vo, duy chi c hm s sin khi cng thm vo dng sng
mi khng pht sinh biu k d, cn bt c hnh sng no u khng c tnh cht
ny.
Hi: Tn s lm vic ca in xoay chiu ti sao li nh l 50 hoc 60 chu
k trong mi giy?
p: Tn s ca in xoay chiu cao hay thp u c li v hi. Tn s cao
c th gim thiu lng s dng ng v st dng trong my in v my bin
th,cho nn trng lng gim nh, gi thnh thp, s nhp nhy ca bng n do
dng in thay i gy nn mt ngi cng khng d nhn thy. Song n s lm
gim khng p ca ng dy ti in v thit b in tn hao nng lng tng ln,
lm xu nng sut iu chnh v hiu sut ca in p.
Tn s qu thp, s lm tng trng lng ca my in v bin th, gi thnh
tng cao, s nhp nhy ca bng n cng d nhn thy, cho nn tn s lm vic qui
nh 50 hoc 60 chu k/giy l tng i hp l.
Hi: Ti sao in p li in phi chn cc cp khc nhau ?
p: Chn cp in p, ngoi vic tnh n li thp an ton cho ngi
s dng dng li in p thp ra, khi truyn ti phn phi in li c cng
cng sut th in p cng cao, dng in cng nh, din tch tit din phn ti in
ca dy dn c th s dng cng nh, u t s gim tng ng. Nhng yu cu
i vi cch in th in p cng cao, u t v ct in, bin p, b ngt in
cng cng ln. Do i vi cng sut truyn ti v khong cch truyn ti nht
nh no th cn chn in p hp l nht. ng thi, vic chn in p in
li phi tng hp xem xt ton din qui hoch trc mt v lu di ph ti in
li v trnh k thut lc mi c th la chn thch hp. Cp in p chn qu
- Trang 17 -
cao, th ph ti lu di ca ng dy khng , lng ph u t, chn qu thp th

khng lu li phi thay in p cp cao hn, cng khng kinh t.
Hi: Thng nghe ni n in p ng dy 6 kil vn (kV) hoc 6.3 kil
vn (kV), 6.6 kil vn (kV). Cch ni no ng?
p: i vi cp in p ny, in p nh mc ca thit b in (nh ng
c in, l in) l 6kV cn in p nh mc ca my pht in l 6.3kV. in p
nh mc cun nguyn ca my bin p ging nh thit b dng in tc 6kV; in
p nh mc ca cun ph cao hn ca thit b dng in 5%, tc 6.3kV. Khi tr s
in p ngn mch ca bin p trn 8%, in p nh mc ca cun ph phi cao
hn ca thit b dng in 10%, tc 6.6kV.
Theo qui nh, in p nh mc ca li in phi bng vi thit b dng
in ca n, i vi in p cp ny m ni l 6kV. Cho nn ni, ng dy in p
6kV l ng.
Hi: St p v tn tht in p c g khc nhau?
p: Trong mng in mt chiu, st p v tn tht in p l hon ton
ging nhau, nhng trong mng in xoay chiu, do v tr pha ca dng in v in
p khc nhau, v quan h st p do in khng ca mch in gy ra nn hai khi
nim khc nhau. Hiu hnh hc ca in p hai u, u v cui ca ng dy
gi l st p; hiu i s in p hai u ca n gi l tn tht in p. Trong mng
xoay chiu, tr s tuyt i ca st p ln hn tn tht in p.
Hi: in p ca bung phn phi in p thp l 400V; st p ng dy t
bung phn phi in n phn xng 32V. Nu h s cng sut ca phn xng l
0.6 tr khng ca ng dy l in tr thun, th in p phn xng c phi l
368V?
p: Khng phi; m l 380V .Gi thit in p bung phn phi in l
.
.
.
U1 ,st p ng dy l U in p phn xng l U 2 ,
.
cng dng in ph ti ca phn xng l I 2 . Quan h

v tr pha gia chng vi nhau c th biu th nh hnh 2 - 1 6. V tr khng ca ng dy l in tr thun, cho nn
.
.
U song song vi I 2 . Do h s cng sut ca ph ti phn
.
xng l 0.6 cho nn U phn gii thnh hai thnh phn 0.6
.
2
2
U v 0.8 U (ng mnh trong hnh). T ta c : ( U 2 + 0.6 x 32) + (0.8 x 32)
.
= 4002, gii ra. ta c U 2 = 380V.

Hi: Ti sao my bin th dung lng ln hoc cu dao dn cao p s dng
trn ng dy ti in ba pha u dng ba pha to thnh?
- Trang 18 -
p: Ngi ta thng dng ba ci mt pha m khng dng mt ci ba pha l

do: (1) th tch v trng lng qu ln, v mt vn chuyn phi chu s hn ch bi
kh nng ca phng tin vn ti hoc kch thc ca ng s, cu cng, ng
hm v.v... (2) Bin th hoc cu dao dn cao p d b ngi s dng ch cn chun
b mt ci mt pha l c, so vi d b mt ci ba pha c th tit kim v mt u
t rt ln. (3) Nu khng may b h hng th ch cn sa cha mt ci mt pha, tc
sa cha s nhanh hn l sa cha thit b ba pha.
Hi: Ti sao khi ti in trn khong cch xa th my bin th tng p u
thnh - Y (tam gic - sao) bin th st p th u thnh Y - (sao - tam gic)?
p: in p li ti in cng cao th hiu sut cng cng cao. My bin
th tng p u - Y, dy ra bn pha th cp thu c s l in p dy; t vi
s vng tng i t, s thu c in p tng i cao, nng cao c t l tng p.
Cng cng l do my bin th h p u Y - , vi s vng ca cun dy bn s
cp khng nhiu c th t c ti l h p tng i ln. Ngoi ra, khi bn th cp
ca bin th tng p v bn s cp ca my bin th h p u kiu Y (hnh sao)
u c th tip t, im trung tnh khin in p dy ti in i vi t l in p
pha, bng
1
in p dy; cng tc l h thp yu cu cch in ca ng dy, h
3
gi thnh xy dng.
Hi: Ti sao c mt s n v s dng in tch ring chiu sng v ng lc
m khng dng chung mt my bin th ?
p: Xt v mt gim thiu s lng thit b nu c chiu sng v ng lc
dng chung mt bin th th s kinh t hn. Nhng, ph ti ca ng lc a phn l
ng c in, khi khi ng s lm st gim in p ngun mt cch r rt, v khi
ph ti ca ng lc thay i cng lm thay i in p ngun, nhng iu u
lm cho sng ca n chiu sng mt n nh. phng nga hin tng ny,
tch ring h thng in dng cho ng lc v h thng in dng cho nh sng l
tt hn.
Hi: Ti sao nhng my in quay trn khng th trc tip u vi pha
ng dy thuc h "hai dy mt t"?
p: Trong vn hnh ng dy trn khng h "hai dy mt t", c mt pha
thng xuyn tip t, v th in p pha khng tip t i vi t l in p dy.
Nu u trc tip my in vo, th cch in ca n s phi vn hnh lu di di
in p dy, iu ny l khng th c. V th, phi qua my bin th cch ly mi
c th u vo c.
Hi: Trong mng phn phi in p thp h ba pha ba dy, liu c th p
dng h "hai dy mt t" tit kim mt ng dy?
- Trang 19 -
p: Khng c. Nguyn nhn l:

(1) ch dy dn tip t s xut hin st p r rt khin in p pha tip
t u c ph ti s rt thp; in p ba pha khng cn bng; tnh vn hnh ca
ph ti tr nn xu. (2) Do in p ca pha i vi t l in p dy, cho nn khi
ngi tip xc vi dy pha bt k no khng tip t th s rt nguy him. (3) Khi
in p dy ca li in l 380V, khng th trc tip u ni vi ph ti chiu
sng. (4) Khi xy ra ngn mch gia dy dn pha tip t vi pha khng tip t, do
dng in ngn mch b hn ch bi in tr tip t hai ch ca pha tip t,
khng lm nng chy dy ch, nn s ko di qu trnh ngn mch. (5) Khi
chn in tr tip t tng i ln th phn vt tip t c th xut hin in
p nguy him.
Hi: Khi truyn ti in ba pha nng
thn, ti sao c lc ch dng hai dy trn khng?
p: nng thn, do ng dy ti in
di m dy in thoi in tn khng nhiu, v
th c th li dng t lm mt dy ti in
ba pha, nh th hin hnh 2 - 1 - 12, nhm tit
kim gi thnh lp t ng dy ti in
(thng thng c th tit kim 25 - 30% vn
u t ban u). Loi ng dy ti in tn
dng t lm mt dy pha thng gi l ng dy ti in ba pha h "hai dy mt
t"; tuy c th tit kim nhng cng c nhc im, ch yu l: (1) nh hng
tng i ln i vi ng dy thng tin. V th trong thnh ph khng c dng.
(2) in p tip xc v in p vt ni tip t tng i ln, cho nn cn c
bit ch an ton. (3) in p pha i vi t l in p dy ch khng phi in p
pha, do khi trc tip dng vi ph ti ba pha, cch din ca ph ti i vi t
d b nh thng.
Hi: H ba pha ba dy so vi h mt pha hai dy, tit kim c bao nhiu
dy?
p: Gi thit tn hao trong in p dy v ng dy l nh nhau. Vy cng
sut truyn ti ca mt pha v ba pha ln lt l:
P = UI1 v P = 3 UI3 tc I1 = I3.
Tn hao ca hai ci bng nhau: PCU = 2. I12 R1 = 3. I32 .R3
Hoc R3 = 2R1.
Trng lng ca dy t l thun vi s si dy, t l nghch vi in tr.
1
2
W1
2 2R 1 4
R1
R
=
= 1 =
=
3
W3 2 1
R1
3
3
R 3 2R 1
1
Cho nn, c th tit kim c hoc 25%.
4
2
- Trang 20 -

Hi: Ti sao khi xy ra s c ngn mch mt ch no ca h thng
in lc s lm cho h thng dao ng, thm ch ph
v c h thng?
p: Nu xy ra ngn mch im D trn
ng dy gn nh my in A (xem hnh 2-1-14),
in p dy chnh ca nh my A s st xung gn
bng 0, mt ph ti, ng c khng kp iu chnh
tng ng, tc quay ca t my nh my A tt s
tng cao. Lc ny, trn ng dy chnh ca nh my
B vn cn in p cn li tng i cao, ph ti mt i khng nhiu, tc quay
ca my pht in tng tng i ln. Nh vy, t my ca hai nh my A, B sinh ra
chnh lch tc quay, nu thi gian ngn mch ko di tng i lu th t my
ca hai nh my s mt ng b, khin h thng dao ng thm ch b ph v. V
th nng cao tnh n nh vn hnh song song ca h thng, yu cu nhanh chng
khc phc s c ngn mch, phng nga m rng s c.
- Trang 21 -
2 - 2 Dy ci (Dy dn nh)
Hi: Trong h thng 6 ~ 10 kV ca nh my pht in v trm bin in, ti
sao u s dng dy ci ch nht?
p: Khi din tch tit din nh nhau, th chu vi y ci hnh ch nht ln
hn hnh trn; tc b mt tn nhit ca thanh dn chnh hnh ch nht ln hn, do
iu kin lm mt tt hn, ng thi, do nh hng ca hiu ng in tch tp
trung b mt ca in xoay chiu, in tr ca dy chnh tit din hnh ch nht s
nh hn in tr tit din hnh trn, o khi din tch tit din v nhit pht
nhit cho php ging nhau th dng in chy qua tit din hnh ch nht s ln
hn. Cho nn, trong h thng 6 ~ 10kV ni chung u s dng dy ci ch nht, cn
trn thit b phn phi in 35 kV v trn na, phng nga qung in tm,
thng s dng dy ch hnh trn.
Hi: Ti sao trong my in xoay chiu ni chung khng s dng dy ci
bng thp, nhng trong mt s mch in xoay chiu v mng in mt chiu li
c s dng.
p: in tr sut ca thp gp 6 ~ 8 ln ca ng; s dng trong mch
in xoay chiu dung lng ln tt s gy nn tn tht in p v tiu hao in
nng. Mt khc tnh dn t ca thp tng i tt, d gy nn t tr v tn hao
dng xoy (Fuc) nn ni chung nhng mch in xoay chiu dung lng ln u
khng dng thp lm dy ci. Nhng cng c hc ca dy ci bng thp li cao,
gi r, nn c th s dng trong mch in cao p xoay chiu dung lng nh nh
b h cm in p bn cao p ca my bin th dng trong nh my in dung
lng nh. Trong mch in mt chiu, do khng tn ti t tr v tn hao dng
xoy, cho nn cng c dng y ci bng thp, nh thanh dn in mt chiu ca
bung c qui.
Hi: Vi cng dng in rt ln, khi chn dy ci nn xem xt nh th
no ?
p: Khi chn dy ci khng nn s dng tit din qu ln. V cng dng
in cho php ca n s gim theo s tng ln ca tit in, cng tc l s tng ln
ca dng in cho php khng t l thun vi s tng ln ca tit din dy ci. V
th, khi cng dng in mt pha vt qu dng in cho php ca mt tit din
ln nht th thng s dng nhiu dy ghp song song.
Dy ci trong mt pha, ni chung, khng qu hai dy. V khi s dy trong mi
pha tng ln, do lm ngui tr nn km, s gia tng ca ph ti cho php khng t l
thun vi s dy, m gia tng tng i nh. Hn na, khi l xoay chiu hiu ng
ln cn rt ln.
- Trang 22 -
Hi: Ti sao khi s dng ghp song song dy ci hnh ch nht, mi pha
khng c qu 3 dy, cn dy dn chia tch th c th dng dy dn mm c 3 si
tr ln?
p: Khi dng in lm vic vt qu dng in cho php ca dy ci th
mi pha c th dng hai hoc 3 dy ci hnh ch nht ghp song song c nh ln gi
cch in. c th ta nhit tt, gia cc dy phi gi khong cch bng dy
ca n, khng c chng ln nhau. Nhng s dy dn mi pha tng ln, th dng
in cho php ca n b nh hng bi iu kin ta nhit tr nn km v hiu ng
b mt, nn khng tng ln theo t l thun khi mi pha c 3 dy, dng in ca dy
gia chim khong 20% tng cng dng in, hai dy bn chim 40% mi dy.
Do khng nn s dng mi pha qu ba dy ci ch nht. Cn dy dn chia tch do
nhiu si dy dn mm to thnh, do gia cng v lp rp tng i d, khng cn
phi xp chng, c th xp rng gia, cho nn cho php s dng 4 si tr ln.
Hi: Dy ci ba pha b tr ngang bng hoc thng ng th pha no chu sc
in ng ln nht?
p: Cn c vo hin tng: chiu dng
in ging nhau sinh ra lc ht, chiu dng in
khc nhau sinh ra lc y m xt th khi chiu
dng in hai pha hai bn ngc nhau th pha
gia chu lc ln nht (xem hnh 2 - 2 - 5). Gi
thit dng in trong ba pha l i xng v cn
bng th da vo cng thc F = 0
I1I 2
c th
2a
tnh c lc y m pha gia nhn c ln hn 1/4 so vi mi pha hai bn.

Hi: Khi dy ci mt pha chia thnh vi dy lp ln cng v s, ti sao phi
tng thm m lt vo gia hai thanh dn gia v s ?
p: Trong tnh hnh lc in ng m dy ci chu khng ch l lc gia
dy ci khc pha m cn c lc tc dng ln nhau gia dy dn cng pha. V khong
cch dy ci cng pha tng i gn, do lc in ng tng i ln. Tng thm
m lt c th gim khong cch im chng , gim mmen ca lc in ng.
trn?

Hi: Ti sao trong thit b phn phi in, ni chung u dng dy ci
p: Dy ci trn c cc u im sau y: iu kin ta nhit tt, dng in

cho php tng, lp rp d, sa cha n gin, gi thnh tng i thp cho nn. bt
k l thit b phn phi in trong phng hay ngoi tri, ni chung u s dng
thanh dn trn.
- Trang 23 -
Hi: Dy ci dng ai s dng trong thit b phn phi in, khi lp t c

hai cch: t ngang v t ng (xem hnh 2 - 2 - 8). Ti sao?
p: Khi chn kch thc dy ci cn xt ti hai im: ( l ) Lu lng tiDy ci c th cho dng in m ph ti cn thit chy qua an ton. Nu chn
qu nh, dy ci s nng do qu ti. (2) Cng c hc - thanh dn c ng lc c
hc ca dy ci chu c khi xy ra s c ngn mch, khng n ni lm hng
thit b ca dy ci.
Nhng tnh nng ca dy ci dng ai c tit din nh nhau, khi t ngang t
ng c ch khc nhau. Khi t ng, lu lng ti in tng i ln, nhng ch
c th chu c ng lc c hc tng i nh. Cn khi t ngang, lu lng ti
in gim 5 - 8% so vi t ng, nhng c th chu c ng lc c gii tng
i ln.
Do , khi lp t dy chnh dng ai cn cn c vo tnh nng trn y
quyt nh t ngang hay t ng. Nu cng sut rt ln, thng lp t cc pha
trn di ch khng b tr trn cng mt phng ngang bng, v t ng dy ci
lng ti in v cng c hc u tha mn.
Hi: in p gia cc r (d) ng hp lu ng trong l in tng i
thp. Nhng thng thng khong cch lp t gia chng rt xa, liu c th cn c
vo yu cu cch in ni chung rt ngn khong cch?
p: i vi vn khong cch gia cc dy ci cng dng in ln,
ngoi vic xem xt khong cch, cch in gia cc dy ra, cn phi tnh n lc
in ng do dng in sinh ra. Khi khong cch gia hai dy dn nh, th sc in
ng tng h s tng ln, c bit l l in trong thi gian nng chy, do nguyn
liu xung, nho trn, thng xy ra hin tng ngn mch. Lc , lc in
ng gia cc r ng hp lu rt ln. Nu khong cch chn khng chnh xc, s
ph hng b phn chng ca cc r ng hp lu.
Hi: Ti sao bulng ni i ca dy ci khng th sit qu cht?
p: Bulng sit qu cht th b phn dy ci di vng m b nn, tit din
ca y ci gim. Trong vn hnh, dng in chy qua s pht nng, do h s n ca
nhm hoc ng ln hn thp, y ci di vng m cng b nn thm khng th
gin n t nhin, nu cng dng in trong dy ci gim nh, nhit gim
thp, t l co rt ca dy ci ln hn bulng, th l hnh thnh khe b. Nh vy in
tr tip xc s ln, nhit tng cao, mt tip xc s b xy ha, khin in tr tip
xc cng ln. Cui cng lm cho phn lin kt ca bulng xy ra hin tng qu
- Trang 24 -
nng, nh hng an ton vn hnh. Ni chung, nhit thp, bulng nn sit cht
mt cht, nhit cao, bulng nn sit lng mt cht.
Hi: Kp vt dng c nh dy ci trn v s dy ci, ti sao sau khi sit
cht li phi ni ra 2 - 3 vng, khng th vn qu cht ?
p: Bi v trong vn hnh, dy ci tng nhit, c bit l dng in chy qua
khi ngn mch, nhit tng tng i cao, dy ci b nng n ra. Nu kp vt vn
qu cht, dy ci chnh khng cn ch gin n s sinh ng lc rt ln i vi v
s, gy nn s c v hng v s. V th, khi lp rp, sau khi vn cht phi ni ra 2 3 vng.
Hi: Dy ci bng ng v bng thp, liu c th trc tip ni vi nhau bng
bulng ?
p: Khng c. V kim loi khc nhau ni vi nhau gia chng ch cn c
khe h th s gy nn n mn in ha do tc dng pin. Kt qu l lm tng in tr
tip xc, tng nhanh s n mn dy ci.
phng nga n mn in ha, cn p dng hn ni hoc sau khi m thic
dy ci ri mi lin kt bng bulng.
Hi: Ti sao mt tip xc ca dy ci bng nhm khng cho php dng giy
nhm (vi nhm) gia cng phng bng?
p: Thng thng dng da th gia cng phng mt tip xc ca dy ci
bng nhm. Khi khi lng cng vic ln c th tin hnh bng dao co hoc dy
thp (lp trn my phay). Bi v dng giy nhm (vi nhm) lm phng th ct v
vn vi bm vo kim loi, khin in tr mt tip xc ca dy ci tng ln, d oxy
ha, pht nhit gy nn s c.
Hi: Ti sao khi dng bulng ni dy ci t ngang, bulng phi x t
di ln?
p: Ch yu l tin kim tra. Bi v khi x t di ln, khi dy chnh v
bulng do h s n khng ging nhau hoc khi ngn mch, di tc dng ca lc
in ng gy nn khe h khng kh gia dy ci, khin bulng tut xung, khi kim
tra s nhanh chng v kp thi pht hin ra, khng m rng s c. ng thi, cch
lp rp ny p, ngay ngn.
Hi: ng bc xuyn tng c dng in 1500A tr ln chy qua, khi lp ln
tm thp ti sao li phi x mt ng khe ngang khong 3 mm trn ng ko di
ng knh ng bc trn tm thp (nh hnh 2 - 2 - 15)?
p: Khi thp tm khng x rnh, do dng in
xoay chiu chy qua ng bc, hnh thnh mch t khp kn
- Trang 25 -
xoay chiu trn thp tm, sinh ra tiu hao t tr khin thp tm pht nng. S tn
hao ny s tng mnh theo s tng ln ca dng in v do thp tm qu nng d lm
lo ha cht in mi cch in ca ng bc, nh hng n tui th s dng. Sau
khi thp tm x rnh, do c khe h, t thng trong thp tm gim r rt, t lm
gim ng k s tn hao t tr.
Hi: Ni thanh dn hnh ch nht nhiu thanh nh th hin hnh 2 - 2 16
(a), (b), cch ni no tt hn?
p: Phn ni ca mch in phi lm sao in tr tip xc cng nh cng
tt nh vy tn hao do dng in chy qua phn ni sinh ra cng nh. Do ,
phng php ni hnh (a) tng i tt. Bi v di p
lc n v din tch nht nh, din tch tip xc cng ln
th in tr tip xc cng nh, tn hao do dng in chy
qua sinh ra cng cng nh, tng dng in m phng php
ni hnh (a) th hin chy qua ba mt tip xc, hnh
(b) th hin ch chy qua mt mt tip xc .R rng in
tr tip xc ca ci trc nh, tn hao do dng in chy qua sinh ra cng nh.
Hi: Hai vt kp cht trn ci cch in dy ci, ti sao thng mt ci
bng ng, mt ci bng thp?
p: V chung quanh vt ti dn in sinh ra t trng, nu c hai vt u
lm bng thp th tm kp trn di v hai vt s to thnh mch t kn c t tr
thp, tm kp v vt s pht nng bi tn tht t tr v dng xoy do t trng thay
i gy nn. S dng mt vt bng ng s lm tng t tr ca mch t khin n
khng nng. C lc tng t tr cng c th s dng tm kp ng hoc nhm.
Hi: Khi lp dy ci hnh ch nht ln v s, ti sao l khoan ca dy ci,
ni chung u c hnh van?
p: Khi dng in ph ti chy qua dy ci s lm dy ci nng n ra. Khi
dng in ph ti lun lun bin ng, do dy ci thng xuyn co gin. Nu
khoan l thnh hnh van th khi dy ci co gin s
thun tin cho n x dch t do theo hng dc,
trnh c ng lc c hc tc dng ln v s.
Hi: Ti sao khi di on thng ca
dy ci qu di cn phi c ch ni co gin?
p: Trn on thng dy ci bng nhm
di 15 mt v dy ci bng ng di 20 - 25 mt,
nu c lp u ni co gin (xem hnh 2 - 2 - 19) th khi c dng ph ti chy qua, dy
ci b nng n ra s c ch co gin, khng n ni lm hng v s bi ng lc c
hc. u ni co gin lm t phin mng (0.1 ~ 0.4mm) bng vt liu ging vi dy
ci cn s lng bao nhiu th phi tng ng vi tit din dy ci.
- Trang 26 -

Hi: Ch cong ca thanh dn xung t dy ci
cng ni vi thit b nn lm theo ng nt t hay
ng nt lin th hin hnh 2 - 2 - 20 ? Ti sao?
p: B phn un cong ni t thanh dy ci vi
thit b phi c gng gn im ta nht, nh ng
nt lin trong hnh. V rng nh vy dy dn xung s
ngn hn so vi ng nt t th hin s lm cho ng
lc c hc m dy ci phi chu khi xy ra s c ngn
mch tng i nh. Nhng phi ch : theo qui nh,
phn tip xc gia dy ci vi thit b phi ngoi 25mm sau on thng t ch
un cong.
in?

Hi: Ti sao khng trc tip ni u ni bng ng, nhm trong cc thit b
p: Ly Hydro lm chun, cc kim loi u c th t in ha khc nhau.

Th t in ha ca nhm nm trc Hydro, in th in cc tiu chun l 1.34V. Th t in ha ca ng sau Hydro, in th in cc tiu chun l +
0.34V (Cu++) hoc 0.521V (Cu+). Nu ni ng vi nhm bng phng php c hc
n gin, c bit l mi trng m thp v cha nhiu thy phn (trong khng
kh lun cha thy phn nht nh v mt t mui v c c tnh ha tan), i u ni
ng, nhm s nh mt i in cc ngm trong dung dch in gii, s hnh thnh
pin c hiu in th l 0.34 (hoc 0.521) - ( - l.34) = 1.68 (hoc l.86)V. Di tc
dng ca pin, nhm s nhanh chng mt ht in t nn b n mn, nh vy lm cho
u ni dn dn lng, gy nn in tr tip xc tng. Khi dng in chy qua, u
ni nng ln, nhit tng cao cn lm cho nhm bin dng do, cng lm tng in
tr tip xc ca phn u ni. C tun hon nh vy cho n khi u ni b chy
hn. Do , u ni bng ng, nhm ca thit b in phi dng "u ni qu
ng nhm" hn bng h quang li.
Hi: Dy ci trn trong thit b phn phi in sao li phi sn mu?
p: Ch yu dng th hin cng dng ca dy ci (dy ci in xoay
chiu ba pha hoc dy ci in mt chiu), v tr pha ca dy ci xoay chiu v cc
tnh ca dy ci mt chiu. Trung Quc qui nh trong dy ci xoay chiu ba pha th
pha A sn mu vng, pha B sn mu lc, pha C sn mu ; dy trung tnh sn mu
tm (dy khng tip t) hoc mu tm c vch ngang mu en (dy tip t); trong
dy ci mt chiu, cc dng sn mu , cc m sn mu xanh lam. ng thi dy
chnh trn sau khi sn mu s lm tng kh nng bc x ta nhit, ci thin c
iu kin ta nhit, cho nn c th tng lu lng ti so vi dy khng sn, v c
th phng nga r mn dy chnh, c bit quan trng i vi dy ci bng thp.
- Trang 27 -
Hi: Dy ci phn phi in t trong phng ni chung nn sn mu, ti sao

dy ci phn phi in ngoi tri li khng sn mu?
p: Do dy ci phn phi in ngoi tri phn ln dng dy cp (dy mc
trn khng), khi nhit thay i, dy dn co gin rt r rt, nu b mt dy c sn
th s nhanh chng b ph hng. ng thi, do tc dng kh khng kh ngoi tri
rt ln, gp hn 4 - 6 ln so vi tc khng kh lm mt t nhin trong phng, cho
nn hnh thc ta nhit ch yu ca b mt dy ci phn phi in ngoi tri l
i lu. Sn mu khng th lm tng mt cch r rt kh nng ta nhit ca n. Cho
nn dy ci phn phi in ngoi tri ni chung u khng sn mu.
- Trang 28 -

Hi: Ti sao dy ci bng st hoc nhm khng c sn trc tip sn bin
mu kim tra nhit vn hnh?
p: l bi v thy ngn v bc cha trong sn bin mu c tc dng n
mn tng i mnh i vi st hoc nhm. Nu trc khi sn khng sn mt lp
sn bo v chng n mn th s lm hng dy ci do b n mn.
Hi: ng vn dn in tt hn thic, ti sao li thng m thic ln
u dy ng?
p: l nhm phng nga ng b g to thnh lp "ng xanh" trong
khng kh m t, n lm tng in tr tip xc khin mt tip xc qu nng. Sau
khi m mt lp thic ln b mt ng s c th phng nga xy ha ng, ng
thi cht xy ha ca thic dn in tng i tt, khng dn n hin tng lm
tng in tr tip xc lm mt tip xc qu nng.
Hi: Ti sao dy ci cao p d b, khi bnh thng cng phi trng thi
c in?
p: Trong khng kh cha lng hi nc nht nh, s bm vo dy ci v
gi cch in lm gim cch in ca dy ci. Hi nc v bi than trong khng
kh ng kt li vi nhau cng to thnh mch kn phng in. Khi dy ci trng
thi mch in, hi nc c th bc hi, khng nh hng n cch in ca
dy ci. Cho nn, dy ci ngng s dng thi gian lu, trc khi s dng phi o
cch in ca dy ci.
Hi: Thanh r hp lu s dng trong thit b phn phi in ti sao phi sn
mu? Lm sao cn c vo mu sc phn bit pha ca dng in?
p: Ni chung, vic sn mu ca thanh r hp lu c ba mc ch: ( l )
nhn vin cng tc d phn bit. (2) Lm tng phn no lng nhit ta vo mi
trng xung quanh. Do tng dng ph ti cho php ca thanh r. (3) C th chng
r st.Vi in mt chiu, cc ng mu , cc m mu lam. in xoay chiu:
pha A mu vng, pha B mu lc, pha C mu ; in xoay chiu mt pha: mu vng
v mu .
Thanh r hp lu trung tnh v thanh r hp lu cn bng mt chiu v xoay
chiu khng tip t l mu tm, tip t l mu tm c vch ngang mu en.
im ni t, im phn nhnh v im t u vi thit b th khng sn
mu.
- Trang 29 -
2 - 3 Vng quang in (phng in vng quang)

Hi: Bui ti, trn ng dy ti in cao p c bit, ti sao c in qung
mu lam thm?
p: Quanh dy dn ng dy ti in cao p c in trng rt cao, di
tc dng ca in trng mnh, lm cho khng kh quanh n ion ha sinh ra hin
tng phng in, gi l phng in qung tn (in qung). Nh vy, bui ti c
th nhn thy qung nh sng mu lam thm.
Hi: Ti sao trong trm bin in 220kV tr ln thng c ting phng in
"tch tch"?
p: l ting phng in qung. Tia v tr tia t ngoi trong khng trung,
bc x ca nguyn t phng x di t u c quang t photon nng lng cao,
c th bt in t trong cht kh ra, gi l quang ion ha. Khi in p trn dy dn
tng ln n tr s no , cng t trng b mt dy dn c th lm cho in
t do quang ion ha bn ngoi sinh ra s thu c ng nng trong khi chuyn ng.
Nu ng nng ln hn nng lng ion ha ca phn t kh th in t c th lm
cho phn t kh b va chm sinh ra ion ha va chm, di tc dng ca in trng
mnh, in t do va chm sinh ra s thu c ng nng, sinh ra ion ha va chm
mi, kt qu in t s tng ln nh tuyt l, ng thi pht ra ting "tch tch"?
Hi: Ti sao ng dy ti in phi xt n vn in qung? Lm sao
phng nga in qung?
p: in p cng cao cng d sinh ra in qung, cho nn dng dy ti
in trn 35kV phi xt n in qung (phng in qung tn). in qung c ba
ci hi sau: (1) Tn hao in nng. (2) Khi xy ra in qung, khng kh gn dy dn
s sinh ra hin tng ion ha, d gy rn v s, khi qu p, gia pha v pha d b
xuyn thng. (3) S ion ha khng kh do in qung sinh ra d to ra cht xy ha
ca nit v zn, kh zn c th lm xy ha kim loi, cht xy ha ca nit s ha
hp vi nc thnh axit nitric, c tc dng n mn ph hoi i vi kim loi. Tm
li, bt k l v mt kinh t hay an ton, th tnh cht nguy hi ca in qung u
rt ln. Mun phng nga in qung th phi nng cao in p in qung ti hn,
m in p in qung ti hn t l thun vi ng knh dy dn, t l thun vi
khong cch gia cc dy dn; hiu qu tng tit din dy dn ln hn tng khong
cch gia cc dy dn, m u t cng tng i t.
Hi: Dy ci ca trm bin th cao p (nh 220kV) th tit din ca n ln
hn nhiu so vi kt qu tnh ra da theo cng dng in lm vic lu di ca
n. Ti sao?
p: Chn tit din dy ci, khng nhng cn xt n cng dng in
lm vic lu di cho php ln nht, m iu quan trng hn l phi xt iu kin
- Trang 30 -
in p ti hn ca phng in qung tn. in qung khng ch lm tn tht mt

phn in nng, m c khi dy dn xy ra in qung s lm cho khng kh gn
ion ha, lm gim cch in, d gy nn chp rch v s hoc gia cc pha;
trong phm vi in qung s sinh ra kh zn v axt nitric, c tc dng ph hoi i
vi kim loi v cht cch in hu c. Ngoi ra, m thanh c bit do in qung
sinh ra cng nh hng n s phn on ca nhn vin trm bin in i vi s
c ca thit b. Tng ng knh ca dy dn c th nng cao in p ti hn ca
in qung. ng knh dy chnh ca trm bin in 220KV nn chn tng i
ln.
Hi: Cng tc cao p 220 kV tr ln vn hnh vng cao nguyn d sinh ra
in qung hn hay vng ng bng?
p: vng cao nguyn d sinh ra in qung hn, v kh p ca vng cao
nguyn thp, mt khng kh nh, khin in p khi u ca in qung xoay
chiu ca cng tc cao p gim, v th hin tng in qung mnh hn nhiu
vng ng bng, ngay c khi tri tnh ro cng c th nghe thy ting phng in
qung tn tng i ln. Ban m, quanh vt mang in u sng.
Hi: Ti sao trong thit b phn phi in, in p tng i thp (di
15kV) thng thng s dng thanh hp dng hnh ch nht cn trong thit b phn
phi in in p tng i cao (trn 35kV) li s dng thanh hp dng hnh trn?
p: iu kin ta nhit ca thanh hp dng hnh ch nht tng i tt, c
th cho php ph ti tng i ln, cho nn c gng chn dng (di 15kV). Nhng
khi in p tng i cao, nh cao hn 35kV do bc thang in th phn gc
nhn qu cao, sinh ra in qung, khng th khng chuyn sang dng thanh hp dng
hnh trn.
in qung l hin tng phng in sinh ra sau khi bc thang ca in th
qu cao. Lc , phn t khng kh b ion ha lm gim kh nng cch in ca khng
kh, s sinh ra chp rch xuyn thng. ng thi, in qung to ra zn v cht xy
ha ca nit, s n mn kim loi v gim cch in.
- Trang 31 -
2 - 4 Vn tip t im trung tnh

Hi: Ti sao h thng in 110 ~ 220kV l h thng tip t im trung tnh
cn h thng in 3 - 35kV l h thng khng tip t im trung tnh? Cn h
thng 380/220V li l h thng tip t im trung tnh?
p: Trong h thng in cao p, mc cch in khi im trung tnh trc
tip tip t s gim thp hn khong 20% so vi khng tip t, m ngha kinh
t ca vic gim thp mc cch in th s khc nhau ty theo s khc nhau ca
in p nh mc. Trong h thng 110 - 220kV, gi thnh ch to bin th v thit b
in, i khi t l thun vi in p th nghim (khi cho in p th nghim ln
vt th nghim, khng b nh thng hoc chp rch cng khng c phng in cc
b trong du). in 110 ~ 220kV nu p dng hnh thc im trung tnh trc tip
tip t th gi ch to bin th v thit b in cng gim khong 20%, cho nn h
thng cao p ny thng l h thng tip t. Nhng trong h thng 8 -35kV, u t
cch in chim t l tng i nh, im trung tnh tip t khng c gi tr kinh t
ln m cn lm cho dng in ngn mch ca mi pha i vi t tng ln nhiu,
cho nn u p dng hnh thc im trung tnh khng tip t. Cn nh h thng
380/220V th do n l in p ca in sn xut sinh hot hng ngy ca mi ngi,
im trung tnh ca 380V trc tip tip t s gim thp in th ca dy i vi
t, gim thiu nguy c in git.
Hi: Trong h thng im trung tnh khng tip tt, ti sao c lc bt th
in pht in mt pha no khng c in cn dy trung tnh c in?
p: Lc ny, pha r in i vi t. Nu dng ng h vn nng o
s pht hin in p gia dy pha vi dy pha, gia dy pha vi dy trung tnh l bnh
thng, nhng in p gia dy trung tnh vi t tng cao, gn 220V. in p ca
pha r in i vi t gn bng 0, in p ca hai pha kia vi t gn bng 380V.
Nu r in khng ng k, in tr i vi t ln, th hin tng ny khng r
rt.
Hi: Gia ng dy ti in i vi t tn ti in
dung trong h thng im trung tnh khng tip t, nu xy ra
mt pha tip t th s c bao nhiu dng in in dung chy
qua im tip t?
p: Sau khi hon i v tr y dy dn mc trn
khng th in dung mi pha i vi t gn bng nhau, tc C A =
CB = CC .in p ngun i xng ba pha ln lt tc dng ln
in dung mi pha, tng hp dng in in dung to ra bng 0. Nu pha C xy ra
tip t hon ton th in dung CC ca pha C i vi t b ngn mch, cn li CA
v CB in p ba pha cng xy ra bin i,UA v UB t in p pha Uxg s tng ln
n in p dy 3 Uxg .Do in p ba pha khng i xng, lc ny gc kp gia
vct UA v UB l 60o (nh hnh 2 - 4 - 3) dng in in dung ICA v ICB do chng tc
- Trang 32 -
dng ln CA , CB sinh ra cng lch pha 60o, m ICA = ICB = ( 3 Uxg)/XC = ( 3 Uxg )/(l/
Co)= 3 CoUxg , tng vct ICB v ICA l vct IC = 3Uxg Co ,tc cng dng
in chy vo im tip t gp 3 ln dng in in dung ca mi pha i vi
t.
Hi: Khi cn c vo in p la chn thit b in, phi chng c lin
quan n h thng c hay khng tip t?
p: C mt s thit b in phi cn c vo in p i vi t chn,
tc cn c vo in p pha chn. Trong h thng tip t iu l ng. Nhng
trong h thng khng tip t th phi cn c vo in p dy chn v trong h
thng khng tip t khi mt pha tip t m cu dao khng nhy th in p pha
i vi t cng pha khng s c s tng ln n in p dy (tip t tnh kim
loi).
Hi: Ti sao trong mng in tip t cng dng in nh th phi lp
thit b gim st tnh hnh cch in i vi t, cn trong mng in tip t cng
dng in ln li khng lp?
p: Trong mng in tip t cng dng in nh im gia thng qua
tr khng ln tip t hoc khng tip t. Khi mt pha tip t, do dng in chy
qua im s c tng i nh, a s khng th lm cho rle c ng tc bo v
thit b. V th, s c s tn ti kh di, m vn c th tip tc lm vic rt lu.
Nu khng sa cha kp thi, khng nhng d dn n tai nn in git m cn c
th dn ti nh thng cch in gy s c ngn mch gia cc pha (v khi mt pha
tip t, in p hai pha kia i vi t s tng cao n gn in p gia cc pha).
kp thi pht hin s c tip' t, trong mng tip t dng in nh phi lp
thit b chuyn gim st tnh hnh cch in i vi t.
Trong mng in tip t cng dng in ln, im gia trc tip tip
t hoc thng qua tr khng nh tip t, mt pha tip t s hnh thnh ngn
mch, b rle bo v thit b ngt ring. V th, khng lp thit b gim st tnh hnh
cch in i vi t.
Hi: Tip t xy ra h quang c nguy hi g?
p: Trong tip t mt pha, nguy him nht l tip t h quang gin on,
bi v mng in mt mch dao ng c in cm in dung, s dp tt v chy li
ca h quang in theo s thay i ca chu k xoay chiu, s sinh ra hin tng qu
in p gp khong 4 ln in p pha. iu ny rt nguy him i vi thit b in,
c bit l h thng 35kV tr ln, qu p c th vt qu kh nng cch in ca
thit b m gy ra s c.
Hi: Ti sao trong h thng h ba pha bn dy khng cn thit b kim tra
cch in ?
- Trang 33 -
p. Trong h thng h ba pha bn dy, im O ca bin p cp in in p

thp, trc tip tip t. Nu trong ba pha c mt pha tip t th s sinh ra dng in
cng ln ca mt pha ngn mch tip t. Lc ny, cu ch tng i gn
im xy ra s c trn ng dy cp in s nhanh chng chy t, khin dy cp
in ca pha tip t ngt in, m khng nh hng n cc dy khc v h thng.
V th, trong h thng ny ni chung khng cn v mt dy tip t m lp thit b
kim tra cch in.
Hi: Trong mng in im trung tnh khng tip t, lm sao cn c vo
ng h gim st cch in phn on tnh hnh s c tip t ca mng in?
p: Trong mng in im trung tnh khng tip t khi mt pha hon ton
tip t th tr s ch bo ca ng h gim st cch in ca n bng 0, cn hai pha
khc s tng ln ln. Khi mt pha khng hon ton tip t tc tip t qua in tr
tng i ln th tr s ch bo ca pha tip t s thp hn khi bnh thng, cn hai
pha khc cao hn tr s bnh thng, in tr tip t cng ln th s thay i ca tr
s ch bo cng nh. Nu duy tr tip t th tr s ch bo ca ng h s khng thay
i, nu tip t phn on th tr s ch bo ca n lc tng lc gim, c khi bnh
thng.
Hi: Khi dy ko trn khng cao p 10 kV xy ra s c mt dy t ri xung
t, ti sao cng tc ngun cu dao khng phi ngt in?
p: ng dy cp in 10 kV thuc h thng im trung tnh khng tip
t Nu xy ra mt dy b t ri xung t th dng in chy qua im tip t
ch l dng in in dung, tr s ca n rt nh, ni chung ch c vi ampe. Dng
in ny nh hn nhiu dng in ph ti ca n, do thit b rle bo v u
ngun in khng b tc ng, cng tc cu dao khng nhy ngt in.
Hi: Ti sao thit b bo v dng in "khng", trn ng dy cc cp
in 6 ~ 10kV khi lp b h cm dng in "0" tip t trn u y cp qua gia
b h cm thc hin tip t?
p: Trong mng in tip t cng dng in nh, khi xy ra s c
tip t mt pha, dng in s c va c th chy tr v theo v dn in ca cp
in ng dy khng xy ra s c. Nu dy tip t trn u dy cp khng lun
xuyn qua b h cm dng in O tip t, th dng in tip t khi c s c s
c mt phn theo dy tip t t pha ngoi b h cm dng in th t O chy tr
li. V th, bo m ng tc tin cy ca thit b bo v dng in O ng dy
s c, phi xuyn dy tip t qua b h cm dng in O.
Hi: C mt ng dy phn phi in ca mt trm ti tiu nng thn
kh di. Ma ng, ph ti ca my bin th rt nh. C mt ln, ng dy bn
ngun ca my bin th (10kV, im trung tnh ca ng dy v bin th khng
- Trang 34 -
tip t) xy ra t dy mt pha, nhng cha ri xung t, mt ca trm ti tiu

u quay ngc. Ti sao?
p: l hin tng do s cng hng nam chm in vi tn s lm vic

gy nn thnh thong c gp trn ng dy. Khi ph ti ca my bin th rt nh,
n nh mt in cm nam chm c in cm rt ln. Khi xy ra t dy mt pha.
Cng tc ngun vn v tr ng, do im trung tnh bn ngun in 10kV v my
bin th u khng tip t, m dy phn phi in th rt di, nn in dung i
vi t ca cc on ca pha A b t tng i ln (hnh a), in dung i t C
ny vi in cm L ca my bin th ngu hp thnh mng ni tip nh hnh (b).
Sau khi pha A b t, hai pha B, C ni tip, hon ton i xng, im trung tnh ca
in p ba pha bn cao p ca my bin p trm ti tiu nh hnh(c) di chuyn n
O' (ng nt lin l vct in th khi dy cha t, ng nt t l vct in
th sau khi dy t). Lc ny, E 'A = (3/2)EA.V in dng i vi t tng i ln,
.
pha A tuy t nhng vn c dng in in dung, m I vt trc E 'A 90o, in p
.
trn in cm vt trc I 90o, nh hnh (d). U C , U L ngc chiu v U C - U L = E'A

.
nn chiu ca U L ngc vi E A c. Lc ny, th t pha bn cao p ca my bin p

t ABC bin thnh ACB. Th t pha bn thp p cng thay i ngc li
tng ng khin cho ng c quay ngc. ng nhin, ip p ba pha lc ny s
khng cn i xng, ng c khng th vn hnh bnh thng lu di c.
Hi: Trong iu kin im trung tnh my pht in cch in i vi t, ti
sao in p dy ca my pht in cn bng, cn in p pha i vi t khng cn
bng, ch gn bng?
p: Trong iu kin im trung tnh ca my pht in cch in i vi
t in p dy o c l cn bng, UAB = UBC = UCA ,cn in p pha i vi t
- Trang 35 -
khng cn bng, ch gn bng nhau, l bnh thng. Do im trung tnh ca my

pht in i vi t l cch in, cho nn ip p pha ca cc pha my pht in
.
khng bng in p ca cc pha i vi t. Nu in p pha A i vi t U AO
.
bng tng vct in p pha A U A vi in p in dung ca pha A i vi t U AD

.
.
.
tc U AO = U A + U AD .Bi v iu kin l cch in v v tr lp t ca cc cun
dy pha khc nhau. Cho nn s phn b in dung cun dy cc pha i vi t
khng ging nhau, do din p o c ca cc pha i vi t khc nhau. My
pht in khng ging nhau th mc khng cn bng ca in p pha i vi t
cng khng nh nhau. Hin tng ny l bnh thng.
Hi: B h cm in p s dng trong h thng in thng thng c th
nhn thy pha B trong cun th cp u hnh sao (U) th tip t, cn im trung tm
li khng tip t. Ti sao?
p: Bi v h thng in cn li dng in p th cp ca b h cm in
p thc hin lm vic song song ng thi ca h thng. Mt trong cc iu kin
u tin ca song song l th t pha ca cc h thng song song phi thng nht. V
th, trc tin phi tm mt si dy dn chung (t) lm mt pha trong ca chng
(gi thit pha B). Trong ba pha A, B, C ca cc h thng in c mt pha xc nh
(tc pha B l pha chung) th hai pha A v C cn li c th li dng bng th t pha
xc nh. Cho nn, cun dy th cp u hnh sao U ca b h cm in p yu
cu em pha B tip t ch khng cn im trung tm tip t.
Hi: My bin th m im trung tnh ba pha khng tip t th c th o
c in p i vi t khng?
p: Cc pha cc my bin th i vi t khng phi
cch in tuyt i, i vi t u c dng in r rt nh,
nh vy tng ng nh em ba pha qua in tr cao u
thnh hnh sao U (nh hnh 2 - 4 - 14), im trung tnh l t (v)
khi in tr cch in ca ba pha bng nhau, in p cc pha
i vi t l in p pha, khi in tr cch in khng bng
nhau, th in p i vi t ca pha in tr nh s nh. Nhng thng thng,
dng vn k ch c th o c ip p thp nh, thm ch o khng c in p.
l v in tr ca vn k nh hn nhiu so vi in tr cch in khin gia pha
vi t hu nh ngn mch, do o khng c st p. in tr trong ca vn
k cng ln th in p o c cng cao, dng bt th in th c th thy rt
r.
Hi: Trong h thng im trung tnh khng tip t, khi vn k gim st cch
in ca dy ci ch bo in p hai pha bnh thng cn mt pha gim r rt. y l
do s c g?
p: Khi vn hnh bnh thng, ch bo ba pha ca vn k gim st cch
in dy ci phi c bn bng nhau. Khi ch bo in p ca hai pha bnh thng,
- Trang 36 -
cn in p mt pha gim r rt l thuc s c cu ch in p thp mt pha chy

t. V d, pha C chy t th in p i vi t ca pha A, B bnh thng, nhng
in p pha C st gim r rt, cn khong 30 ~ 50% in p pha, in p gia pha
AC v BC cng c st gim. l v mch in p ba pha cn u nhiu ph ti
gia dy, nh vn k ng h o in v.v... Lc ny, vn k pha C v ph ti u
gia pha AC, BC ni tip nhau nn c s phn p nht nh, ln ca phn p ny t
l nghch vi ln ca tr khng ph ti gia cc pha.
Hi: Trong h thng im trung tnh tip t, ti sao c mt s im trung
tnh my bin p khng tip t
p: Ch yu l hn ch dng in ngn mch mt pha. Mc ch l: (1)
Lm cho cng dng in ngn mch ca mt pha khng ln hn dng in
ngn mnh ba pha, v khi chn thit b u cn c vo cng dng in ngn
mch ba pha hiu chnh, nhm phng h hng. (2) Khng ch cng dng
in ngn mch mt pha v s phn b trong h thng, p ng yu cu bo v th
t O. (3) Gim thiu s gy nhiu ca dng in ngn mch mt pha khng i
xng vi h thng thng tin.
Hi: Th no l cun dy kh h quang? Trong tnh hnh no th phi lp
cun dy kh h quang?
p: Cun dy kh h quang l mt cun dy m in tr rt nh, cm khng
rt ln, qun trn li st, c u trn im trung tnh ca bin th hoc my pht
in. Bnh thng, dng in khng chy qua cun dy kh h quang, nhng khi
mt pha tip t. Cun dy di in p pha, dng in chy qua ch tip t l
dng in in cm ca cun dy v dng in din dung, hai ci lch pha 180 o, cho
nn b sung nhau, tc khng c dng in chy qua ch tip t, loi tr c s c
tip t tc th, do ch b hng khng pht ra h quang gin on nn khng dn
n hu qu nguy him.
Trong cc tnh hnh sau, im trung tnh ca bin th phi thng qua cun dy
kh h quang tip t:
1 - Trong li in 20 ~ 60kV, khi dng in tip t ln hn 10A.
2 - Trong li in 6 ~ 10kV khi dng in tip t ln hn 30A.
My pht in trc tip ni vi mng in 3 - 10KV, nu s c tip t c
tnh cht lu di, my pht in phi vn hnh vi s c tip t th khi dng in
tip t ln hn 5A, cn phi lp cun dy kh h quang.
Hi: Ti sao cun dy dp h quang phi lp phn tn nhiu ch trn mng
in lc? V li khng nn lp trm bin in u cui do mng in n cung
cp in?
p: Cun dy dp h quang phi lp phn tn nhm trnh ch xy ra s
c hoc khi cp in kim tra sa cha s gy nn nhiu cun dy dp h quang
phi ra khi vn hnh. Trm bin in u cui cho mch in n cp in khng
nn lp cun dy dp h quang, v sau khi mch in ny nhy cu cao, cun dy
- Trang 37 -
dp h quang ca trm bin in s ra khi vn hnh. Bi vy, khng nn p dng

phng php u mc trn, l nhm phng nga dung lng cun dy dp h
quang khng m khng th tha mn yu cu b dng in in dung.
Hi: Ti sao cun dy dp h quang trong h thng cp in c th kh h
quang?
p: Trong h thng m im trung tnh khng tip t, mi pha u tn ti
in dung i vi t, nu khi h thng xy ra mt pha tip t, dng in in
dung
IC chy qua im tip t vt qu tr s qui nh (h thng 35kV l 10A),
dng in
tip t s hnh thnh h quang lc tt lc chy c tnh chu k im s c. Do
trong mng in c in cm v in dung, s hnh thnh mng dao ng, sinh ra
qu in p tr s ca n c th t ti gp 2.5 ~ 3 ln in p pha, lm hng thit
b. Nu lp mt cun cm L (xem hnh 2 - 4 - 19 (a)) trn im trung tnh u hnh
sao cun dy cao p my bin th, khi h thng xy ra mt pha tip t th im
trung tnh c in p lch pha Uo tc dng ln L, sinh ra dng in in cm IL chy
qua im tip t. Vct ca IC v IL ngc nhau (xem hnh (b)). Khi L di tc dng
ca Uo khin IL chy qua n bng vi tr s IC th s c tc dng b tr. Thng qua b
tr, im tip t c th trnh c hnh thnh h quang mang tnh gin on. Bi v
cun cm ny c tc dng kh h quang, nn gi l cun dy kh h quang.
Hi: Ti sao cun dy kh h quang u trn im trung tnh bn Y ca
my bin th c cun dy u m khng nn u trn im trung tnh my bin th
c mch t t do n Y/Y.
p: Cun dy kh h quang l ph ti c tnh cht th t O ca mng in,
c lp trn thit b c tr khng th t O tng i nh mi pht huy c y
tc dng ca n. Tr khng th t O ca my bin th m cun dy u tam gic
() tng i nh. i vi my bin th m cun dy u Y/ v Y/Y/ lc t ha
do dng in b tr chy qua cun dy pha hnh sao sinh ra b trit tiu bi lc t ha
do cun dy cng mt li st sinh ra cho nn tr khng th t O ca my bin th
loi ny tng i nh. My bin th u Y/Y c mch kn t t do (ging nh my
bin th ba pha u Y/Y do ba bin th mt pha to thnh) v tr khng th t khng
qu ln, cun dy kh h quang khng th pht huy ht tc dng nn khng dng.
- Trang 38 -

Hi: Mng phn phi in 3 - 10kV im trung tnh khng tip t, khi dng
in in dung i vi t ln hn 30A, yu cu phi lp cun dy kh h quang,
i vi my pht in in p l 3 - 10kV, khi dng in in dung i vi t ln
hn 5A phi lp cun dy kh h quang, ti sao?
p: Mng phn phi in 3 - 10kV im trung tnh khng tip t, khi xy
ra mt pha tip t th dng in tip t ca n l dng in in dung. Khi dng
in tip t tng i nh th h quang tip t s t ct, nhng khi ln hn 30A
th h quang in khng th t tt na, thng km theo h quang gin on sinh ra
qu in p khong gp 3 ln ton pha. Ngoi ra, do dng in tip t tng i
ln, kch thc v phm vi tc ng ca h quang cng ln di tc dng ca gi,
sc nhit v lc in ng nn h quang dao ng ko di, thng gy nn ngn
mch nhiu pha, dn n mt in. Do , khi dng in in dung i vi t
ca mng phn phi in 3 - 10kV im trung tnh khng tip t ln hn 30A th
phi lp cun dy kh h quang b tr, nhm gim dng in tip t, c li cho
dp kh h quang.
Khi cun dy bn trong my pht in c s c mt dy tip t, nu tip tc
vn hnh khi cn s c th c th gy chy li st stato. Cho nn, nu cn my pht
in vn hnh mt thi gian khi vn cn s c mt pha trong my tip t th dng
in in dung nht nh phi nh hn 5A, nu ln hn 5A th phi lp cun dy
kh h quang im trung tnh b tr, nhm gim dng in tip t, ph hng
my pht in.
Hi: Ti sao khng th lp cu ch dy trung tnh trong mch in h ba
pha bn dy?
p: Khi in th ba pha ca my pht in cn bng m ph ti mi pha
khng bng nhau (ph ti mi pha ca my pht in thng khng bng nhau), lc
trong dy trung tnh gia c dng in, nu dy trung tnh lp cu ch m b t,
cng dng in dy trung tnh gia bng 0, nh vy dng in cc pha s bin
ng do li gy nn bin ng in p pha, lm cho lch pha in p ba pha rt
ln, in p mt pha no c th vt tr s nh mc ca n lm chy bng n.
Hi: n chiu sng do h 3 pha 4 dy cp in, t nhin sng khng bnh
thng, c ci rt sng, c ci rt ti, nu tng gim s lng n mt pha no th
u lm thay i sng ca tt c cc n, nhng lc , in p dy gia 3 pha
gn nh bng nhau. Ti sao?
p: Trong ng dy cp in h 3 pha 4 dy, sau khi ct tch dy trung tnh,
in p cc pha ca ba pha s mt thng bng theo s mt thng bng ca ph ti.
Ly ph ti ca hai pha lm v d (nh hnh 2 - 4 - 23), gi thit trong pha A, pha B
u c mt s n chiu sng cng sut nh
nhau. Khi bnh thng, ng cng tc ca bt
c bng n no, in p hai u ca bng n
u l 220V. Nu y trung tnh t ch x,
lc ny in p a vo gia A, B l 380V. Khi
- Trang 39 -
mi pha A, pha B u bt s bng n bng nhau (tc bt s cng tc) th in p

a n mi bng n l 190V. Khi s bng n bt trn pha A ln hn s bng n
trn pha B th in tr ng tr RA < RB, in p u ca n pha B ln hn in p
u ca n pha A. Nu s n pha B khng thay i, th cng vi vic tng s n
pha A, sng ca n pha B cng sng, cn sng ca n pha A cng ti. Khi
nghim trng, n pha B c th b chy dy tc do in p qu cao.
Cng l do , trong h 3 pha 4 dy, dy trung tnh b t s xut hin hin
tng ging nh vy, pha nhiu bng n c bit ti, pha t n c bit sng.
Hi: Ti sao di ging khai thc than nghim cm tip t im trung tnh
h thng cung cp in?
p: Do di ging rt m t, nu dy trung tnh tip t, th khi khng
may tip xc vi dy dn ca pha no , con ngi s c kh nng nguy him n
tnh mng. ng thi, khi dy trung tnh tip t, cng dng in ngn mch
mt pha tip t tng i cao, d dn n chy v n kh m tan. bo m an
ton hm m nn nghim cm tip t dy trung tnh di ging khai thc than.
Hi: u dy ca mt my bin th phn phi in (380/220V) nh hnh 2 4 - 25. Nu dy trung tnh b t, liu bng n Dl, D2 c sng khng ? Dl hay D2 sng
hn?
p: Nu dy trung tnh t th mch in
bin thnh hai bng n mc ni tip vi nhau ri
u vo in p 380V, do bng n vn sng,
nhng sng khc vi khi cha t. Bng n Dl
vn c cng sut tng i ln hn nn in tr nh
hn, do st p trn Dl nh hn (in p gia hai
cc ca bng n khng n 220V) cho nn sng
tng i ti, cn bng n D2 cng sut tng i nh nn in tr ln, do in
p hai u ca n ln hn 220V, nn sng hn nhng lu n s b chy.
- Trang 40 -
2 - 5 Cp in v thng tin
Hi: Mng in lc ca nhiu nc c ni p dng thng tin ti ba, c ni
li p dng thng tin vi ba. Mi loi c c im g?
p: Thng tin ti ba l dng dy ti in cao th ca chnh mng in lc
truyn dn thng tin. N l sng cao tn chuyn tn hiu ngn ng thnh tn hiu
in, ti trn sng in ngun theo tn s lm vic, truyn dn theo truyn ti in
cc. N c cc u im: cng c hc cao, bo dng tin li, u t tit kim.
Nhc im ca n l bng tn thng tin hp, tn s s dng cht khi ng dy
xy ra s c thng gin on thng tin, cht lng thng tin km, thng thng ch
c th m n tuyn, ch thch hp vi mng in lc dung lng tng i nh.
Thng tin vi ba l mt trong cc loi thng tin v tuyn, bc sng di mt
mt, s truyn b vi ba tng t nh s truyn b sng nh sng, bc sng pht x
ca n ch c th truyn b theo ng thng. V qu t l hnh cu, khong cch
truyn b sng vi ba khong 50km, nu mun thng tin vi ba c khong cch xa hn
th phi c cch 50km t thm mt trm trung chuyn vi ba. Trm trung chuyn
nhn tn hiu ca trm pha trc, qua khuch i ri truyn tip n trm k tip,
c th truyn b, sau cng truyn b tn hiu n on cui, hon thnh nhim v
thng tin. Thng tin vi ba l da vo sng khng gian truyn b nn vic truyn b
rt n nh, cht lng thng tin tt, tin cy cao, bng tn thng tin rng (2
11kHz) dung lng ln, thng c th truyn 2700 ng thoi. Cng vi s tng
ln ca dung lng li in, cc mng in ln sau ny s tng bc dng thng
tin vi ba thay cho thng tin ti ba.
Hi: Ti sao ng dy in cao p phi bo m duy tr khong cch cn
thit i vi ng dy thng tin?
p: nh hng (v mt thng thoi v an ton) ca ng dy in lc i
vi ng dy thng tin ph thuc rt ln vo hnh thc tip t ca im trung tnh
trong h thng in lc cp in p mng in, chiu di song song. Khi bnh
thng, in p v cng dng in ca ng dy ti in ba pha l cn bng;
nh hng cm ng in t i vi dy thng tin tng i nh. Nhng, nu
khong cch qu gn th do khong cch gia ng dy thng tin i vi ng dy
ti in ba pha khng u nhau, s gy nhiu in t i vi dy thng tin, nh
hng cht lng thng thoi. Nu dng in ba pha khng cn bng th nh hng
i vi dy thng tin cng ln. c bit l khi trn ng dy in lc im trung
tnh trc tip tip t m xy ra s c mt pha tip t th dng in ngn mch rt
ln. T trng do n sinh ra s to ra th in ng cm ng rt ln trn ng dy
thng tin song song vi n, uy hip s an ton i vi nhn vin thng tin v thit b,
nu l dy thng tin ng st th c th gy nn ng tc nhm tn hiu ng st.
Do , gia ng dy thng tin vi ng dy truyn ti in phi bo m
khong cch cn thit.
- Trang 41 -
Hi: Ti sao tin hnh hon v dy dn ba pha ca ng dy ti in cao p

c th gim thiu s gy nhiu i vi ng dy thng tin?
p: Dy dn ba pha ti in cao p thng
xp ngang bng, thng ng hoc tam gic khng
u b tr l khng i xng. . Khi ng dy ti
in gn hoc song song vi ng dy thng tin,
tng giao kt t ca cc pha giao nhau vi ng
dy thng tin khng phi bng khng, t c th
cm ng ra in p gy nhiu trn ng dy thng tin, nh hng thng tin v nguy
him n s an ton ca ngi v thit b. Nu lun lu thay i v tr ca dy dn
ba pha ng dy ti in trn ct in nh th hin trong hnh, trong ln thay i v
tr th nht, dy dn cc pha ln lt chim gi cc v tr hnh hc A, B, C nh vy
tng giao kt t cc pha giao nhau vi ng dy thng tin s gn bng 0, nn c th
ci thin hoc loi tr gy nhiu i vi ng dy thng tin.
Hi: Ti sao hin nay, nh my in hoc trm bin in dung lng tng
i ln a phn p dng iu khin bng in yu?
p: Nh my in hoc trm bin in dung lng tng i ln th i
tng iu khin, o c nhiu, nu dng in yu vi in p mt chiu 220V
hoc 110V v in p xoay chiu 100V, dng in 5A iu khin ngun in th
th tch thit b iu khin v cc ng h o u tng i ln, cp in dng
chy ni tng i to, bung iu khin cng phi rng ln. Nu i sang dng
in yu vi in p mt chiu tng i thp (hin nay a s dng 6V, 12V, 24V
hoc 48V) v din xoay chiu 50V (hoc 100V) v dng in 0.5A (hoc 1A)
iu khin ngun in th c th dng cp in tit din nh, thit b iu khin v
ng h o c nh, nh vy c th tit kim kim loi mu, gim s mn iu khin
v thu nh c din tch phng iu khin. p dng iu khin bng mng in
yu cn tin do vic thc hin t ng ha, phi hp d dng vi my tnh, thit b
o. V th, ni chung khi khong cch iu khin tng i xa, i tng iu
khin tng i nhiu, a phn p dng iu khin bng mng in yu.
- Trang 42 -
2 - 6 Nhng vn khc
Hi: Ti sao khi chn thit b in khng ch phi xem xt in p, cng
m cn phi xem xt n nh ng thi?
p: in p, cng dng in l ch ph ti m thit b in c th chu
c trong tnh hnh bnh thng, mt khi xy ra ngn mch th ng lc gia cc pha
rt ln, ng lc ny ph thuc vo ln ca dng in ngn mch h thng, nu
khi xy ra ngn mch, thit b in chu khng ni ng lc gia cc pha th thit b
ny khng th vn hnh an ton. Vi th phi xt n n nh trng thi ng
(ng thi).
Hi: Ma ng, trn thit b in ng vn bng, c nh hng g khng?
p: Theo kinh nghim, tnh nng cch in ca bng khi mi ng tng i
cao, nhng sau mt lc, do b mt dnh bi, bt than, s lm gim tnh nng cch
in. Cn phi tm cch loi b, nu khng s xy ra s c.
Hi: n ch bo trn t cng tc cao p l 110V, nu mc n ch bo vo
ngun 110V, ti sao phi mc ni tip mt in tr?
p: Theo qui nh chung, bng n 110V, u vo ngun in 110V th khng
c vn g. Nhng n ch bo l sng lin tc, m sng khng c yu cu
nghim ngt, nu trc tip u vo ngun in 110V th tui th ca bng n
tng i ngn, phi thng xuyn thay. Mc ni tip mt in tr, gim thiu
dng in chy qua bng n, tuy sng gim mt t nhng tui th ca bng n
c di hn.
Hi: Ti sao n dng ch bo trng thi ng cu dao ca b ngt
mch phi mc ni tip vo trong mch v cun dy chia cu dao? n mu lc
dng ch bo trng thi chia cu dao, phi mc ni tip vo trong mch v b
tip xc ng cu dao? V n tn hiu u c in tr mc ni tip?
p: Bi v, khi mc ni tip n tn hiu mu vo trong mch v cun
dy chia cu dao, do phn ln in p t trn n tn hiu, s khng lm cho cun
dy do dng in chy qua m c ng tc chia cu dao. Cng l do nh vy, n
mu lc mc ni tip trong mch v cun dy tip xc ng cu dao s khng dn
n ng tc ng cu dao, hn th cn c th biu th tnh hon chnh ca mch v
ng v chia cu dao. V d, khi n sng, va chng t trong mch chia cu dao
c th tin hnh thao tc bc tip theo, mch nhy cu dao khng ch dy ci iu
khin, cu ch, cun dy chia cu dao u sn sng. V n tn hiu mc ni tip
trong mch v ng chia cu dao trnh c ng tc nhm khi dy tc bng n
ngn mch, nn n tn hiu u c u ni tip mt in tr tng i ln.
- Trang 43 -

Hi: Khi v ng cong ( th) ph ti, ti sao thng cn c vo tr s ph
ti cch mi na gi v?
p: Ni chung, theo s thi gian pht nng ca dy dn 16mm tr ln l trn
10 pht, cn ph ti nh vi thi gian rt ngn khng phi l nguyn nhn ch yu
gy nn dy dn t n nhit cao nht, v rng, trc khi nhit ca dy dn
cha kp ln n nhit ph ti tng ng th ph ti nh i qua. Thc tin
chng t, thi gian dy dn n nhit tng n nh l khong na gi do , ch
c ph ti duy tr c thi gian na gi tr ln mi c th gy nn nhit tng cao
nht ca dy dn. Nn thng thng ly tr s ph ti mi na gi v ng
cong th ph ti, tr s ln nht ca ph ti trong gi l ph ti tnh ton, lm
ch da chn thit b in theo iu kin pht nng.
Hi: Ti sao tn hiu nh sng n trong nh my pht in v trm bin in
ni chung u dng mu vng mu lc?
p: Chng ta bit rng, bc sng m mt ngi c th cm nhn c l
sng nh sng 0.4 ~ 0.75mm, nhng bc sng cm nhn nhy nht l sng nh sng
0. 555mm, tng ng vi mu lc v mu vng. Do , tc dng ca mu lc v
mu vng i vi con mt u ln hn cc mu khc, cho nn tn hiu nh sng n
trong nh my in v trm bin in u s dng rng ri mu lc v mu vng.
Hi: Khi mun u song song hai mch in ba pha
cp in m khng c ng h kim tra th t pha th
lm sao xc nh th t pha?
p: Li dng ba bng n sng trng ph thng,
in p bng n phi ph hp vi in p mng in,
cch u nh th hin hnh 2 - 6 - 7. Nu th t pha
ging nhau th ba bng n sng trng s khng sng, khi
th t pha khc nhau th bng n sng. Lc ny c th em
i ng dy dn n cng tc sang ch ton b bng
n khng sng, th t pha s ging nhau.
Hi: Dng ng h th t pha kim tra i chiu mu pha vng, lc,
nh du ln dy ci trong hp phn phi in xem c ph hp vi mu pha bn pha
ngun in khng; khi A, B, C (hoc X, Y, Z, R, S, T) ca ng h th t pha u
vi ba pha: vng, lc, ca dy ci, m ng h th t pha ch bo th t pha chnh
xc, th liu c th chng t rng v tr ca hai bn ph hp, mu pha nh du l
thng nht?
p: ng h th t pha ch bo th t
pha l chnh xc cha chc chng t v tr pha
ca hai bn ph hp, nh th hin hnh 2 - 6 - 8, v
tr pha ca bn ngun in v ca bn ph ti c
hin tng bt cho nhau, chng ta em u A, B, C
- Trang 44 -
ca ng h th t pha u vi pha A, B, C bn ph ti, trn thc t, lc ny u A,

B, C ca ng h th t pha l u vi pha B, C, A m B, C, A vn l thun theo th
t pha, do ng h th t pha vn ch bo th t pha chnh xch, qua c th
thy, th t pha chnh xc khng chng t v tr pha chnh xc.
- Trang 45 -
CHNC III
KH C IN
3 - 1 nh hng ca mi trng i vi kh c in
Hi: iu kin t nhin ca vng cao nguyn c nh hng g ti s hot
ng bnh thng ca thit b in?
p: iu kin t nhin ca vng cao nguyn c nh hng n kh nng
kh h quang v tn nhit ca thit b in. iu kin tn nhit ca vt cht pht
nhit ph thuc vo mt khng kh, khng kh cng long th tn nhit cng kh
khn, m khng kh vng cao nguyn l tng i long, s tn nhit tng i kh
khn. H quang in l mt hnh thc phng in ca cht kh, n chu nh hng
ca iu kin mi cht. Do tng i cao so vi mc nc bin, kh p thp, kh
h quang tng i kh khn. Cho nn, khi thit k v ch to thit b in vng cao
nguyn cn xem xt y n nhn t ny.
Hi: Cng tc cao p th nghim vng ng bng khi s dng vng cao
nguyn cn phi xt ti h s hiu chnh cao so vi mc nc bin, nng cao
in p th nghim, cn s tng nhit th khng cn hiu chnh, ti sao?
p: Cng vi s tng ln ca cao so vi mc nc bin, mt khng
kh gim, in p xuyn thng ca khng kh cng gim theo, lm gim cng
chu p cch in ngoi. Do , phi tin hnh b cch in i vi cng tc cao p
th nghim vng ng bng m c s dng vng cao nguyn, nhn vi h s
hiu chnh cao X, nng cao in p th nghim. X = 1/( K -
H
). Trong
10.000
cng thc, K l h s, ly 1.1; H l cao im lp t thit b so vi mc nc

bin (mt). Cng thc ny thch hp vi thit b s dng cao 1000 ~ 3500 mt so
vi mc nc bin.
S tng cao s c nh hng bt li i vi s tng nhit ca thit b
in. V vic tn nhit ca cng tc cao p c thc hin thng qua bc x v i
lu m mt khng kh ca vng cao nguyn nh khin cng tc kh ta nhit, d
dn n tng nhit , nhng nhit khng kh vng cao nguyn thp hn ng
bng, c tng thm 100 mt th nhit khng kh gim 0.6oc, nh vy c th b tr
cho nhn t tn nhit bt li do tng cao so vi mc nc bin gy nn. Do ,
khng cn hiu chnh s tng nhit ca n.
Hi: Ti sao phi thng xuyn thng gi v thnh thong phi x nc i
vi b ngt in khng kh cao p?
p: Khng kh trong ng bc khng lu thng vi kho th dnh ca du
cch in trong cng tc du tng r rt. Khi b phn hot ng ca cng tc du
chuyn ng gp phi lc cn ca du rt ln, lm gim tc di chuyn ca tip
im. Mt khc, do cht bi trn b ng c, lc cn ca b phn ma st chuyn
- Trang 46 -
ng ca c cu thao tc tng mnh, cng s dn n c cu thao tc khng lm

ng tc. Bin php phng nga l lp thm thit b gia nhit.
- Trang 47 -
3 - 2 ng bc (lng) v v s
Hi: Ti sao phi lp thm chp che chn bng kim loi phn u ng bc
cao p?
p: Trong khi vn hnh, in p tc dng ln ng bc cao p l kh cao, cc
dn in ca ng bc thng l cc ren trn km m c (cu) lc gic, in trng
cc b gc cnh ca m c kh mnh, d lm cho cht kh ion ha to ra gii
phng in t dy chuyn, hnh thnh phng in qung tn, tn hao cng sut. Nu
lp thm chp che chn bng kim loi phn u ng bc, s tng thm bn knh
cong ca in cc, gim thp cng t trng phn u ng bc th c th trnh
c phng in qung tn, cng cn nng cao c in p xuyn thng gia cc
pha phn u ng bc hoc phn u v ngoi, gim thiu s c. V th, ni chung,
phi lp chp che chn bng kim loi cho phn u ng bc cao p.
Hi: Ti sao ng bc cha du 110kV phi tin hnh th cch in, cn ng
bc kiu t in li khng phi th cch in?
p: ng bc np du 110kV khng phi l kt cu kn hon ton, dng du
cch in l chnh, trong khi vn hnh d b ht m, c th thng qua th cch
in gim st cch in ca n mt cch hu hiu, ng bc kiu in dung
dng giy du hoc giy keo nha l kt cu hon ton kn, hi m kh xm nhp,
cch in chnh khng ch c du cch in m cn c giy ngm du hoc giy
nha; kh ly mu du; v ng bc l kt cu kn hon ton, khi ly du phi b
sung du bng phng php bm chn khng, cng ngh tng i phc tp, cho
nn qui trnh qui nh ch khi th cch in mt ng bc mu , c nghi ng tnh
hnh cch in ca n th mi ly mu du th.
Hi: Vch trong ng bc bng s 35kV c phun mt lp nhm c tc dng g?
p: Cng in trng gia ng bc bng s 35kV v b mt cc dn
in kh ln, d sinh ra phng in cc b. Nu phun mt lp nhm ln vch trong
ng bc bng s, v dng phin l xo tip xc vi cc dn in th in th hai bn
bng nhau. Khng kh bn trong ng bc s s khng chu in p, khng kh b mt
cc dn in cng khng sinh ra in qung, t nng
cao c in p chp rch ca ng bc bng s.
Hi: Trn mt bch gia ng bc kiu t in 60
ngn vn (kV) tr ln, thng c lp ng bc nh, n c
tc dng g?
p: Trn mt bch gia ca ng bc t in
thng c lp hai ng bc nh, ng bc nh 1 l dn
bn cc lp
- Trang 48 -
ngoi cng nht (bn cc tip t) ca li t in ra ngoi, dng o tn hao mi

cht ca ng bc cao p. Khi vn hnh, em cc dn ca ng bc nh 1 tip t.
ng bc nh 2 l em lp bn cc lp th hai tnh t ngoi vo, thng qua n dn
qua mt bch ra (nh hnh v) dng ly ra in p. Cn c vo hiu in th U 2
gia hai bn cc dn ra ca 1 v 2, c th dng o in p hoc bo v rle.
Hi: Ti sao ng bc cao p ca thit b in cao p 110 ngn vn (kV) tr
ln u phi p dng kt cu kiu t in?
p: lm cho cng in trng hng trc v hng knh ng u,
ng bc np du cao p kiu c u bc bn cc u p bng l nhm mng trn
ng giy nha cch in khe h gia du, nhng v l do kt cu, bn cc u p
ny khng th qu nhiu. Do vi ng bc cao p 110 kV tr ln phi i thnh
ng bc kiu t in, tc trong ng s c lp li t in, trn cc dn in bc
nhiu lp cch in to thnh cch in cht ch, gia chng theo thit k
gia kp l nhm to thnh mt chui t in tr trn ng tm. Do cch in
(giy du hoc giy nha) gia hai l nhm cnh nhau rt mng (ch 1 - 2 mm nh
vy khng nhng cng in kh cao, m s phn b in trng cng u hn
nhiu.
Hi: vng nhim, ng bc cch in ca my bin th rt t xy ra chp
rch, cn ng bc cch in ca cng tc du li d xy ra, ti sao nh vy?
p: Trong khi vn hnh my bin th c nhit tng i cao, b mt
s ca ng bc cch in sau khi b nng ln, nc t trn b mt s bc hi, b
mt s kh ro kh b bi bn lm nhim, hoc nu b nhim, bi bn kh cng
khng n ni lm gim in p phng in ca ng bc cch in, cho nn d sinh
ra chp rch. Cn c vo nguyn l ny, cng tc du cc vng nhim cn p
dng ng bc cch in c bit c thit b gia nhit mc nhim v m t
nh nhau, in p phng in ca n so vi ng bc cch in khng c thit b gia
nhit nh vy s cao hn 2 ln. Nu li tin hnh v sinh bo dng nh k th c
th trnh c s c chp rch.
Hi: Ti sao di phn ngm trong du ng bc cch in cao p ca bin
th v cng tc du ch cn bng khong mt na di b phn trn?
p: Bi v khi ng bc cch in cao p ngm trong du cch in, cng
in trng phng in quanh b mt ng bc, cao hn khong 2 ln so vi khi
trong khng kh, cho nn di phn ngm trong du ca ng bc cch in cao p
my bin th v cng tc du, ch cn lm bng khong mt na di phn trn,
l c th gim cao ca my bin th v cng tc du, tit kim nguyn vt liu
va gim gi thnh ch to.
Hi: Ti sao cch in bn trong ca thit b in cng tc cao p i hi cao
hn cch in bn ngoi?
- Trang 49 -
p: Phn cch in l ra trong khng kh bn ngoi thit b in th gi cch

in ngoi. Mi cch in ca n ch yu l khng kh v b mt cch in dng
rn tip xc vi khng kh. Hnh thc phng in ch yu xuyn thng khe h khng
kh v phng in quanh b mt cch in th rn trong khng kh, nhng sau khi s
c c khc phc th tnh nng cch in ca khe h v vt cch in c khi
phc ngay. Cch in trong l ch tnh nng cch in thng qua phn cch in
bn trong thit b in. Mi cch in ca n c th l cht kh, kh nn, kh SF6, du
cch in, cht rn hoc l kt cu cch in phc tp do cc vt liu to thnh.
L trnh phng in ca cch in trong do bn trong thit b in nn khng th t
khi phc, thng em li tn tht nghim trng, lu di cho thit b in. V th i
hi kh nng cch in trong cao hn cch in ngoi.
Hi: Ti sao b mt v s cch in trn rt nhiu thit b in li lm thnh
dng sng ?
p: Bi v in p phng in b mt ph thuc vo di ca l trnh b
mt vt cch in, l trnh di th in p phng in b mt c th nng cao.
gim thiu th tch ca v s, nng cao in p phng in (tng l trnh phng in
b mt) nn b mt lm thnh dng sng.
- Trang 50 -
3 - 3 S sn sinh v dp tt h quang in
Hi: Khi ngt mch bng cng tc, in p v cng dng in tr s
no th c th khin gia cc u tip xc sn sinh ra h quang in?
p: Khi ngt in bng cng tc, nu din p trong mch in khng di
10 ~ 20V, dng in khng di 80 ~ 100mA th c th sinh ra h quang in gia
cc u tip xc
Hi: Khi ming phun ngang ca bung tt h quang b ngt in du qu
ln hoc qu nh s c nh hng g i vi dp tt h quang?
p: B ngt in du hin nay li dng tc dng thi h quang bng p lc
nh nng lng bn thn to ra khi cng dng in xoay chiu vt 0, dp
tt h quang. Nu ming phun ln, p lc khng th duy tr mc nht nh, nng
lng (p lc) do h quang in tch ly c gii phng rt nhiu, nu p lc
khng cao, kh tt h quang, nu ming phun qu nh? mc d p lc tch ly
cao, nhng tc thi h quang n gii hn, nhit lng ca ct h quang kh
tn ra c, s kt hp, khuch tn ca in tch dng m, ion km, khi dng xoay
chiu qu 0 th h quang in cng kh b dp tt. Do , ming phun va phi l
ht sc quan trng, c th thng qua th nghim, nghim cm xc nh.
Hi: Ti sao ko tch h quang in xoay chiu so vi h quang in mt
chiu d b tt hn?
p: H quang in xoay chiu do dng in xoay chiu c tr s 0 tc th
nn khi cng dng in qua im 0, khe h h quang khng c dng in. Nu
khi dng in xoay chiu qua im 0 ri tng ln, th in p khi phc trn u tip
xc khng th lm cho khe h h quang chy li (xuyn thng li) th h quang s
tt. Nu h quang chy li, nhng do khong cch ko u tip xc tng ln khin
in p xuyn thng khe h h quang tng ln th khi dng in xoay chiu vt qua
im 0 ln tip theo cng d tt. V c tnh ny, h quang in xoay chiu tng
i d tt.
H quang in mt chiu do in mt chiu khng c c tnh qua im 0,
hn na nng lng t trng do in cm mch in tch tr, gy ra qu p trn
u tip xc khi ko u tip xc ra, do ch n thun ko di khong cch th kh
dp tt c h quang in mt chiu, phi lp thm bung dp h quang.
Hi: Nng cao tc ct cu dao ca b ct mch, ti sao c th gim kh
nng h quang chy li v nng cao kh nng dp h quang?
p: Nng cao tc ct ca b ct mch, tc trong thi gian nh nhau,
khong cch gia u tip xc tng ln tng i ln, cng in trng gim,
phi hp bung dp h quang tng ng khin n c tc dng dp h quang mnh
trong thi gian ngn li c th lm cho khe h thu c cng cch in tng
- Trang 51 -
i cao trong thi gian tng i ngn sau khi tt h quang, gim thiu kh nng h
quang chy li.
Hi: Ti sao b ct mch cao p u p dng nhiu ca ngt?
p: Mi pha ca b ct mch cao p u c hai hoc nhiu ca ngt ni
tip. Tc dng ca n l: (1) C th gim thp in p trn mi ca ngt, t lm
gim
in p khi phc ca khe h h quang. (2) C th chia ct h quang in thnh
nhiu
on h quang nh trong hnh trnh ca u tip xc bng nhau, th h quang in
ca nhiu ca ngt so vi mt ca ko c tng i di hn, t tng c
in tr khe h h quang. (3) Tc ct cu dao ca tng nhiu ca ngt tng ln,
tc khi phc mc mi cht cng tng ln. Do , nhiu ca ngt c tnh nng
kh h quang tng i tt, cho nn b ct in cao p u p dng nhiu ca ngt.
Hi: Trong thit b khi ng xoay chiu dung lng tng i nh, ti sao
thng thit k u tip xc thnh kt cu kiu cu hai chn ngt nh hnh 3 - 3 6?
p: p dng hnh thc kt cu ny l tnh n vn
dp tt h quang. Bi v khi tch u tip xc ra, th
in th khng gian gia hai u tip xc (hnh thnh mt
i in cc) phn b khng u, gn cc m c in
th cc m 100 - 250V, sau
khi dng in vt tr s 0, dng in lp tc ngc pha,
nu lc ny in p ngun ca hai u in cc thp hn tr s in th ging ny
th h quang in s khng th chy li m b dp tt. V th, s lng i in cc
cng nhiu th tng in th cc m ging cng cao, h quang in mun chy li
phi c in p tng i cao mi c; tc s i in cc cng nhiu th h
quang in cng d tt.
Hi: Ti sao khi b ngt mch ngt ng dy di khng
ti th s chy li
cn khi ngt ng dy di c ph ti th khng d chy li?
p: y ch yu l tc dng ca vic gia ng dy
vi t tn ti in dung (nh hnh 3 - 3 - 7). Trc khi b ngt mch DL ngt ra th
t C ca ng dy np in. Sau khi DL ngt ra in tch trn C do khng c
mch kn nn khng th gii phng. Do , khi nghim trng nht, ng dy i vi
t vn duy tr mt in p pha m cc tnh khng i (cc tnh ca n chnh l cc
tnh ca ngun in thi im b ngt mch ngt), nhng cc tnh bn A ngun
in ca DL vn thay i theo s thay i ca ngun in. Khi in th im A
bin i c cc tnh ngc vi cc tnh in th ca im B bn mch in th
in p tc dng ln gia hai im A, B tng i cao, thm ch c th t gp hai
ln in p pha, d lm cho DL chy li. Nu ng dy di mang ph ti v c dy
- Trang 52 -
chnh, b h cm in p hoc bin th, th in tch trn in dung C gia ng

dy i vi t c th thng qua ph ti to thnh mch kn phng in. Nh
vy, in p tc dng gia u tip xc ca DL ch c in p 1 pha , b ngt mch
kh chy li.
- Trang 53 -
3 - 4 u tip xc
Hi: Hao mn do in u tip xc ca cng tc xy ra nh th no? C
u tip xc cn lp l xo, c tc dng g?
p: Trong qu trnh ng cu dao, u tip xc ca cng tc do va chm c
gii v sc in ng, sinh ra rung khin b mt u tip xc sinh ra mn do in,
bi v khi u tip xc rung ny th gia u tip xc ng v anh phi tch nhau ra
mt khong cng vi s x dch t nh n ln ca khong cch gia u tip xc
ng v anh ln lt xut hin cu kim loi th lng v h quang in, nhit rt
cn, n ni b mt u tip xc c mt phn kim loi b nng chy. Trong qu
trnh tip xc ln sau, gia u tip xc ng tnh s c s trt tng i, ko i
phn kim loi nng chy, kim loi nng chy cng s bn ra hoc bc hi, v th
l kim loi u tip xc cng ngy cng t, hnh thnh mn do in u tip xc.
Nu lp l xo ln u tip xc khin cho khi u tip xc ng, tnh tip xc nhau
s c sc p ca l xo nht nh, gim c bin rung ca u tip xc, t
gim thiu mn do in u tip xc.
Hi: Vt liu u tip xc dp h quang ca b ngt mch cao p, ti sao
khng th dng bc hoc ng thun cht?
p: B ngt mch cao p trong qu trnh ng ngt, s sinh ra h quang in
gia u tip xc dp h quang. Nhit ca h quang s khin kim loi u tip
xc nng chy, bc hi hoc bn ra, gy nn chy r v chuyn i vt liu; khi b
ngt mch cao p ng, s va chm c hc gia u tip xc ng, tnh cng kh
ln; hn na bn thn u tip xc i hi tnh nng dn in phi tt. Vy m c
tnh ca bc hoc ng thun cht khng th cng lc p ng yu cu ca c ba
mt trn. Nu dng Vonfram c im nng chy cao (thng chim 50 - 80%) cng
vi kim loi c dn in cao (bc, ng) t hp thnh vt liu phc hp bc vonfram hay ng - vonfram th c th t c c tnh tng i tt v tnh nng
dn in, di tc dng ca h quang in b chy hng t, c cng c hc v
tnh do nht nh, tng i d gia cng v thun tin to hnh mt ln.
in?

Hi: Ti sao phi kim tra nh k l xo u tip xc ca cng tc thit b
p: V khi u tip xc ca cng tc ng m, do va chm c hc, ng lc

in ng v hiu ng nhit, c th lm cho l xo u tip xc gim tnh n hi v
lc nn, lm tng in tr v nhit u tip xc. bo m vn hnh an ton,
phi tin hnh kim tra nh k i vi l xo u tip xc ca cng tc.
Hi: Ti sao u tip xc ca cu dao dng trong ng dy ng lc mn
hng nghim trng hn so vi dng trong ng dy chiu sng?
- Trang 54 -
p: Trong mch chiu sng, ph ti gn nh l in tr thun, hiu sut

lc gn bng 1. Khi dng in h quang lc cng tc m vt qua tr s 0 th in p
gia u tip xc ca cng tc cng bng 0, h quang in d tt. Cn trong ng
dy ng lc, hiu sut lc thng rt thp, khi cng tc m, lc dng in h
quang vt qua tr s 0, gia u tip xc vn cn c in p, h quang c th li
sinh ra kh tt, do u tip xc ca cng tc b tn hi tng i nng.
Hi: u tip xc ca cng tc, khi tch ngt v ng thng, thng thy
mt u tip xc trt theo mt u tip xc khc, ti sao?
p: Trong khi vn hnh, do c in tr nn u tip xc ca cng tc s
pht nng v khi tch ngt, s sinh ra h quang in. Kt qu l lm xy ha b mt
u tip xc, in tr tip xc tng ln khin tnh hnh vn hnh ca u tip xc tr
nn xu. Nu thit k u tip xc khi tch ngt v ng thng, mt u tip xc
trt theo mt u tip xc khc, s sinh ra ma st, c xt bc i lp xy ha, t
ng "lm sch" u tip xc, ci thin c tnh hnh vn hnh ca u tip xc
Hi: C u tip xc cn thp thm tm thp m ngoi phin tip xc, n c
tc dng g?
p: Tm thp ny c tc dng phong ta in t. Khi dng in chy qua
u tip xc, c ng sc t chy qua tm thp m ngoi, tm thp s co vo pha
trong khin u tip xc khng v tc dng ca lc in ng m tch ra.
Hi: Khi lc p ca u tip xc tng i nh, tng lc p s lm gim rt
nhiu in tr tip xc. Nhng khi lc p ca u tip xc tng i ln, tng lc
p, th thy hiu qu gim in tr tip xc khng r rt. Nguyn nhn do u?
p: Khi lc p ca u tip xc nh, mt tip xc thc t cng nh, lc p
trn mt n v do tng lc p cng s ln, d lm bin dng vt liu, lm gim
din tr tip xc. Khi lc p u tip xc tng i ln, din tch tip xc thc t
cng ln, p sut do tng lc nn s nh, cho nn in tr tip xc khng gim r
rt.
Hi: Lc p tip xc ca u tip xc dn dn tng ln, sau li gim
xung ti tr s c, in tr tip xc ca n liu c ging nh c?
p: Trong qu trnh tng lc p khin mt phn im tip xc sinh ra bin
dng vnh cu, lc nn tuy khi phc tr s c, nhng s im tip xc tng nhiu,
cho nn trc tin tng lc p, sau gim lc p th tr s in tr tip xc cng
gim, ch khng bng c.
Hi: Ti sao v tr chy hng u tip xc b ngt
mch kiu nhiu du u l m ngoi m khng phi
gia hoc m trong?
- Trang 55 -
p: Nh th hin hnh 3 - 4 - 9. khi b ngt mch du ngt, chiu dng

in sinh ra h quang i t u tip xc tnh qua u tip xc ng ri qua u tip
xc tnh khc. Do chiu ca hai dng in ngc nhau, do lc in ng sinh ra l
lc y, thi h quang in ra pha ngoi ca u tip xc. Nh vy, m ngoi ca
u tip xc d b chy hng.
Hi: Ti sao khong cch m gia du tip xc ng, tnh ca b ngt mch
phi nh hn cng tc ngn cch?
p: Tc dng ch yu ca b ngt mch l ngt dng in ph ti v dng
in ngn mch mt cch tin cy, tc dp h quang. dp h quang mt cch tin
cy, b ct mch u c bin php nht nh tng cng tnh nng dp h quang,
ch khng phi da vo s tng khong cch gia u tip xc ng, tnh tng
cng tnh nng dp h quang, hn na th tch nh mt cht l tt; v th khong
cch m gia u tip xc ng, tnh khng cn qu ln. Tc dng ca cng tc
ngn cch l sau khi chia cu dao phi c ca ngt r rt, v trong mi trng hp
u khng c nh thng, m ca ngt, tc khong cch gia u tip xc ng,
tnh l hon ton da vo khng kh cch in. bo m chc chn ca ngt
c kh nng cch in th phi c khong cch tng i ln.
Hi: Khi bo quan u tip xc ca thit b in, ni chung nn ch nhng
iu g?
p: (l) Tr s dng in m u tip xc ng thng hoc tch ngt khng
c vt qu s liu qui nh ghi trn nhn hiu, s ln ng m cng khng nn
vt qu s ln qui nh.
(2) Cn thng xuyn kim tra v iu chnh hnh trnh, lc nn ban
u, lc nn cui v din tch tip xc.
(3) Thit b p h quang khng c t thay i hoc b i khng
ng.
(4) Phi nh k lm v sinh, loi b mng xy ha b mt u tip
xc, khi gp u tip xc b nng chy hoc mn th phi sa cha b mt,
c gng gi nguyn cong b mt vn c v iu chnh tng ng hnh
trnh vt ca u tip xc.
Hi: Gia hai u tip xc kim loi th s tip xc qua gia cng tinh mi bng
l tt hay th rp mt cht l tt?
p: Cn c vo thc nghim chng t, xt trn quan im gim thiu
in tr tip xc th mt tip xc th rp mt cht l tt. Mt tip xc gia cng bng
da mn th in tr tip xc nh hn l nh bng. l v trn mt tip xc hi th
rp mt cht, phn li lm tng i nhiu, im tip xc tng i nhiu, nn
in tr tip xc nh hn.
- Trang 56 -
Hi: Khi kim tra sa cha thit b in, c th dng gi si bng lau chi
bn trong khng?
p: Khng c. V khi lau chi, gi si bng c th rng rt st li trong
thit b in, nh vy sau khi thng in, c si bng m gy nn nh thng i vi
t hoc gia cc pha. Do , khi kim tra, sa cha thit b in ch cho php dng
vi trng mn lau bn bn trong.
Hi: u tip xc nh th hin hnh 3 - 4 - 14, ti sao u tip xc h
quang phi ngoi u tip xc lm vic? .
p: Bi v, u tip xc hai bn c
dng in song song m ngc pha thy qua,
do sinh ra mt loi lc in ng y ra
ngoi, n y h quang in do u tip xc
dp h quang sinh ra tt ra ngoi, trnh h
quang ny lm tn hi u tip xc lm vic,
nn phi t u tip xc dp h quang ra ngon u tip xc lm vic.
- Trang 57 -
3 - 5 B ngt mch du
Hi: Khi b ngt dn c nh SW6 - 220 m ngt dng in ngn mch th
trong b ngt sinh ra p lc rt cao m ng s ca bung dp h quang v ng s
ca tr d u khng phi l ng s cng cao, ti sao ng s khng b v?
p: Bung dp h quang ca b ngt mch ny lp trong ng thp thy tinh
cng cao, ngoi ng dng ng s lm kn. Do ng thp thy tinh chu c p
lc
ca bung dp h quang, ng s ch dng trnh nh hng ca iu kin kh hu
bn ngoi i vi bung dp h quang khng truyn cho ng s, u di m nhm
c van chn ngc. Khi trong bung dp h quang khng c kh p cao th b thp ca
van chn ngc m, lm cho du trong ng thp thy tinh thng vi du trong ng
s bung dp h quang, hp c cu gia, ng s tr , gi y, khi trong bung
dp h quang sinh ra kh p cao, di tc dng ca p lc b thp ca van chn
ngc s dng ng thng du gia ng thp thy tinh vi ng s, lm cho ng s
khng phi chu p lc cao, trnh c ng s bung dp h quang v ng s tr
b v.
Hi: Khi b ngt mch du kiu SN 10 - 10 chia cu dao, ti sao tay n tip
xc ng li chuyn ng xung?
p: Khi b ngt mch du kiu SN 10 - 10 chia cu dao, tay n tip xc
ng chuyn ng xung s c cc u im sau:
(l) C th lm cho phn gc h quang khng ngng tip xc vi du mi, tng
nhanh lm ngui gc (chn) h quang khin h quang d tt.
(2) Cht kh ca du b nhit cao ca h quang din phn gii ra, cng vi
ion ng, hi ng dn in s nhanh chng ra khi ng h quang bn trn khin
cng mi cht khe h h quang nhanh chng khi phc.
(3) Khi cn dn in h xung th mt phn du pha di b ngt mch v
cn dn in s c dn vo ng thng du ph ca bung dp h quang, c
tc dng thi c hc h quang, c li cho vic lm tt h quang dng in nh.
(4) Cn dn in c th ch to tng i ngn, va tit kim nguyn liu
ng va c li cho vic nng cao tc chia cu dao.
Hi: T iu khin thao tc ca b ct mch nhiu du kiu DW 8 - 35 th
t mt bn, ti sao t iu khin thao tc ca b ngt mch nhiu du kiu DW
1 - 35 li mt chnh?
p: Qua s dng thc t nhiu nm, do t iu khin ca b ngt mch
nhiu du kiu DW 1 - 35 t mt trc (bng tay), an ton cch vt mang
in khng ln, khi u u dy khng chc, u ni, dy dn b hng s d xy ra
s c vt dn in ri ln u ngi iu khin. V th khi thit k ln th 8, t
iu khin ca b ngt mch nhiu du kiu DW 8 - 35 i sang mt bn.
- Trang 58 -

Hi: Khi thc hin iu chnh khng du i vi b ngt mch t du kiu
SW 6 - 220, ti sao phi cho dn bin th vo trong hp gi y?
p: Vic hon xung khi chia cu dao ca b ngt mch t du kiu SW 6
20 l dng b hon xung du lp trong hp gi y. Khi tin hnh iu chinh hng
du phi cho du bin th vo hp gi y cho ngp b hon xung, nh vy s c
tc dng hon xung khi chia cu dao. Tc chia cu dao ca b ct mch rt cao
(c th t 8 ~ 8.5 mt/giy), nu trong hp gi y khng c du th khng th hp
thu ng nng ca b phn vn ng, phn c ca b ngt mch s b va p v
chn ng tng i ln, d b hng.
Hi: Ti sao b ngt mch phi c thit b hon xung? B ngt mch du
SN10 - 10 khi chia cu dao c hon xung nh th no?
p: Khi b ngt mch ngt, ng cu dao, yu cu cn (cy) dn in phi
t tc ngt, ng. Nhng thng thng khi cn dn in vn ng n v tr
ngt, ng th vn cn tha tc chuyn ng (tc ng nng) rt ln, s va p
ln i vi c cu v b ngt mch, v th phi c thit b hon xung hp thu
ng nng d ca h thng vn ng khin h thng vn ng bnh n.
B ngt mch SN 10 - 10 s dng b hon xung du, khi b ngt mch ngt
cu dao, do cn dn in c mt on rng rut, cm vo cy ren c nh trn b
y, l ln hn cy ren nn c khe h nh. Li dng lc cn ca du trong cn rng
rut chy qua khe h gy tc dng hon xung.
Hi: Ti sao bung dp h quang ca b ngt mch t du phn ln c p
bng nha si thy tinh trimericcya - namide?
p: Tnh nng chu h quang ca nha si thy tinh trimericcya namide rt
tt khng b chy hng di tc dng ca nhit cao h quang, cng c hc
cao, c th chu c tc dng ca my chc thm ch trn trm atmotphe do h
quang sinh ra m khng b nt v, do c th p ng yu cu tc ngt cu dao
nhanh, kh p thi h quang cao ca b ngt mch hin i. ng thi, bung dp
h quang ch to bng nha si thy tinh trimericcya namide rt nh gn, c th thu
nh rt nhiu th tch ca b ngt mch t du.
Hi: Phn trn ca b ngt mch dn kiu SN 10 - 10, ti sao phi c
khong khng gian khng cha du? Nu th tch ca khng gian ny qu nh s gy
nn hu qu g?
p: Khng gian khng cha du bn trn b ngt mch du gi l khng
gian hon xung. Khi hi du do bung dp h quang sinh ra xuyn qua lp u tin
vo khng gian hon xung, hi du c lm mt hon ton ri qua b tch ly hi du
x ra kh quyn nn khng dn n t chy hoc lm gim cch in ngoi.
Nu th tch khng gian hon xung qu nh th hi du c lm ngui km,
p lc khng gian hon xung cng s qu cao, c th dn n m trn v nt ng
- Trang 59 -
thi do p lc khng gian hon xung qu cao khin hi du kh tch ly dn n phun

du. V th b ct mch du khng nn du qu y.
Hi: u tip xc gia ca b ngt mch du t kiu SN 10 - 10 s dng
u tip xc ln, iu c li g? Ti sao u tip xc phi m bc?
p: u tip xc trong b ngt mch du t kiu SN 10 - 10 s dng u
tip xc ln, c li l vi tc dng ca l xo lm cho tip xc tt, lc ma st nh, c
th nng cao tc ng ngt. M bc u tip xc ln c th lm cho in tr tip
xc ca u tip xc nh, dn in tt, khi dng in ph ti bnh thng v dng
in ngn mch tc th i qua, c th ci thin c tnh hnh pht nng.
Hi: Khi tho kim tra sa cha b ngt mch kiu SN 10 - 10 ti sao khng
th lp h van chn ngc? .
p: u trn bung p h quang ca b ngt mch kiu SN 10 - 10 c lp
van chn ngc. Van ny tuy nh nhng tc dng rt ln, khi b ngt mch c
ngt, u tip xc ng, tnh va tch ra, s sinh h quang, di tc dng nhit
cao ca h quang, du phn gii thnh cht kh khin p lc trong bung kh h
quang tng cao. Lc ny, bi thp trong van chn ngc s nhanh chng di chuyn ln
bt kn l gia ca n, h quang tip tc chy trong khng gian hu nh ng kn
khin p lc trong bung p h quang nhanh chng tng cao, sinh ra kh thi lm tt
h quang, ct t dng in. Nu lp h van chn ngc th khi b ngt mch in
ngt ra, dng kh cao p do h quang in sinh ra s thot ra t l lp van chn
ngc u trn bung dp h quang ra khng gian gia m khng th hnh thnh
dng kh cao p, h quang s khng th tt, b ngt mch c th b chy.
Hi: Qu cu s trong b tch ly hi du kiu qu cu s lp trong b ngt
mch cao p c tc dng g?
p: B ngt cao p khi tch ngt, do tc dng nhit cao ca h quang,
trong kt u s to hn hp kh gm hi du v khng kh c p sut cao. tch
du, kh v nhanh chng x kh ra, phi lp b tch ly du - kh kiu qu cu s.
Trong ng x ca b tch du - kh c lp qu cu s ng knh 15 - 20mm. Hn
hp kh sau khi vo ng x b qu cu s chia thnh rt nhiu dng kh nh ring
bit, hn hp kh tip xc vi qu cu s c lm ngui, lm cho du cch in
trong ngng t, phn ly thnh du, chy tr v kt u, cn cht kh c thot
x ra ngoi qua l x.
Hi: Trn kt du ca b ngt mch t du t trong nh kiu c 10kV c
hn ni bng thp tm, c mt ng hn bng ng thau, cn trn kt du ca b
ngt mch nhiu du t 35kV c hn ni bng thp tm, li khng c ng
lm bng ng thau. Ti sao?
p: Khi b ngt mch t du t trong nh 10kV trng thi thng mnh,
dng in t phn trn chy vo, t pha di chy ra. T thng do dng in ny
- Trang 60 -
to ra hnh thnh mch t khp kn men theo vch kt, sinh ra mt t thng rt cao.
Dng in xoy do n sinh ra v tn hao t tr khin kt du pht nng.Do phi
m mt khe h trn kt du v hn li bng ng thau nhm tng t tr ca mch
t, gim thiu s pht nng ca kt du.
Cn khi b ngt mch nhiu du t 35kV trng thi thng mch, dng
in chy vo t mt bn nh np kt v chy ra qua mt bn khc, cho nn trong
kt du, dng in vo mt bn ra mt bn ngc chiu nhau, t thng sinh ra trit
tiu nhau, v th kt du khng b nng nn khng cn hn ng thau.
Hi: Ti sao trn ca ngt ca b ngt mch t 110kV tr ln u phi mc
song song mt t in?
p: Nu ca ngt ca b ngt mch khng mc song song t in th mch
in ng tr ca n nh hnh (a). Trong , U l ip p ngun, Cd l in dung ca
ca ngt sau khi tt h quang, Co l in dung ca hm c cu gia i vi t. V
Cd v Co trong b ngt mch t du u l vi chc F, c th coi nh gn bng nhau
cho nn in p trn ca ngt ln lt l: Ul = U.(Cd + Co)/(2 Cd + Co) = (2/3)U; U2 =
U.Cd / (2Cd + Co) = (1/3)U. Qua c th thy in p ca bung dp h quang th
nht kh ln, kh dp c h quang, tc lm gim kh nng dp h quang ca b
ngt mch. Nh hnh (b), nu c mc song song mt t C (1000 ~ 2000 F) vo trn
ca ngt m C >> Co th:
(C + C d ) + C o
1
U U
2(C + C d ) + C o
2
C + Cd
1
U2 =
U U
2(C + C d ) + C o
2
U1 =
Nh vy, in p 2 ca ngt phn b u nhau, c th nng cao kh nng dp

h quang ca b ngt mch.

Hi: Cnh bn ca ngt ca b ngt mch t du 220 kV, ti sao phi ln
lt mc song song mt t in? Khi lp, t in phi b tr th no?
p: Gia cc ca ngt ca b ngt mch v gia hm tam gic i vi t
u tn ti in dung phn b tn lon. Khi
ng dy xy ra s c tip t. Cng tc
trng thi ngt th mng in tng ng ca
ca ngt bn dy ci nh th hin hnh 3 - 5 13. Trong hnh, in dung ca ngt C1 = C2 = C3 =
C4; in dung phn b C" > C' ; do C2 cng vi
in dung phn b pha sau sau khi mc song song
- Trang 61 -
vi C' , s ln hn Cl nhiu. in p pha 220 kV c phn phi theo dung khng

ca in dung cho nn in p trn Cl c bit cao. ci thin s phn phi in
p gia cc ca ngt, c th mc song song mt t in tng ng cp s lng
(khong 1800F) vo gia cc ca ngt, s lng ca n ln hn nhiu in dung
phn b i vi t lc c th b qua khng tnh n nh hng ca in dung
tn lon. Nh vy, s phn phi in p gia cc ca ngt s do in dung mc vo
gia cc ca ngt quyt nh. Do c th loi tr nh hng ca in dung phn
b tn mn. Khi lp rp nu t in mc song song vo bn ca ngt t dy ci n
mch in ln lt k hiu l C'1 , C'2 , C'3 , C'4 th thng ly C'1 = C'2 > C'3 = C'4
.Cc in dung ny gi l in dung qun bnh in p.
Hi: Yu cu cch in ca du cch in ca cng tc du kiu du t v
ca cng tc du kiu du nhiu, phi chng ging nhau?
p: Du cch in trong cng tc du kiu du t ch dng dp h quang,
ch khng nh n lm mi cht cch in. Du cch in trong cng tc du kiu
du nhiu c hai tc dng: dp h quang v lm mi cht cch in. Cho nn, du
cch in dng trong cng tc du kiu du nhiu c yu cu cch in (cng
chu p) ca n phi cao.
Hi: Vi b ngt mch du t kiu SN 10 - 10, khi ngt dng cng ln
v dng cng nh, qu trnh dp h quang c g khc nhau?
p: B ngt mch kiu du t SN 10 - 10 khi ngt dng cng ln l p
dng nguyn l lin tc thi ngang, trong qu trnh tch ngt, tc sau khong cch
dn h quang rt nh, bt u ng thi ngang h quang u tin. Do nng lng
h quang rt ln khin dn ha hi mnh; sinh ra p lc tng i cao, ng thi p
h quang v pha ng thi ngang, to ra tc dng thi hi mnh khin h quang
tt. Khi ngt dng in cng nh, nng lng h quang kh nh, khng th to
ra p lc hi du cao thi h quang, nhng cn u tip xc ng, chuyn ng
xung khin mt phn du di thng qua ng dn ph ca bung dp h
quang bn ngang vo h quang. Nh vy, ngoi tc dng thi dc ca hai bc du
thi dc ra, trn thc t cn cng vi tc dng thi du c hc, di tc dng lin
hp ca thi dc v thi c khin h quang dng in cng nh nhanh chng b
dp tt.
Hi: Ti sao v b ngt mch nhiu du th sn mu xm tro cn v b ngt
mch t du li sn mu ?
p: Khi vn hnh bnh thng, th v b ngt mch nhiu du khng mang
in, cn v b ngt mch t du c in. Nhm nhc nh mi ngi ch ; trnh
s c in git nn v b ngt mch t du sn mu .
Hi: Du cch in trong b ngt mch t du sau hai, ba ln nhy mch
tr nn en, c cn thay du mi khng?
- Trang 62 -
p: Du cch in trong b ngt mch t du ch c tc dng dp h quang

m khng phi l cch in. Qua 2 - 3 ln nhy mch, du tr nn en ch ni
ln rng trong du c ht than, nhng iu ny khng nh hng n tnh nng dp
h quang ca du cho nn khng cn thay. Chu k thay du ca b ngt mch t du
c th tin hnh cng vi chu k sa cha.
Hi: Ti sao u tip xc ng ca b ngt mch t du kiu c khi tch
ngt phi ra khi mt du, nm trong khng kh, cn b ngt mch nhiu du li
khng c yu cu ny?
p: Trong kt du ca b ngt mch t du ch c mt t du lm nhim v
dp h quang. Mi ln ngt th h quang sinh ra gia u tip xc ng, tnh s
phn gii than ha du, hnh thnh cht cn lng bn. Nu cho u tip xc ng,
tnh sau khi ngt cng trong du th c th do tnh nng cch in ca du gim
thp m dn n kh nng thng mch tr li. B ngt mch nhiu du tuy khi ngt
cng c phn gii ha than, nhng do lng du nhiu, nh hng n tnh nng
cch in tng i nh, cho nn c th khng cn xt n.
Hi: B ngt mch du sau khi nhy mch do s c, ti sao khng th lp
tc tho ra kim tra?
p: Sau khi ct ngt dng in s c, trn mt du ca kt du b ngt
mch vn tn ti cht kh d chy c nhit tng i cao. Nu lc ny m kt
du ra th khng kh bn ngoi s nhanh chng hn hp vi cht kh bn trong kt,
nu c mi la th d bc chy, gy tn thng cho ngi v thit b. Cho nn, sau
khi b ngt mch du nhy mch s c, phi cht kh bn trong ngui, khuch
tn ri mi tho ra sa.
Hi: Trong cng tc du, cng cch in ca khe h du gia b phn
dn in cc pha v gia b phn dn in vi v ngoi kt du cao, nhng
ti sao cn phi t tm cch in cc ch ?
p: l do khi ct h quang in, trong du sinh ra rt nhiu bt, tnh dn
in ca bt ny mnh, tip xc vi b phn tip t hoc b phn dn in gia
cc pha s c th dn n nguy c chp rch. V th cn t tm cch in y (lt)
2 ~ 4mm, nhm ngn tr bt kh bnh thnh cu dn in, nng cao cng cch
in.
Hi: Trong cng tc nhiu du, du vt qu vch mc du s c hi g?
p: Khi cng tc ct dp h quang, cht kh do du phn gii ra s bc ln
trn mt du, lm tng p lc khng kh bn trn. Nu cho du vo qu nhiu, lm
gim khng gian t mt du n np nh cng tc. Do dung tch khng kh b phn
ny tng i nh, c th gy nn p lc qu ln, dn n s c n hoc phun du.
Cho nn, khi np du vo, mc du khng c vt qu vch mc du.
- Trang 63 -

Hi: Liu c th da vo quan st bn ngoi ca du trong b hin th mc
du suy on du trong cng tc du hoc cha b than ha?
p: Cng tc du sau khi ct dng in s c ngn mch, do tc dng tia h
quang khin du b than ha, hnh thnh nhiu cht cn lng mu en t li di y
kt du. Nhng v tr lp b hin th mc du l trn mt du kt du, cho nn
khng th cn c vo tnh hnh quan st bn ngoi du trong b hin th mc du
phn on du trong cng tc du b than ha cha, m phi ly mu du t trong
van x du di y kt du, tin hnh th nghim n gin, phn on cht
lng du c cn ph hp qui nh khng.
Hi: Linh kin kim loi thng dng sn hng n sn chng r: Ti sao
trong kt du cng tc u v bin th li cm dng sn hng n lm vt liu sn
chng r?
p: Bi v trong sn hng n c cha oxyt ch, trong du oxyt ch s hnh
thnh x phng ch (ch este ha) khin bn du tng mnh, nhanh chng lm xu du.
ko di tui th ca du bin th, ngi ta cm s dng cc loi sn khng r c
cha ch trong kt du cng tc du v my bin th.
Hi: Ti sao phi lp mt ng vch mng (nh th hin hnh 3 - 5 - 24) vo
pha di bulng lin kt np vi thn kt du cng tc du
kiu DN - 10?
p: ng vch mng ny l thit b bo him khn
cp. Bi v h quang sinh ra khi cng tc du ngt mch s
lm cho du ha hi, sinh ra p lc rt ln trong kt du, nu
u vt ln va chm np kt u. Cng tc du s b chn
ng gy h hng, thm ch gy n. C c ng vch
mng, di tc dng ca p lc cao trong kt du, bung chu
lc, p bp ng vch mng, thn kt du h xung, to khe h gia kt du vi np
kt du, du chy t trong khe ra ngoi, trnh c lm hng cng tc.
Hi: B ngt mch cao p nhiu du ti sao phi lp trong khong nh
chng n ring bit?
p: Bi v khi b ngt mch nhiu du ct dng in ngn mch s sinh ra
h quang v lm trng mt du, thm ch c th xy ra s c trn du hoc chy
n, phi lp ring trong khe nh chng n nhm phng nga s c lan rng.
- Trang 64 -
3 - 6 B ngt mch Hexafluoride lu hunh.

B ngt mch khng kh. B ngt mch chn khng
in?

Hi: Ti sao b ngt mch Hexafluoride lu hunh c tnh nng dp h quang
p: Hexafluoride lu hunh (SF6) c tnh cht in m rt tt, phn t ca n

c th nhanh chng bt gi in t t do hnh thnh ion m, tc dng dn in
ca cc ion m ny rt tr tr, nh tng kh nng khi phc cng mi cht
khe h h quang, do c tnh nng dp h quang rt tt. Di p sut kh quyn,
tnh nng dp h quang ca Hexafluoride lu hunh l gp 100 ln khng kh; hn
na sau khi dp h quang li khng bin cht, c th s dng li.
Hi: Cng cch in ca Hexafluoride lu hunh v Cacbon tetrachloride
u rt cao, nhng ti sao Cacbon tetrachloride li rt t s dng?
p: Hexafluoride lu hunh v Cacbon tetrachloride u l cht kh c cng
cch in kh cao, ch yu l do kch thc phn t ca chng ln, in t d va
chm trong cc cht kh ny, vi hnh trnh t do ngn, in t kh tp hp nng
lng to ra in t chuyn ng t do m cc cht kh ny u c tnh cht
in m, d bt gi in t, hnh thnh ion m khin in t mt kh nng sinh ra va
chm chuyn ng t do, nn cng cch in ca n u rt cao.Nhng nhit
th lng ca Cacbon tetrachloride qu cao, m trong qu trnh phng in d phn
gii sinh ra Clo, nu tn ti khng kh, qu trnh phng in cn c th hnh thnh
mt cht rt c cho nn trong cng trnh khng th s dng n lm mi cht cch
in. Hexafluoride lu hunh th khc, n khng mi, khng c khng chy, tnh nng
ha hc n nh, nc, axt, kim u khng lm n phn gii, nhit ha lng rt
thp ( - 62oC) C th ni n 20 atmotphe. Hexafluoride lu hunh ngoi cng
in rt cao ra, cn c tnh nng p h quang tt, thch hp dng trong b ngt
mch cao p v cc thit b khc. V th, c ng dng rng ri trong thit b in.
Hi: B ngt mch kh nn, khi ct mch so vi b ngt mch du, dp h
quang tng i nhanh, kh nng ct mch cng ln. Ti sao?
p: Khi b ngt mch du ct mch th u tip xc ng chuyn ng
xung sinh ra h quang, h quang tip xc vi du khin du phn gii thnh bt kh
cao p thi h quang, lm cho h quang ngui v tt. Nhng tc ngt mch ca
b ngt mch du chm, du c qun tnh tng i ln, u tip xc ng chuyn
ng xung to khng gian du vo v sinh ra hi du thi h quang u cn c
qu trnh.
B ngt mch kh nn l da vo dng kh nn do ngun nng lng bn
ngoi sinh ra thi h quang. p lc kh nn rt cao, tnh lu ng tt hn nhiu so
vi ca du, c th lm cho s lu ng cht kh lun theo st vi s n co ca ct
h quang. Mt khc, kh nn thi h quang khng ch mang i nhit lng trong khe
h quang, gim thp nhit khe h h quang m cn trc tip ly i cht kh ion
- Trang 65 -
ha trong khe h h quang. Thay vo l kh nn mi khin tnh nng cch in ca

khe h h quang khi phc nhanh chng. Do , b ngt mch kh nn c tc dp
h quang nhanh hn b ngt mch du m cn c kh nng ct ngt tng i ln.
Hi: Mi ca ngt mch ca b ngt mch kh nn u mc song song mt
in tr, n c tc dng g?
p: B ngt mch kh nn l dng dng kh nn thi h quang, v tnh
nng cch in ca kh nn tt, lu ng nhanh, kh nng dp
h quang mnh khin cho h quang ca dng in nh b ct
mch trc khi qua im 0. Nhng khi ngt mch my bin
th khng ti, do tc st gim dng in nhanh, s sinh ra
in th t cm rt cao, gy nn qu in p, v th trn mi
ca ngt u mc song song mt in tr khin u tip xc
chnh DL1 sau khi ngt ra, dng in vn c th chy qua theo
R, dng in trong mch khng t ngt bin thnh 0, t
hn ch qu p. Sau cng khi ngt u tip xc ph DL2, do c R ng vai tr hn
ng v lm nht, qu p s khng ln.
Hi: B ngt mch khng kh ti sao phi dng kh nn, m p lc ca kh
nn ni chung li khng th vt qu hai mi atmotphe?
p: Tnh nng dp h quang ca b ngt khng kh ph thuc vo p sut
ca khng kh. Trong phm vi nht nh, p sut khng kh cng cao th tnh nng cch
in cng tt, tnh nng dp h quang cng cng tt. l v khi p sut tng, mt
khng kh tng theo, in t trong qu trnh vn ng rt d va chm vi ht khng
kh. Khi va chm, do ng nng tch ca in t khng lm cho ht kh ion
ha, cho nn in p nh thng tng cao, tnh nng cch in cng nng cao. Nhng
nu p sut kh nn vt qu 20 atmotphe th tnh nng cch in ca khng kh
khng tng ln theo, xut hin hin tng bo ha. Bi v ion ha sinh ra di kh p
qu cao, ht mang in s kh khuch tn, in tch dng tp trung dy c trc
cc m khin in trng bin i r rt, tnh nng cch in sinh ra hin tng bo
ha. V th p sut kh nn ca cng tc kh thng dng 20 atmotphe l tng i
thch hp.
Hi: Ti sao th tch ca b ngt mch chn khng nh m tui th s dng
li cao?
p: Kt cu ca b ngt mch chn khng rt n gin, t mt i u
tip xc vo trong bng thy tinh chn khng. Do tnh nng cch in, tnh nng kh
h quang ca chn khng u rt tt, c th khin khong cch m gia u tip
xc ng, tnh v cng nh (loi 10 kV ch cn khong 10mm, cn khong cch m
ca u tip xc b ngt mch du khong 160mm) cho nn th tch v trng lng
ca b ngt mch chn khng u rt nh. Do u tip xc ca rle chn khng,
khng b xy ha m li tt h quang nhanh, u tip xc t b chy hng, do thch
- Trang 66 -
hp dng trng hp thao tc nhiu, tui th s dng cao gp khong 10 ln b

ngt mch du.
Hi: Trong mch in mt chiu, a phn s dng cng tc dp h quang
trong khng kh ch khng s dng b ngt mch du. Ti sao?
p: Khi ngt mng in mt chiu c in cm, do s st gim cng
dng in s sinh ra in th t cm trong mch in. ln ca in th t cm
t l thun vi tc gim ca dng in. Nu dng b ngt mch du th do kh
nng dp h quang ca du rt mnh, h quang nhanh chng b dp tt, s sinh ra
qu p rt cao, lm hng cch in ca thit b in. V th trong mch in mt
chiu khng nn p dng bin php dp h quang qu mnh m s dng cng tc
dp h quang trong khng kh (nh cu dao, cu ch khng c thit b dp h quang,
b tip xc c li kh h quang v cng tc khng kh t ng v.v...)
Hi: Ti sao cng tc thao tc l luyn thp h quang khng cho php s dng
b ngt mch du m phi dng cng tc khng kh hoc cng tc chn khng?
p: Cng tc thao tc ca l luyn thp h quang khng nhng c cng
dng in khi ngt - ng tng i ln m s ln thao tc cng tng i nhiu.
B ngt mch cao p du l li dng du cch in tt h quang. Khi dp h
dp h quang, du cch in s phn gii ra cht kh v to ra ht than. Cho nn sau
nhiu ln thao tc, tnh nng cch in v dp h quang ca du cch in u km
i phi thng xuyn kim tra sa cha v thay du. V th, vi trng hp thao tc
nhiu nh l luyn thp h quang khng nn dng b ngt mch du m nn dng
cng tc khng kh hoc cng tc chn khng.
Hi: B ngt mch c mc song song in tr, ti sao c th hn ch qu p
khi ct mch ng dy khng ti ko trn khng?
p: Nhn t ch yu nh hng n qu p
khi ngt mch ng dy ko trn khng l gia
ng dy i vi t c tn ti in dung C v in
p d do in tch trn C quyt nh, dn n b ngt
mch chy li, sinh ra qu p dao ng. V th p dng
b ngt mch c mc song song in tr (3 - 6 - 10)
mc song song mt in tr R tr s va hai u
u tip xc chnh Kl v u tip xc ph K2. Trc khi ngt, Kl v K2 u ng. Khi
ngt, Kl ngt ra trc, R mc ni tip trong mch v in tch d tha c th gii
phng qua R, lm cho in p khi phc hai u b ngt mch gim theo tng
ng. Lc ny, in p khi phc hai u tip xc ca Kl l st p hai u ca R.
Nh vy, h quang in trong Kl khng d chy li. ng thi, R s tiu hao mt
phn nng lng trong C. Qua 1.5 ~ 2 chu k tn s lm vic, K2 ngt mch, do in
p d ca mch tng i thp, in p khi phc ca K 2 cng tng i thp, h
quang trong K2 khng d chy li. Cho d h quang trong K2 chy li th do tc dng
lm nht ca R, in p d trn mch li tng i thp, qu p cng gim r rt.
- Trang 67 -
Do , s dng b ngt mch c mc song song in tr c th hn ch qu p khi

ngt mch ng dy ko trn khng.
- Trang 68 -
3 - 7 Cng tc cch ly v cng tc cu dao

Hi: "Cng tc cu dao" v "cng tc cch ly" l cng mt loi thit b in
phi khng?
p: "Cng tc cu dao" "Cng tc cch ly" cng thuc loi cng tc kiu
dao. Bt k l ngoi hnh, nguyn l kt cu, phng php thao tc u rt ging
nhau, nhng chng c im khc nhau r rt, cn phn bit rch ri.
Cng tc cu dao dng ng ngt mch in di 500V, do khi ngt mch
in thng c h quang cho nn c lp u tip xc dp h quang hoc u tip
xc ngt nhanh. ng thi, tng kh nng dp h quang, li dao ca n u
tng i ngn; Cng tc cch ly chia ra loi cao p v thp p, n khng c php
dng ngt ng mch in c ph ti m ch dng cch ly mch in, cho nn
khng cn xt n vic dp h quang. bo m cch ly mch in mt cch tin
cy, phng nga qu p nh thng hoc chp rch gia cc pha, dao ca n tng
i di, khong cch gia cc pha cng tng i ln.
Tm li: Cng tc cch ly khng th dng lm cng tc cu dao m cng tc
cu dao cng ch cho php dng cch ly mch in trong tnh hnh in p khng
cao.
Hi: Khong cch gia u tip xc ct ngt cng pha ca cng tc cch ly
ti
sao phi ln hn khong cch gia phn dn in khc pha v gia phn dn in
i vi t?
p: Cng tc cch ly ch yu dng to nn mt im ngt r rt, tin cy,
bo m pha ph ti khng c kh nng t ngt a in n khi khong cch
tch ngt gia u tip xc cng pha ln hn khong cch gia b phn dn in
khc pha v gia b phn dn in vi t (10 ~ 15%) th mt khi trong mch xy ra
qu p, lc s phng in s xy ra b phn dn in khng cng pha hoc
gia b phn dn in vi t, ch khng th xy ra gia u tip xc tch ngt
cng pha, nh vy m bo m c an ton v ngi v thit b pha ph ti trong
tnh hnh qu p.
Hi: Cng dng in in cm hoc in dung ct hp m cng tc
cch ly cho php th rt nh, cn cng dng in cn bng khi my bin th ct
hp song song vn hnh th li rt ln. Ti sao?
p: Dng in in cm hoc in dung ln lt tr sau hoc sm trc
in p mt gc pha 90o, u khng d ct ngt. Bi v vic ct ngt h quang xoay
chiu
l li dng thi im dng in qua "im 0" p tt m lc , in p gia
u tip xc chnh l lc c tr s tc th ln nht cho nn h quang d chy li. Do
khng th dng cng tc cch ly ph thng ngt dng in in cm hoc
in dung trn 10A. Nhng khi dng in rt nh, phm vi lan ta hoc khuch tn
ca h quang khng ln, tc dng ion ha sinh ra trong khng gian tng i yu, sau
- Trang 69 -
khi li dao ri xa mt qung, in p khng th duy tr h quang chy li nn cui

cng b dp tt.
i vi mch song song di 10kV, cng dng in cn bng (do chch
lch in p sinh ra) ca dy chnh hoc my bin th tr s ng ngt cho php c
th t 70A. Thi im u tip xc tch ly, do gia mch v ca dng in ph ti
trong qu trnh phn phi li, c mt hiu in th nht nh, cho nn lun gy ra h
quang. Nhng hiu in th ny ch c vi phn trm ca in p dy, ging ln hai
u im tip xc, khng th duy tr h quang tip tc chy khin h quang t tt
.Bi v, ni chung tc dng dp h quang bng lc in ng t nhin ca cng tc
cch ly t 70A tr xung tng i c hiu qu, nu dng in qu ln s dn n
u tip xc b chy hng nghim trng, thm ch hnh thnh ngn mch gia cc pha
cho nn tr s ct ng cho php l 70A.
Hi: Ti sao mi cc ca cng tc cch ly cao p thng dng u t hp
bng hai li dao, khi ng cu dao, u tip xc c nh kp vo gia hai li dao?
p: Cn c vo l thuyt in t hc, khi dng in cng chiu chy qua hai
dy dn song song th s sinh ra lc in t p vo nhau. Khi mt pha no xy ra
s c, do c dng in rt ln chy qua li dao khin hai li dao kp cht u
tip xc c nh vi p lc rt ln. Nh vy li dao s khng c nguy c tut khi
v tr c, dn n h quang gy ngn mch gia cc pha, hn na lm cho li dao
tip xc cht vi u tip xc c nh, khng b nng chy do dng in chy
qua in tr tip xc tng i ln gy ra. Khi thao tc bnh thng, do trong li
dao ca cng tc cch ly khng c dng in hoc dng in rt nh ch cn khc
phc lc ma st gia li dao vi u tip xc c nh do lc nn l xo gy nn l
c. V th ko hoc ng cu dao u khng tr ngi g.
Hi: Trong cng tc cch ly dung lng ln, cc dao chnh ca n thng
dng vo li dao tng i mng ghp song song li. Ti sao?
p: Kt cu nh vy tt hn kt cu dng cc mt li dao tng i ny.
V
loi kt cu ny khng nhng dng in do mi li dao gnh chu nh hn mt t
m s phn phi dng in cng tng i u, hiu ng b mt gim, din tch
ta nhit v din tch tip xc tng ln, c th gim thiu tiu hao, ng thi v mt
cng ngh ch to th loi kt cu ny cng tt hn l dng mt dao tng i dy.
Hi: Mt s cng tc cch ly, khi tch hp dao th phin dao ch tip xc
quay xoay. N c tc dng g?
p: N c hai tc dng ch yu:
(l) Khi ng cu dao, li dao quay xoay l nhm loi tr lp mng xy ha v
bi bm b mt u tip xc, bo m tip xc tt.
(2) Cng tc cch ly s dng ngoi tri, khi thi tit ma ng, b mt u
tip xc c th ph lp bng. V th, khi ngt cu dao, s quay xoay s ph b
lp bng. Ni chung cng tc cch ly s dng ngoi tri u phi c thit b ny.
- Trang 70 -

Hi: Ti sao mt s cng tc cu dao in p thp li cn lp cu dao ngt
khn cp?
p: Ni chung, cng tc cu dao in p thp u l loi ko ngt ngun
in mnh v mng ph ti, khi ko ngt ngun in mnh v s sinh ra h quang
tng i ln, c th lm chy hng u tip xc ca li dao, thm ch gy nn s
c bng ngi. Cng tt lp cu dao ngt khn cp nh vo sc ko ca l xo, sau
khi cu dao chnh ko ra, li dao ngt khn cp cui cng nhanh chng tch ra
khin h quang nhanh chng b ko di ri tt, gim c nguy him trn.
Hi: Ti sao trn mt s cu dao 600A tr ln c mc song song mt u tip
xc than?
p: u tip xc bng than lp song song trn li dao l khi ko ngt
cu dao, h quang ch sinh ra trn u tip xc bng than, nh th khng chy li
dao chnh. Sau khi u tip xc than b chy, d thay m in tr ca u tip xc
than li ln, c th hn ch dng in h quang, nhanh chng lm h quang tt.
Hi: Ti sao i vi cu dao dung lng ln khi mch in ngn mch,
thng s t ng tch ly?
p: l do tc dng ca lc y in ng sinh ra gia dng in cu dao
v dng in dy dn. Khi vn hnh bnh thng, lc y in ng khng ln, cu
dao khng th b tch ra. Khi ngn mch, do dng in rt ln, lc y in ng
sinh ra c th lm cho cu dao t ng tch ly.
Hi: Khi ko cng tc cu dao ra khi ngun in mt chiu, ti sao h
quang di ng hng ln trn?
p: Khi ko tch cng tc, do gia cu dao vi u tip xc c h quang
in, tc vn cn dng in chy qua. V th s sinh ra t trng gia h quang vi
cu dao, cn c vo chiu dng in, dng nh lut bn tay tri th h quang in
chu lc tc dng hng ln trn cho nn h quang chuyn ng ln.
Hi: ti sao di ca li ao cng tc cu dao kiu mi u tng i
ngn
hn kiu c?
p: Do trc y tng nhm rng: Vic dp tt h quang ca cng tc

cu
dao l do h quang b ko di mt cch c hc ty theo tch ra ca li dao, khin
in p ng dy khng duy tr, nn tt, cho nn ch to phin dao ca cng
tc cu dao tng i di. Nhng qua thc nghim chng minh rng: Vic tt h
- Trang 71 -
quang ch yu l do tc dng ca lc in ng, m li dao ca cng tc cng

ngn
th lc in ng trn n v di h quang cng ln, cng c li tt h quang.
Cho nn chiu di ca cng tc dao kiu mi u ch to tng i ngn, m li
tit
kim vt liu ng.
Hi: Cu dao c cng dng in nh mc ln, liu c th ngt dng
in
nh mt cch tin cy khng?
p: Khi thit k v ch to, ni chung, li dao ca cu dao c cng

dng in nh mc ln u ngn, khi ct ngt ch yu da vo lc in ng do
h
quang gia li dao vi u tip xc tnh sinh ra ko di h quang, t mc ch
dp tt h quang. Cu dao m cng dng in nh mc ln, khi ct ngt dng
in tng i nh, do c im cu to, khong cch ko ra khng ln, cn lc
in
ng do h quang gia li dao vi u tip xc tnh sinh ra li khng ko di
h quang, hiu qu lm tt h quang khng tt. Do , cu dao c cng dng
in nh mc ln cha chc c th ngt dng in tng i nh mt cch tin cy.
Hi: Np g php ca cng tc cu dao c tc dng g? Cng tc cu dao
dng
in ln ti sao khng c np bng g php?
p: Np g php c hai tc dng: (l) Bo v an ton, khin ngi thao tc
kh b in git hoc b h quang lm bng. (2) Tc dng ngn in: pha trong np
c rnh lm, c th phng nga ngn mch gia hai pha k nhau bi h quang.
Nhng khong cch gia cc cc ca cu dao dng in ln u ln m np bng
g php d b h quang dng in ln nung nng lm lo ha, d gy ra s c, nn
khng dng np g nhp.
Hi: Ti sao khng nn dng cu dao an ton np g php lm cng tc thao
tc ng c in?
p: V cu dao an ton khng c thit b kh h quang gia pha vi pha ch
cch mt lp g php. ng c thng xuyn thao tc, do h quang pht nhit, khin
g php lo ha, tr thnh vt dn in, mt tc dng ngn cch h quang, d gy
ngn mch gia cc pha khi thao tc.
Hi: Ti sao khi lp c in cng tc v st phi sau khi bt thng ngun
in ri mi em v tip t?
p: Khi lp c in cng tc v st, nu u v vi t trc th khi u
dy
- Trang 72 -
ngun, khng may thiu cn thn dy ngun chm vi v st s hnh thnh

mch kn vi t, gy nn s c ngn mch hoc in git. Nh vy khng an
ton; ht sc nguy him. V th, trc tin phi u thng dy ngun sau mi
tip t nh vy mi tng i an ton.
Hi: Khi s dng cu dao 3 pha khi ng ng c lng sc dung lng nh,
v tr lp cng tc cu dao nn chn hnh thc no (xem hnh (a),
hnh (b))?
p: Khi lp cng tc cu dao nn chn hnh thc hnh (a).
V khi ko cu dao ngt ngun in, s sinh h quang gia li
dao vi u tip xc c nh, nu lp theo hnh (a) th h quang
s chu tc dng ca lc in t v khng kh nng bc ln s ko
h quang ra ngoi dp tt. Nu lp theo hnh thc hnh (b) th tc
dng ko h quang ca khng kh nng s ngc li, bin thnh
cn tr s ko di h quang, nn nh hng vic lm tt h quang, d gy chy hng
li dao v u tip xc c nh. Ngoi ra, tay cm than tc hnh (b) cn c th do
sc nng m ri xung, gy ng nhm cu dao, xy ra s c lm hng thit b v
gy thng tch cho ngi.
Hi: Nh th hin hnh 3 - 7 - 17. Bn cch lp khc nhau
i vi cng tc cu dao: (1) lp ngang, u tip xc ng bn
phi; (2) lp ngang, u tip xc ng bn tri; (3) lp ng, u
tip xc ng di; (4) lp ng, u tip xc ng trn. Cch
lp no tng i tt hn?
p: Khi cng tc cu dao ngt mch in, phng php
th ba do khng kh nng quanh h quang bc ln, ko di h quang
c th gip cho vic lm tt h quang. Cho nn tnh nng lm tt h quang tng i
tt. Cch lp th t, khi trng thi ngt, do tc dng ca sc nng bn thn u
tip xc ng, c kh nng ng thng cu dao. Phng php th nht v th hai th
thao tc
khng thun tay. C th thy th t tt ca bn cch lp khc nhau l 3, 1, 2, 4.
Hi: B ngt mch, cng tc ph ti, cng tc cch ly khc nhau nh th
no?
p: B ngt mch, cng tc ph ti, cng tc cch ly u l thit b in
dng ng, ngt mch in. Nhng nhim v m chng m nhim trong mch
in khc nhau. Trong , b ngt mch c th ct dng in ph ti v dng in
ngn mch. Cng tc ph ti ch c th ct dng in ph ti, dng in ngn
mch do cu ch ct. Cn cng tc cch ly dng ct in p, ch cho php ct
dng in cng rt nh.
- Trang 73 -
3 - 8 C cu thao tc v thao tc mch in

Hi: V sao trong tiu chun cng tc mi nht qui nh tng bc loi b c
cu thao tc bng tay i vi b ngt mch in?
p: V theo s pht trin ca nn kinh t quc dn, in li quc gia cng
cng pht trin, dung lng ngn mch ca li in cng khng ngng tng ln
theo s tng ln ca mng in. C khi mng in ang c im s c th b ngt
mch du li c th ng thng mch, nh vy c kh nng xy ra s c n b ngt
mch du. M c cu thao tc bng tay, khi ng thng cu dao ngi th phi dng
trc cng tc thao tc, nu xy ra s c n, s nguy him cho ngi. Do ,
khng cho php s dng c cu thao tc bng tay. Hn na, xt v mt lp t t
ng ng li cu dao v thao tc nhanh, th c cu thao tc bng tay l khng hp l.
Hin nay, trong h thng 6 - 10kV cn s dng nhiu c cu thao tc bng tay, v
th cn tng bc loi b.
3 - 8 -2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti so trn li st ln ca c cu thao tc in t mt chiu ca b
ngt mch CD2 - CD3 v.v... phi m mt s rnh dc (nh hnh 3 - 8 - 2)?
p: Tr rnh dc c hai tc dng: (1) c th gim thiu tc dng cn tr ca
dng in xoy i vi lc in t. V khi nam chm in mt chiu va thng
ngun, t thng s t 0 dn dn tng ln, m s vn ng
ca li st cng s dn n thay i t thng, t thng thay
i s cm ng ra dng in xoy trn li st ln. Dng
in xoy li lun lun mun cn tr s thay i ca t
thng. Khi tr my rnh dc trn li st ln c th gim
thiu dng xoy, khin lc in t nhanh chng t n tr
s lm vic bnh thng. (2) c th gim thiu lc cn ca
khng kh khi u thng cun dy in t vi ngun, li st ng chu tc dng ca
lc t hng ln trn, nu tr vo ng rnh dc c th gim thiu lc cn ca
khng kh bc ln. Sau khi hon tt ng cu dao, cng c th rt ngn thi gian tr
li ca li st.
Hi: Cun dy in t ca c cu thao tc b ngt mch kiu CD3, sau khi
u ni tip hai cun dy ging nhau, khi dng vi in mt chiu 220V hoc u
song song ri dng vi in mt chiu 110V, ln ca lc t sinh ra phi chng
bng nhau?
p: ng l bng nhau. Bi v ln ca lc in t quyt nh bi s
lng ng sc t. Khi li st khng bo ha, ng sc t nhiu hay t t l thun
vi tch ca s vng cun dy kch t cng dng in. Trong hai tnh hung trn,
hai cun dy u cng sinh ra lc in t, in p mt chiu trn mi cun dy u
l 110V, tc l cng dng in trong mi cun dy cng ging nhau, cho nn
tng t th bng nhau, sc in t sinh ra cng bng nhau.
- Trang 74 -

Hi: Ti sao trong c cu thao tc s dng nam chm in th cng tc iu
khin ca n phi thng qua b tip xc mt chiu u thng mch ng cu
dao, cn khi nhy cu dao th cng tc iu khin c th trc tip u thng mch
nhy cu dao?
p: Ni chung, cng tc iu khin h LWI v LW2 thng dng, n ch cho
php dng in vi ampe chy qua. Khi li st cu dao ca c cu thao tc in t
rt ln, cng sut ng cu dao cn thit rt ln, dng in ng cu dao ca n c
th t my chc hoc my trm ampe, cng tc iu khin khng chu ni, i hi
phi dng b tip xc mt chiu u thng mch ng cu dao, lm cng sut
cn thit cho c cu thao tc in t khi nhy cu dao th tng i nh, cng
dng in ca n cng ch vi ampe, v th cng tc iu khin c th trc tip u
vo mch nhy cu dao.
Hi: Ti sao cng tc dn cao p phi c thit b ko di thi gian tip im?
p: Ko di thi gian tip im ch yu phng nga hin tng nhy cng
tc, tc cu dao ng nhiu ln. Thit b ko di thi gian tip im u ni tip
vi cun dy ng cu dao, c th lm cho cun dy ng cu dao lun nhn c
in cho n khi c cu thao tc ng cu dao ri mi lm cho tip im nh ra, bo
m cng tc ch ng cu dao mt ln. C khi thi gian ko di tip im qu ngn,
c th xut hin hai ln ng cu dao, v th phi tin hnh iu chnh.
Hi: Ti sao khi ng cng tc chuyn i thao tc ngt ng cu dao b
ngt mch u dng cng tc b tr ni vi b ngt mch ct ngun in?
p: Trong mch ngt - ng cu dao ta mc ni tip tip im cng tc b
tr b ngt mch, c th t ng, nhanh chng ct mch v ca ngun in sau khi
hon thnh ngt ng cu dao, bo m an ton cho cun dy ngt, ng cu dao
thit k thng in thi gian ngn. Ngoi ra, dung lng ca tip im cng tc b
tr ct dng in tng i ln, thng thng, vi in mt chiu 220V c th ngt
dng in in cm trong cun dy ngt, ng cu dao c th trnh c chy tip
im cng tc chuyn i c dung lng tng i nh.
Hi: in p u ca cun dy ng cu dao b ngt mch trong khi vn
hnh, ti sao khng c thp hn 80% tr s nh mc?
p: B ngt mch m c cu thao tc s dng nam chm in th tc
ng cu dao ca n c quan h rt ln n ngun in ng cu dao. in p u
ca cun dy ng cu dao c cu thao tc cng thp th sc ht ca in t cng
nh, tc ng cu dao cng cng nh. Ngoi ra, khi ng cu dao, gp phi dng
in s c ln, sc in ng sinh ra s cn tr nghim trng n vic hon thnh
cui cng thao tc ng cu dao, khin h quang khng th tt. V th, in p u
ca cun dy ng cu dao khng c thp hn 80% tr s nh mc, bo m
s vn hnh an ton ca b ngt mch.
- Trang 75 -

Hi: Ni chung t cng tc u c lp n ch bo, ti sao trn c cu thao
tc ca cng tc cn lp phin ch bo ngt, ng?
p: S ch bo ca n ch l tn hiu b tr. Bi v khi ngun in ca n
c s c tip im ph mt tc dng, bng n hng v.v... c th dn n s ch bo
ca n khng chnh xc. V th, v tr tuy thao tc cn phi lp thm phin ch bo
ngt, ng cu dao. Hn na, khi v tr lp cng tc v t cng tc khng cng ch,
bn cng tc c th bit trng thi ngt, ng ca cng tc.
Hi: Ti sao khi ko tch cu dao dy ng lc, ngi ta qui nh ko cu dao
ng dy trc ri mi ko cu dao dy ci sau, cn khi ng cu dao th li ngc
li?
p: B h cm dng in ca dy ng lc ni chung lp gia cng tc dn
vi cu dao ng dy. Khi vn nht do thao tc nhm m ko cu dao ph ti th
trn cu dao ngt s sinh ra h quang. Nu ko cu dao dy ci trc, th dng in
s c ch chy qua dy ci n cu dao dy ci m khng qua cng tc dn ca chnh
dy ng lc v b h cm dng in, cho nn cng tc khng nhy cu dao, ch
c sau khi ngun in trn dy ci u nhy cu dao, th s c mi ht, v nh vy
din mt in s kh rng. Nu ko cu dao ng dy, dng in s c chy qua
cng tc dn ca dy ng lc v b h cm dng in, khin cng tc nhy cu
dao, cn ngun in trn dy ci khng nhy cu dao ngt in, nh vy in b nh
hng s nh.
Hi: H thng phn phi in nh th hin hnh 3 - 8 - 10, cc bc ng
cu dao cng tc AlA2B l ng hay A2 Al B l ng? Cc
bc ngt B A2 Al l ng hay B Al A2 l ng?
p: Khi ng cu dao, trc tin ng Al ri n A2, sau
cng ng cng tc dn B l ng. Nu ng A2 trc ri mi
ng Al th khi do nhng nguyn nhn khc m cng tc dn
trng thi ng, tng ng vi vic cng tc cch ly Al ng
cu dao mang ph ti c th sinh ra h quang hoc ngn mch
h quang gia cc pha, gy nn h thng bo v cp mt c ng
tc; dn n s c mt in trn phm vi rng. Nu thao tc cc
bc theo Al A2B, tuy cng tc cch ly A2 ng cu dao mang
ph ti ch lm cho chnh bo v h thng c ng tc (cng tc dn B) thu nh
phm vi mt in.
Khi ngt, trc tin phi ngt cng tc dn B, bc th hai ngt A2, ri ngt
Al. Nu khi thao tc nhm (khng ngt cng tt dn), ngt Al trc c th gy nn h
thng bo v cp mt c ng tc, dn n mt in din rng. Cn ngt A2 trc
th ch nh hng cng tc dn B ca h thng nhy cu dao, gy nn s c mt
in cc b.
- Trang 76 -
Hi: Khi u thng thit b phn phi in phi ng cng tc cch ly trc
ri ng b ngt mch. Khi ngt th trc tin ngt b ngt mch ri n ngt cng
tc cch ly. Ti sao?
p: Do hn ch v cu to, ni chung cng tc cch ly khng th u thng
hoc ngt dng in tng i ln, nu khng s dn n h quang tng i ln,
rt d chy cng tc; thm ch c th gy ra s c thng vong ngi hoc ngn
mch ngun in. Cn b ngt mch du hoc b ngt mch khng kh do p dng
cu to thch hp, c th lm tt h quang, khng n ni dn n hu qu xu ni
trn, nn khi u thng thit b phn phi in th trc tin ng cng tc cch ly ri
ng rle, cn khi ngt th ngt rle trc ri ngt cng tc cch ly sau.
Hi: Khi thao tc cng tc cch ly, lc ngt phi nhanh, lc ng thng phi
chm chm mt t. Ti sao?
p: Cng tc cch ly thao tc khi khng c ph ti, lc ct cng tc cch ly,
phng nga trong mch kn cn t ph ti, khi ngt, sinh ra h quang lm hng
u tip xc, cho nn phi ht sc nhanh, khin h quang nhanh chng tt.
Khi ng thng cng tc cch ly, phng nga thao tc c ph ti gy ra s
c, cho nn cn ng chm mt t. Khi mc tip xc mt im, nu trn u tip
xc c h quang th phi lp tc ko xung kim tra ph ti c trong mch v hoc
c ch ngn mch chng, khc phc xong mi li thao tc.
Hi: Khi thao tc cu dao mt pha trong ngun in ba pha cao p, ti sao qui
nh nghim ngt: ngoi vic phi s dng cn cch in ra, cn phi ngt pha gia
trc ri mi ngt cu dao hai bn?
p: Khi ngt cu dao mt pha, trong a phn trng hp, trn pha b ngt
trc tuy cn in p nhng khng sinh ra h quang mnh ngoi tr ngt dng in
khng ph ti ca bin th ng lc, m khi ngt c ph ti cu dao mt pha th
hai, s sinh ra h quang rt mnh khin cho c chp rch gia cc pha cnh nhau.
Cho nn, ngt cu dao mt pha gia trc th khong cch gia hai pha tng ln, ri
ngt cu dao mt pha khc, s khng xy ra chp rch gia cc pha.
Hi: Khi thay cu ch bn cao p ca my bin th, ngoi bn cao p ra, cng
tc pha thp p ti sao cng phi ngt?
p: Mc ch thao tc nh vy ch yu l phng nga phn bin p ca
li in c th xu ra, tc nguy c xy ra hin tng cung cp in ngc li t
pha thp p thp do my bin th vn hnh song song.
- Trang 77 -
3 - 9 Cu ch
mc?

Hi: C phi dy cu ch b nng chy khi cng dng in t n nh
p: Khi tip xc tt iu kin tn nhit bnh thng th dy cu ch s cha

nng chy khi dng in nh mc chy qua. Dy cu ch trn 35 ampe th phi vt
qu 1.3 ln dng in nh mc mi b nng chy. Nhng trong s dng thc t do
tip xc, tn nhit khng tt, v c th c chn ng, kho dng in nh mc
cng c th nng chy.
Hi: Dy cu ch ca cu ch dung lng ln ti sao u lp trong ng si?
p: Khi dy cu ch nng chy s sinh ra h quang rt ln, c th dn n
ngn mch gia cc pha v gy bng cho nhn vin bo dng. Nu dy cu ch
vo trong ng si, khi cu ch sinh ra h quang, vch ng phn tch ra cht kh, to ra
kh p rt ln trong ng, lm tt h quang, tng i an ton i vi ngun v thit
b.
Hi: Ti sao trong mt s ng cu ch phi chn ct thch anh, cn cu ch
kiu RM li khng cn?
p: Dng ct thch anh lm vt liu chn vo trong ng cu ch l nhm li
dng rnh hp do ct thch anh to thnh kh h quang. Khi h quang chy trong
ct thch anh, h quang tip xc cht vi ct thch anh chung quanh, lm ngui
tng i tt, tng cng kh ion ha. Hi do cht nng chy bc hi s ng kt
trong khe ht thch anh, trong khe hp ca ct thch anh, hi kim loi gim thiu
khin h quang b tt hon ton khi dng in ngn mch cha t n tr s ln
nht.
Vt nng chy ca cu ch kiu RM lp trong ng si kn. Khi vt nng chy
chy t, h quang chy, di tc dng nhit cao ca h quang khin si vch
trong ng si b kh ha v phn gii thnh hydro, dioxyt cacbon v hi nc. Cc
cht kh ny u c tnh nng kh h quang rt tt; ng si li kn, dung tch nh,
cht kh sinh ra b h quang t nng, p lc trong ng tng nhanh, kh ion ha mnh,
khin cho trc khi dng in ngn mch t n tr s cao nht th h quang tt
nn khng cn dng ct thch anh lm vt liu chn, hn na cn c th lm cho th
tch ca n nh gn.
Hi: Ti sao ln ht ct thch anh trong ng cu ch c nh hng i vi
kh h quang ca n?
p: Khi ht ct thch anh qu nh, th kh nng xm nhp ca h quang s
b gim nhiu, mt hiu qu lm ngui i vi h quang, khin nng lng h
quang tp trung trn ct thch anh gn , n ni ct thch anh gn nng chy,
hnh thnh thy tinh lng kt hp vi hi kim loi nng chy, bin thnh mui silicat
- Trang 78 -
kim loi. in tr ca loi cht ny nh hn nhiu ct thch anh, hnh thnh mch
dn in, h quang kh tt. Nu ht ct thch anh qu ln, cng khng c li cho
vic kh h quang. Tuy gia ht ct th to c khe h tng i ln, h quang c th
thm nhp tng i tt, nhng din tch b mt lm ngui ca ton b vt liu
chn tng i nh khng lm ngui h quang v hp thu nng lng h
quang. Cho nn ln ca ht ct thch anh phi thch hp.
Hi: Trong cu ch ct thch anh c dng in nh mc cao, dy cu ch ca
n thng dng vo si mc song song. Ti sao khng dng mt si cu ch tng
i ln thay?
p: Khi nhng si dy cu ch tit din nh b nng chy trong ct thch
anh, hnh thnh h quang, ct thch anh s hn ch s m rng ng knh ca h
quang. Nhit ca nhng tia h quang nh d b tn pht t c th nhanh chng
tt h quang. Khi dng mt si dy cu ch tng i ln, tit din ca h quang
cng ln, ngui tng i chm, khng c li cho vic tt h quang.
Hi: Ti sao cu ch kiu kn c cha vt chn khng c dng vi thit b
trn tu thuyn.
p: V dung lng ngt dng ca loi cu ch ny ph thuc vo mc
kh ro ca ct thch anh dng chn trong n. Trn tu thy, do tu chng chnh v
chn ng khin tnh nng kn ca ng cu ch d b ph hoi, hi m nhanh chng
xm nhp, lm gim hoc ph hoi c tnh bo v ca cu ch.
Hi: Ti sao trn cu ch ngoi vic phi ghi r cng dng in nh
mc ra, cn phi ghi r in p nh mc?
p: Cu ch l li dng hiu ng nhit ca dng in bo v ngn
mch. Khi ch c bo v xy ra ngn mch, dy cu ch s nng chy, ct khi
mng. Nhng dy cu ch ch l mt on ngn trong mch in. Sau khi dy cu ch
t, ch ngt khng c sinh ra h quang, do yu cu dy cu ch phi c di
tng ng vi in p h mch. V th, di ca li cu ch mc no th in p
h mch cho php cng phi mc ny cho nn phi ghi r tr s in p nh mc.
Hi: Ti sao cu ch cao p c chn ct thch anh, khng th dng trn mng
in cao hn hoc thp hn ip p nh mc ca n, m ch c th s dng trn
mng in c in p bng vi in p nh mc ca n?
p: Cu ch c chn ct thch anh khi cu ch b t, h quang chy trong khe
ct thch anh, da vo nguyn l khe hp lm tt h quang, h quang tip xc
cht vi vt liu chn chung quang b lm ngui nn tt. Kh nng lm tt h quang
ca n tng i mnh, c th lm tt h quang trc khi dng in t ti tr s
nh, c tc dng hn dng. Nhng n d sinh ra qu p, tnh trng qu p ca n ph
thuc vo in p ni s dng. Nu s dng trong mng in thp hn in p nh
mc, qu in p c th t 3.5 ~ 4 ln in p pha, khin mng in sinh ra in
- Trang 79 -
qung, thm ch ph hoi thit b trong mng in. Nu s dng trong mng in
cao hn in p nh mc ca n th qu p do cu ch sinh ra c kh nng dn n
h quang chy li, khng th lm tt c, hoc gy chy v cu ch, nu s dng
trong mng in bng vi in p nh mc th qu p khi t cu ch ch gp 2 ~ 2.5
ln in p pha ca mng in, hi cao hn in p dy ca thit b mt t cho nn
khng nguy him.
Hi: Liu c th s dng cu ch kiu RM 220V trn mng in 380V?
p: Khng c. V phin nng chy ca cu ch kiu RM 220V ch c hai
ch tit din tr nn hp, khi n nng chy, c th tt h quang trong mng in
220V. nu s dng vo mng in th 380V th mi ch ngt h quang phi chu
in p gp 1.73 ln in p h quang thit k, do di kh h quang ca khe
h h quang khng , n i hi phi c 4 ch ngt h quang mi c th lm tt h
quang mt cch tin cy. Cho nn, cu ch kiu RM 220V khng th s dng trn li
in 380V.
Hi: Vt nng chy trong cu ch c im nng chy thp v im nng chy
cao c g khc nhau? Ti sao vt nng chy c im nng chy thp thch hp dng
lm bo v qu ti, cn vt nng chy c im nng chy cao thch hp dng bo v
ngn mch?
p: Vt nng chy c im nng chy thp l do ch, km, thic v hp kim
thic ch (antimon) t hp thnh. Nhit lm vic ca n khng chnh lch my so
vi nhit nng chy, h s nng chy tng i nh, tc kh nng ngt ca n
tng i nh. l v khi iu kin di v in tr u c nh th in tr
sut ca im nng chy thp tng i ln. Tit din ca vt nng chy c xu th
tng ln tng ng. Cho nn khi ngt h quang, hm lng hi kim loi trong khe h
h quang tt rt ln, n s gim thp kh nng ngt nn thch hp dng lm bo v
qu ti trn u cui mch nhnh ca mch cp in m dng in ngt mch
khng ln.
Vt nng chy c im nng chy cao ch yu c bc v ng. My nm gn
y dng nhm lm vt liu cht nng chy. Nhit lm vic ca n chch lch
rt ln so vi nhit nng chy, h s nng chy rt ln. Do in tr sut ca n
thp, cho nn din tch tit din ca vt nng chy tng i nh, c kh nng ngt
tng i cao. Thch hp dng lm bo v ngn mch m yu cu thi gian nng
chy phi rt ngn, kh nng ngt phi rt cao.
Hi: Cht nng chy ca cu ch dng nhng vt liu no? Vt liu dng vi
cao p, thp p c ging nhau khng?
p: Ni chung, vt liu kim loi dng ch to vt nng chy c: ch, hp
kim ch thic(antimon), km, ng, bc, v.v... Vt liu lm vt nng chy in p
thp (500V tr xung) thng dng ch, hp kim ch thic (antimon) v km. Bi v
im nng chy ca chng thp (ln lt l 327oC, 200oC V 420oC). Khi xy ra
ngn mch, d nng chy, nhng tnh dn in ca n km, nn khi dng cc vt
- Trang 80 -
liu ny ch to vt nng chy th tit din s tng i ln, khi vt nng chy ri
t hi kim loi hnh thnh di tc dng ca h quang c lc nh hng khng
nghim trng lm n kh nng lm tt h quang. Nhng trong cao p, do dn in
km. Vt nng chy ln, hi kim loi di tc dng ca h quang lm cho vic th
h quang kh khn, nn thng i sang s dng ng v bc.
Hi: Ti sao phin nng chy ca cu ch kiu ng giy thp kn, ni chung
u dp bng phin km m khng dng phin ng?
p: Do ng nng chy ca cu ch cun bng giy thp. Nu dng ng lm
phin nng chy th nhit trong ng s lun lun t khong 1000 oC, nh vy s
lm chy sm vch trong ca ng. Phin nng chy bng km, khng nhng im
nng chy ca n tng i thp (420 oC) m c tnh nng chy cng tng i tt.
Hi: Ti sao vt nng chy ca cu ch in p thp c loi lm thnh hnh
dng nh hnh 3 - 9 - 13?
p: Sau khi vt nng chy ca cu ch in p thp lm thnh hnh dng nh
hnh v, do in tr v mt dng in phn hp tng i ln, nn nhit
lng sinh ra ch hp s nhiu hn ch rng. Khi lm vic
bnh thng, nhit lng ca ch hp s truyn n ch rng
v u tip xc ta vo trong mi cht chung quanh. Khi dng
in qu ti hoc ngn mch chy qua, nhit lng sinh ra
ch hp khng kp truyn dn khin ch hp nhanh chng nng
ln n im nng chy nn b nng chy, hnh thnh mt s
on h quang ngn. Di tc dng ca trng lc, ch rng ca vt nng chy cn
li s ri xung, khin h quang b ko di lm tt nhanh h quang.
Hi: Liu cu ch c th bo v qu ti cho ng c khng ng b khng?
p: Khng c. cu ch khng b nng chy khi khi ng ng c,
dng in nh mc ca cu ch phi ln hn dng in nh mc ca ng c 1.5 ~
2.5 ln. Nh vy, cho d ng c qu ph ti 50% th cu ch vn cha nng
chy; nhng vi ng c th chu c mt gi b chy ri. Cho nn, cu ch ch
c th bo v ngn mch cho mt in, dy dn, thit b cng tc, ch khng c
tc dng bo v qu ti. Ch c lp thm rle nhit mi c th bo v qu ti cho
mt.
Hi: Ti sao cu ch pha cao p ca b h cm in p li dng dy hp
kim ng m khng dng dy nng chy bnh thng
p: Cu ch pha cao p b h cm in p l dng ngt dng in
ngn mch. Dy cu ch ni chung trong ng chn ct thch anh nhm c li cho
vic lm tt h quang. hn ch dng ngn mch tr khng ca dy cu ch phi
ln mt cht, do phi cn di nht nh, nhm gim thiu tr s nh sng.
Nu dng dy hp kim ng lm dy cu ch th do cng c hc ca n tng
- Trang 81 -
i cao, dy cu ch c th ch to mnh, tr s in tr cng tng i ln. Cho

nn s dng dy hp kim ng l hp l hn s dng dy cu ch bnh thng.
Hi: Ti sao cu ch cao p khng th bo v qu ti cho b h cm in p?
p: Cu ch cao p l cn c cng c hc chn tit din nh nht,
cng dng in nh mc ca n ln hn nhiu ln dng in nh mc ca b
h cm in p, cho nn khng th lm bo v qu ti.
Cu ch s dng bn cao p b h cm in p 35 ngn vn tr xung ch lm
bo v ngn mch ca bn thn n (ngn mch gia cc vng c th khng nng
chy) v bo v ngn mch trn dy ni gia b h cm vi mng in, ch khng
lm bo v qu ti.
Hi: Khi lp ng cu ch ri kiu hai ln ng (trng hp), ti sao phi qui
nh nghim ngt, ng dy cu ch to thnh gc 30o vi ng thng ng?
p: ng dy cu ch ri kiu trng hp c yu cu l sau khi dy cu ch t,
ng cu ch ri xung, p vo tay khuu, khin mt ng cu ch d b khc t ng
ng li. t c tc dng nh vy, phi l cho ng cu ch to vi ng
thng ng gc 30o.
Nu gc qu nh, sau khi dy cu ch t, do gc qu nh, trng lc khng
nn ng cu ch khng ri xung. Nu gc qu ln, lc p vo tay khuu ca ng
cu ch ri xung gim nh (qun tnh tng i nh) khin ng cu ch d b
khng th ng li, khng c tc dng trng hp.
Hi: Ti sao u trn ca mt s loi ng cu ch ri c bt kn bng mt
lp mng mng kim loi?
p: l nhm tng kh nng lm tt h quang khi dy cu ch t ng cu
ch ca cu ch ri ni chung u l l rng trn di, khi cu ch ngt dng in
nh, do hai u thot kh, p lc cht kh nh nn kh tt h quang. Sau khi bt kn
mt u, c th khin p lc kh khi xy ra h quang tng ln gp i, nn c th lm
tt h quang thun li. Nhng khi ngt dng in ln, s lm cho p lc kh nn qu
cao, c th gy n ng cu ch. cho an ton, dng mng mng kim loi bt kn u
trn, khi ngt dng in ln nu p lc kh qu ln s ph v mng kim loi, tr
thnh thot kh hai u. Nh vy c th thc hin c va kh h quang thun li
va khng lm n ng cu ch.
Hi: Ti sao cu ch ni chung u lp trong phng, cn cu ch kiu ri li
khng nn lp trong phng ?
p: Vt nng chy ca cu ch ph thng khi t, h quang v cht kh
khng phun t trong cu ch ra, an ton, tin cy. Cn vt nng chy ca cu ch kiu
ri khi t s c h quang phun t trong ng ra c th lm b thng nhn vin bo
dng, gy ra s c hoc dn n ha hon. V th, khng nn lp trong phng.
- Trang 82 -

Hi: Ti sao u gia v xoy ca cu ch xoy nn lp trn dy vo ca
ngun in cn u ni vi v xoy nn lp trn dy ra ca cu ch?
p: Li nng chy ca cu ch kiu xoy u gia hai u u dy. Nu ni
dy vo ca ngun in vi u gia v xoy, dy ra ni vi v xoy th khi lp li
nng chy v kim tra sa cha, nu dng c kim loi chm phi v gy ngn
mch th li s nng chy, trnh c m rng s c. Nu u ngc li, th v
xoy d chm vi bn ngoi, xy ra tnh hnh ni trn s khng c li nng chy bo
v.
Hi: Ti sao cu ch phi hp vi cng tc ph ti c ci lp pha trn cng
tc c ci lp pha di cng tc?
p: Cng tc ph ti ch c th ngt dng in ph ti, do phi lp thm
cu ch hon thnh nhim v ngt dng in ngn mch. Khi cng tc ph ti
xy ra ngn mch h quang th cu ch c th ngt dng in ngn mch mt cch
tin cy, do cu ch phi lp pha dy vo ca ngun in. Nu dy vo ca ngun
in l t pha trn a vo th lp pha trn ca cng tc, ngc li, dy vo ca
ngun in l t di a vo th phi lp pha di ca cng tc.
Nu lp pha dy ra ca ph ti, nu cng tc ph ti xy ra s c ngn
mch h quang, do cu ch ngoi dng in s c nn khng c tc dng m n
m nhim.
Hi: Mt np hp cu ch hnh trn gia dng u c 4 l nh, c tc dng g?
p: Bn l nh ny c tc dng chng n. Bi v khi dy cu ch t, s
sinh ra p lc tng i ln trong hp, li cng thm nhit cao ca h quang rt
c th lm n hp cu ch. C cc l nh ny gip thot cht kh cao p qua l, phng
c n.
Hi: Dy cu ch ca cng tc cu dao ti sao khng lp pha ngun in?
p: Nu lp dy cu ch vo mt trc cu dao (pha ngun in), sau khi
ko tch cu dao, dy cu ch cha tch khi ngun in, vn c in, nu mun
kim tra hoc thay dy cu ch th phi lm vic c in d gy nn s c in git.
cho an ton, phi lp dy cu ch pha sau cu dao (pha ph ti).
Hi: C cch tnh ton n gin no v ln ca dy cu ch khng?
p: Tnh ton dy cu ch bng antimon (hp kim ch thic) hoc thun ch,
tit din trn, loi thng dng ph thng, ch cn ghi nh mi tng quan cng
dng in nng chy t l thun vi ly tha phn 3/2 ca ng knh v ch s
3
10 Quan h ny nh sau: cng dng in (A) = 10 x d3/2 = 10. d , (d: ng
knh (mm)). V d: cng dng in lm nng chy dy cu ch s 18, h c th
tm c nh sau: ng knh dy ch s 18 l 1.2mm; vy, cng dng in = 10
( )
- Trang 83 -
x (1.2)3/2 = 13A. Nu dng dy ng cng s th cng dng in l bao nhiu?

y cn lu : ch s ca ng khc vi ch, khng phi l 10 m l 80, cho nn:
cng dng in = 80 x (1.2)3/2 = 105A. ng nhin quan h ny cng c th s
dng ngc li. V d Hi: dy cu ch 50A th ng knh l bao nhiu? Nu nh
dng dy nng chy bng ng th ng knh l bao nhiu?
ng knh = (1/10 cng dng in)2/3=(1/10 x 50)2/3=2.9mm (tc dy cu
ch s 12), nu dng dy ng th ng knh =(1/80 dng in)2/3 = (l/80 x 50)2/3 =
0.73mm (tc dy ng s 22).
Hi: Trong np trn cu ch mt cc (nh th hin hnh 3 - 9 - 25) ti sao
phi li ln mt cc?
p: Dy cu ch trong cu ch mt cc u trn phin
cm hai bn, gia bc qua ming s li ln. Khi dy cu ch
nng chy, trc tin nng chy on gia v b ming s li
ngn ra, tng khong cch gia hai cc, c tc dng kh h
quang.
Hi: Hai phng php lp dy cu ch cng tc cu dao
nh th hin hnh 3 - 9 - 26 (a), (b), phng php no tng i
tt?
p: Phng php hnh (b) tt hn. Bi v khi dng vt
sit dy cu ch, c mt lc ko dui khin dy cu ch b ko
nh, cn dy cu ch hnh (b) c phn cong c th trnh c
iu khi sit cht vt.
Hi: Ti sao ng cu ch kiu RM sau khi ngt ba ln dng in s c ngn
mch th phi thay ng cu ch mi?
p: V vch trong ca ng cu ch kiu ny u lm bng ng giy thp cch
in, ni chung, sau khi ngt dng in s c ngn mch ba ln th vch trong ca
ng do phi phn gii ra kh cao p nn b bc hi mt tnh nng bo v ngn mch
bnh thng, khin n khng th c c s bo v tin cy.
Hi: Mt cng on no tng thm thit b sn xut, in lng s dng
tng tng i ln so vi trc. V cng on ny m dy cu ch trong cu ch kiu
hp ca tng ngun in thay dy ln tng ng. Nhng qua mt thi gian, pht
hin in p ba pha u thit b dng in c hin tng khng cn bng, dng
in cng nhiu th hin tng khng cn bng cng nghim trng. Ti sao?
p: Khi do dung lng khng m phi thay cu ch th phi thay c hp.
Nu ch thay dy cu ch ch tr cm ni ca cu ch tt s do qu dng khin nhit
tng cao, trong mt pha hoc hai pha s b xy ha nghim trng, khin in
tr tip xc tng, gy nn st p tng i ln, dn n in p ba pha mt cn
- Trang 84 -
bng. Dng in cng ln th st p ca mt pha hoc hai pha ny s cng ln, s

mt cn bng ca ba pha cng nghim trng.
- Trang 85 -
3 - 10 Cng tc khng kh t ng
Hi: L sch kh h quang trong thit b kh h quang ca b ngt mch
khng kh t ng ti sao phi lm bng thp? Bn ngoi thp sao li cn phi m
ng (hoc km)?
p: Thit b kh h quang ca b ngt mch khng kh t ng (nh kiu
DZ1, DW2) lm vic da vo nguyn l li dng h quang ngn, tc khi u tip
xc ngt th h quang sinh ra gia du tip xc s b ht vo trong l sch kh h
quang. L sch s chia ct h quang thnh rt nhiu on nh (h quang ngn)
lm tt h quang. Mun gim thi gian tt h quang th phi nng cao tc ht h
quang vo l sch. Qua th nghim chng minh rng, vi cc iu kin khc nh
nhau, trong phm vi tt c dng in ngt, thi gian bn tt h quang ca l sch
thp u nh hn ng. l do l sch thp c hiu ng gn st lm tng lc ht.
Do c tnh ny ca l sch thp, nn l sch kh h quang phi lm bng thp.
Nhng thp rt d b xy ha dn n b g. V th p dng phng php m
ng ln l sch ( tin li v cng ngh, cng p dng m km) bo m tnh
chu n mn ca l sch.
3 -10 - 2 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

Hi: Ti sao c nhng cng tc t ng, u tip xc ng ca mi cc gm
u tip xc ghp song song to thnh?
p: u tip xc ng ca mi cc cng tc t ng dng in ln gm

u tip xc chnh, u tip xc h quang v u tip xc ph to thnh. phn
tip xc ca u tip xc chnh c gn ming bc, ch yu cho dng in lm
vic chy qua. u tip xc h quang lm bng vt liu bt bc - vonfram chu h
quang, dng bo v u tip xc chnh, trnh h quang lm hng u tip xc
chnh khi ng hoc ngt dng in. Khi thng in, trc tin u thng u tip
xc h quang. Khi ngt dng in th ngt u tip xc h quang sau cng, gia u
tip xc chnh vi u tip xc h quang mc song song mt u tip xc ph, l
nhm phng nga u tip xc trong qu trnh ngt, thi im dng in t u
tip xc chnh chuyn n u tip xc h quang, do st p qu ln m sinh ra h
quang thiu hng u tip xc chnh.
Hi: u tip xc ca cng tc t ng in p thp ti sao phn ln lm
bng bc hoc hp kim bc, m khng dng ng?
p: So snh vi ng th tnh nng chng mn do h quang ca bc tt hn,
in tr tip xc nh, kh nng ti in mnh. Cng tc t ng do in p thp,
dng in chy qua ln, nn vt liu u tip xc ni chung dng kim loi bc lm
c s. Nu dng hp kim bc th c th gim thiu lng mn, nng cao kh nng
ti dng in. Nu cho thm 12% xyt cadimi vo trong bc th kim loi u tip
xc do h quang m b bc hi, mt phn c th kt hp li vi xy, li trn b mt
u tip xc t gim lng mn hng v nng cao tnh chng nng chy, nng
cao ng k kh nng thng mch.
- Trang 86 -
Tn s thao tc ca cng tc t ng tng i thp. Do , khuyt im

cng c hc thp hn ng ca vt liu bc nh hng khng ln n tnh
nng lm vic; tuy gi thnh ca bc tng i t, nhng xt ton din th vn l
hp l.
Hi: u tip xc ca thit b in cng tc in p thp, nu dng u
tip xc bc hoc hp kim gc bc, sau khi xy ha, ni chung khng yu cu co b
mng xy ha, nu l u tip xc bng ng th yu cu phi nh k co b lp
oxy ha, nhng u tip xc bng ng ca b tip xc xoay chiu li ngoi l. Ti
sao?
p: Trong qu trnh s dng, u tip xc bng bc hoc hp kim gc bc
s b xy ha hoc sunfat ha tr nn en, tuy c lm tng in tr tip xc ca u
tip xc ln cht t, nhng nhit u tip xc tng ln khng ln, khng nh
hng vn hnh bnh thng; do khng yu cu co b ln xy ha. Nhng, i
vi u tip xc bng ng th khc, do h s in tr ca my xy ha hoc mng
sunfat ng tng i ln, nu khng co b n s dn n nhit u tip xc
tng cao, nh hng n vn hnh bnh thng. Do , u tip xc bng ng ca
thit b in phi nh k co b mng xy ha. Nhng, b tip xc xoay chiu
thuc loi thit b in thao tc dy th mng xy ha hoc mng sunfat ha u
tip xc ch cn ngt - ng vi ln l c th b ma st gia u tip xc ng, tnh
lm sch n, khng cn x l ring.
Hi: Ti sao trn mt s phn phi in in p thp s dng cng tc
khng kh t ng li cn mc ni tip b tip xc xoay chiu?
p: Cng tc khng kh t ng c tc dng bo v qu dng, ngn mch,
mt p. Nhng trn kt cu ca n ch trng nng cao tnh nng kh h quang, khng
thch hp s ln thao tc dy. Cn b tip xc xoay chiu, v mt kt cu, khng c
tc dng bo v qu ti, ngn mch, nhng thch hp vi s ln thao tc dy. Do ,
nhng ni i hi s ln thao tc nhiu dng in lm vic bnh thng th
thng s dng cng tc khng kh t ng mc ni tip b tip xc xoay chiu.
B tip xc m nhn vic ni thng v ct ngt dng in lm vic ca mch
in, cn cng tc khng kh t ng m nhim bo v qu ti, ngn mch, mt
p.
- Trang 87 -
3 - 11 Nam chm in
Hi: Ti sao lc ht ca nam chm in khi khi ng l nh nht, khi ht l
ln nht?
p: Lc ht ca nam chm in mt chiu t l thun vi bnh phng mt
t thng trong khe h khng kh. Sau khi ht ngm li st, khe h khng kh rt li
n v tr nh nht, t tr ca mch t cng gim n tr s nh nht. Lng t
thng trong st in t (nam chm in) = NI/R. Do t th NI ca nam chm in
mt chiu khng i, t tr R li gim n tr s nh nht, do t thng tng
n tr s ln nht, mt t thng cng t tr s ln nht, cho nn lc ht cng l
tr s ln nht. Ngc li, khi khi ng, lc ht nh nht.
Hi: Trong h thng t kiu van mt chiu dp cc c tc dng g?
p: Lp dp cc ln li st va tng c dn t ca khe h lm vic 1,
va tng c dn t ca khe h r t 2 (xem hnh 3 - 11 - 2a). Khi hm st v
tr ngt (h), li st trng thi khng bo ha s tn ti ca dp t lm tng lng
t thng trong khe h lm vic, tng lc ht khi hm st v tr ng (hp), li st
trng thi bo ha, s tn ti ca dp t khin t r tng i nhiu, lm gim

lng t thng trong khe h lm vic, lm gim lc ht. Cho nn lp thm dp t c
th lm cho c tnh ht ca h thng t kiu van mt chiu tr nn tng i bnh
n (xem 3 - 11 - 2b). Nh vy, gim bt mt s vng cng c th bo m khi
ng; lm cho kt cu ca thit b cht gn, ng thi khi hm st ng, lc xung
kch gim, c th ko di tui th s dng.
Hi: Ti sao hnh dng ca nam chm in mt chiu tng i thon di, cn
hnh dng ca nam chm in xoay chiu tng i mp ngn?
p: V nhit lng trong cun dy nam chm in mt chiu tn nhit ch
yu da vo b mt bn trong ca n thng qua li st. c li cho s tn nhit,
i hi din tch mt trong phi ln, nn ch to thnh dng thon di. Trong li st
ca nam chm in xoay chiu to ra t tr v dng xoy. V th li st cng nh
cun dy l ngun nhit, c li cho s tn nhit, yu cu li st phi ngn, cun
dy cng mp hn mt cht.
Hi: Nam chm in mt chiu c in p nh mc l 220V, u vo ngun
in mt chiu 110V, ti sao hm st khng th ht ng? Nu gim s vng ca
- Trang 88 -
cun dy kch t sn c xung cn mt na, ri u vo ngun in 220V, nam

chm in c th hot ng bnh thng khng?
p: Cng dng in kch t ca nam chm in mt chiu quyt nh
bi in p ngoi v in tr ca cun dy kch t (I = U/R). S vng khng thay i
(tc R khng thay i) nu in p gim mt na th dng in kch t cng s gim
mt na, khin t th IW (tc ampe s vng kch t) cng gim mt na, dn n
lc ht khng , v th hm st khng th ht ng.
Nu gim s vng ca cun dy tnh t xung cn mt na, tc R gim mt
na, cn in p khng i, th dng in kch t tng gp i. V th, ampe s vng
kim t tng khng i, lc ht khng i. Nam chm in vn c th ht, nhng
dng in trong cun dy tng gp i, nu vn dng dy dn c ng knh nh c
th s b chy do pht nhit qu nhiu.
Hi: Ti sao trn li st nam chm in xoay chiu ba pha khng lp vng
ngn mch m lc ht vn n nh?
p: Trn mi tr li ca nam chm in xoay chiu ba pha u c mt cun
dy. V dng in ca cc pha u lch nhau 120o v thi gian, nh vy lc ht do
mi tr li sinh ra cng lch pha, cho nn tng lc ht do chng sinh ra bt c
thi im no cng khng bng 0, tc l bt c thi im no th nam chm in
xoay chiu ba pha cng u c lc ht ht cht hm st. Cho nn, khng lp vng
ngn mch vn c th lm cho hm st b ht mt cch rt n nh.
Hi: Nam chm in xoay chiu mun ko di thi gian ng tc nh ra
(phng thch), liu c th dng phng php cn chn in t ca nam chm in
mt chiu?
p: Khng c. i vi nam chm in mt chiu, khi phng thch, t
thng ca t t tr s 'n nh ln nht gim xung theo th ng cong hm s
m. Nu dng phng php cn chn bng in t c th khin s suy gim ca t
thng chm li, ko di c thi gian ng tc phng thch. Nhng t thng ca
nam chm in xoay chiu l giao bin khi nam chm phng thch, t thng ca n
cha chc bt u t tr s ln nht gim xung m c lin quan vi gc pha khi
ngt ngun in, nn khng th dng phng php cn chn in t ko di thi
gian phng thch c. Nam chm in xoay chiu c th p dng c cu hc ph
hoc dng phng php kh ng ko di thi gian ng tc phng thch.
Hi: Nam chm in xoay chiu, in p nh mc 127V, in p ngun in
220V, c th p dng phng php ni tip in tr gim in p khng?
p: Khng c. V tr khng sau khi ht ca nam chm in xoay chiu
tng gp gn 10 ln so vi tr khng trc khi ht. Nu cn c vo tr khng sau khi
ht b tr in tr gim p th tr s in tr rt ln, khin khi khi ng, phn
ln in p st gim trn in tr mc ni tip; sc ht ca nam chm s rt yu.
Nu b tr in tr st p theo tr khng trc khi ht th tr s in tr li qu nh,
- Trang 89 -
sau khi ht s khng th bo m in p hai u nam chm st cn 127V, khin

nam chm in b chy do qu dng.
Hi: Khi cun dy ca nam chm din xoay chiu v mt chiu u c ngn
mch gia cc dng nh nhau, th s nguy hi ca loi no ln? Ti sao?
p: Khi cun dy xoay chiu, mt chiu xy ra ngn mch gia cc vng
ging nhau, th s nguy hi ca cun dy xoay chiu nghim trng hn nhiu. V khi
ngn mch gia cc vng ca cun dy mt chiu th ch khin tng tr s in tr
gim mt t, s tn hao in nng v s thay i ampe s vng khng tht r rt, nu
s vng b ngn mch khng chim t l rt ln ca tng s vng th s khng nh
hng hiu qu vn hnh ca cun dy. Cun dy xoay chiu th khc, n tng t
nh bin th, vng ngn mch s sinh ra dng in ngn mch tng i ln,
khng nhng dn n nhit cun dy tng cao, thm ch chy hng, ng thi
ampe s vng do dng in ngn mch sinh ra v tc dng ca t thng chnh lun
lun ngc nhau, t thng hu hiu ca n do tc dng ca dng in ngn mch
nn gim xung, c th lm yu sc ht ca nam chm in. Cho nn, hu qu do
ngn mch gia cc vng ca cun dy xoay chiu gy nn l tng i nghim
trng.
Hi: Ti sao thit b hm m s ln thao tc trn 300 ln/ gi, khng c
s dng nam chm in xoay chiu?
p: Dng in khi ng ca nam chm in xoay chiu ln hn 10 ln so
vi tr s dng in nh mc khi n ht. Do , khi dng vi thit b hm trn 300
ln/ gi th s lm cho nhit cun dy vt qu tr s cho php, lc ny d khng
b chy hng th cng do cch in ca cun dy qu nng, lm gim tui th s
dng, cho nn khng kinh t.
Hi: Nam chm in ca thit b in my ci c xoay chiu v mt chiu,
nhng mm ht in t ch c mt chiu, ch khng s dng xoay chiu. Ti sao?
p: Mm ht in t dng ht cht chi tit, tin hnh gia cng. Mm
in t c cung cp bi in mt chiu th lc ht ca n khng i. Nu s
dng loi cung cp bi in xoay chiu, do ln v chiu ca dng in xoay
chiu thay i theo thi gian, cho nn t trng cng thay i theo, dn n chi tit
gia cng b chn ng, nh hng n chnh xc gia cng ca chi tit.
Hi: Ti sao nam chm in ko bi mt pha thng lt phin ng vo gia
li st hot ng v li st c nh m khng th hnh thnh mch vng?
p: Khi li st ng vn ng, nu khe h vi li st c nh khng th duy
tr u gia hai bn th s b ht v bn nh, v th s tng ng k lc ht v lc ma
st v pha bn cnh, trit tiu sc ht ko xung. Khi lt ming ng vo gia hai li
st, do ng l cht khng c t tnh, tng ng vi vic gia hai li st c khe
h nht nh, lc ht v bn cnh khng n ni qu ln, nh hng i vi lc ht
- Trang 90 -
xung s khng r rt. Nhng phin ng khng c hnh thnh mch vng, nu
khng bn trong s c in p cm ng, sinh ra dng in ngn mch, tng thm tn
hao v nhit .
Hi: Khi s dng nam chm in xoay chiu lm b hm, ti sao phi xt n
s ln thng mch mi gi ca n?
p: V dng in cun dy ca nam chm in xoay chiu thay i theo v tr
ca hm st. Khi hm st v tr ngt, tr khng ca cun dy hu nh bng in
tr ca dy dn, cn thi im hm st bt u ht, dng in s ln hn khong 10
~ 20 ln so vi khi v tr ng. S tng nhit ca cun dy chu nh hng ca
dng in xung kch nhiu ln l tng i ln, nn khi s dng nam chm in
xoay chiu cn cn xt n s ln thng mch mi gi.
Hi: inh tn ca li st nam chm in xoay chiu ti sao ch dng mt hng
m khng dng hai hng?
p: inh tn nu dng hai hng hoc nhiu hng c th nng cao cht lng
tn ca li st, nhng inh tn hai hng hoc nhiu hng s cng vi tm kp hai
mt ca li st hnh thnh cun dy ngn mch, s sinh ra dng in cm ng, tng
tn hao v c th nng cao cc b, nn khng c ng dng. Cho nn ch c th
ng dng thit k mt hng.
- Trang 91 -
3 - 12 B tip xc
Hi: Vng ng ngn mch trn li st b tip xc c tc dng g?
p: Cng dng din xoay chiu lun thay i v ln v chiu, trong
khi thay i, phi khng ngng i qua tr s 0 khi dng
in trong cun dy in t l 0 lc ht gia li st
cng st xung tr s 0, do tc dng ca l xo, li st s
tch ra, nhng thi gian tr s 0 rt ngn, lc ht mau
chng t tr s 0 tng ln, khin li st cha tch ra d
ht tr li, li st c th khng ngng ht, tch khin
cng tc sinh ra tp m chn ng. Nu trn b mt li
st tng thm cun dy ng ngn mch, th khi ng
sc t chy qua cun dy ng khin mt phn t
thng 2 (xem hnh 3 - 12 - 1) trong cun dy ng i sau t thng l ngoi cun dy
ng, tc gia 2 v l c lch pha. Khi l 0 th 2 khng bng 0, khi 2 l th l
khng bng 0 cho nn tng lng t thng c th duy tr mt tr s nht nh tr
ln, khin sc ht khng nh hn lc ko ca l xo, li st s khng tch ra, do
loi tr c tp m chn ng.
Hi: C b tip xc xoay chiu v mt chiu, lm sao phn bit my?
p: Phn bit c chng t vt liu v kt cu ca li st b tip xc. V
ln v chiu t thng ca b tip xc xoay chiu lun thay i, nn li st ca n
do cc phin thp silic xp chng ln nhau m thnh. Cn t thng ca b tip xc
in mt chiu l c nh, thng thng li st ca n do thp tm v thp trn to
thnh. Ngoi ra, i vi b tip xc xoay chiu, do khi t thng qua O s gy nn
rung v tp m ca con chy, nn trn li st c lp vng ngn mch trnh xy ra
rung; cn b tip xc in mt chiu do t thng c nh nn khng cn lp vng
ngn mch.
Hi: Ti sao b tip xc in mt chiu 220V u vo in p xoay chiu
220V li khng c ng tc. Cn b tip xc in xoay chiu 220V sau khi u vo
in p mt chiu 220V li c th c ng tc; nhng ng thi cn phi u ni
tip thm in tr?
p: Cun dy ca b tip xc u c in cm rt ln. in cm i vi
in xoay chiu s sinh ra cm khng, cho nn b tip xc mt chiu sau khi u vo
in p xoay chiu, ch c dng in xoay chiu nh hn nhiu so vi dng in mt
chiu i qua cng khng th ht hm st. Cn b tip xc xoay chiu sau khi u vi
in mt chiu, do cm khng khng c tc dng i vi in mt chiu, cho nn
dng in mt chiu chy qua ln hn nhiu so vi dng in xoay chiu c, nh
vy s c th ht hm st. Do dng in qu ln, phi mc ni tip in tr ph,
nu khng s chy cun dy.
- Trang 92 -
Hi: C th mc ni tip hai cun dy ht ca b tip xc 110V ri u vo

ngun din 220V dng?
p: Cho d hai b tip xc u cng nhn hiu, nhng do sai s v mt ch
to khin thi gian c ng tc ca hai ci khng th hon ton thng nht. Do khi
u theo phng php trn s dng, th cun dy b tip xc ng trc s c tr
khng gp khong 10 ln ci kia; kt qu s lm b tip xc kia do in p nhn
c qu thp khng th ht; cn ci ht trc do in p u qu cao nn b
chy.
Hi: Nam chm in xoay chiu thc hin ng tc nhiu ln th nhit
tng cao, i sang dng nam chm in mt chiu cng thc hin ng tc vi s ln
nh vy, tnh hnh nhit liu c tng t nhau?
p: Trong qu trnh hm st ht, dng in ca nam chm in xoay chiu
thay i rt ln. Trc khi hm st ht, khe h gia hm st vi li st tng i
ln, in khng ca cun dy nam chm in tng i nh, in khng ca cun
dy tng ln, dng in gim. Dng in trc khi ht c th ln hn 10 ln so vi
dng in sau khi ht. Nam chm in c ng tc mt ln th s c va p dng
in xung kch mt ln, cho nn nhit ca cun dy st rt cao. Cn dng in
chy qua trong cun dy nam chm in mt chiu, trong qu trnh ht hi tng ln
theo gim ca khe h, cho n khi hm st ngng vn ng, dng in mi t
tr s nh mc, l do s thay i ca t thng trong qu trnh ht khin cun dy
sinh ra in khng lm gim dng in. Do , khi nam chm in mt chiu thc
hin ng tc khng c s xung kch dng din, nhit ca cun khng v thao tc
nhiu m tng cao.
Hi: Ti sao khi do s c, hm st ca b tip xc xoay chiu b mc kt th
cun dy d b chy hng?
p: Cn c vo cng thc:
U E = 4.44f 10 8
=
U
108
4.44f
i vi mt hm st, s vng cun dy w, in p U v tn s f ca mch

in l c nh khng i. Do , t thng xuyn qua cun dy l mt hng s. Dng
in chy qua cun dy chnh l dng in kch t cn thit sinh ra t thng .
N t l thun vi t tr li st R. Khi hm st cha ng th t tr ca n l ln
nht, cho nn dng in ln nht i vi mch t dng p th dng in ny c th
t ti gp 5 - 6 ln dng in nh mc, i vi mch t dng E c th t ti 10 15 ln). Cho nn, khi hm st b kt, dng in chy qua trong cun dy s ln nht,
khin cun dy b chy hng do qu nng.
Hi: Ti sao trn li st b tip xc xoay chiu c lp vng ngn mch, cn
trn li st rle qu dng kiu in t xoay chiu c th khng lp vng ngn mch?
- Trang 93 -
p: Vng ngn mch trn b tip xc xoay chiu l dng phng nga
rung khi ht do dng in giao bin gy nn. Cn rle qu dng xoay chiu khi hot
ng bnh thng th li st vo trng thi ngt, ch khi ng dy xy ra s c
ngn mch mi ht, ri lp tc khi phc v tr ngt, do rle qu dng xoay chiu ch
ht thi gian ngn khi v tr ngt th vng ngn mch khng c tc dng, cho nn c
th khng lp vng ngn mch.
Hi: Khi b tip xc xoay chiu hot ng, thng pht ra tp m. Nguyn
nhn do u?
p: Sinh ra tp m, c th do cc nguyn nhn sau y: (1) Trn mt tip xc
gia li st ng, tnh b bn, khin li st ht khng cht. (2) in p ngun qu
thp, sc ht ca cun dy khng . (3) Vng ngn mch ca mch t li st b nt
gy, gy chn ng rt ln, n ni khng th hot ng bnh thng.
Hi: Sn phm cng nhn hiu ca b tip xc h KT, ti sao mt s u
tip xc bng ng ca n phi gn thm ming bc?
p: Trn mt tip xc ca u tip xc b tip xc c nhng li lm rt
nh, cho d khi ng, th nc v cc cht hot ng ha hc tng i mnh khc
vn c th chui vo trong khe h gia u tip xc, khin trn mt tip xc hnh
thnh lp mng xy hoa. Mng xy ha ca u tip xc bng ng nhit trong
phng rt mng, trong qu trnh u tip xc ca b tip xc c nhau s t b xa
ty, cho nn nh hng i vi in tr tip xc khng ln. Nhng khi s ln thao
tc ca u tip xc khng nhiu, li thng in lu th mng xy ha trn u tip
xc bng ng s khng ty xa c in tr tip xc tng mnh; khin u tip
xc qu nng, thm ch nng chy. Nhng h s in tr ca bc sau khi b xy ha
chnh lch khng my so vi bc thun cht, hn na khi nhit tng cao th in
tr cng tng khng nhiu, cho nn, khi b tip xc thao tc khng nhiu, li thng
in lu th trn mt u tip xc bng ng c gn thm ming bc.
Hi: Ti sao u tip xc cc b tip xc dng thang my thng dng
than, ch khng dng bc hoc ng nh cc u tip xc thng thng?
p: Khi u tip xc phng thch, gia u tip xc s sinh ra tia la v h
quang. Khi tip xc nhiu ln, u tip xc c th b dnh cht. S d u tip xc
ca rle dng trn thang my s dng u than chnh l nhm trnh b dnh khi s
dng nhiu ln, dn n s c.
Hi: Trn mt u tip xc ca b tip xc c mt lp mng mng mu en,
c cn loi b n i khng"
p: Khng cn phi loi b. V lp mng mng mu en trn u tip xc l
mng xy ha sinh ra khi u tip xc cha bc ngt h quang. in tr tip xc ca
lp mng xy ha ny rt thp, c bn khng gy ra tip xc km, ngc li n c
- Trang 94 -
th c tc dng bo v u tip xc. Nu dng da hoc mi loi b n, ngc

li c th gy mn hng u tip xc khng ng c.
Hi: Ti sao u tip xc ca b tip xc ni chung yu cu qu hnh trnh?
p: u tip xc ng v u tip xc tnh ca b tip xc sau khi tip xc
th hm st (hoc pha u tip xc ng) tip tc chuyn ng mt qung cho
n khi hon ton ht cht, gi l qu hnh trnh.
Qu hnh trnh c th bo m s tip xc tin cy ca u tip xc, gim
chn ng sau khi u tip xc ht. Hn na, s trt ca u tip xc ng tnh
ca mt s b tip xc trong khong cch ny cn c th xa ty mng xy ha
hoc cht bn trn mt u tip xc.
Hi: Ti sao khi u tip xc ca b tip xc, rle va ht, th trn u tip
xc ng phi tng thm mt p lc ban u?
p: Khi u tip xc ca b tip xc, rle va ht, do u tip xc tnh c
nh bt ng, khin u tip xc ng chu tc dng phn lc, sinh ra nhy n
hi; cng cn do khi u tip xc mang in ni thng, sinh ra lc in ng y
nhau, khin u tip xc nhy n hi. Kt qu gia u tip xc sinh ra hng chui
h quang ngn hoc tia la, khin u tip xc b tn tht nghim trng, hnh thnh
can nhiu cao tn, khi nghim trng c th khin u tip xc b chy nng. Nu khi
u tip xc va thng mch, tng thm mt p lc ban u ln u tip xc ng
th c th cn tr hoc lm gim rung nhy ca u tip xc khi ht.
Hi: Ti sao trn u tip xc ca mt s b tip xc mt chiu mc song
song mt t in cn trn u tip xc ca b tip xc xoay chiu li khng c?
p: Khi mch in ngt, do cun dy phng ra t nng tch tr, to ra cao p
sinh ra tia la gia hai u tip xc b tch ra, lm chy hng u tip xc. Sau khi
mc song song mt t in ln u tip xc, khi u tip xc tch ra, t in va c
th tch tr t nng do mch in phng ra va trnh c sinh ra cao p, cng ngn
chn c tia la sinh ra gia hai u tip xc. V t in c th cho dng in xoay
chiu qua, cho nn trong mch in xoay chiu khng th mc song song t in vo
u tip xc ca b tip xc xoay chiu.
Hi: Ti sao trong mch v ca cun dy mt s b tip xc mt chiu c
mc in tr kinh t, cn b tip xc xoay chiu khng c?
p: Sau khi b tip xc mt chiu thc hin ng tc
t th khng thay i, nhng t tr gim nh cho nn sc ht
tng ln. Sau khi ng tc, trong mch v ca cun dy mc ni
tip mt in tr nh th hin hnh 3 - 12 - 15, khin t th
gim, cn sc ht c bn khng thay i s khng nh hng
n s hot ng ca b tip xc. Hn na, n c th y
nhanh ng tc ca b tip xc mt chiu. V khi ng cu dao,
- Trang 95 -
em ngun in cao hn in p nh mc trc tip t ln cun dy ca b tip

xc, tng nhanh qu trnh qu . Do sau khi ng cu dao, li dng u tip xc
thng ng ca bn thn, a in tr vo, gim thp tr s cng dng in,
gim thiu tiu hao, cho nn gi l in tr kinh t. Cn sau khi b tip xc xoay
chiu c ng tc, do in cm tng ln, khin t th ca cun dy gim, cho nn sau
khi ng tc, tuy t tr gim nhng sc ht khng thay i ln, cho nn khng th
mc ni tip in tr kinh t.
Hi: Mt my tin s dng b khi ng t xoay chiu lm cng tc ngun,
thng xut hin mt cch khng qui lut hin tng khng th ngt c ngun
in khi dng nt n. Qua kim tra, ng dy v cng tc nt n u khng
hng. l do nguyn nhn g?
p: l do trong my qu nhim bi khin trn li st b tip xc ca b
khi ng t tip xc dnh du, gy nn hin tng dnh li st ng. V th, khi
cun dy ngt in, tuy ng dy v cng tc nt n u khng hng nhng do li
st khng th tch ra, kt qu dn n mch in khng th ngt in.
Hi: Ti sao b tip xc ng vn hnh phi thng xuyn lm v sinh ch
mt cc li st?
p: Ch mt cc li st ca b tip xc tch t nhiu bi bm s dn n
li st ca b tip xc ng khng tt, sinh ra chn ng v ting n, khi nghim
trng c th chy cun dy, c lc do dnh du m khng th nh ra. Ngoi ra cn
nh hng n mc chu p ca b tip xc. V th, b tip xc ang vn hnh
phi thng xuyn lm sch bi bm v bn du.
Hi: B tip xc xoay chiu li st dng E sau khi ngt in, hm st khng
th nh ra. Qua kim tra, gia im tip xc khng c hin tng nng chy, gia
li st ng, tnh cng khng c bn du. l nguyn c g?
p: Tr gia ca li st ng, tnh dng E ca b tip xc xoay chiu phi
c khe h 0.1 ~ 0.2mm, nhm tng t tr sau khi li st ng hn ch t thng v
gim t d. Sau khi b tip xc qua s dng lu di, hai bn ca li E c th b mn,
lm tiu hao khe h ca li st tr gia. Nh vy, sau khi cun dy ngt in, sc
ht t d tng i ln trong li st lm cho hm st ht cht, khng nh ra.
Hi: Trong thng s k thut ca b tip xc xoay chiu kiu CJ0 v CJI0,
"dung lng ln nht (kW) cho php iu khin ng c ba pha" v "tr s dng in
nh mc" ca u tip xc, khc nhau g v ngha? C tc dng g i vi vic s
dng bnh thng b tip xc?
p: "Tr s dng in nh mc" ca b tip xc l ch cng dng in
cho php chy qua lu di m khng dn n nhit u tip xc tng cao vt qu
qui nh gy xy ha mnh. "Dung lng ln nht cho php iu khin mt ba pha"
- Trang 96 -
l nhm phng nga dng in khi ng chy qua u tip xc qu ln khi khi
ng ng c, gy nng chy thm ch hn chy u tip xc ng, tnh. Bi v dng
in khi ng ca ng c (c bit l khi ng trc tip) ln hn nhiu ln so
vi dng in nh mc khi hot ng bnh thng, thi gian khi ng tuy ngn,
nhng dng in qu ln cng s dn n hn chy u tip xc. C nhng b tip
xc khng lp thng s dung lng cho php iu khin ng c in, nhng a ra
tr s dng in ln nht cho php thng mch, ngha ca n nh nhau.

Hi: Ti sao trong ng dy cung cp in ca phn xng c dung lng
tng i nh, khi u cui ca ng dy trc tip khi ng mt dung lng
tng i ln thng xut hin hin tng b tip xc xoay chiu khng th t
kha?
p: l do mt cui ng dy, in p ng dy st tng i
ln, khi khi ng mt, do dng in khi ng rt ln li dn n st p ng
dy tng i ln, nh vy s dn n in p cun dy trn b tip xc xoay chiu
qu thp. Cho nn, mt va bt u chuyn ng th b tip xc lin t ngt nn
khng t kha c.
- Trang 97 -
3 - 13 Rle
Hi: V kt cu, rle cng , rle in p, rle thi gian v rle trung gian
kiu in t mt chiu c g khc nhau?
p: Kt cu hnh dng ca bn loi rle kiu in t mt chiu thng
dng c bn ging nhau; u do hm st dng tm, li st tnh hnh ch U lm bng
thp mm v bng nhm. trnh t d dnh cht ly hm st, ni chung u
tng thm mt hoc vi phin in phi t tnh vo gia li st tnh hnh ch U vi
hm st dng tm.
Ch khc nhau ca chng l: s vng cun dy ht ca rle cng t, dy
dn tng i ln c th cho qua dng in tng i ln, khi s dng, cun dy
mc ni tip vi mch in, dy dn ca cun dy rle in p tng i nh, s
vng tng i nhiu, khi s dng, cun dy mc song song vi ngun in. Rle
thi gian th lng ng ng hoc ng nhm lm chm ln li st rle in p. Rle
trung gian, v bn cht l rle in p, nhng tip im nhiu, dng in tip im
tng i ln, ng tc nhy.
Hi: Ti sao c mt s gia li st in t mt chiu v cun dy phi t
mt ng trn bng ng hoc bng nhm? C th thay th bng vt liu st, ch,
km c khng?
p: l nhm ko di thi gian phng thch hm st ca nam chm in.
Sau khi cun dy ngt in, t thng nhanh chng gim, sc ht ca nam chm in
cng nhanh chng gim theo, khin hm st nh ra. Sau khi lp ng trn (ng lm
chm), khi t thng gim, cn c vo nh lut Lenx s cm ng ra in th trong
ng ny, sinh ra dng in chng li s gim ca t thng; c tc dng cn tr t, t
ko di thi gian phng thch (c th t ti 1 ~ 15 giy).
lm cho tc dng lm chm r rt, ng lm chm phi ch to bng vt
liu dn in tt v phi c din tch tit din ln sinh ra dng in lm
chm ln. V th, khng th thay th bng cc vt liu st, ch, km vn c in
tr tng i ln c.
Hi: Ti sao rle xoay chiu v mt chiu c in p nh mc bng nhau
khng th thay th ln nhau?
p: Khi u rle xoay chiu vo mch in p nh mc xoay chiu th tng
tr khng ca cun dy l do in tr v in khng to thnh. Nu u vo mch
in p nh mc mt chiu th cun dy khng c tr s in khng, ch c tr s
in tr, khin tr s tng tr khng gim. V tr s in p gia hai u cun dy
khng thay i, dng in trong cun dy tng ln tng i ln, vt qu tr s
dng in cho php, d lm chy cun dy. Khi rle mt chiu u vo in p nh
mc mt chiu, tng tr khng ca cun dy ch l tr s in tr, khi u vo in
p nh mc xoay chiu th tng tr khng ca cun dy phi tng thm b phn tr
s in khng, cho nn tr s tng tr khng tng ln. Do tr s in p hai u cun
- Trang 98 -
dy khng i, dng in trong cun dy s gim, sc in t cng gim, khin li

st kh ht.
V th, rle mt chiu v xoay chiu tuy in p nh mc bng nhau nhng
khng th thay th ln nhau.
Hi: Ti sao in p cung cp in ca rle xoay chiu qu thp s lm chy
cun dy, cn rle mt chiu khng xy ra hin tng ny?
p: Vi rle xoay chiu, khi li st ht v ngt th cng dng in trong
cun dy l khc nhau. Khi li st ngt, tr khng ca cun dy nh, dng in ln,
khi li st ht, tr khng ca cun dy tr nn ln, dng in nh. Khi in p cp
in qu thp, lc ht ca li st rle gim thp (t l thun vi bnh phng in
p) li st khng th ht, tr khng ca cun dy nh, dng in lun lun duy tr tr
s tng i ln; thi gian lu s lm chy cun dy. Dng in cun dy rle mt
chiu ch ph thuc vo in p cp in v in tr bn thn cun dy, cn khng
lin quan n li st c ht hay khng. Cho nn, rle mt chiu khi in p cp in
qu thp ch gy nn li st khng th ht ch khng lm chy cun dy.
Hi: Rle thiu dng mt chiu kiu JLI4 c dng in nh mc l 10 ampe,
dng lm bo v thiu kch t cho mt in, yu cu ht khi 7 ampe v yu cu nh
l di 4 ampe. Nhng khi iu chnh l xo, nhn thy kh m iu chnh cho nh
khi trn 2 ampe, m cng dng in ht li phi ln hn 7 ampe, th lm th
no?
p: Yu cu m thit k ca rle loi ny phi t c l dng in phng
thch c th iu chnh trong phm vi 10 ~ 20% dng in nh mc. Hin gi yu
cu 4 ampe th phng thch l vt qu phm vi iu chnh qu nhiu; hn na khi
da vo l xo iu chnh, cng lc s nh hng n dng in ht cng thay i
Nu mun nng cao ring tr s dng in phng thch, th c th tng thch hp
dy phin m phi t tnh (nh phin dng photpho) mt pha li st c nh ch
tip xc gia hm st v li st c nh, nhm tng t tr gia hm st v li st, t
nng dng in phng thch ln n 5 ampe (40% dng in nh mc) thm ch
cao hn na. Do sau khi iu chnh nh vy s lm gim hnh trnh hot ng ca
hm st, cho nn cn phi kim tra rle khi v tr ht xem u tip xc c p lc
tip xc hay khng, khi cn phi iu chnh cht t.
Hi: Ti sao trong ca knh ca v rle tn hiu, c du hiu tn hiu?
p: Rle tn hiu l rle b tr mc ni tip trong mch v cun dy nhy
cu cao ca cng tc. Khi s c xy ra, dng in qua cun dy khin phin li
t thc hin ng tc, th m du hiu tn hiu. Do sc nng bn thn, n ri xung
c th nhn thy c qua ca knh, nh th gip chng ta phi on rle c
ng tc khin cng tc nhy hoc chng t xy ra s c no .
- Trang 99 -
Hi: Ti sao trong thit b cp in thng s dng linh kin lm tr (ko di

thi gian) kiu ng h, cn trong iu khin t ng thng s dng kiu in t
mt chiu?
p: Linh kin lm tr (ko di thi gian) kiu ng h khi lm ng tc
tng i n nh, nhng s ln ng tc khng c qu dy; thit b cp in yu
cu ko di thi gian phi tng i chun xc, m s ln ng tc khng nhiu, cho
nn rt thch hp. Trong iu khin t ng, yu cu s ln ng tc ca linh kin
ko di thi gian kh nhiu, kt cu phi chc chn, thi gian lm tr khng di, nn
linh kin ko di thi gian kiu in t mt chiu l rt thch hp.
Hi: Ti sao thng thng phi dng dy ng tit din hnh thang qun
cun dy cng ca rle c dng in tng i ln?
p: Cun dy dng in ca rle, ni chung u dng dy ng qun theo
cnh hp (cng gi l qun cnh), khi qun pha trong ca dy ng chu p lc
khin n tr nn dy, bn ngoi do chu tc dng ca lc ko, khin n tr nn mng.
Nu dng dy ng tit din hnh thang qun, th tit din ca cun dy s tr
thnh hnh vung u.
Hi: Trong rle h JT3, cc phin ng ct ng ch hm st i din vi li
st c tc dng g? Phin ng b ri mt, i dng phin st, c khng?
p: Rle h JT3 l rle lm tr mt chiu. ch hm st i din vi li
st lp mt s phin ng, c hai tc dng:
(1) Phng nga hm st sau khi b li st ht, do khe h ng t qu nh,
dn n sau khi rle ngt mch do lc in t m t d ca vt dn t sinh ra ln
hn lc ko ca l xo phn lc, khng cho hm st nh ra.
(2) iu chnh dy ca phin ng (tc iu chnh s phin cm vo),
trnthc t chnh l iu chnh ln ca khe h khi hm st b ht. V th, mc
nht nh, c th iu chnh thi gian phng thch tr.
V phin st l vt liu t tnh, khng th thay th phin ng.
Hi: Trong h thng t ca thit b in kiu in t xoay chiu, liu c th
dng phin kim loi (nh phin ng, phin ng photpho) phi t tnh lm phin
in phi t tnh?
p: Trong h thng t ca thit b in kiu in t xoay chiu khng th
s dng phin kim loi (nh phin ng, phin ng photpho) phi t tnh lm
phin in phi t tnh. V t thng ca h thng t xoay chiu l ang thay i. Khi
t thng qua phin kim loi phi t tnh th c th sinh ra dng in xoy, dn n h
thng t qu nng, ng thi lm thay i s phn b t trng ca h thng t; cho
nn phi dng vt liu cch in lm phin m phi t tnh.
Hi: Cu ch bo v mt ba pha th c ba pha u phi lp, cn rle nhit
ch lp hai pha l c (i vi mt u hnh sao Y), ti sao?
- Trang 100 -
p: Cu ch l dng bo v ngn mch mt. Khi xy ra ngn mch mt

pha, dng in ngn mch ch chy qua ng dy ca pha ny. V d, im K trong
s b chm v, dng in ngn mch ch chy qua B, yu cu cu ch pha B ng
vai tr bo v. Tnh hnh nh vy cng c th xy ra pha A v pha C. Cho nn, ch
c c ba pha c lp cu ch th tc dng bo v ngn mch
mi coi l hon chnh.
Rle nhit dng lm bo v qu ti cho mt. Thng
thng khi qu ti, dng in ba pha u tng ln, cho d qu
ti do mt pha quay gy nn cng lm dng in hai pha tng
ln. V d, im M t, mch dng in qu ti chy qua hai
pha B, C. Ch cn pha C c rle nhit ng vai tr bo v l
c ri. Tnh hnh nh vy nu xy ra pha A, B hoc pha C,
A cng ln lt c rle nhit ca pha A hoc A, C bo v. Cho
nn, lp rle nhit hai pha l c.
Hi: Rle nhit trong b khi ng Y - nn lp bn trong (2RJ) hay bn
ngoi (1RJ) hnh tam gic hnh 3 - 13 - 12?
p: Nu lp v tr 1RJ th nn cn c
vo dng in dy chn rle nhit. Nu lp
2RJ th cn cn c vo dng in pha chn rle
nhit. Dng in dy gp ln dng in pha. Khi
vn hnh bnh thng, hiu qu ca hai cch lp
nh nhau. Nhng khi khi ng, do dng in
thng qua rle nhit ca hai cch lp nh nhau, nn
nhy ca 1RJ thp hn 2RJ. phng nga b khi ng thao tc nhm hoc
mt tc dng t ng iu khin, i vi rle nhit vn hnh lu di theo cch mc
hnh sao, ni chung, nn lp v tr 2RJ.
Hi: Ti sao hm st ca rle iu khin thao tc nhiu, a phn chn
dng hnh dao?
p: gim mn c hc v m men ma st ca nn thng s dng
kt cu hnh dao. Loi ny c th gim mt cch r rt m men ma st v
c tnh nng chu mi mn cao, c th chu c thao tc hng triu ln m khng b
mn r rt.
Hi: hai u tip im rle u song song mt mch nhnh c mc ni
tip in tr v t in nh th hin hnh 3 - 13 - 14 c tc dng g?
p: Khi ngt tip im rle iu khin, nng lng in t vn tch tr
trong mng in s phng thch. Th l hnh thnh tia la hoc h quang gia tip
im, s lm cho u tip xc hn chy lin vi nhau. Sau khi u song song mt
mch nhnh c mc ni tip in tr v t in th thi im ngt tip im, c
th thng qua mch nhnh ni tip RC gi thng mch, khin nng lng tch tr
trong mch b tiu hao trong in tr ca mch ni tip RC. Nh
- Trang 101 -
vy, c th phng nga u tip xc b hn chy. Tr s ca R, C c th tnh c

theo cng thc sau:
C=
I2
( mF) , R = (1E+50) / E
10
10I
Trong cng thc: E - in p gia cc tip im khi ngt (V)

I - dng in chy qua khi ng tip im (A)
Hi: Ti sao i b phn u tip xc ca rle u t ng?
p: Nu khng t thng ng th s cha bi bm, nh hng n
nhy ca ng tc, nu nghim trng c th s khng lm ng tc, khin s c m
rng.
Hi: Rle nhit l li dng c tnh hai phin kim loi b nng cong li
bo v my in. Nu nhit khi chnh l 25oC th khi 0oC c nh hng n tc
dng bo v khng?
p: ng tc ca rle nhit quyt nh bi nhit ch khng phi tng
nhit . tng nhit trong phin lng kim li t l thun vi bnh phng
ca cng dng din ph ti. Nu nhit ng tc khi chnh 25oC l 100oC,
th nhit ng tc khi 0oC cng vn l 100oC; cng dng in ng tc ca
n phi ln hn. S tng nhit ca mt cng gn nh t l thun vi bnh
phng ca cng dng in ph ti. Nu xt t nhit cao nht cho php, th
khi nhit trong phng thp c th cho php c dng in qu ti tng i ln m
khng n ni chy hng. Nu thit k nhit cho php ln nht ca mt, th khi
0oC, dng in ng tc ca rle nhit tuy tng ln nhng do dng in tng cho
php ca mt cng tng tng ng nn vn khng mt i tc dng phng nga qu
nhit.
Hi: Khi lp rle gas, ti sao phi cn c vo cc tnh ca ngun in mt
chiu u ni chnh xc?
p: Khi bin th vn hnh bnh thng, th mch v ca rle gas h. ng
tc ca tip im thy ngn tng t nh b chnh lu thy ngn, cng tc l ni
hi nc thy ngn ch cho php dng in chy t in cc bn ngoi thy ngn
(khi tip im thy ngn h) ra b mt thy ngn, do phi u ni chnh xc, tc
u ni nm u c du "+" trong hp u dy rle gas vi in cc ngm trong
thy ngn, nu khng tip im thy ngn ca rle gas s nhanh chng b hng, dn
n
rle
ng
tc
sai.
Hi: Ti sao trong khi s dng ng l xo kh kiu SH - 11 c lc tip im b
dnh, phi gii quyt ra sao?
hai
p: Nu trong mch v c mang ph ti th khonh khc h ngt, gia

tip im ca ng l xo kh s sinh ra qu p, c th nh thng khe h, hnh
- Trang 102 -
thnh h quang, khin tip im b dnh. phng nga, c th mc song song b

hp thu tr - t, hai u tip im.
Hi: Rle dng trong h thng din lc ko in ng lc v ngnh in ln,
mi loi c c im g?
p: c im ca rle dng trong h thng din cc l: dng in lm vic
ca cun dy v u tip xc nh, tn s thng v ngt thp, ng tc phi chnh
xc, tin cy, c tnh n nh nhit v tnh n nh in ng tng i cao.
c im ca rle dng trong ko in ng lc l dng in lm vic ca
cun dy v u tip xc cao, tn s thng v ngt cao, tui th cao.
c im ca rle dng ngnh in tn l dng in lm vic ca cun dy
v u tip xc nh nht, tn s thng v ngt cao, ng tc nhanh nhy.
- Trang 103 -
3 - 14 B in khng
Hi: Ti sao b in khng c tc dng hn ch dng in tng i ln khi
mch in xy ra ngn mch?
p: B in khng mc ni tip trong mch in. Khi hot ng bnh
thng, in tr ca b in khng nh hn nhiu tr khng ca ph ti, ch chim
vi phn trm. V th nh hng rt t n dng in lm vic, st p gy nn cng
rt nh. Khi xy ra ngn mch, tr khng ca ph ti gn bng 0, tr khng ca
mch in ch yu l tr khng ca b in khng, c th gim thiu ng k dng
in ngn mch trong mch in, v th c tc dng hn ch dng in r rt.
Hi: Ti sao c mt s nh my in s dng b in khng chia tch?
p: Trong nh my pht in, hn ch ti a dngin
ngn mch, duy tr cho dy ci c in p d tng i cao, tr s
phn trm ca b in khng phi tm cch ln mt cht,nhng khi
hot ng bnh thng, li dn n tn hao in nng v tn tht
in p tng i ln. Nu s dng b in khng chia tch th c
th tha mn c hai. B in khng chia tch gi cun dy c
mt u v u vi ngun in, dng in nh mc ca hai phn
nhnh bng nhau, dng ni vi dy dn ra nh th hin hnh 3
- 14 - 2. Khi vn hnh bnh thng, do chiu ca dng in hai cun dy chia tch
ngc nhau khin in khng ca hai nhnh gim nh, do gim tn tht in p.
Khi dy ra ca mt nhnh b ngn mch th dng in ph ti ca nhnh kia tng
i nh so vi dng in ngn mch, c th b qua tc dng ca dng in ngc
chiu vi n, in khng ca nhnh ny tng nhiu. V th tc dng hn ch dng
in ngn mch nng cao, tn tht in p cng tng ln, c th duy tr in p d
ca dy ci tng i cao. Khuyt im ca b in khng chia tch l: khi ph ti
ca hai nhnh khc nhau, chnh lch in p ca hai nhnh tng cao.
Hi: Hnh 3 - 14 - 3 th hin mt phn h thng mch in ca nh my
in, ni chung 1DL s dng b ngt mch dung lng tng i ln, ti sao 2DL
thng qua b in khng L u vi mch in s dng ca nh my li c th dng
b ngt mch c nh?
p: Vic chn 1DL cn c vo cng dng in lm
vic bnh thng ca mch in v ng hiu ng dng in
ngn mch khi xy ra ngn mch gia 1DL Vi bin th
nghim chnh. Do cng dng in ngn mch tng i ln,
phi dng b ngt mch dung lng ln mi c th p ng yu
cu. Nu xy ra ngn mch chnh b in khng L v trn dy
dn ni t 2DL n L th dng in ngn mch chy qua 2DL
cng rt ln. Nhng L tng i bo m, cn dy dn ni vi
2DL th rt ngn, kh nng xy ra ngn mch rt t, nn dng
in ngn mch chy qua 2DL c th ch xt n dng in ngn
- Trang 104 -
mch sau khi b in khng hn ch, tr s tng i nh, do 2DL c th chn

b ngt mch c nh, tit kim u t.
Hi: Ti sao nh my in khng chn dng b in khng c li st m chn
dng b in khng xi mng rng rut?
p: V b in khng c li st khi dng in ngn mch chy qua s lm
li st bo ha, lng in cm gim (tc in khng gim), t lm gim tc
dng hn ch dng in ngn mch. Nu tnh n tnh hnh khi bo ha, in khng
ca b in khng mun hn ch c dng in ngn mch th khi dng in ph
ti bnh thng, in khng s tng ln, t lm cho st p trn b in khng cng
tng ln, ng thi li st cng s sinh ra tn hao dng xoy, khin b in khng
nng ln. Nu dng b in khng xi mng rng rut, do in cm ca n l hng s
khng lin quan vi dng in, khi dng din ngn mch qu ln s khng lm gim
tc dng hn ch dng in ngn mch, cng khng tn ti tiu hao li st, m kt
cu li rt n gin. V th, nh my in chn s dng b in khng bng xi
mng rng rut.
Hi: C th t nhng vt st thp gn b in khng lm mt bng
khng kh khng?
p: Gn b in khng lm mt bng khng kh khng cho php t bt c
vt bng st thp no (bao gm c dng c v inh vt... li khi sa cha).
Bi v khi vn hnh, cc vt ny (vt liu t tnh) s gy tn tht in rt ln v
khin n pht nhit, ng thi khi ngn mch, do dng in chy qua b din khng
ln hn nhiu so vi dng in lc bnh thng, cho nn s sinh ra t trng rt
mnh, c th ht cc chi tit ny vo trong cun dy ca b in khng, khin cun
dy ca b in khng gy nn ngn mch hoc b hng, m rng phm vi s c.
Hi: Vi b in khng li st c khe h, khi s vng ca cun dy khng
thay i, vt liu li st i t phin thp silic cn nng thnh thp silic cn ngui th
tr s in khng c thay i khng? i vi b in khng li st khng c khe h
th s nh th no?
p: i vi b in khng li st c khe h, khi s vng ca cun dy
khng thay i, th ln ca tr s in khng ca n ph thuc vo ln ca khe
h, cht lng vt liu thp silic v tnh trng x l cng ngh khe ni. Nhng c tc
dng quyt nh l ln ca khe h, v rng t tr ca khe h rt ln, trong iu
kin t thng sinh ra ging nhau, yu cu t ng th cng ln. Lc ny, nh hng
ca cht lng vt liu phin thp silic i vi ln in khng khng chim v tr
ch yu. V th, khi vt liu li st ca n t thp silic cn nng sang dng thp silic
cn ngui, tr s in khng bin i rt nh.
i vi b in khng li st khng c khe h th tr s in khng ca n t
l thun vi h s dn t. Di diu kin mt t thng nh nhau, h s dn t
ca phin thp silic cn ngui cao hn phin thp silic cn nng. V th, i vi b
in khng li st khng c khe h nu vt liu li st ca n sau khi i phin thp
- Trang 105 -
silic cn nng sang dng phin thp silic cn ngui, th tr s in khng c tng ln r
rt.
Hi: Khi lp b in khng cc pha, t thng ng hay t ngang bng tt?
p: t thng ng b in khng cc pha tc l lp chng cc b in
khng pha. Phng php lp ny lm cho ci cch in ngn cch cun dy chu lc
p ca dy pha. Nu b in khng ngang bng th lc m ci cch in phi chu
l lc un. Bi v lc chu nn ca ci cch in ln hn nhiu so vi lc chu nn
cho nn b in khng ca cc pha lp thng ng th tng i tt hn.
Hi: Ti sao b in khng khi ng s dng kiu ngm trong du, cn b
in khng hn dng li p dng kiu cch in bng khng kh?
p: Du dng cch in v tn nhit. B in khng khi ng l ph
kin km theo ca mt ln khi khi ng, yu cu th tch nh. Khi ngm trong du
c th ci thin iu kin tn nhit, nng cao cch nhit, t gim th tch b
in khng. Do dng in khi ng chy qua b in khng khi ng nh hn
dng in ngn mch, s khng gy n. Nhng phng nhit tng ly tin,
s ln khi ng phi hn th, ch cho php khi ng vi ln trong mt gi. B
in khng hn dng dng hn ch dng in ngn mch. Nu p dng kiu
ngm trong du th
khi dng in ngn mch ln chy qua, nhit du s tng ln nhanh chng, khin
du phn gii sinh ra cht kh, dn n n. V th, ch c th p dng b in khng
kiu cch in bng khng kh vi th tch tng i ln.
Hi: Trong v bnh du b in khng kiu ngm du ti sao phi tng thm
tm ngn bng nhm, hoc ng?
p: B in khng nu khng c thit b c bit th t thng b r s thng
qua v bnh du thnh khp kn. Do tn hao t tr, dng xoy, s dn n v bnh
du qu nng, gy nn du cch in qu nng. ci thin tnh hnh ny, s lt mt
tm ngn cch hnh vng khng dn t lm bng nhm hoc ng vo vch trong v
kt du. Do tc dng cm ng t, t r s sinh ra dng xoy trong tm ngn, dng
xoy ny li sinh ra t thng ngc chiu vi t thng r, lm yu t thng r thng
qua v bnh du, gim thiu tn hao dng xoy, t tr ng thi lm gim s tng
nhit .
Hi: Khng kh c th cch in. Ti sao cch in trong cun dy ca b
in khng cao p khng c php tn ti khng kh?
p: V cch in ca cun dy b in khng cao p l gm mt s loi vt
liu cch in t hp li. H s in mi ca vt liu khc nhau khng ging nhau.
S phn b in p trong lp cch in l do h s in mi ca cc vt liu ny
quyt nh. Trn lp cch in c h s in mi tng i nh s c st p tng
i ln. Cho nn, phn ln in p t bn ngoi, u do vt liu cch in c h s
- Trang 106 -
in mi nh gnh chu. H s in mi ca khng kh thp hn h s in mi ca

vt liu cch in th lng hoc th rn. Cho nn, trong kt cu cch in ca cun
dy n l khu mng yu, d phng in trong lp khng kh, dn n lm hng ton
b lp cch in. Do khng c php tn ti khng kh.
Hi: Tc dng ca lp sn bn ngoi v b in khng btng v cc thit b
in khc c ging nhau khng?
p: Khng ging nhau. Lp sn ngoi cc thit b in ch yu l nhm
chng g v gia tng tn nhit b mt, cn lp sn b in khng b tng ch yu
nhm chng m. Bi v, tnh ht m ca b in khng b tng rt ln, nu khng
sn th thnh phn nc trong khng kh s b ht vo trong b tng, khi dng in
(nht l dng in ngn mch) chy qua, b tng b nng, lc ny nc xm nhp
vo b tng s bc hi v lp tc ngng kt trn b mt, khin b mt b tng ng
mt lp nc, nu trn b mt li bm mt lp bi th gia cc vng s b nh
thng, hnh thnh h quang, kt qu khng nhng ph hoi cun dy m cn c th
dn n ngn mch gia cc pha. Cho nn b in khng b tng phi sn.
Hi: Ti sao chiu qun ca cun dy pha gia b in
khng ngc vi hai pha khc?
p: Chiu qun ca cun dy pha gia b in khng
ngc vi hai pha khc, s c th gim lc in ng do dng
in ngn mch gy nn. Nh th hin hnh 3 - 14 - 12, lc
in ng sinh ra gia ba pha i vi pha C m ni (hai pha
khc cng ging nhau) nh sau: FB-C l lc y, FA-C l lc
ht. Cc lc ny trit tiu ln nhau. Cho nn, gi cch in
ca b in khng chu lc tng i nh, kh b ph hoi.
Nu chiu qun ging nhau, th gia cc pha u chu lc ht.
Cc lc ny chng ln nhau, cho nn gi cch in ca b in
khng chu lc tng i ln, d b hng.
- Trang 107 -
3 - 15 Thit b phng chng n in

Hi: Ti sao cng tc tng cp din cho mt lm vic khai l di ging khai
thc than phi ng kn ln nhau vi cng tc qut thng gi cc b dng thi kh
gas?
p: nhng ni lng kh gas (cht kh n) tng i ln nh mt lm
vic di ging than u phi lp qut thng gi cc b nhm thi i kh gas gim
nng gas phng nga n. Kha lin ng cng tc tng cp in mt bng lm
vic khai l vi cng tc qut cc b ca ni ny l, thi gi trc (lm gim nng
gas) cp in sau, qut gi ngng quay, cng tc tng phi t ng ri cu dao
th mi c th bo m an ton hm l.
Hi: Trong cng tc ngn n dng di hm l khai thc than, c th ty tin
lp thm cc chi tit in khc khng?
p: Khng c. Bi v chi tit in s dng trong cng tc ngn n phi
c yu cu c bit, khng nhng phi ph hp tiu chun chi tit in chung m
di ca mch in r, khe h khng kh v vt liu s dng cho cch in ca chi
tit u phi ph hp vi qui trnh ch to thit b chng n ca m than; ng thi
trong cng tc ngn n lp thm chi tit in s lm thay i khe h gia b phn
mang in ca chi tit c vi t. Cho nn qui trnh ch to thit b chng n m
than qui nh: Bt k s thay i no i vi thit b chng n u phi qua trm
kim nghim chng n do b than m ch nh thm tra bn v hp qui cch v sau
khi th nghim n, sn phm mu mi c pht giy chng nhn t yu cu, v
c php s dng.
Hi: Di hm l khai thc than, ti sao cm s dng dy cp v nhm?
p: V nhm l loi kim loi hot ng mnh khi b tia la in nh thng
hoc h hng c hc nghim trng s n bt nhm ra, to nn nhit rt cao,
di hm l, nhit ny c th hnh thnh n, kh gas hoc bi than. Cho nn, di
ging khai thc than nghim cm s dng cch in v nhm.
Hi: Kiu an ton v kiu ngn n trong thit b phn phi in dng hm
m nn chn nh th no?
p: Thit b phn phi in dng hm m ch yu dng m than. Trong
khng kh m than thng cha kh m tan (CH4), khi hm lng ln ti 5 - 16% gp
ngun la s dn n n. Kiu an ton (kiu KA) dng hm m l t b phn c
th sinh ra tia la hoc h quang trong khi vn hnh bnh thng vo trong kt cu
ngn n hoc trong du, b phn mang in cn li lp vo trong kt cu sn chng
bi, nn ch c th s dng cc ng hm ch yu v cc trm thng gi m kh
than khng t ti nng gy n hoc bi than khng nghim trng. Cn kiu ngn
n (kiu KB) u t b phn in vo trong khoang ngn n, nn c th s dng
- Trang 108 -
mt lm vic khai thc than v cc ng hm nhnh m kh than c th t ti nng

n.
Hi: Ti sao yu cu khe h mt tip xc ca thit b in kiu chng n
phi di 0.5mm?
p: Nu khe h vt qu 0.5mm th khi bn trong thit b in xy ra tia la
s truyn ra bn ngoi gy n. Khi khe h di 0.5mm, th tia la xy ra bn trong
qua khe h hp th tia la mt, nhit cng gim, khng th dn n n, nh
vy bo m c tnh nng chng n.
Hi: Ti sao gia hp u dy v thn my ca thit b in chng n phi
lm tht kn, khng cho php c khe thng nh?
p: l nhm phng nga n chng. Nu trong hp u dy hoc thn
my xy ra n kh gas khin p sut tng cao, nu c khe h nh, kh cao p sau khi
n s qua khe nh n khoang trng khc, khin kh p ca n tng cao v cng xy
ra n. Nh vy, kh p sau khi n tng cao cng thm kh p c, gy nn qu p, ph
hoi v thit b in. V th, gia hai khoang trng phi lm kn tht tt, hoc gia
hai khoang trng c ni vi nhau bng l c in tch ln khng xy ra hin
tng n chng.
Hi: Ti sao nhng ni c nguy c n cm s dng vt dn bng nhm?
p: Bi v nhm l kim loi hot ng tng i mnh, bt nhm d xy
ha, phng thch nhit lng ln. Vt dn bng nhm, khi ngn mch h quang
hoc va p c hc c bt nhm bn ra, di nhit cao bt nhm c th xy ra
xy ha mnh, thm ch chy. Nh vy lm tng nguy c chy v n, v th cm s
dng vt dn in bng nhm.
Hi: Vt liu khoang trng chng n v cch in bn trong thit b in
chng n c th lm bng vt liu hu c c khng?
p: Khng c. Khoang trng chng n phi lm bng thp tm hoc quay
cng cao. Bi v mi khoang trng chng n u phi chu p lc kh nht nh.
Nu chn dng vt liu hu c ch to, do tc ng ca h quang khi tip im
ngt sinh ra, vt liu hu c phn gii, sinh ra cht kh, lm tng p lc do h quang
c sinh ra, khin v chu khng ni nn n. Cng nh vy, vt liu cch in khc
trong thit b in cng khng cho php c vt liu hu c, phi lm bng vt liu
chu h quang.
Hi: Phin cu ch s dng trong cng tc in p thp di hm l khai
thc than, ti sao khng c dng vt liu bng ng m li s dng vt liu km?
- Trang 109 -
p: Bi v di ging khai thc than tn ti kh mtan (cn gi kh gas) gy

n, cho nn yu cu khi phin cu ch nng chy khng c c nhit nng chy
qu cao gy n kh mtan. Nhit cn thit kh mtan n l 650 ~ 750 oC, Cho
nn nhit nng chy ca cu ch phi thp hn n. Nhng im nng chy ca
ng l l083 oC, Vt qu nhit n ca kh mtan. V th, khng th dng ng
lm phin cu ch, cn im nng chy ca km ch c 419 oC, Cho nn di ging
s dng phin cu ch bng km.
Hi: Trong phn xng c nguy c n, ti sao khng c php s dng
truyn ng curoa?
p: Truyn ng curoa s sinh ra in tch tnh, khi in tch tch t n mt
mc nht nh s phng in sinh ra tia la. Cho nn, trong phn xng c nguy
c n khng c php s dng truyn ng curoa.
Hi: Trong n chng n c s dng bng n dy tc ph thng c khng?
p: Khng c. Khi bng n b v, qun tnh nhit ca dy tc bng n
tng i ln, khng th nhanh chng h thp nhit ca dy tc, c kh nng gy
n kh n chung quanh. Do phi s dng bng n c qun tnh nhit thp.
Hi: Trong mng in in p thp di ging khai thc than, ti sao phi s
dng rle r in?
p: Bi v di hm l m thp, nh hp, iu kin mi trng xu, cp
in v cc thit b dng in rt d va chm lm hng cch in, nht l iu kin
mng in thp p mt bng lm vic khai thc su cng km. phng nga do
r in dn n s c in git i vi ngi, v ngn mch mt pha dn n tia
la hoc nhit cao cc b dn n n mtan hm l, mng in thp p di
ging phi s dng rle r in, nhm bo m kp thi ct ng dy v thit b
r in.
Hi: Trn mt chng n ca cng tc chng n khi xut xng bi m
chng g. Ti sao khi s dng li phi lau m i, bi du nhn vo?
p: V m dng nc lm cht ha tan, khi di nhit cao ca h quang
v n kh mtan, nc s phn gii thnh hydro v xy, hydro c th t chy, xy
gip tr chy, iu rt khng c li cho vic chng n kh mtan. Cho nn khi s
dng phi lau sch m, bi du nhn vo. Bi m l nhm bo qun.
Hi: Ti sao cng tc cung cp in cho hm l khai thc than cm s dng
thit b t ng ng li cu dao?
p: Thit b t ng ng li cu dao l khi ng dy ti in xy ra s
c tm thi dn n nhy cu dao, khng phn on s c m lp tc t ng ng
- Trang 110 -
li cu dao. Nu qu thc l s c tc thi, th ng li cu dao l tt, gim thiu

c hi mt in. Nhng s dng trong hm l u l cp in, ni chung rt t xy
ra s c c tnh tc th; ng thi, iu quan trng nht di ging khai thc than
l trnh tia la in. Nu lp thit b t ng ng li cu dao, cp in xy ra s
c dn n nhy cu dao, s nhanh chng t ng ng li cu dao li cp in cho
b phn xy ra s c nh vy s mt ln na to ra tia la, dn n m rng s
c, c kh nng gy nn s c nghim trng chy kh mtan. Do cng tc cp in
cho hm l cm s dng t ng ng li cu dao.
- Trang 111 -
CHNG IV
MY BIN P
4 - 1 Nguyn l chung ca my bin p

Hi: Ti sao trn mc my bin p khng ghi h s cng sut? C th li
dng s liu trn mc bin p tm ra h s cng sut?
p: Khng th c. Bn thn my bin p ngun khng c h s cng sut
c nh. H s cng sut ca n hon ton do tnh cht v ln ca ph ti quyt
nh.
g?

Hi: Trn mc my bin p c du hiu /Y - 11 c ngha
p: Cn c vo hnh thc u khc nhau ca cun dy s

cp v cun dy th cp bin p, pha ca in p dy bn s cp v
th cp my bin p cng khc nhau. My bin p thng dng l
/Y - 11. Lch pha ca hai in p dy my bin th ny l 330o,
tp qun biu th bng phng php ng h gi, tc 11 gi. Xem
hnh 4 - 1 - 2.
Hi: Ti sao my bin p ng lc khi ti th st p ch khong 5%, cn
bin th hn in th khi ti st p rt ln in p ti th cp ch bng
khong 20% ca in p khng ti?
p: Bin p ng lc khi y ti th st p khng th qu ln, nu khng, s
lm xu tnh nng ca ng c, nh sng n khng , thit b dng in khc cng
c th vn hnh bnh thng.
Bn th cp ca bin p hn in, khi khng ti i hi in p tng i cao
t h quang. Sau khi t h quang, khi hn yu cu dng in tng i ln, v
st p h quang rt nh, cho nn in p cn thit rt thp. V th in p th cp
ti ca bin th hn in ch bng khong 20% khi khng ti.
Hi: Ti sao in p ngn mch ca my bin p in u qui nh 4.5 ~
6%?
p: in p ngn mch ca my bin p quan h n cng dng in
ngn mch my bin p. Nu in p ngn mch thp th dng in ngn mch ln;
ngc li, dng in ngn mch nh. Dng in ngn mch qu ln u khng c
li i vi h thng in v bn thn my bin p. Cho nn, in p ngn mch
khng nn qu nh, nhng in p ngn mch qu ln th mt do bin th cp in
khi khi ng s st p qu ln, s nh hng n bc khi ng ca mt v s
hot ng bnh thng ca cc thit b in khc. in p tr khng ca bin p ni
chung qui nh l 4.5 - 6%, chnh l tnh n hai nhn t trn quyt nh.
- Trang 112 -

Hi: Dng phng php n gin g xc nh c s vng ca my bin
p?
p: Ch cn dng dy ng cch in qun mt s vng nht nh ln bn
ngoi cun dy cn o ca my bin p, dng vn k o in p cm ng ca n.
Ly in p cm ng chia cho s vng qun, c s vng mi vn... li ly s
vng mi vn nhn vi tr s in p cc cp s c s vng ca cun dy cc cp.
Phng php ny cng c th dng o s vng cc cun dy in t.
Hi: Lm sao phn bit bn cao p v bn thp p ca bin p hai cun dy
bng ng h vn nng? Bn cao p v bn thp p ca bin p nhiu cun dy liu
c th phn bit c bng phng php ny?
p: Dng ng h vn nng o in tr ca hai cun dy. Bn in tr ln
l bn cao p, bn in tr nh l bn thp p. Bi v dung lng ca hai cun dy
bng nhau, in p cao, s vng s nhiu, tit din dy dn s nh, cho nn in tr
ln. Bin th nhiu cun dy, do dung lng ca mi cun dy cha chc bng
nhau, cho nn cun dy in p cao tuy s vng nhiu nhng tit din ca dy dn c
th vt qua cun dy thp p dung lng nh hn n. in tr do di v tit
din ca dy dn quyt nh. Cho nn, bin p nhiu cun dy khng th ng dng
phng php ny suy on.
Hi: S cp v th cp ca bin p ngun in thng thng c hai hoc
trn hai cun dy. Nu mt k hiu u cng cc tnh ca cun dy th c th dng
phng php g phn bit?
p: u cng cc tnh ca cc cun dy bin p, ngun thng thng nh
dn bng k hiu "*". Nu mt k hiu th c th dng phng php th nghim
phn bit. Trc tin ni mt u bt k ca cun dy thp p vi mt u bt k
ca cun dy thp p khc, sau u cun dy cao p bt k vo ngun in; dng
vn k o in p hai u cn li ca hai cun dy thp p. Nu in p o c l
tng in p ca hai cun dy thp p th chng t hai u ni nhau khng cng
cc tnh. Nu in p o c bng hiu ca hai u chng t hai u ni nhau
l cng cc tnh. Phng php nh gi cc tnh ca cun dy cao p c th da vo
y m suy ra.
Hi: Kt cu ca bin p t ngu n gin, tit kim vt liu, tit kim
tin. Nhng ti sao trong h thng cung cp in cao p hu nh khng dng n?
p: Cun dy s cp, th cp ca bin p t ngu ni vi nhau. V th, kt
cu ca n n gin, mi pha ch c mt cun dy, tn hao v ng, tn hao v st
cng tng i nh, c s dng rng ri trong bin th thp p c nh. Nhng
trong h thng cung cp in cao p, do mi pha ca bin p t ngu ch c mt
cun dy, khng th ngn cch cao p, thp p, qu p t mng cao p a vo truyn
- Trang 113 -
n mng thp p, m kh nng bo v ca mng thp p i vi qu p thp hn

nhiu so vi mng cao p. Nh vy, khi xy ra qu p, thit b trong mng thp p
s b hng. Ngoi ra, do quan h in t n gin, tr khng bn thn ca bin p t
ngu tng i nh, v th rt bt li i vi vic hn ch dng in ngn mch,
cho nn trong h thng cung cp in cao p hu nh khng dng bin p t ngu.
Hi: C hai b bin p, vt liu ging nhau, hnh dng kt cu tng t,
trong cao ca bin p A gp hai ln bin p B. Dung lng ca bin p A gp
my ln bin p B?
p: Hnh dng kt cu ca hai b bin p tng t, tc chiu di, rng, cao
ca bin th A u gp 2 ln bin th B. Tit din li st ca A gp 4 ln ca B.
Do vt liu ging nhau, mt t thng ca hai bin p chnh lch nhau khng ng
k, th t thng ca A gp bn ln ca B. S vng ca bin p bng nhau, do t
thng ca A gp 4 ln, in p cng cao gp 4 ln so vi B. ng thi: din tch
khung ca li st ca A gp bn ln ca B, bin p A c th qun dy ng tng
i ln, tc din tch tit din ca dy ng bin p A gp 4 ln B, nh vy cho
php dng in chy qua cng ln gp 4 ln (khi mt dng in khng thay i).
Dung lng ca bin p l tch ca in p vi dng in, cho nn dung lng ca A
ln gp 16 ln ca B. Do iu kin vn hnh, lm mt khc nhau, trn thc t s c
sai lch so vi tr s .
Hi: Ch to mt b bin p 230/115V, liu c th, cun dy bn s cp ch
dng 2 vng, cun dy bn th cp ch dng 1 vng khng? Ti sao?
p: S vng ca bn s cp, th cp ca bin p khng th ch xt t l s
vng. Bi v in nng bn s cp thng qua t trng truyn qua bn th cp m t
dn sut ca li st bin p khng th rt ln. Nu cun dy bn s cp, th cp l
2 vng v 1 vng th t l ca bin p tuy l 2:l, nhng tr s in cm li rt nh.
Lc ny, nu u thng ngun in, do tr khng rt nh, dng in rt ln, cun
dy bin p s nhanh chng b chy. Thc t thit k bin p, cn c vo kch thc
ca li st ln t dn sut ca vt liu quyt nh s vng cn thit cm
ng ra mt th in ng ri mi chn s vng ca mi cun dy.
Hi: Ti sao nhit ca bin p khi c ti nh hoc khng ti s rt cao?
p: Nhit ca bin p tng l do nng lng tiu hao khi bin p vn
hnh gy nn. Bin p khi c ti nh hoc khng ti, dng in tng i nh, tn
hao trn cht liu ng c th b qua, ch yu l tn hao trn cht liu st. V tn
hao trn st gn nh t l thun vi bnh phng ca mt t thng trong li st.
Khi s vng ca cun dy s cp bin p c nh th tn tht trn st t l thun vi
bnh phng in p s cp, nn lc ny tn tht st tng i nh. Khi tnh hnh
khc thng (nh s c in bn trong bin p, h thng lm mt mt tc dng
v.v...), nu nhit rt cao th c kh nng l do in p s cp qu cao gy nn. Lc
ny cn iu chnh cng tc phn nhnh ca bin p tng s vng ca cun dy
s cp. Do mt t thng trong li st t l nghch vi s vng, cho nn tng s
- Trang 114 -
vng c th gim mt t thng, t gim tiu hao trn li st, gim tng nhit
ca bin p.
Hi: C hai bin p, kt cu ca chng ging nhau, nhng li st ca mt
bin p c khe h khng kh u chng vo cng mt ngun in, th t thng trong
li st liu c ging nhau?
p: Khi u chng vo cng mt ngun in th t tr ci c khe h khng
kh s ln, t tr khng c khe h s nh. Nhng sinh ra in p ging nhau
nhm cn bng in p ngoi th t th cn thit ca bin p c t tr ln s ln,
cho nn dng in kch t cng ln. Ngc li, dng in kch t nh. Cho nn, t
thng hu nh ging nhau. Ch khc nhau l dng in kch t khc nhau. Do nguyn
nhn ny, yu cu i vi li st bin p l t tr cng nh cng tt (ch yu l khe
h gia mi ni phin thp silic cng nh cng tt). Nh vy c th gim nh dng
in kch t.
Hi: Khi bin p vn hnh khng ti, nu cho thm in p nh mc xoay
chiu vo bn s cp, dng in khng ti rt nh, nu cho in p mt chiu cng
tr s th cun dy s b chy hng do dng in chy qua cc ln. Ti sao?
p: Khi bin p vn hnh khng ti, cho thm in p nh mc xoay chiu
vo bn s cp, t thng do dng in chy qua cun dy sinh ra l giao bin, s sinh
ra in th t cm trong cun dy, n cn bng vi in p ngoi, cho nn dng in
khng ti rt nh. Nu cho thm in p mt chiu c cng tr s th do t thng m
dng in ca cun dy sinh ra l c nh, khng th sinh ra in th cm ng. in
p mt chiu ln nh vy trc tip a n cun dy vn c in tr rt nh, tt s
dn n dng in chy qua cun dy rt ln, gy chy hng.
Hi: Khi in p u vo ca bin p ln hn in p nh mc qu nhiu th
s nh hng th no i vi bin p?
p: Ni chung, mt t thng ca bin p khi nh mc tng i
cao, li st c xu hng bo ha, nu in p u vo li ln hn in p nh
mc qu nhiu s dn ti li st bo ha qu mc, n mc dng sng in p a
ra bin i ln, khin n phi cha phn lng sng hi rt ln, gy nn tr s bin
in p a ra tng ln, d lm hng cch in ca cun dy. ng thi, mt
t thng tng cao, khin tiu hao trn st tng, dng in khng ti cng tng ln
tng ng, lm nng bin p, nh hng h s cng sut ca mng in. V th,
in p u vo ca bin p ni chung khng c vt qu 5% in p nh mc.
Hi: Hai my bin p ng lc c dung lng, in p, t l bin p, kiu
loi u ging nhau, tn s mi ci l 50Hz v 25Hz. Kch thc my no ln?
p in th cm ng ca bin p t l thun vi t thng thay i, tn s
v s vng ca cun dy. Nu in th cm ng l tr s c nh, th khi tn s
- Trang 115 -
gim phi tng t thng, tc phi c li st tng i ln. V th, kch thc my
bin p tn s 25Hz ln hn.
- Trang 116 -

Hi: Trong h thng phn phi in h 4 dy ba pha, s dng mt my bin
p ba pha hay s dng ba my bin p mt pha th tt? Ti sao?
p: Ba bin p mt pha mc song song, s dng nh mt my bin p ba
pha (phng php mc Y/Yo - 12) khng tt bng mt bin p ba pha. Bi v ba ln
t thng sng hi s dng ca trng hp trc tng i nghim trng, do
khin dng sng in p khng cn l sng sin na. Tr s ln nht ca n c th ln
ti 50 ~ 60%, cn trong bin p ba pha, nh hng ca sng hi ba ln rt nh, n c
th bo m dng sng in p gn nh sng sin. Ngoi ra, khi ph ti ba pha khng
cn bng c bit khi ch c ph ti mt pha, trong nhm bin p do ba bin p mt
pha u li vi nhau s sinh ra dch chuyn im gia in p nghim trng, khin
in p pha ca 2 pha ph ti nh b nng cao r rt, gy nguy him, cn trong bin
p ba pha s khng nghim trng nh vy.
Hi: Dng vn k xoay chiu thng thng xc nh cc tnh ca my bin
p ba pha, dung lng nh, mang in nh th hin hnh 4 1 - 17. Cho in p ln nhm cun dy AX, pht hin: (l) UBY
> UCZ; (2) tng tr s o cng lc ca UBY v UCZ ln hn tng
tr s khi o ring. Ti sao?
p: Do mch t khng i xng, t tr thng qua
mch v cun dy AX v cun dy BY nh hn t tr thng
qua mng v nhm cun dy AX v nhm cun dy CZ t
thng li st nhm cun dy BY nhiu, in th cm ng ln,
t thng qua li st nhm cun dy CZ nh, in th cm ng
nh, cho nn UBY > UCZ.
Khi dng vn k xoay chiu bnh thng o in p
nhm cun dy BY hoc CZ, dng in chy qua mch kim ng h s sinh ra mt
phn t th trong nhm cun dy BY hoc XZ, khin t thng ca mch ny gim,
t thng ca li st nhm cun dy h mch tng nhiu. Nhng khi cng lc o in
p ca BY v CZ th hin tng chuyn dch ca t thng ny tng i nh. Cho
nn, tng tr s o cng lc ca UBY, UCZ ln hn tng tr s khi o ring.
Hi: Trong bin p v st ba pha, chiu qun ca cun dy pha gia ti sao
phi ngc chiu vi hai cun dy pha hai bn?
p: gim thiu t thng hp thnh x trong gng st gia cc pha,
chiu qun cun dy mt pha gia (pha B) phi ngc chiu qun ca hai pha kia,
hoc khi chiu qun ca ba pha ging nhau th phi nh du u u v u cui
ca mt cun dy pha gia ngc nhau.
Hnh (a) th hin khi chiu qun ca cun dy pha B ngc pha th th
vct lc ny ca chiu t thng trong li st nh th hin hnh (b), t thng hp
thnh trong
- Trang 117 -
A B C
+
=
= 0.5 A . Nu chiu qun ging nhau
2
2
2
3
th th vct nh th hin hnh (c), x = A B =
A = 0.866 A . R rng,
2
2
2
gng st ngang gia cc pha x =
khi chiu qun ging nhau, th t thng hp thnh chy qua trong gng st ngang
gia cc pha s ln hn khi qun ngc chiu (0.866 - 0.5) A= 0.366 A. Lc ny, tn
tht st tng ln, c tnh ca bin p tr nn km.
Hi: Bin th l thit b in tnh, nhng trong vn hnh u sinh ra ting
ku ong ong. Ti sao?
p: Khi cun dy bin p u vo dng in 50Hz th trong li st cng s
sinh ra t thng 50Hz. Do s thay i ca t thng, khin phin thp silic ca li st
cng xy ra chn ng tng ng, cho d kp rt cht, cng s sinh ra ting ku ong
ong rung ng 50Hz/giy. Nhng ch cn ting ku ny khng trm trng thm, cng
khng c tp m g khc th u l hin tng bnh thng.
Hi: Bn s cp ca my bin p n ng gm hai nhm cun dy ging
nhau mc ni tip (nh hnh 4 - 1 - 20) nu ln lt u vi in p 110V th dng
in khng ti Io u l 1 ampe. Nu mc ni tip hai cun dy ri t vo in p
220V th dng in khng ti Io phi l bao nhiu?
p: Hai cun dy sau khi mc ni tip ri u vi in p 220V so vi khi
ln lt u vi in p 110V th in p U tng
gp i, s vng W bn s cp cng tng gp i, f
bng nhau (u l 50Hz). Do in p ca b bin p
U = 4.44fW m , cho nn trong hai tnh hung trn th
t thng chnh m trong li st bin p bng nhau.
Vy l, t th khi hai cun dy mc ni tip ri
u vo in p 220V bng vi t th khi mt cun
dy u ring vo in p 110V, tc I'o.2Wl = Io.Wl
(Wl l s vng ca mt cun dy), th I'o =
1
Io, do Io = 1 ampe, nn I'o l 0.5 ampe.
2
- Trang 118 -

Hi: C mt my bin p c bit, khi cun dy gia u vi ngun in, th
hai cun dy bn cnh c in p cm ng, gi y, nu cho cun dy bn tri ngn
mch c th sinh ra dng in ngn mch rt ln khng? in p cm ng ca cun
dy bn phi c thay i khng?
p: Trong cun dy ngn mch bn tri s khng c dng in ngn mch
rt ln, v lc ny ch c rt t t thng u c li st bn tri (c th tng tng
rng cun dy ngn mch bn tri c phn tc dng i vi t thng, khin t thng
gim), o in p cm ng khng cao, dng in ngn mch cng khng ln.
ng thi, phn ln t thng u n li st bn phi. V th, khin in p cm
ng trong cun y bn phi tng cao.
Hi: Dng in ngn mch gia 0 v 1 ca bin p nh hnh 4 - 1 - 22 l ln
nht, cn dng in ngn mch gia 0 v 3 nh nht, ti sao?
p: Do tr khng ngoi khi bin p ngn mch l 0, dng in ngn mch
quyt nh bi tr khng trong ca bin p. Trong
, in khng t l thun vi bnh phng s vng,
in tr t l thun vi s vng, cn in p th
cp ca bin p t l thun vi s vng. Do , khi
s vng tng ln, in p tng ln khng nhanh bng
s tng ln ca tr khng trong, cho nn dng in
ngn mch gia 0 - 3, ngc li nh hn gia 0 - 1.
- Trang 119 -
4 - 2 Kt cu v cng ngh ca my bin p

Hi: Bin p kiu rut v bin p kiu v loi no nhiu u im hn? Ti
sao?
p: Trong bin p ng lc s dng kiu rut tng i nhiu; bi v vt
liu cch in m n s dng tng i tit kim, kt cu tng i n gin, tin
kim tra sa cha. Bin p kiu v cng c u im ca n, do cun cao p, thp p
ca n b tr xen nhau, lc m cc cun dy phi chu tng i nh, cng c
hc ca n tng i cao, khi phm vi iu chnh in p tng i rng cng
khng dn n sinh ra lc c hc do mt i xng gy nn. Cho nn, bin p dng
cho l in, hn in vi dng in tng i ln th thng dng kt cu kiu v.
Hi: Ti sao trong li st bin p, yu cu tit din gng st ln hn tr st?
p: li dng khng gian bn trong cun dy, tit din phn tr ca li
st p dng dng bc thang cn gng st th ch to tin li, ni chung l hnh
ch nht. Nu din tch tit din ca gng st v tr st bng nhau th din tch tit
din ca gng st v mi bc thang ca tr st khng bng nhau, din tch tit din
on gia gng st nh hn din tch tit in on gia tr st, cn din tch tit
din hai bn gng st ln hn din tch tit din hai bn tr st Nh vy, s dn
n phn b mt t thng trong li st khng th u, tng tiu hao ph. gim
tiu hao, gim dng in kch t din tch tit din ca gng st bin p thng
thng ln hn tr st 5 - 15%. ng thi, lng dy dn s dng cng gim.
Hi: Gia phn gng ca li st bin p v kp st ti sao phi cch in?
p: C hai nguyn nhn. Th nht: phng nga ngn mch gia chi tit kp
vi cc phin li st, dn n lm tng tn hao v sinh nhit cc b. Th hai, tng t
tr gia gng st v kp st, gim t thng trong kp st, gim tn hao dng xoy
trong kp st.
Hi: Ti sao mi ni ca phin thp silic ca mt s bin p li xin ch
khng phi thng?
p: Loi bin p ny s dng phin thp silic cn ngui. Tnh nng ca n
tng i tt. Tn hao st trn n v trng lng tng i thp, h s dn t
tng i cao, nhng s sp xp ht tinh th ca n c lin quan n phng cn p
trong qu trnh cn, khi phng ng sc t trng vi phng cn p th dng in
tn hao v t ha nh hn so vi lc khng trng nhau. Do , khi ct phin thp
silic, phi ct theo chiu di ca phin thp silic. Nu p dng mi ni thng th t
thng khu vc gn mi ni buc phi thng qua theo chiu ngang so vi chiu p,
t tr ch ny tng i ln, khin dng in khng ti v tn hao st tng ln. Mi
ni xin c th khin t thng c bn chy theo chiu cn p, nh vy s ci thin
- Trang 120 -
c tnh nng dn t ca li st, t ci thin c tnh nng ca c my bin

p.
Hi: Khi lp rp li st bin p kiu ni i, ti sao phi t mt lp vt
liu cch in ch ni i ca li st?
p: Khi lp rp li st kiu ni i, khng th lm cho phin tr va ng
vi phin gng, tt s xy ra mi ngn gia phin gng vi hai phin tr. Nh vy,
ch ni i ca li st kiu ni i, gia phin thp silic khng cn cch in na,
dng xoy tng ln, pht nng r rt, vn hnh lu s lm cho li st ch ny qu
nng, gy nn s c. trnh iu ny, ngi ta t mt lp giy cp in hoc la
nn dy 0.08 ~ 0.10mm ch ni i, nhng lp cch in ny khng c qu dy,
nhm trnh t tr qu ln khin c tnh ca bin p tr nn xu.
Hi: Bu lng sit kp xuyn tm li st bin p ng lc, ti sao phi cch
in vi li st?
p: Li st ca bin p lm bng thp l silic, gim tn hao dng xoy li
st, gia cc phin thp silic u cch in ln nhau. Nu bu lng sit kp xuyn tm
li st khng cch in vi li st, tt s dn n ngn mch ch bu lng, khin
tn hao dng xoy li st tng ln.
Hi: Vt liu dn t ca li st bin p c ging vt liu st t dng trong
nam chm vnh cu khng? c im ca mi loi l g?
p: Khng ging nhau. Vt dn t ca li st
bin p, mt, thit b in u dng vt liu t mm.
c im ca n l: h s dn t cao, tn hao st thp,
t tr nh, d t ha hoc thoi t, t d v lc chng
un nh, vng t tr hp v dc nh th hin hnh 4 2 - 7 (a). Nam chm vnh cu s dng vt liu t cng,
c im ca n l: sau khi np t c th gi li t d
rt ln, t dn sut khng cao, t d v lc chng un
ln, vng t tr mp to, nh th hin hnh 4 - 2 - 7
(b).
Hi: Ti sao li st ca bin th mch xung phi dng vt liu s t tnh
(ferrit) lm thnh li st khp kn hnh vng?
p: Tn hiu (mch) xung khc vi tn hiu sin tn s quc t, n bao hm
nhiu thnh phn tn s cao. Nu s dng phin thp silic thng thng th tiu hao
v in cm r v dng xoy ca bin p s tng ln ng k. ng thi, gia cc
vng, gia dy dn ca cun dy cn tn ti in dung ri rc, vi tn s quc t th
dung khng ca in dung phn b rt ln, c th khng xt n nh hng ca
chng. Nhng khi bin p truyn dn tn hiu xung, dung khng rt nh, tc dng
phn dng ca in dung phn b khng th b qua, nhng in cm r, in dung
- Trang 121 -
phn b v tn hao dng xoy u s dn n dng sng xung b mo nghim trng.

gim in dung phn b th cn gim s vng cun dy, ng thi li phi hn
ch s tng ln ca dng in kch t, bo m cun dy c lng in cm nht
nh, cho nn phi s dng li st lm bng vt liu nh ferrit (s t tnh) hoc hp
kim permalloy vn c t dn sut cao, tiu hao thp; gim in cm r li
thng ch to li st thnh kt cu vng khp kn.
Hi: Ti sao cc cun dy trong bin p ln u dng dng mm a m
khng ng dng thng?
p: Do dng in ngn mch ca bin p ln tng i ln, ng lc do
ngn mch sinh ra cng tng i ln. Cun dy dng mm c th tng thm tng
i nhiu vt m khng lm bin dng cun dy. Lng pht nhit ca bin p
ln tng i ln. ng thng du ca cun dy dng mm tng i nhiu, tn
nhit tng i tt. Cun dy dng thng ch c ng du gia cao p v thp p
v ng du mt trong, mt ngoi, tn nhit tng i km. Cho nn, cun dy
bin p ln u p dng dng a.
Hi: Cun dy cao p ca bin p ng lc ti sao thng qun ngoi cun
dy thp p?
p: Bi v cch in ca cun dy cao p i hi cao. Nu cun dy thp p
ngoi, cun dy cao p st li st bin p, nh vy phi tng cng cch in, t
s lm tng gi thnh ch to bin p.
Ngoi ra, cun dy cao p thng phi c u ra iu chnh in p u vi
cng tc tch ring. Nu cun dy cao p t bn trong th vic x l cch in i
vi dy ni v dy dn s kh khn.
Hi: Ti sao cun dy ca bin p dung lng ln phi hon v?
p: Nguyn nhn hon v dy dn cun dy bin p dung lng ln l: (l) Do
cun dy ca bin p loi ny thng dng mt s si dy dn qun song song. V
th ng knh ca cun dy ln, di dy dn vng trong v vng ngoi chnh
lch rt nhiu, cho nn di mi si dy dn khng thng nht. i v tr c th
lm cho di ngn ca mi si dy dn thng nht, bo m cn bng in tr
cun dy. (2) Dy dn vng trong v vng ngoi do v tr trong t trng khc nhau
nn tr s in khng cng khc nhau. Hon v c th lm cho v tr ca dy dn trong
t trng tng t nhau, gim thiu tn hao ph ca cun dy.
Hi: Ti sao phn u cun dy kiu lin tc ca bin p, c lc bnh dy s
dng dy dn tit din tng i ln?
p: Khi cun dy bin p chu tc dng ca qu p, do s phn b ca in
p ny trn cun dy khng u, thng thng bnh dy phn u b nh thng
trc. ci thin cng chu p ca bnh dy phn ny, mt trong nhng
- Trang 122 -
phng php l tng dy cch in ca bnh dy phn ny. Nhng nh vy s

lm bnh dy ta nhit kh, nhit tng cao. V th, song song vi vic tng dy
cch in phi tng tit din ca dy dn nhm gim thiu tn tht trong , gim
nhit ca n.
Hi: Khi qun bin p c nh, ti sao lp che chn tnh in khng th t
ngn mch v phi li khe h nht nh?
p: Lp che chn tnh in ca bin th c nh l nhm gim tn hiu
nhim t bn ngoi do ngun in a vo mch th cp ca bin p, nh hng
n thit b dng in. Nu lp che chn tnh in b ngn mch, s tng ng
vi vic bin p c thm mt cun dy th cp ngn mch, s lm cho bin p
khng th hot ng bnh thng, thm ch b chy. Bi v di tc dng t thng
h cm ln nhau do cun dy s cp ca bin p sinh ra, lp che chn tnh in s
sinh ra th in ng cm ng v do n ngn mch nn hnh thnh dng in cm
ng rt ln, lm nng lp chn tnh in, ng thi t thng do dng in cm ng
ca lp che chn tnh in sinh ra s lm yu tc dng t thng h cm do cun dy
s cp sinh ra, khin cng dng in s cp ca bin p tng mnh, cho nn
khng th hot ng bnh thng.
Hi: Cun dy thp p ca bin p l in, ti sao s dng dy trn khng
cch in?
p: in p ca cun dy thp p bin p l in rt thp, cng dng
in rt ln, in p gia cc vng tng i thp, v th cun dy thp p l dng
nhiu si dy dn ghp song song m thnh, hn na, li ngm trong du cch in
nn khng cn tng thm cch in khc. ng thi, dng in ca cun dy thp p
rt ln, lng pht nhit cng tng i ln, nu tng thm lp cch in bn ngoi
dy dn th s bt li cho ta nhit. V th dy dn ca cun dy thp p l dy trn
khng cch in.
Hi: Nhng lp ngoi cng ca cun dy cao p my bin p phn phi in 6
- 10 ngn vn, ti sao phi tng dy cch in gia cc lp?
p: Cun dy cao p ca my bin p phn phi in 6 - 10 kV c kt cu
nhiu lp. Di in p ca tn s quc t, c th coi nh l mt in cm, cn
in dung c th b qua khng tnh. Nhng di tc dng qu p xung kch bi sm
st c tn s rt cao th tnh hnh s khc. S phn b ca qu p tc th trn cc
vng ca cun dy cao p hon ton do ln ca in dung gia cc vng quyt
nh, khng lin quan ti in cm. Cng lp ngoi th in dung cun dy cng
nh, v th bc thang qu p phn b trn n cng ln, cch in gia cc lp d b
nh thng, cho nn cch in gia cc lp nhng lp ngoi cng phi tng dy
thch hp.
- Trang 123 -
Hi: Cun dy cao p, trung p v thp p ca bin p ba cun dy nn b tr

nh th no?
p: Ni chung, cun dy m cng sut truyn dn ln nhau nhiu th nn

gn nhau, nh vy st p tr khng tng i nh, c th gim tn tht in nng
v dao ng in p trong khi vn hnh. Cho nn, bin p tng p s dng nh my
in do t pha thp p truyn dn cng sut sang pha trung p, cao p, nn b tr
nh hnh (a). Bin p h p dng trm bin in do truyn dn cng sut t cao p
sang pha trung p, thp p, nu phng n l tng nht l cun dy cao p
gia nhng nh vy lm tng kh khn cch in, nn b tr theo phng n hnh (b),
vn cun dy cao p ngoi cng.
Hi: Cun dy ca bin p ngm trong du, ti sao khng c dng sn cch
in mu en sn qut?
p: Sn cch in mu en ni chung l dng nha ng lm nguyn liu
ch yu. Tnh cht ca nha ng l khng chu dn, d ha tan trong du bin p,
nh vy s khin sn cch in ca cun dy dn ha tan trong du, khin du bin
p lo ha, mang li nguy hi ln. Do cun dy ca bin p sn cch in mu
en khng c ngm trong du.
Hi: Cun dy ca my bin p vn hnh ngm trong du bin p do phi
chng cun dy khng cn x l sn qut na?
p: Phn ln cch in trong my bin p l giy cc tng, si bng, v.v...
Sau khi ngm du, tnh nng cch in ca n c ci tin ng k. Do , ch xt
t yu cu cch in ca bin p th sau khi bin p qua sy kh chn khng ri
ngm tm du bin th, c th t c in p cch in rt cao. Nhng, cun dy
bin p sau khi ngm sn, mng sn khin cun dy thnh mt khi, tng cng
c hc, tng kh nng dn nhit ca sn ngm tm ng cng, ci thin c s
tn nhit ca bin p, tnh nng cch in sau khi ngm tm sn c nng cao thm
mt bc. Cho nn, xt t yu cu ton din th cun dy bin p nn x l tm qut
sn.
Hi: Khi sa cha bin p, cun dy va qun va qut sn, sau sy kh,
cht lng tt khng?
- Trang 124 -
p: Cun dy bin th phi qun hon ho trc, sau sy kh khin hi

nc trn cun dy bc hi khuch tn, ri tin hnh tm qut, nh vy mi bo
m cht lng. Va qun va tm qut sn th mng sn cch in s bc cha
hi nc vo trong, khng th bc hi ra, tc khng th sy kh, cht lng ca
cun dy s khng tt. Cho d t tiu chun nht thi, nhng sau khi bin p vn
hnh mt thi gian ngn th in tr cch in ca n tt s gim nhiu. V th, y
l mt phng php cng ngh khng ng.
Hi: Dy dn ra bn thp p ca bin p l in, ti sao phi b tr xen k,
khong cch dy vi dy cng khng cn ln lm?
p: c im ca bin p l in l: in p tng i thp, dng in rt
ln, dy dn ra bn thp p tuy tng i ngn, nhng so vi di ca cun dy th
st p do in cm ca dy dn ra gy nn khng th khng xt n. gim in
cm, cn b tr dy dn ra so le nhau, ng thi gim khong cch gia cc dy.
Nhng cng khng c khong cch gia cc dy qu nh dn n lm tng lc
tc dng c hc gia dy vi dy. Cho nn, ni chung khng khong cch gia dy
vi dy nh hn 10mm.
Hi: Ti sao ng dng phng php in dung c th kim tra c mc
m thp cch .in ca bin p?
p: Kinh nghim cho chng ta bit: khi nhit thay i th in dung gia
cun dy bin p kh cch in vi v v gia cc cun dy thay i khng ln.
in dung ca cun dy bin p cch in b m s tng mnh theo s tng ca
nhit . Do , on xem bin p c phi sy kh hay khng cn tin hnh o
in dung gia cun dy vi v v gia cc cun dy di hai mc nhit ri tin
hnh so snh gia kt qu o c, nu in dung ca cun dy khi trng thi
nng (70 80oC) ln hn t in khi trng thi ngui l 20%, tc khi
C nng + C ngui
C nng
20% th c th cho bng cch in kh , nu khng ph hp iu kin
ny th phi sy bin p.
Hi: Ti sao gia ng lng s b bin p trong trm bin in ni vi dy
ci phi lp chi tit ni d un?
p: l v dy ci th c nh, cn v tr ca bin p c th do nguyn nhn
kim tra sa cha phi x dch i cht, ng thi do dy ci cng c tnh nng nng
n lnh co, sau khi lp chi tit ni d un th c th lm cho v tr tng i gia
dy ci v my bin p khi bin ng cht t khng n ni sinh ra ng lc ln, lm
hng ng lng s ca bin p.
Hi: Trong bin p dung lng nh, ti sao trn on dy dn ra khi mc
du, tt nht nn cha li mt on ngn khng bao bc?
- Trang 125 -
p: Gi s bc ht ton b dy dn ra, do cc vt dng bc nh vi b,

c tc dng mao qun i vi du, khin du bin p theo dy dn ngm ln, nh
vy mt mt xm nhp vo trong ng lng dy lo ha hn hp cht cch in, mt
khc r ra ngoi theo dy dn khin v dy dy dn b n mn v lm cho ng lng
cng d bm bi sinh ra chp rch. V th, tt nht cha ra mt on ngn khng
bc.
Hi: Ti sao u ni phn nhnh ca bin p ng lc thng lp bn pha
cao p, ch khng lp bn pha thp p?
p: Do dng in bn pha thp p ln hn pha cao p nhiu. V th in
tch tit din dy dn m u ni phn nhnh cn thit v kch thc cng tc phn
nhnh phi tng tng ng. Nh vy, khng nhng bt tin i vi u ni dy dn
ra m v tr lp cng phi ln. Cun dy thp p ca bin p kiu li st lp pha
trong, mun ly u ni phn nhnh t bn thp p ra s tng i kh khn. ng
thi, ni chung s vng ca nhm cun dy thp p t hn cun dy cao p in p
cm ng mt vng, nu khng, khng th ly c in p u ni phn nhnh mt
cch chnh xc. Cho nn, ni chung, u ni phn nhnh ca bin p u lp bn pha
cao p.
Hi: Dy ra in p thp ca bin p l luyn thp h quang, ti sao khng
dng v s m dung gi g ?
p: Bin p do h quang c in p thp, nhng dng in ln, lc in
ng xung kch cng ln, dng v s s b v, dng g c tc dng
hon xung nht nh, trnh v.
Hi: ng lng dy trung tnh ca bin p ng lc dng trong h thng dng
in ln tip t, c th s dng ng lng c cch in tng i thp khng?
p: Dy trung tnh ca bin p dng trong h thng dng in ln tip t,
lun lun duy tr in th 0 (tr khi c s c no ). Nhng do yu cu ca hnh
thc vn hnh, khng th trc tip ni vi t, do c th s dng ng lng c
cch in tng i thp. Lm nh vy c th gim gi thnh. Nhng sau khi lm
nh vy, bin p s khng th tin hnh th nghim chu p cch in c tnh d
phng theo cp in p nh mc ca n, v khi tng p cun dy, im trung tnh v
dy dn ra u c in th nh nhau. Do , tin cy ca bin p khng th kho
nghim c y trong th nghim d phng.
Hi: Ti sao ng lng dy ra ca bin p khng c gi du li khng lp
trn nh bin p m lp hai bn?
p: Do du nng n lnh co, v th du trong bin p khng c gi du
khng c bm y, t np tr xung phi c khong trng. Nu ng lng dy ra
lp trn nh bin th th phn trong bin th ca ng lng s khng ngm trong
du m trong khng kh, nh vy s gim cng cch in. lm cho phn
- Trang 126 -
ng lng dy ra ca bin p dc ngm trong du, tng cng cch in, nn lp

ng lng dy ra hai bn, cch nh np mt khong cch nht nh.
- Trang 127 -

Hi: Ti sao ng lng bn th cp ca mt s bin p ba pha dng mt bch
ni ba lp vo trong mt l di chung trn np t my bin p?
p: Khi dng in bn th cp rt ln th t trng gn cc dn ng lng
cng rt mnh, trn np bin p quanh ng lng, sinh ra tn hao dng xoy v t tr,
nn pht nng. Nu trn np bin th m mt l di cho ba ng lng c mt bch
ni ba phi t tnh lp vo trong th do tng lng in ca
ba pha l 0. Cho nn t thng trong np bin p chung quanh
l di gn bng 0, do gim ng k tn hao v nhit
lng sinh ra trong np bin p.
Ni chung, bin p phn phi in 750kVA tr ln v
bn th cp ca bin p c ln (6 ~ 10kV) u p dng mt
bch ni ba chc hoc ct m ca gia cc l ng lng trn
np bin p v dng vt liu phi t tnh hn vo (xem hnh 4 - 2 - 28).
Hi: ch bu lng pha di ng lng ca cng tc dn hoc bin p cao p
u lp thm ci chp na trn (lm bng kim loi), dng l g?
p: Vt na hnh trn bng kim loi ny gi l vng cn bng in p, mc
ch ca n l i u nhn d phng in thnh dng na hnh trn, gim c hi
phng in ca u nhn, khi trn ng dy c tnh in hoc cc nh hng khc,
khng dn n phng in lm hng thit b.
Hi: Ti sao ni chung gia li st v y bin p u dng ming chn
ngn cch chng mt khong cch nht nh?
p: Khi bin th vn hnh, du ca bin th khng th trnh khi hp th
mt t thnh phn nc, tip xc vi khng kh s gy nn tc dng xy ha sinh ra
tp cht. Cc tp cht ny cng vi nc chm xung y bin th. phng nga
nc v tp cht lng ng, nh hng cch in chnh ca bin p, cho nn ni
chung gia li st vi y bin th u lp ming chn li st cao 3 - 5mm.
Hi: Ti sao ng tn nhit ca bin p ng lc phi dng ng dt m khng
dng ng trn?
p: Khi din tch tn nhit ca ng dt bng vi ng trn th du cch in
cha trong ng dt t hn ng trn. Tc lng s dng ca mt n v in tch tn
nhit ca ng dt t hn ng trn, cng tc l ni ng dt s dng du t hn ng
trn m c th t c hiu qu tn nhit nh nhau. Do , ng tn nhit ca bin
p ngy nay u s dng ng dt ch khng dng ng trn.
Hi: C ba loi ng thng ti gi du ca my bin p, trong , loi ming
ng nt x du ngang bng vi phn y ca gi du, ng thng vi kt du thc
su vo trong gi du, cao hn y khong 20 ~ 25mm; cn ming ng thng vi b
ht m th gi khong cch 3 - 5mm so vi phn nh gi du. Ti sao nh vy?
- Trang 128 -
p: Cn du do du bin p trong gi du sau khi tip xc vi khng kh

sinh ra cc tp cht khc, nc v.v... u lng ng di y gi du. Nt x du
nm ngang bng vi y gi du cho cn du, tp cht khc v nc v.v... C
th d dng chy ra. ng thng vi kt du cao hn phn y gi du l c th
nga cn du v.v... chy vo kt du, bo m s thun sch ca du bin p,
nhng li khng cn tr s lu thng du gia gi du vi kt du. Ming ng ca
b ht m th phi cao hn mc du trong gi du l nhm trnh du trong gi du
chy vo b ht m.
Hi: Ti sao bin p dng lng nh khng lp gi du cn bin th dung
lng ln u lp gi du?
p: Bin th dung lng nh th dung tch ca v nh, din tch tit din
cng nh, khi nhit thay i th lng n eo ca du bin p khng nhiu, du
khng dy, khi nhit thp vn duy tr mc du mc cn thit, hn na, din
tch tip xc ca khng kh qua b h hp vi du cng khng ln, khng dn n b
m v axit ha nhiu du, cho nn khng cn lp gi du. Bin p dung lng ln
c dung tch ca thng v ln, din tch tit din cng ln, khi nhit thay i th
du cch in co n nhiu, nu khng dng gi du mc cn thit s dng gi
du th khi nhit thay i vn bo m du trong bin th mc cn thit.
Hn na b h hp c th lp trn gi du nhm gim bt mt tip xc gia khng
kh vi du, phng nga du b axit ha v ht m.
Hi: Bn cnh cc ren dn in ca ng lng dy ra trong bin p c ln cn
c mt dinh vt nh. N c tc dng g?
p: inh vt nh ny c tc dng x kh. Khi du bin p vo my bin
p khng kh dn dn dn ln trn, sau cng, ngoi mt phn b nn vo trong ng
chng n v gi du ra, cn c mt phn b y p vo trong ng lng bin p. B
phn khng kh ny cng phi x ht mi c th bo m yu cu cch in. Xoay
inh vt nh ny ra x kh cho n khi tro du ra th xoy ng vt vo. Khi vn
hnh bnh thng n khng c tc dng g.
Hi: Thng thng trn gi du ca bin p dung lng
nh c mt np ren. Khi bin p vn hnh, np ren c nn sit
cht khng?
p: Nh th hin hnh 4 - 2 - 35, trn u np c mt
c thng hi, n l l thng gia phn trn gi du vi kh tri,
khi sit cht np ren s bt kn l thng hi ny, mt tc dng
thng hi, khi nhit du tng ln hoc xy ra s c bn trong, s dn n p lc
bn trong tng ln, c th dn n lm hng thng bin p, v th khi sit np ny
phi lm sao l kh bn trn khng trong khung ren gi du.
- Trang 129 -
Hi: b sung du bin p tiu hao trong vn hnh, c th b sung du

bin p khc nhn hiu trn ln s dng khng?
p: Khi bin p ang vn hnh cn b sung du bin p th trc tin cn
kim tra r loi du m bin p ang s dng, sau b sung thm du bin p cng
loi nhn hiu, qui cch bi v du bin p khng th ty trn ln s dng. C lc
phi s dng hn hp hai loi du bin p khc nhn hiu (v d khi khng tm c
du cng loi) th trc tin phi tm hiu tnh cht vt l ca hai loi du nh t
trng, dnh, im ng cng, im bc chy v.v... xem c gn tng t khng.
Sau tin hnh th nghim n nh, tc ly mu hai loi du, hn hp theo t l
cn thit, sau khi hn hp trong bnh cha mt thng, quan st s thay i ca n;
nu khng sinh ra cht lng ng no, m du sau khi hn hp t c tiu chun
ca du cch in, th c th s dng.
Hi: Trong b lm mt bng du ca bin p kiu du tun hon (tc b bin
p lng p lc cho du tun hon v dng nc lm mt du) th nn cho p sut
du cao hay p sut nc cao?
p: Trong b lm mt bng du ca bin p kiu du tun hon cn phi c
p sut du cao hn p sut nc. Khi ng du xy ra tnh hnh thm thu du th
du s xm nhp vo nc, cn nc khng xm nhp vo du. Nu p sut nc
cao hn p lc du th khi ng du b thm thu, nc s xm nhp vo du lm
gim cng chu in p ca du cch in, lm hng bin p.
Hi: Khi sy bin p, p dng phng php ht chn khng c nhng ci li
g?
p: Khi sy bin p, dng cch ht chn khng c hai ci li. Sau khi p sut
khng kh gim, th tch ca cht kh cn li gia lp cch in s xy ra hin
tng trng n, di p sut tuyt i l 10mm Hg, th tch ca cht kh s n
gp 75 ln th tch p sut kh tri. Cng vi s n v b ht ra ca cht kh, kh
m b y ra ngoi mt cch thun li. Mt khc, sau khi p sut khng kh gim,
im si ca nc cng gim, khi 10mm Hg, im si ca nc ch l 12oC. Do
sau khi ht chn khng, hi m d bc hi v b ht ra ngoi.
Hi: Khi cu ly rut bin p ra kim tra, thi gian cun dy l ra ngoi
ti sao khng c qu lu?
p: Thi gian cu ly mt bin p ra qu lu, do tnh nng ht m ca vt
liu cch in cun dy rt mnh, s ht nhiu nc trong khng kh, lm gim tnh
nng cch in. lm cho kh m khng xm nhp vo bin th, khi cu li st ra
tt nht lm sao nhit cun dy cao hn nhit chung quanh v phi kim
tra nhanh, m khng nn thao tc vo nhng ngy ma, dm mt. Cn c vo qui trnh
vn hnh bin p qui nh, thi gian li st c th t trong khng kh l: vi thi tit
kh ro ( m tng i ca khng kh khng qu 65%) 16 gi; v thi tit m t
(m tng i ca khng kh khng qu 75%) l 12 gi.
- Trang 130 -

Hi: Ti sao du cch in khng nhng yu cu cng in m cn yu
cu ch s axt khng dc vt qu tr s nht nh?
p: Bi v khi ch s axt vt qu tr s nht nh th s n mn ca du
cch in i vi mi cht th rn, tc vt liu cch in l tng i nghim
trng, dn ti lm hng vt liu cch din, nh hng nghim trng n tui th
ca bin p, iu l khng c.
Hi: Trong mt s bin th c ln, ti sao khe h ca gi du v khe h ca
ng chng n c ni nhau bng mt ng?
p: l nhm trnh lm ng chng n bi kh p qu ln to nn khi nhit
bin th tng hoc gim mnh; hoc mc du ca ng chng n v gi du
khng nh nhau, khin rle kh gas c ng tc nhm.
Hi: Thi gian tng lp bin p ti sao cng ngn cng tt?
p: V gia cun dy bin p c rt nhiu ming chn cch in d ht m.
Nu thi gian tng lp bin th qu lu, vt liu cch in qua x l sy kh s
li ht kh m trong khng kh lm gim mnh tnh nng chu p ca bin p.
Hi: Ti sao sau khi lp bin p vo trong thng du phi lp tc du
bin p vo?
p: Nu khng lp tc bm du bin p vo th thn bin p s trc tip
tip xc vi khng kh. Trong tnh hnh chung, nhit ca thn bin th thp hn
nhit khng kh chung quanh. Nh vy, li st v cun dy u ht nc trong
khng kh, khin bin th b m. Mc ht m c lin quan n chnh lch
nhit gia khng kh vi li st, nht l khi nhit thn bin th thp. Cho nn,
sau khi lp thn bin p vo phi lp tc du bin th vo my bin p v du
cch in cng khng nn vn chuyn ring.
Hi: Lc du bin p, ti sao khng th dng ng nha thng thng?
p: (1) ng nha bnh thng b du bin p n mn s bin cht v lm
hng du bin p. (2) Khi lc du, do bn thn ng nha l cch in, do in
tch tnh in sinh ra khi lc du khng th b tiu tn, hin tng tch t tnh in c
th khin ng nha sinh ra phng in i vi gi st ca my lc du. iu ny rt
khng an ton.
Hi: Khi dng phng php dng in xoy v ngoi ly bin th, cun
dy kch t qun trn v nn b tr nh th no th hiu qu sy mi c th tng
i tha mn?
- Trang 131 -
p: B tr cun dy kch t phi lm sao cc b phn ca bin p nng u,

lm cho kh m d bc hi, nhit pha di bin p phi cao hn nhit
phn trn khong 5 - 10oC. Nhng, nhn t kt cu ca bin p, do t tr ca phn
trn v tng i ln, trnh chnh lch nhit gia phn trn v phn di qu
ln, do cn thit phi lm cho s vng ca cun dy bn trn nhiu hn phn
gia. Nu chia v bin th thnh 3 phn trn, gia, di di bng nhau th t s s
vng ca cun dy kch t ba b phn trn, gia, di, ni chung c th i khi
chn theo t l 6 : 5 : 9.
Hi: Khi lp bin th c rle gas, nn lp ngang
bng hay lp hi nghing?
p: Khi lp bin th c rle gas, nn lp
nghing, hng nghing nh th hin hnh 4 - 2 - 46,
tc bn c lp gi du phi tng i cao, cho np
nh ca n c dc 1 ~ 1.5% theo chiu rle gas. Nh
vy c th lm cho kh gas sinh ra trong bin th d chy
v pha gi du, t thc y rle gas ng tc chnh
xc, tin cy.
- Trang 132 -
4 - 3 Phng php u dy my bin p

Hi: Ti sao khi u ni tip hoc u song song hai cun dy c h cm
phi ch u cng tn. Nu khng s c nguy c chy hng?
p: Gi l hai cun dy c h cm tc l hai cun dy c t thng chung.
Khonh khc cm ng sinh ra in th trn hai cun dy, cc tnh ca n c lin
quan ti t thng chung ny. Nu mch in yu cu hai cun dy c h cm mc
ni tip thun chiu theo u cng tn, lc ny, in th do t thng chung cm ng
ra trn hai cun dy l cng nhau; tr khng hp thnh ca hai cun dy l Z 1, sau khi
thng ngun, mch in hot ng bnh thng. Nu u ni tip ngc chiu th
lc ny in th do t thng chung cm ng ra trn hai cun dy l tr ln nhau; tr
khng hp thnh ca hai cun dy l Z2, Z2 nh hn nhiu so vi Z1. Nu vn cho
cng in p ngun ln th khng nhng mch in khng th hot ng bnh
thng m cn do dng in trong mch in rt ln, c kh nng lm chy thit b.
Cng nh vy, gi s mch in yu cu hai cun dy c h cm mc song
song cng chiu theo du cng tn, th tr khng ca n l Z'l , nu em n mc song
song khc chiu th tr khng l Z'2 , Z'2 nh hn nhiu so vi Z'l . Nu vn cho cng
in p ngun ln, th do dng din trong mch qu ln, nn mch in khng th
hot ng bnh thng, hn na c kh nng lm chy thit b.
Hi: C hai cun dy, chiu qun ging nhau, ln lt lp trn hai tr li st
ca bin p nh th hin hnh 4 - 3 - 2 (a) hoc (b). Gi mun s dng hai cun
dy ny theo cch mc song song th cch u dy no trong hnh l ng?
p: Nu u dy theo hnh (b), cn c theo nguyn tc bn tay phi, ln

ca t th do cun dy 1 v cun dy 2 sinh ra l bng nhau, chiu ngc nhau, t
th tng bng 0. Nu trc tip u vo in p, s sinh ra dng in ngn mch rt
ln khin cun dy nhanh chng b chy hng. Cng vy vi cch u dy nh hnh
(a) th chiu t th ca cun dy 1 hng ln trn, chiu t th ca cun dy 2
hng xung di. Cho nn, phng php u dy hnh (a) ng.
Hi: Trong thit b chinh lu silic c th iu khin, nu ch c bin p c th
iu khin mt pha th lm sao t hp thnh bin p ng b su pha?
p: C th dng hai chic bin th mt pha lm thnh mt nhm. 6 chic
thnh ba nhm, chia nhau u vi 3 pha, th c th t hp thnh bin p 6 pha.
- Trang 133 -
Cch u c th l: trc tin u song song cun dy s cp u ni tip

cun dy th cp ca hai bin p mt pha (nh hnh 4 - 3 - 3),
lc ny in p th cp l ao = oa' = u2, nu aa' = 2u2 l ng,
nu aa' = 0, th c th u ngc mt cun dy th cp. Sau ,
u im khng ca 3 t 6 chic bin p vi nhau. Nh vy, ba
nhm 6 bin p mt pha t hp thnh ngun in ng b
a ra 6 pha na sng.
Hi: in p ngun in l 220V, mun c in p 0 ~ 500V, gi ch c hai
my bin p t ngu 220/110V, 0 ~ 250V, phi u nh th no dt c in p
yu cu?
p: Bin th t ngu ch c mt cun dy m s cp, th cp c mt u
dng chung, nn khng th p dng phng php u ni tip nng cao in p,
ch c th em hai bin p t ngu u nh hnh 4 - 3 - 4, ng thi iu chnh, th
s c in p 0 ~ 500V.

Hi: C my bin p nh th hin hnh 4 - 3 - 5. Cun dy s cp ca n
c hai cun cc tnh ca n u khng bit, gi mun mc song song hai cun dy
ny, lm sao trnh c xy ra ngn mch?
p: u mt u bt k ca hai cun dy li vi
nhau, dng vn k o in p hai u khng ni vi nhau.
V d, ni u 2 vi 3, o in p 1 v 4. Nu din p
o c bng tng ca hai in p th cp, chng t khi
u theo phng php ny th hai cun dy l mc ni tip,
phi thay i cch u. Nu in p o c bng 0,
chng t cch u ny ng; hai u cn trng c th
u li thnh mc song song s dng.
Hi: Ni xuyn cp bin p th nghim cao p ti sao ni chung khng vt
qu ba cp?
p: u im ca ni xin cp l gim nh kch thc, gim nhiu trng
lng ca bin p. Dng vi my bin p c in p tng i thp c th c c
in p th nghim tng i cao.
Nhng trong bin p xuyn cp, do r t bi bin p qu hoc cun dy
thp p sinh ra, s lm cho in khng ca bin p xuyn cp ln hn tng in
- Trang 134 -
khng ca tng bin p. in khng l t tng i ln ny s dn n qu p khi

in p bin i mng v st p r rt khi c ph ti. Ngoi ra, u xuyn cp, tn
hao cng sut bn trong ng dy cng tng i ln.
Do cc nguyn nhn ni trn, bin p u xuyn cp ni chung khng vt qu
ba cp.
Hi: Ba bin p mt pha liu c th u thnh Y - Y vn hnh khng? Ti
sao?
p: Ba bin p mt pha khng th u thnh Y - Y vn hnh.
Trong bin p mt pha, in p, th in ng, t thng ca cun dy u
bin i theo hnh sin. Do s bo ha ca t thng, dng in khng ti ca n ngoi
sng gc ra cn c dng sng hi th ba.
Sau khi t hp ba bin p mt pha thnh bin p ba pha; th dng sng hi th
ba ca ba pha ging nhau. Cho nn khng th chy qua cun dy u theo phng
php Y. Dng in khng ti ba pha ca n bin i hnh sin nhng t thng ca n
li do sng gc v sng hi th ba to thnh. T thng sng hi th ba cm ng ra
th in ng sng hi th ba. Nh vy, in p pha ca cun dy c do in p
sng gc v in p sng hi th ba hp thnh. Tr s ln nht ca in p ny c th
tng 50 ~ 60%, cho nn chng ta khng dng ba bin p mt pha u thnh Y - Y.
Hi: Mt pha ca nhm bin p mt pha u thnh ba pha c s c, khng
th sa cha phc hi ngay. Nhng khng nh hng sn xut, phi cung cp
in cho ph ti ba pha, bn c cch g gii quyt?
p: Khi mt pha ca nhm bin p ba pha c s c, c th tho pha c s c
ra, hai bin p mt pha cn li tr thnh cch u V. Nu lc ny in p dy v dng
in dy th cp u duy tr khng i th dng in mi pha tng ln 3 ln (bi v
dng in dy vn l bng dng in pha x 3 ) gi dng in dy bng dng in
pha). bin p khng qu nng, s khng cung cp in cho cc b phn th yu,
cho ph ti gim 3 ln, tc lm vic vi ph ti
100
= 58% khi ti.
3

Hi: Mt my bin p chnh lu hnh sao ba pha ci i thnh 6 pha ca nh
my ha hc n b hng. Hin c hai my bin p ba
pha Y/Yo. p dng phng php u no em hai
my bin th ba pha ny u thnh bin p chnh lu
hnh sao ba pha thnh 6 pha s dng?
p: u o im trung tnh th cp ca
bin p ba pha Y/Yo; sau ni vi im trung tnh
th cp ca my bin p ba pha Y/Yo khc (xem hnh
4 - 3 - 9) pha s cp u song song ri n vi ngun in. Nh vy s tr thnh
bin p chnh lu hnh sao 6 pha.
- Trang 135 -

Hi: C ba bin p mt pha ging nhau, mun u chng thnh Y/ ; trc
tin u bn th cp thnh . Sau cng khi ng , pht hin hai u ng cn c
in p tng i cao, khng dm ng, kim tra dy dn khng c sai st. l
nguyn nhn g?
p: l hin tng rt bnh thng, c mnh dn ng li m khng c
nguy him g. Bi v hai u ming m c in p tng i cao l do trong bin
p khng c dng sng hi th ba chy qua, v th m sinh ra in p sng hi th ba.
Nu ng th dng sng hi th ba c th chy qua, do khng cn in p sng
hi th ba na.
Hi: C ba my bin p mt pha 3.3kV/220V v ngun in ba pha 3.3kV.
Mun ly ra ba pha in p 220V v mt pha 380V t bn th cp ra th phi u
dy th no?
p: u bn s cp thnh hnh cn bn th cp u theo hnh 4 - 3 - 11a,

tc u hai pha a, b thnh hnh V, cn hai pha b, c u thnh hnh Y. Nh vy, gia x,
a v b l ba pha 220V, quan h vc t ca n nh hnh (b), cn gia b, c l in p
380V, quan h vc t ca n nh th hin hnh (c). u dy nh vy th ph ti
m pha b chu ng s ln hn hai pha cn li. v th phi ch duy tr ph ti pha b
khng vt qu dung lng nh mc mi c th s dng.
Hi: Dng ba my bin th mt pha, in p nh mc l 3300/220V u vo
ng dy 3300V vn hnh. Lc ra ca cch u -Y v Y-Y liu c bng nhau?
Ti sao?
p: Khng bng nhau. Lc ra ca cc u -Y gp 1.73 ln ca cch u YY. Bi v mt ln Y u vo ngun in 3300V th in p m mi my nhn c
khng phi 3300V m l 3300/ 3 = 1732V. V th lc ra cng gim theo t l o.
Hi: Mt t bin p c ln do mt pha hp thnh, u theo Y/ . Khi pha
khng ti, liu c th dng cu dao m ?
p: Khng c, v pha ngun in ni dy kiu Y, dng sng hi th ba
khng th chy qua, dng kch t vn gi hnh sin, do t thng trong li st khng
phi l hnh sin, tc c cha sng hi th ba. Do bin p ny l t hp ba ci mt pha,
- Trang 136 -
ng t mi ci mt ring, cho nn sng hi th ba thng qua li st v cm ng ra

in th sng hi th ba pha . Do in th sng hi th ba ca ba pha c cng
bi cng pha hnh thnh mch kn theo hnh . Trong s c dng sng hi th ba
thng qua, cho nn khng dng cu dao m c.
Hi: C ba my bin p mt pha c dung lng v t l s bin p ging nhau,
nhng ln ca li st, kch thc bn ngoi v s vng ca cao p, thp p u
khng bng nhau. Liu c th u thnh hoc Y cung cp ngun in ba pha?
p: Ba my bin p mt pha ch c hai iu kin ging nhau l dung lng
v t s bin p; nu u thnh hoc Y cung cp ngun in ba pha l khng
hp l. V ln ca li st v s vng ca cun u trc tip nh hng n
ln ca tr khng khng bng nhau u thnh ba pha th in p cng in c
th khng cn bng dn n bin p khng th vn hnh bnh thng.
Hi: C hai my bin p mt pha 220/110V, u theo kiu hnh V nh th
hin hnh 4 - 3 - 15. in p cc pha pha th cp ca bin p liu c bng nhau?
p: Nh th hin hnh 4 - 3 - 15, u x v b ni vi nhau th in p gia

ba pha bn th cp u l 110V. Gi ni u x vi u y, t s vc t c th
thy r in p pha ab v bc l 110V, cn in p pha ac l 3 ln in p pha ab;
tc 190V.
Hi: Khi u ngc cc tnh mt pha ca bin p ba pha Y/Yo - 12, s c
hin tng g?
p: Nu u ngc cc tnh mt pha ca bin p ba pha Y/Yo - 12 th sau
khi thng in, in p sinh ra bn th cp s thay i, trong in p dy ca hai
nhm s gim 1/ 3 ln so vi tr s c, in p dy ca nhm kia s duy tr tr s c
khng i. V d u ngc cc tnh ca pha B th in p bn th cp
UAB=BBC=UAC/ 3 , khi thc hin th nghim ngn mch bn pha th cp th dng
in dy 0 ca n Io = 2IA = 2IB = 2IC.
- Trang 137 -

Hi: Bn s cp ca hai bin p ba pha kiu Y/Y - 12 ging nhau u song
song, bn th cp cha u song song. Hi gia pha A bn th cp ca my bin p
1 vi pha B bn th cp ca my bin p 2 c in p khng? Nu im gia bn th
cp ca hai my bin p u tip t th c in p khng?
p: Bn th cp ca hai bin p cha u song song vi nhau, th l mi
lin h khng in, v th gia pha A bn th cp ca my bin p 1 v pha B bn
th cp ca my bin p 2 khng c in p. Nu im gia bn th cp ca hai
my bin p u tip t th bn th cp l mi lin h c in, lc ny s c in
p. ln ca in p ca n bng vi in p gia pha A, B ca cng mt my
bin p.
Hi: Ti sao bn s cp hoc th cp ca bin p ba pha dung lng ln
lun lun c mt bn u thnh ?
p: Khi bin p u theo Y/Y, th phn lng sng hi th ba ca dng kch
t cc pha khng th thng qua trong cch mc hnh sao khng c dy gia; lc ny
dng kch t vn gi gn nh sng sin, nhng do tnh cht phi tuyn ca t thng li
st bin p, t thng chnh s xut hin phn lng sng hi th ba. Do ln ca
t thng sng hi th ba cc pha bng nhau, v tr pha ging nhau, do khng th
thng qua li st ng kn, ch c th nh vo du, vch kt du, gng st hnh
thnh mch kn, nu sinh ra dng xoy trong cc chi tit ny s gy nng cc b, lm
gim hiu sut ca bin p. Cho nn bin p ba pha dung lng tng i ln hoc
in p tng i cao khng nn p dng cch u Y/Y.
Khi cun dy u kiu /Y th phn lng sng hi th ba ca dng in kch
t bn s cp c th thng qua, vy l t thng chnh c th vn gi sng sin nn
khng c phn lng sng hi th ba.
Khi cun dy u kiu Y/ th sng hi th ba trong dng kch t bn s cp
tuy khng th thng qua, sinh ra phn lng sng hi th ba trong t thng chnh,
nhng do bn s cp l u theo , in th sng hi th ba sinh ra dng in vng
sng hi th ba trong . Bn s cp c dng sng hi th ba tng ng cn bng vi
n; nn dng in vng ny s tr thnh dng in c tnh cht kch t. Lc ny, t
thng chnh ca bin p s do dng in kch t sng sin bn s cp v dng in
vng bn th cp cng kch t. Hiu qu ca n hon ton ging nh khi u /Y.
V th, t thng chnh cng l sng sin nn khng c phn lng sng hi th ba. Nh
vy, sau khi bin p ba pha s dng cch u /Y hoc Yl/ s khng sinh ra nng
cc b bi dng xoy sng hi th ba gy nn.
- Trang 138 -
4 - 4 o th my bin p
Hi: Ti sao th khng ti bin p c th o ra c tn hao trn st; cn th
ngn mch th c th o c tn hao trn ng?
p: Tn hao trn st ca bin p bao gm tn hao dng xoy v tn hao t
tr, khi tn s ca ngun in c nh, s quyt nh ln ca cng cm ng
t trong li st, tn hao trn ng ca bin p th ch yu do ln ca dng in
trong cun dy th cp quyt nh.
Khi th khng ti, dng in bn th cp bng 0, dng in khng ti bn s
cp rt nh th tn hao trn ng c th b qua khng tnh. Cn in p a vo bn
s cp l in p nh mc, cng cm ng t trong li st l tr s bnh thng
khi hot ng, cho nn cng sut u vo c bn tiu hao tn hao trn st. Khi th
nghim ngn mch, trong cun dy bn th cp u l dng in nh mc, cn in
p ngun in bn s cp tng i thp. Cng cm ng t trong li st tng
i nh, tn hao trn st cng c th b qua, cho nn cng sut u vo c bn tiu
hao trn ng.
Hi: Khi o t s bin p ca my bin p ng lc u /Y, khi u ngun
in xoay chiu mt pha vo u bn , ti sao in p o c trn ba u bn Y
c tr s khc nhau, c lc cn o c tr s 0?
p: Khi u in p ngun mt pha vo hai pha bt k ca cch u ,
tng ng vi em in p xoay chiu t ln cun dy ca mt pha no v
cun dy ca hai pha mc ni tip. Gi thit em in p mt pha t ln cun dy
bn tri hoc bn phi ca bin p ba pha. Do trong tnh hnh ny, ba pha ca bin p
c mch t di ngn khc nhau. Tr li st gia c mch t tng i ngn so vi
li st hai pha cn li. Cho nn tr li st gia c t thng tng i nhiu. Do
nhm cun dy pha gia c in th cm ng tng i ln so vi pha cn li. Khi
o bn Y s c ba tr s khc nhau. Khi em in p mt pha t ln cun dy tr
li st gia, do c t thng i xng, v th trong tr li st hai bn c t thng bng
nhau, cun dy trn hai tr li st cm ng in th bng nhau. Do cun dy ca hai
pha cch u Y l mc ni tip ngc chiu, cho nn lc ny khi o in p ca hai
pha s c tr s 0.
Hi: Khi hin trng dng cu dao xung kch ngun in ca h thng
tin hnh th nghim khng ti bin p, ti sao cun dy dng in ca ampe k v
ot k dng o c u phi u ngn mch?
p: Bi v s dng cu dao xung kch ngun in ca h thng, lc ny
dng in cu dao xung kch hnh thnh trong qu trnh qu tc th, dng in cao
gp 4 ~ 7 ln dng in nh mc. ln ca n thay i theo v tr pha ca ngun
in khonh khc ng cu dao v suy gim theo thng s thi gian T o = L/r. V th
khi th nghim, phi u ngn mch cun dy dng in ca ampe k v ot k
nhm trnh lm chy hng ampe k v ot k hoc chm gy, cong kim.
- Trang 139 -

Hi: Khi th nghim chu p vi tn s quc t, ly s c c vn k
bn in p thp ca bin p th nghim nh gi in p th nghim, phi chng
l ln hn?
p: Cha chc. Dng phng php ny nh gi in p th nghim ch
khi tr khng ca bin p th nghim tng i nh m tr khng ph ti tng i
ln mi tng i chnh xc. Nu khng kt qu o c va c kh nng ln hn
hoc cng c kh nng nh hn. Khi trong mch th nghim c tnh cht cm khng,
bn cao p c st p th s c ca vn k bn thp p s ln hn, cn khi trong
mng th nghim c tnh cht dung khng, bn cao p c tng p th s c ca vn
k bn thp p s nh hn. Ngoi ra, nu khi thit b in b o c r in tng i
ln th dng in ph ti ca bin p th nghim tng ln th tnh hnh trn mi tng
i r.
Hi: Ti sao khi tin hnh th nghim chu p xoay chiu i vi bin th
110kV tr ln phi sau khi gia nhit (60 ~ 70oC) ri mi tin hnh?
p: Do khi du bin p vo s sinh ra mt s bt, cc bt kh ny c th
bm trn cun dy, cho d bin p tt cng d dn n s c phng in. Cn di
trng thi gia nhit, khng nhng bt kh s b kh sch, ng thi tng i gn
vi tnh trng vn hnh thc t ca bin th, nh vy cng bo m cht lng th
nghim.
Hi: Khi dng mch in hnh 4 - 4 - 6 (a) lm th nghim khng ti ca
bin p v dng mch in 4 - 4 - 6 (b) lm th nghim ngn mch ca bin p, ti
sao v tr ca ampe k v vn k khc nhau?
p: Bi v, khi dng mch in hnh (a) lm th nghim khng ti bin p

th dng in khng ti tng i nh, st p trn ampe k rt nh, cho nn sai s o
ca vn k v ot k tng i nh. Ngc li, nu o vn k v ampe k th do
bn th cp bin p h mch, tr khng rt ln, tin hnh o so snh th tr khng
ca vn k t ra khng ln, tc dng phn dng ca n tng i r, v th sai s o
ca ampe k v ot k tng i ln. Cng l , khi dng mch in hnh (b) lm
th nghim ngn mch, do pha th cp ca bin p ngn mch, tr khng rt nh,
tr khng u vo ca vn k t ra tng i ln, tc dng phn dng khng r rt,
v th sai s o ca ampe k v ot k tng i nh. Ngc li, nu em vn k v
ampe k o trc sau th do khi th nghim ngn mch, dng in t n tr s
- Trang 140 -
nh mc ca bin p, v th st p trn ampe k rt ln, sai s o ca vn k v ot

k s tng i ln.
Hi: Khi tin hnh th nghim chu p ca thit b in trong ngun in h
bn dy pha, bin p th nghim u vo in p pha hay in p dy?
p: S nh thng thit b in trong th nghim chu p c lin quan ti tr
s bin sng in p. Trong in p pha cha in p sng hi th ba; sng in
p th hin khng phi hnh sin, khin cch in d b nh thng. Trong in p
dy, do sng hi th ba ca hai pha trit tiu nhau, sng in p th hin l hnh sin,
bn cao p cng khng c hin tng bin dao ng ca sng in p tng cao. V
th, khi lm th nghim chu p nn s dng in p dy.
Hi: Khi tin hnh th nghim chu p i vi bin p cao p dung lng ln,
ti sao phi dng khe h hnh cu o in p th nghim m khng dng vn k?
p: Khi in p th nghim c o t bn pha thp p ri dng t s bin
p tnh i ra, do tc dng ca dng in dung ca bin p th nghim s gy st
p trong bin th th nghim, khin in p m cun dy bin p b th nghim nhn
c cao hn tr s tnh i ra. i vi bin p cao p dung lng ln, nh hng
ny s gy ra sai s rt ln, cho nn phi trc tip o in p bn cao p. Nhng,
thng thng phm vi in p o ca cc loi ng h dng b h cm khng cao,
m in p c o bng ng h kiu in t, ch l tr s hu hiu ca in p.
ng thi, do hnh sng bn cao p thay i cng s gy ra sai s. Cho nn khi tin
hnh th nghim chu p vi bin p cao p dung lng ln nn s dng khe h hnh
cu o tr s ln nht ca in p th nghim.
Hi: Tin hnh th nghim chu p tn s chung ca bin p dung lng ln,
trc khi th nghim, pha cao p hiu chnh khe h phng in qu cu ng.
Nhng trong th nghim thng thng ln cha ti in p th nghim qu cu
ng
bt u phng in, ngng li, ly bin p th nghim ra, kim tra li in p
phng in ca qu cu ng, thy bng vi tr s hiu chnh ban u. Ti sao?
p: l hin tng qu cu ng phng in sm trong th nghim chu
p tn s lm vic. Do trong mch cao p ca bin p th nghim, tn ti dung khng
ca vt th nghim, gy nn t s bin p ca bin p th nghim tng theo khi in
p tng cao. V th, lc ny s c ca vn k khng th hin c in p ln nht
tht s trong mch cao p. Tr s ln nht ca in p tht s c th hin trong
vic nh thng khe h qu cu ng. V th, phi tuyt i tin tng khe h qu
cu ng, khng c s o ca vn k m lm cho vt th nghim qu p.
Hi: Trong ng dy siu cao p, ti sao o in p u dng b h cm
in p kiu xuyn cp?
- Trang 141 -
p: Trng lng ca b h cm in p gn nh t l thun vi bnh

phng in p, b h cm trong ng dy siu cao p t phi tht ln. tit
kim vt liu kim loi, chng ta thng dng mt s b h cm c cp in p nh
ni thnh kiu xuyn cp tit kim vt liu, gim trng lng. Nh trong mch
in 220kV dng bn b h cm in p 55kV, tng trng lng ca chng bng
khong mt phn t trng lng ca b h cm 220kV.
Hi: Bin p dung lng ln tin hnh th nghim chu p tn s lm vic
xoay chiu, khi bin p b nh thng, ch bo ca ampe k ni chung l tng ln.
Nhng ti sao c lc li khng thay i, thm ch cn gim xung?
p: Mch in ng tr th nghim chu p tn s lm vic xoay chiu ca
bin p nh th hin hnh 4 - 4 - 11. Trong hnh, XL l in khng ca bin p th
nghim; XC l dung khng ca bin p th nghim. Trong tnh
hnh chung, v XC >> XL, tc XC - XL (in khng mch in
trc khi nh thng) >> XL (in khng mch in sau khi
nh thng), cho nn tng in khng ca mch in sau khi
nh thng gim nh, ch bo ca ampe k tng ln. Khi XC =
2XL , tc XC - XL = XL th do tng tr khng ca mch in
trc v sau khi b nh thng khng i, cho nn chi bo ca
ampe k khng thay i. Khi XC < 2XL , tc khi XC - XL < XL th tng in khng ca
mch in sau khi nh thng tng ln, cho nn ch bo ca ampe k gim xung.
Qua c th thy, khi thc t th nghim s thay i s ch bo ca ampe k
sau khi bin p th nghim b nh thng ch yu quyt nh bi dung lng ca
bin p th nghim v bin p b th nghim.
Hi: Bin p sau khi du c th tin hnh th nghim chu p hay khng?
p: Bin p sau khi du, khng c tin hnh th nghim chu p ngay.
V khi du vo, bt kh ln trong du s bm vo cch in ca cun dy, cng
chu p ca khng kh thp hn nhiu so vi cng chu p ca du bin th
(ch bng 1/20 ~ 1/15) cn in p th nghim chu p xoay chiu ca bin p cao hn
nhiu so vi in p nh mc ca n. Sau khi c bt kh bm vo cch in ca
cun dy rt c th cng gy hin tng phng in trong bin th, thm ch nh
thng cch in tt. Cho nn bin th sau khi bm du, phi ch hn 10 gi bt
kh b y ht ra khi b h hp mi tin hnh th nghim chu p.
Hi: Ti sao bin p ng lc phi tin hnh th nghim chu p cm ng?
p: Cch in ca bin p chia ra cch in chnh v cch in ph. Cch
in chnh l cch in gia cun dy ca hai cp in p v cch in i vi t.
Cch in ph l cch in gia cc vng, gia cc lp, gia cc on ca bn thn
cun dy cng cp in p. Khi th nghim, cao p bn ngoi t vo, th in p th
nghim m cc v tr ca cun dy b th nghim chu i vi t u bng nhau, nh
vy cch in chnh c kim tra, nhng cch in ph vn cha c th.
Th nghim chu p cm ng l t in p gp hai ln hoc trn hai ln in p
- Trang 142 -
kch t nh mc ln bn thp p my bin p, trong cun dy cao p cm ng ra in

p cao tng ng th nghim in p phn b theo cun dy, n c th kim
nghim cch in ph. Ngoi ra, i vi bin p m cch in ca im trung
tnh thp hn b phn u th th nghim cao p bn ngoi t vo l khng thch
hp, v rng iu ny s lm cho phn u, phn cui ca bin p loi ny vn c
cch in khc nhau u b t di in p th nghim ging nhau. Do cch
in chnh v cch in ph ca bin p loi ny phi dng th nghim cao p cm
ng kho nghim.
Hi: Th nghim chu p cm ng ti sao khng th s dng ngun in
50Hz m s dng ngun in 100 ~ 400Hz?
p: Quan h gia in th cm ng E trong cun dy bin p v mt t
B trong tr st l E = 4.44fWBS x 10-8V. Khi kt cu ca bin p xc nh th s
vng ca cun dy W, tit din tnh ca tr li st S (cm2) l tr s c nh. Do E
= kfB, tc E t l thun vi tn s f v B (Gaox), cn c vo yu cu th nghim
chu p cm ng, khi nng in p ln gp hai ln tr s nh mc, nu f duy tr 50Hz
khng thay i th B phi nng ln ti hai ln tr s bnh thng. iu khin li
st bo ha qu mc, do lm cho dng in khng ti tng n mc khng th cho
php. lm cho B v dng in khng ti khng tng, thm ch gim khi in p
tng u gp 2 ln th ch cn nng f ca ngun in th nghim chu p cm ng ln
n trn hai ln tn s nh mc l c. Do , tn s th nghim chu p cm ng
nn p dng 100 ~ 400Hz.
Hi: Bin p sau khi th nghim cch in gia cc lp, ti sao phi kim tra
dng in khng c ph ti v tn tht khng ti?
p: Bin p sau khi th nghim cch in gia cc lp, phi tin hnh kim
tra dng in khng ti v tn tht khng ti so snh vi s liu o c trc
khi th nghim cch in gia cc lp, nu c tng ln, chng t sau khi qua th
nghim cch in gia cc lp cch in gia cc vng dy tr nn xu nn gia
cc vng cch in tr nn xu xy ra ngn mch.
- Trang 143 -
4 - 5 Vn hnh my bin p
Hi: My bin p trong khi vn hnh c th da vo m thanh ca n pht ra
phn on tnh hnh vn hnh khng?
p: C th da vo m thanh phn on tnh hnh vn hnh ca my bin
p. Dng mt u que g t ln thng du ca bin p, cn u kia t gn tai lng
nghe m thanh. Nu c m thanh "ong ong" lin tc, nng hn bnh thng th phi
kim tra in p v nhit xem c qu cao khng, nu khng c tnh hnh khc
thng, kim tra li st c b r lng khng. Khi nghe ting "xt xt" phi kim tra b
mt ng lng xem c hin tng chp rch khng, nu khng c tnh hnh khc
thng phi kim tra bn trong. Khi nghe ting "bch x" th phi kim tra tnh hnh
cch in gia cc cun dy hoc gia li st vi tm kp xem c hin tng nh
thng khng?
Hi: Khi ng cu dao khng ti ca bin p c ln, ti sao phi mc ni
tip mt in tr vo gia bn s cp vi li in, mc xong li ngt mch n?
p: Bin p khi ng cu dao khng ti s sinh ra dng in bin i tc
th; li st cng bo ha th dng in ny s cng ln. T s gia in cm v in
tr ca bin th cng ln th thi gian n tn ti cng cng lu. Khi thit k bin p
ln, mt t thng ly tng i cao. V th dng in ny c th t ti gp 6 ~
7 ln dng in nh mc, li v bin p c ln th in cm ln, in tr nh, v
th n tn ti cng tng i lu, vt qu thi gian qui nh bo v ca rle bin
p, nn c ng tc nhy cu dao... Sau khi mc ni tip in tr vo, gim c
cng dng in, cng gim t s gia in cm v in tr, rt ngn ng k
thi gian tn ti ca dng in ny, khin n nh hn thi gian qui nh bo v ca
rle, trnh c ng tc nhm.
Hi: Khi trn mch u ni bn ngoi ca bin p xy ra s c ngn mch
th bn trong bin th c nh hng g?
p: Do s c ngn mch bn ngoi bin p khin trong bin th sinh ra ng
lc c hc (lc in ng) rt ln. ng lc c hc ny nn p cun dy, sau khi
khc phc s c th ng lc cng mt. Qu trnh ny s lm cho cun dy c hin
tng r lng, m lt cch in v tm m ca cun dy cng lng ra, thm ch b
tut, nu nghim trng c th lm bin dng cch iu ca bu lng kp li st v
lm i hnh dng cun dy. Cun dy b r hoc bin dng li chu ng lc c hc
c th lm hng cch in, gy ngn mch gia cc vng.
Hi: Ti sao bin p mi lp hoc sau khi i tu, trc khi a vo vn hnh
phi tin hnh th nghim ng cu dao xung kch 3 - 5 ln?
p: Bin p mi lp hoc i tu, trc khi a vo vn hnh phi tin hnh
th nghim ng cu dao xung kch ch yu l nhm kim tra tnh hnh bn trong ca
- Trang 144 -
n xem c khc thng khng. Do thi im ng cu dao xung kch, bin p phi
chu qu p gp 2 - 3 ln in p pha, nh vy khng nhng c th kim tra tnh hnh
bn trong bin p, m cn c th kim tra rle liu c trnh c dng in kch t
khng ng tc nhm.
Hi: Bin p th nghim chu p t yu cu, khi a vo vn hnh, rle
gas ca n c ng tc nhy cu dao. Nguyn nhn g?
p: in p a vo khi th nghim chu p c phn b ton b ln cch
in (cch in chnh) gia dy dn vi t, nn th nghim chu p ch c th kt
lun c cch in chnh c t yu cu khng thi, i vi ngn mch gia cc
lp do hng cch in gia cc lp gy nn th khng th dng th nghim chu p
kt lun. Bin p th nghim chu p qui cch vn c th c khim khuyt
ngn mch gia cc lp, khi c in vo, h quang ca im ngn mch s dn n
phn gii du, do rle gas c ng tc nhy cu dao. Cho nn, trong th nghim d
phng ca bin p, ngoi vic phi lm th nghim chu p cch in chnh ra, cn
phi lm th nghim chu p gia cc lp cm ng, nhm phn on cch in gia
cc lp c t yu cu khng.
Hi: S ln ko ng cu dao bin p khng ti qu nhiu c nh hng g
n bin p?
p: Khi ko cu dao bin p khng ti, t trng trong li st nhanh chng
mt i, do s thay i nhanh chng ca t trng trong cun dy sinh ra in p rt
cao. Nh vy c kh nng nh thng ch cch in yu ca bin p. Khi ng cu
dao, c kh nng sinh ra qu dng tc th tng i ln, lm cho cc cun dy chu
ng lc c hc rt ln, gy bin dng cun dy, hng cch in. Nn s ln ko,
ng cu dao bin p qu nhiu s nh hng n tui th s dng.
Hi: Ti sao tr s tr khng ca bin p s dng nh my in hoc trm
bin in phi cao hn bin p ph thng?
p: Bi v h thng m nh my in (trm bin in) s dng, cch ngun
in (my pht in hoc bin p chnh) tng i gn. Khi xy ra s c ngn
mch thp p, nu tng tr khng tng i nh th dng in ngn mch tng
i ln, dung lng ngt dng ca b ngt mch cng phi ln, nu khng s gy
s c n b ngt mch.
hn ch dng in ngn mch trong h thng s dng ca nh my in
(trm bin in) khin n c th p ng yu cu lp b ngt mch c nh hoc s
dng cu ch trong h thng thp p, nn tr khng ca bin p chn s dng phi
cao hn bin p ng lc ph thng cng dung lng.
Hi: Qua mu sc cht kh thot ra t rle gas ca bin p, lm sao phn on
c tnh cht s c ca bin p?
- Trang 145 -
p: Cht kh thot ra t trong rle gas ca bin p nu ton l mu nu en,

li c tnh d chy, chng t s c ca bin p tng i nghim trng, du t
phn gii; nu cht kh ton l mu xm nht, chng t cch in si ca cun dy
bin th c s c; nu cht kh ton l mu vng, chng t cch in g ca bin p
c s c, nu ton l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, chng t khng kh lt vo
trong bin p.
Hi: Thit b ti sinh du xi phng nng ca bin p c th a t vo lu
di khng ?
p: S dng thit b ti sinh du xi phng nng ca bin p cn cn c vo
tnh hnh cha mi cht axt trong du bin p quyt nh. Thng thng ma h
vn hnh 1 - 2 thng, ma ng 3 - 5 thng th phi ngh vn hnh. Khi du xu c
ti dng, nu a vo vn hnh lu di, kt qu s dn n du bin p lc luyn
qu mc. Du bin p lc luyn qu mc s c bit nhy cm vi nh sng, tia t
ngoi c th lm cho phn t cacbua hydro ca du sinh ra gc t do, tng nhanh xy
ha du, nh vy, kt qu l thit b ti sinh du gy nn phn tc dng.
Hi: Ti sao phi theo di tng nhit ca bin p? Nhit tng phi
chng cng thp cng tt?
p: Nhit ca bin p l mt trong cc tham s vn hnh quan trng.
Nhit qu cao th cht cch in lo ha nhanh, khi nghim trng, s tr nn gin
d nt, t lm hng cun dy bin p. Ngoi ra, cho d cch in cha hng,
nhng nhit qu cao, tnh nng ca vt liu cch in tr nn xu d b cao p
nh thng, gy ra s c. V th, nhn vin trc ban trm bin in phi theo di
mc tng nhit ca bin p, khng c vt qu nhit cho php ca vt liu
cch in. Nhng nhit ca bin p khng phi cng thp cng tt. Bi v vt
liu c cp cch in nht nh th cho php vn hnh lu di nhit nht nh.
Dung lng nh mc ca bin p l cn c vo nhit cho php ca vt liu cch
in xc nh, di dung lng nh mc, bin p c th vn hnh lu di. Nu
nhit ca bin p qu thp, chng t bin p c ti nh, vt liu khng c li
dng ht, do khng kinh t.
Hi: My iu p t ngu ti sao khng nn vn hnh lu mt in p no
?
p: Nguyn l iu chnh in p ca my iu p t ngu l in p s cp
khng thay i, in p th cp do chi than d ng dng trn cc v tr khc nhau
ca cun dy nn thu c in p khc nhau. Chi than v tr no lun lun lm
ngn mch mt s vng cun dy, lc trong mch v ca cc cun dy ngn
mch, dng in tng i ln, dng in ny thng qua lu s lm lo ha cch
in ca cun dy do qu nng, cng c hc v cch in gim thp. V th
khng nn vn hnh lu tr s in p no .
- Trang 146 -

Hi: Ti sao khi in p ca bin p vt qu 5% tr s nh mc, ni chung
khng th bo m dung lng nh mc?
p: Bi v, khi thit k bin p ni chung s dng mt t thng gn
tr s bo ha. Khi in p vt qu 5%, t thng t n bo ha, v th dng
in kch t tng mnh s khng th bo m li vn hnh di ph ti dung lng
nh mc, nu khng bin p s vn hnh qu ti, pht nng.
Hi: Khi bin p t ngu v bin p hai cun dy xy ra s c ngn mch th
loi no nguy him hn?
p: Bin p t ngu nguy him hn. Bi v tr khng ngn mch ca bin
p t ngu ch 1 - 2%, thm ch di l%. V th, dng in khi xy ra s c ngn
mch ln gp khong 100 ln so vi dng in nh mc. Tr khng ngn mch ca
bin p hai cun dy l khong 4 - l0%, dng in ngn mch ca n gp khong 10
- 25 ln dng in nh mc (khng tnh tr khng mch in). Do ng lc c hc
sinh ra bi dng in ngn mch t l thun vi bnh phng ca dng in, cho nn
khi xy ra s c ngn mch, ng lc m bin p t ngu phi chu s ln hn nhiu
so vi bin p hai cun dy, kh nng b hng ln hn.
im?

Hi: Ti sao li st ca bin p phi tip t, m ch c th tip t mt
p: Khi bin p vn hnh, li st trong t trng mnh, c in th rt

cao. Nu khng tip t t s sinh ra hiu in th tng i cao gia bin p vi
kt du, gng st c tip t, dn n hin tng phng in; gy ra s c.
Nhng nu em vo im trn phin thp silic li st tip t th quanh ch tip t
ca phin thp silic s hnh thnh mch kn ca dng xoy khin tn tht dng xoy
tng, gy nng cc b li st. iu cng khng c php. Tuy gia phin thp
silic c sn cch in nhng in tr cch in ca n tng i nh, ch c th
ngn dng xoy ch khng th ngn dng in cm ng cao p, nn ch cn mt
phin thp silic tip t s tng ng nh c li st tip t (tip t mt im).
Hi: i vi bin p ba cun dy. Khi cun dy thp p vn hnh h mch
khng c ph ti th cn ch iu g?
p: i vi bin p ba cun dy, khi cun dy thp p vn hnh h mch
khng c ph ti th cn ch vn , do cm ng tnh in c kh nng nguy hi
ti cch in ca cun dy thp p. Cho nn, trong hnh thc vn hnh ny cn tm
thi tip t dy ra mt pha ca cun dy thp p, nu cun dy thp p vn c b
chng st kiu van th b chng st ny c th bo v qu p cm ng tnh in ny,
khng cn tip t tm thi na.
Hi: C mt my bin p phn phi in ba pha u dy theo /Y xy ra s
c, lm cho mt c nh ba pha 380V u quay ngc. Qua kim tra, mt pha ca
- Trang 147 -
cun dy bn cao p bin th b t dy (xem hnh 4 - 5 - 16 (a)). Th th ti sao mt

li quay ngc?
p: Khi cun dy mt pha bn cao p b t dy, Cng dng din cun

dy ny bng 0, s ampe/vng kch t trn tr li st ca pha ny cng l 0, nhng
cn c t thng chnh A , C do cun dy hai pha A, C sinh ra thng qua tr li st
pha B to thnh mch kn. in th do t thng hp thnh ny cm ng ra trn cun
dy bn thp p ca li st pha B l Eyb. ln ca n bng vi in th pha b bn
thp p bnh thng, chiu ngc nhau, nh th hin hnh (b). Vy l, th t pha
bn thp p vn quay thun chiu kim ng h chuyn thnh quay ngc chiu kim
ng h. Do cc mt c nh do bin th phn phi in ny cung cp in u
quay ngc.
Hi: Dng ba bin th u thnh Y/Yo, cung cp cho ph ti mt pha, s c
nhc im g?
p: Cch u Y/Yo ca t my bin p ba pha c th coi nh l ba ph ti
ng tr u vi ngun in. Nh vy, c th thy r: khi nu tr khng ca ba ph
ti khng bng nhau th in p ca pha tr khng cng nh, khng nhng khng th
cung cp in m in p cc pha khc tng cao, c nguy c chy hng ph ti.
Hin tng ny c th thy do dng in ra ca mt pha ph ti cm ng
n cun dy, gy ra dng in iA, iA chia lm hai ng chy qua hai pha B, C. Nu
b qua dng in kch t v chnh lch tr khng ca hai bin p ny, th iB = iC.iB v
iC ln hn dng in kch t vn c, dn n in p tng cao. Nu u ngn mch
mt pha th in p hai pha kia s tng cao ti in p dy, cho nn cch u ny rt
t dng.
Hi: Bin p hai cun dy ba pha nh hnh 4 - 5 - 18 c th mc song song
vn hnh khng?
p: Mc song song nh th hin hnh 4 - 5 - 18 thc cht l, mt my bin
p vn hnh theo th t pha, cn my bin p kia vn hnh ngc th t pha.
Vi bin p theo cch u dy Y/Yo-12, bn thp p
v bn cao p trng hp nhau trn trc i xng hnh hc.
Cao p, thp p khng lch gc pha, pha A, C v B u
cch nhau 120o, pha A c th lm pha C, pha C c th lm
pha A. V th ch cn em pha a, c bn thp p ca bin p
vn hnh ngc th t pha i cho nhau th c th mc
song song nh hnh v.
- Trang 148 -
Vi bin p theo cch u dy Y/ - 11, bn thp p u tam gic vect hp

thnh so vi vect bn cao p, tr sau mt gc pha 30o. Nu em hai my bin p u
ngc th t pha th vect hp thnh bn thp p o trc vect bn cao p mt gc
30o, hai in p dy bn thp p lch pha nhau 60 o, cho nn khng th u song song
theo hnh 4 - 5 - 18. trnh s c ngn mch, khng th ty tin u dy nh trn.
Hi: Khi mch iu chnh in p xoay chiu 3 pha thirixto s dng dy 0 lm
mch v cho dng in, ti sao my bin p chnh lu c th s dng ba bin p
kiu mt pha m khng th s dng bin p kiu ba pha ba tr?
p: Mch iu chnh in p xoay chiu ba pha thirixto s dng dy 0 lm
mch ln cho dng in, khi gc dn thng nh, c dng sng hi th ba tng i
ln chy qua. Nu bin th chnh lu p dng kiu ba pha ba tr th t thng sng
hi th ba khng th to thnh mch kn trong li st m ch c th thng qua chi tit
bng st quanh to thnh mch kn, khin cc chi tit st ny nng ln, tng
tn hao ca bin p gim hiu sut. Lc , dng ra ca b th cp bin p khng
ln, cn dng bn s cp li rt ln. Nu s dng ba bin p kiu mt pha th c th
trnh c khim khuyt trn.
Hi: Khi b ngt mch ct bin p c ti v bin p khng ti, th trong
trng hp no, kh nng bin p sinh ra qu p ln hn?
p: Khi b ngt mch ngt mch xoay chiu ca bin p c ph ti s sinh
ra h quang tng i ln. Do , ni chung, phi khi dng in thay i vt qua
im 0 mi c th lm tt h quang. Lc ny, nng lng tch tr trong in cm
bin p bng 0, in nng t i trong in dung i vi t ca bin p s nhanh
chng thng qua in cm gii phng ht, nn kh sinh ra qu p.
Tr s bin dng in khng ti Io ca bin p khng ti l rt nh, ch c
1 - 2% ca dng in nh mc, cho nn b ngt mch c kh nng lm tt h
quang, c th ngt dng in ngn mch cc ln, th i vi dng in khng ti
nh nh vy c th d dng ct trc khi dng in vt qua im 0. Lc ny, nng
lng tch tr trong in cm khng th thay i t ngt xung 0, s np in cho
in dung rt nh ca chnh bin p, khin Io gim mnh, tc bin i dng in
rt ln, in th cm ng s c th t ti tr s rt cao, v th kh nng sinh ra qu
p khi b ngt mch ct bin p khng ti s tng i ln.
Hi: Bin p du tun hon cng bc sau khi ngng bm du, cho d l ti
nh hoc khng ti, ti sao u khng th tip tc vn hnh. Ti sao bin p kiu
ngm du qut gi, sau khi ngng qut, ch cn giam dung lng thch hp l vn c
th vn hnh lu di?
p: Trn v bin p du tun hon cng bc khng c b ta nhit. Vic
ta nhit hon ton da vo s tun hon u cng bc. Nu du ngng tun hon
th cho d vn hnh khng ti cng khng th tn pht nhit lng do tiu hao khng
ti sinh ra. V th, loi bin p ny, sau khi ngng bm du tun hon, trong 10~20
pht phi ngng vn hnh. Bin p ngm du qut gi, trn kt du c lp b tn
- Trang 149 -
nhit c lp qut gi th hiu sut lm mt b mt kt du v b ta nhit c th

nng cao 50 - 60%, dung lng ca n cng c th nng cao 30% tr ln. Sau khi
ngng qut vn c th vn hnh vi 66.7% ph ti. Do ch cn ph ti khng
vt qu 66.7% tr s nh mc th bin p vn c th vn hnh lu di.
Hi: Khi hai my bin p vn hnh ring l (cng c th vn hnh song song
thi gian ngn) nu mun ngng mt my m li khng nh hng sn xut th
phi thao tc th no?
p: Trc tin phi ng hp cng tc chung bn thp p, khin hai bin p
vn hnh song song, sau ko m b ngt mch tng du v cng tc ngn cch
thp p ca my bin p cn ngng s dng. Sau cng ko m b ngt mch du v
cu dao bn cao p th s a bin p ngng s dng ra khi vn hnh. Lc ny cn
ch xem my bin p ang vn hnh c qu p khng.
Hi: Trm bin p phn phi in ca phn xng hoc n v quan trng
u p ng hai ngun cp in, cng tc chung bn thp p my bin p ca n c
th thng xuyn ng hp vn hnh song song?
p: Trong tnh hnh bnh thng, hai ng in nn vn hnh ring, hoc
vn hnh mt ng, cn mt ng lm d b ch khi o bi ph ti, mi qua
cng tc chung in p thp vn hnh song song tm thi trong thi gian ngn.
Nu c ng hp cng tc chung bn thp p vn hnh song song trong thi gian
lu th trong tnh hnh c bit, nu ngun in mt ng no do s c t ngt
gin on, ngun in ca ng khc s t ng gnh vc ton b ph ti ca n
v ny; hn na ph ti cao p bn mt in s thng qua cng tc chung thp p
em hai my bin p ni tip li cp in ngc. Nh vy t s hnh thnh qu
ti nghim trng cho bin p, t m rng s c, gy mt in phm vi rng hn.
Hi: Cng tc tch ni ca b iu p c ti phi dng n hai u tip xc
ng Kl v K2. ch u tip Xc Cn phi mc ni tip in tr R (4 - 5 - 24). Vy
m cng tc tch ni khng ti ph thng ch dng mt u tip xc m u tip xc
cng khng mc ni tip in tr, ti sao?
p: B iu p c ti l t trong cun dy bin p ko ra
vi u chia thng qua cng tc tch ni, trong tnh hnh c ph ti,
t u chia ny chuyn i sang u chia khc, t thay i s
vng cun dy, t c mc ch iu chnh in p. Trong qu
trnh iu chnh in p, nu ch dng mt u tip xc ng, tin
hnh chuyn i qua li gia u tip xc c nh ni cc u
nhnh th s dn n h quang, sau khi h quang tt s gy ngt in tc th. Nu p
dng hai u tip xc ng th trc khi chuyn i u tip xc ng, K l v K2 u
trn u nhnh 2, khi chuyn i, trc tin chuyn Kl n u nhnh 1, sau
mi ngt K2 kh 2. Nh vy s khng gy nn ngt in, sau cng K2 cng chuyn
n v tr 1, hon thnh ct chuyn. Nhng trong khonh khc ca qu trnh ct
chuyn, mun hnh thnh mch kn do 2K2Kl 1 to thnh, s sinh ra dng in
- Trang 150 -
vng tng i ln, khi K2 ngt khi 2, s sinh ra h quang, nn trong u tip xc
ng c mc ni tip in tr hn dng R.
Cng tc tch ni khng ti ph thng tin hnh ct chuyn trong tnh hnh
ngt in. Trong qu trnh ct chuyn khng tn ti vn ngt in v sinh ra h
quang. V th ch dng mt u tip xc ng v khng cn in tr mc ni tip.
- Trang 151 -
4 - 6 B iu Chnh in p v b h cm
Hi: Ti sao chi in ca bin p iu p c ch to rt hp? Ti sao
khng s dng chi in bng ng - graphit bn chc?
p: Chi in ca bin p iu p ni chung u dng chi in cacbon
-graphit, v ch to rt hp, thng khng vt qu rng hai si dy dn ca
cun dy. Bi v phn tip xc gia chi in vi cun dy s trc tip hnh thnh
ngn mch, chi in cng rng th s si ca cun dy b ngn mch cng nhiu.
ln ca dng in ngn mch hon ton do ln ca in tr bn trong chi
in quyt nh. Nu s dng chi in bng ng - graphit c in tr bn trong
rt nh t s gy nn dng in ngn mch tng i ln, khin cun dy pht
nng, chy hng.
Hi: Bin p t ngu vi u vo 220V, u ra 0 - 250V, khi nm xoay xoay
n in p u ra bng 0, nu tay ngi chm phi dy dn ra, c nguy him
khng?
p: Tuyt i khng c. V bn s cp v bn th
cp ca bin p t ngu trc tip thng nhau, khng c ngn
cch v in (nh hnh 4 - 6 - 2). u ra D ni lin vi u
vo B. Khi du C quay n trng vi u D, in p gia C, D
ca u ra tuy bng 0, phi xem u vo B u vo li in
nh th no quyt nh. Gi s u B va ng u vo
dy 0 ca li in th in p u ra vi t l 0, lc ny tay
chm vo u ra khng nguy him. Nhng nu u B u vi
dy nng ca li in th in p u ra i vi t l 220V,
lc ny ngi chm vo u ra s nguy him.
Hi: Ti sao in p nh mc bn th cp ca b h cm dng in u l
5 ampe?
p: Tc dng ca b h cm dng in l chuyn i dng in ln ca
bn s cp vi tr s bt k thnh dng in nh m cc loi ng h ph thng bn
th cp c th o c, cung cp ngun cho ng h o c v thit b bo v.
Dng in nh mc bn th cp ca b h cm dng in u s dng 5 ampe l
nhm tiu chun ha c c dng in bn th cp tiu chun, c th lm cho ton
b thit b in trong mch th hai u p dng kiu tiu chun ha.
Hi: Trong bin p iu p 10kV, tc dng ca cun dy L l g?
- Trang 152 -
p: Nu b L th bin thnh mch in do hai my bin p iu p t ngu

mc song song to thnh, xem hnh 4 - 6 - 4 (b). Bin p u song song mun vn
hnh phi ph hp ba iu kin: cc lin kt ging nhau, in p tr khng bng
nhau, t s bin p bng nhau. Hai iu kin trc tha mn, nhng t s thng
thng do s khc bit ca hai c cu trc, tip im trt trong qu trnh iu
chnh in p hoc do s khc bit v qun cun dy nn kh thc hin c hon

ton. V d, t s bin p KA > KB, th in th bn th cp EA < EB trong hai cun
dy th cp s xut hin tr s hiu th in ng E = EB - EA. Di tc dng ca
E, mch cun dy th cp s sinh ra dng in vng In, tng thm tn hao ph. Sau
khi c L th c th gim thiu dng in vng trong cun dy th cp.
Hi: B h cm dng in kiu xuyn tm, ti sao ch c cun dy th hai m
khng c cun dy th nht (nh hnh 4 - 6 - 5)? Nguyn l ca n ra sao?
p: B h cm dng in kiu xuyn tm c li st hnh vng, khi s dng,
dy ci c o s xuyn vo gia li st hnh vng, dy ci ny thay cho cun dy
th nht, cho nn b h cm ch c cun dy th hai.
Khi b h cm dng in kiu xuyn tm hot
ng, do tc dng ca dng in dy ci trong li st
hnh vng s sinh ra t thng, t thng xuyn qua cun
dy th hai, trong cun dy th hai cm ng ra in p
th hai v hnh thnh dng in. ln ca dng in
th hai ny t l thun vi dng in th nht (dng
in dy ci). Nh vy, s c th phn nh ln ca
dng in trong dy ci trn ampe k ca cun dy th hai.
Hi: Ti sao t s cng dng in ghi trn nhn (t s nhn) b h cm
dng in lun lun ln hn t s vng thc t ca n?
p: Nu t s nhn ca b h cm dng in bng t s vng, th do chu
nh hng bi tn hao dng in kch t, dng in th cp ca n lun nh hn tr
s dng in th cp c tnh ra t bn s cp. iu ny dn n dng in th
cp v dng in th cp c chit tnh ra khng bng v tr s, v tr pha cng
khc nhau, tc s lm cho b h cm dng in sinh ra sai s (sai v tr t s v gc
pha). gim sai s, ngoi gim thiu dng in kch t ra cn p dng phng
- Trang 153 -
php b s vng hoc b vng s l ca cun dy th cp, tc s vng thc t ca

cun dy th cp t hn s vng tnh ton mt cht. Nh vy c th gim thiu sai
s trong phm vi dng in nh mc ca b h cm dng in.
Hi: Ti sao khi cng dng in nh mc ca b h cm dng in
di 200A th cun dy s cp thng qun thnh kiu nhiu vng, cn khi trn
600A th thng qun thnh kiu mt vng?
p: Sai s ca b h cm dng in gn nh t l nghch vi t th (tc
ampe s vng) bn s cp. Khi dng in nh mc tng i nh, nu p dng kiu
mt vng th t th ca n tng i nh, sai s s ln, ch c tng s vng ca
cun dy s cp, tc qun cun dy s cp thnh kiu nhiu vng mi c th tng
t th cun dy s cp, bo m chnh xc cn c khi dng in nh mc trn
600 ampe, cho d p dng kiu mt vng th t th cun dy s cp ca n
ln, c th tha mn chnh xc.
Hi: S vng bn s cp ca b h cm dng in rt t, cn s vng bn th
cp rt nhiu, th th in p bn th cp nht nh rt cao?
p: Khng phi. Bn th cp b h cm dng in trong tnh hnh bnh
thng, do tr khng ph ti rt nh, gn nh vn hnh trng thi ngn mch, cho
nn in p khng cao, ch c khi bn th cp h mch, in p bn th cp do t
thng xoay chiu cm ng ra mi tng cao, thm ch nguy him n tnh mng
ngi s dng, ng thi khin li st bo ha qu mc, dn n t d qu cao, nh
hng chnh xc ca b h cm dng in. V th, trong khi vn hnh, bn th
cp ca b h cm dng in khng cho php h mch.
Hi: Tnh n nh ca b h cm dng in l g?
p: Trn nhn hiu b h cm dng din c ghi n nh nhit v n nh
ng. Gi n nh l ch kh nng b h cm dng in c th chu ng tc dng
ca lc in ng v nhit do dng in tng cao gy nn m khng n ni b hng.
n nh ca b h cm dng in c biu th bng bi s n nh lc in ng
v bi s n nh nhit. Bi s n nh lc in ng l t s gia tr tc thi ca
cng dng in ln nht m b h cm c th chu c v tr s bin
cng dng in nh mc ca b h cm ny. Bi s n nh nhit tc l t s
gia dng in n nh nhit vi dng in nh mc ca b h cm v ch nh
cng dng in trong mt giy khng lm cho s pht nhit ca b h cm dng
in vt qu gii hn cho php. V d, in p ca b h cm dng in l 10kV,
khi t s bin i dng in l 200/5 th n nh ng l 165 ln, n nh nhit trong
mt giy l 15 ln.
Hi: Tit din hai li st ca b h cm dng in kiu LFZ 6 10kV c
bng nha Epoxi ti sao mt ln mt nh?
- Trang 154 -
p: B h cm dng in kiu LF2 6 - 10 ngn vn c mt cun dy s cp

v hai cun dy th cp. Trong b dy th cp c mt cun dng cho ng h o,
mt cun khc dng bo v rle. Mi mt cun ca b dy th cp u phi hp
vi mt li st. Cun dy dng o, khi s dng bnh thng th tit din li st
ca n tnh theo cng dng in lm vic bnh thng, nn tit din tng i
nh. Cun dy dng bo v l tnh theo tnh hnh khi ngn mch, v dng in ngn
mch thng gp vi n mi my ln dng in bnh thng, trong trng
hp ny li st khng b bo ha, cun dy th cp c th phn nh ln dng in
ngn mch ca s c, nn tit din li st ca n phi chn tng i ln, cho nn
c hai li st tit din khc nhau.
Hi: Dung lng nh mc th cp ca b h cm in p thng biu th
bng cng sut biu kin cn dung lng nh mc th cp ca b h cm dng
in li thng biu th bng tr khng. Ti sao?
p: Ph ti th cp ca b h cm in p ch yu l cun y in p
ca ng h o v rle, dng in ca n gm hai phn hu cng v v cng nn
cng sut c biu t bng cng sut biu kin (S = P 2 + Q 2 ), dung lng nh
mc th cp ca b h cm in p cng biu th bng cng sut biu kin, i
ng ln nhau nh vy, s dng s tng i thun tin.
Dung lng u ra nh mc ca cun dy th cp b h cm dng in: S2=
2
I 2 Z ,cn cng dng in nh mc th cp qui nh l 5A, cho nn S2 = 25Z. Qua
cng thc trn c th bit, gia dung lng nh mc vi tr khng th cp nh
mc Z ch sai nhau mt h s. Do , dung lng nh mc ca n c th thay th
bng tr khng th cp nh mc. Khi trn nhn hiu b h cm dng in c ghi tr
s ohm di chnh xc no th tr s tng tr khng ca tr khng cng vi
nhng ph ti mc ni tip vi cun dy nh ng h o, rle, in tr dy dn
khng vt qu tr s tr khng qui nh trn nhn hiu l c, s dng rt tin li,
nn dung lng nh mc b h cm dng in thng thay th bng tr khng.
Hi: Ti sao trn nhn hiu b h cm in p ghi nhiu loi dung lng?
p: B h cm in p l bin p dng cho ng h. N dng cch o in
p bn th cp c c s o in p (cao p) bn s cp. Do kim ng h o
u bn th cp m li o bn s cp, trong t c sai s. S sai s ny gm hai
phn: mt l sai s v t l, tc sai s v ln tr s in p; hai l sai gc, tc sai
s v v tr pha vect in p s cp, th cp. Do sai s ca b h cm in p thay
i theo s thay i tr s ph ti ca n, cho nn chnh xc ca n thch ng vi
dung lng, tc dung lng nh mc l ch ung lng tng ng vi chnh xc
cao nht. Cc chnh xc khc ghi trn nhn hiu u c dung lng tng ng ca
n, m dung lng tng ln th chnh xc gim.
Hi: Dung lng ln nht v dung lng nh mc th hin trn nhn hiu
b h cm in p c g khc nhau?
- Trang 155 -
p: Dung lng nh mc l ch dung lng m b h cm in p c

th t c khi vn hnh cp chnh xc thit k, nu s dng ph ti trong
phm vi dung lng nh mc th bo m c th t c cp chnh xc thit k.
Cn dung lng ln nht l cn c vo nhit cho php ca cun dy b h cm
in p xem xt, do s dng ph ti n dung lng ln nht th khng th
bo m chnh xc ca n, thng thng dung lng ln nht ln hn dung
lng nh mc.
Hi: B h cm c bng nha (pxy), ti sao phi sn lp bn dn ra
ngoi thn nha c?
p: B h cm c bng nha (pxy) khng c v s ra dy m bn ngoi
lp nha ca n cng khng th tip t. Trong vn hnh, khi ng sc in ca
in trng xuyn qua mt tip gip gia khng kh vi nha, do thng s mi cht
ca chng khc nhau nn xut hin in trng tp trung s dn n phng in
cc b. V th, phi sn lp sn bn dn ln ngoi v c bng nha, cho mt
ngoi ca b h cm c in th bng nhau trong in trng, nh vy c th
phng nga phng in cc b.
Hi: Ba b h cm in p mt pha c t s l (10000/ 3 )/(l00/ 3 ), khi
dng vi h thng 6kV, nn u dy nh th no?
p: B h cm in p hot ng di in p nh mc th mi c th
bo m chnh xc cn c. V th ba b h cm in p mt pha c t s l
(10000/ 3 )/(l00/ 3 ) khi; dng vi h thng 6kV th phi u thnh /Y. Lc ny,
in p mi cun dy bn s cp nhn c gn vi in p nh mc 10000/ 3 V
ca n, in p m mi cun dy bn th cp c c gn vi in p nh mc
100/ 3 V ca n, in p u ra gia cc pha bn th cp bng 100V, c th p
ng yu cu ca ng h v rle.
Hi: Khi dng phng php thng thng o in tr cch in v tn hao
mi cht (tg ca s cp b h cm in p kiu xuyn cp i vi th cp, th ba
v t ti sao khi in tr cch in tng i thp th tg c lc tng i ln, li
c lc tng i nh?
p: Cch in phn s cp b h cm kiu xuyn cp i vi th cp, th
ba v t l do cc chi tit cch in nh cch in gia cc cun dy, gi cch in
v tm mt u th cp v.v... u song song li m to thnh, do tr s in tr
cch in trong mi chi tit. Cn quan h gia tng tiu hao mi cht (tg ca mch
in ng tr mc song song v tn hao mi cht gia cc chi tit l:
tg =
C1 tg1 + C 2 tg 2 + ... + C n tg n
C1 + C 2 + ... + C n
Trong cng thc C1, C2 Cn l in dung ca cc chi tit cch in, tg l, tg2
tgn l tn hao mi cht ca cc chi tit. V th, tg nh hn tr s ln nht ca tn
hao mi cht trong cc chi tit v ln hn tr s nh nht ca tn hao mi cht trong
- Trang 156 -
cc chi tit. Nu khi cch in gia cc cun dy hoc tm mt u th cp khng

tt dn n in tr cch in tng i thp, th do lng in dung ca cc chi
tit cch in ny tng i ln, cho nn tg o c tng i ln; nu khi ch vt
liu gi khng tt khin in tr cch in tng i thp th do lng in
dung ca gi rt nh, cho nn tg o c tng i nh.
Hi: B h cm in p 35kV ti sao phi c cu ch v in tr ph, cn b
h cm in p 110kV li khng cn?
p: Khong cch gia cc dy ca b h cm in p 35kV tng i nh,
d xy ra s c ngn mch, nhanh chng khc phc s c ngn mch, phi lp
cu ch kiu sng, v lp in tr ph phi hp dung lng ngt ca cu ch
nhm hn ch dng in ngn mch, cn khong cch dy ca b h cm in p
110kV tng i ln, kh nng xy ra ngn mch rt nh, nu xy ra ngn mch
cng khng c cu ch thch hp, v th trc tip u ln dy in, da vo b ngt
mch bo v.
Hi: Vic gim st cch in ca h thng 35kV s dng b h cm in p
do ba cun dy mt pha to thnh, cn loi 6 - 15kV s dng kiu 5 tr 3 pha. Ti
sao?
p: V rng ph ti ca b h cm in p h thng 6 - 15kV khng ln, s
dng b h cm in p kiu 5 tr 3 pha, em im trung tnh ca cun dy s cp
tip t, va c th dng o in p dy v in p pha. Va c th dng gim
st cch in gia mng in vi t v thc hin bo v rle mt pha tip t, gi
r, th tch nh. Cn cp in p ca h thng 35kV tng i cao, th tch b h
cm in p tng i ln, nu s dng kiu 5 tr 3 pha th s rt nng n, lp rp,
vn chuyn u bt tin, nn s dng ba b h cm in p ba cun dy mt pha,
em cun s cp u thnh hnh sao v im trung tnh tip t, cun dy th cp
u thnh hnh sao, cun dy in p th t 0 u thnh hnh tam gic nh ming.
Nh vy va c chc nng kiu 5 tr 3 pha li va tin vn chuyn, lp rp v bo
qun.
Hi: Ti sao v b h cm in p kiu xuyn 110kV s dng ng s m
khng dng hp st?
p: B h cm ny l do hai n nguyn ging nhau mc
ni tip vo gia pha v t (nh hnh 4 - 6 - 19), in p ca mi
n nguyn l (1/2)Uxg (in p pha ca li in). Do im gia
ca cun dy mi n nguyn ni vi li st, v th cch in
gia vng dy hai u cun dy vi li st ch cn thit k vi
in p (l/4)Uxg. Gia hai li st v gia li st vi v u phi
cch in. Nu dng v bng hp st th phi tng rt nhiu vt
liu cch in, khin b h cm thm nng n v gi thnh ch
to s cao. S dng v bng ng s s d gii quyt cch in gia li st vi v
- Trang 157 -
v c th gim c ci cch in ca ng , gim ng k th tch , gim c gi

thnh
Hi: Trn li st b h cm in p kiu xuyn cp, ti sao phi qun thm
cun dy cn bng?
p: Tc dng ca cun dy cn bng l lm cho in
p cun dy ca cc n nguyn phn b ng u, nng cao
chnh xc o. Bi v cun dy th cp qun trn tr li st
di ca li st cp cui (nh hnh 4 - 6 - 20), sau khi cun
th cp c ti, dng in ph ti s sinh ra t thng kh t,
khin tng t thng trong li st cp cui nh hn t thng
ca cc li st khc, t khin in th cm ng ca cun
dy cc n nguyn khng bng nhau, do chnh xc
gim thp. V th, lp thm cun dy cn bng m s vng,
chiu qun ging nhau ln li st hai n nguyn, ri u
ngc chiu. Nh vy khi t thng ca hai n nguyn
khng bng nhau, trong cun dy cn bng s sinh ra dng in vng, dng in ny
kh t li st t thng tng i ln, lm tng t li st c t thng tng i
nh, nn t thng trong li st cc cp i th bng nhau, t khin in p cun
dy cc n nguyn phn b tng i ng u, nng cao c chnh xc ca
b h cm in p.
Hi: Khi chn thit b in ca trm bin in, ni chung in p nh mc
UH ca thit b ln hn hoc bng in p nh mc US mang in ni lp t l
c .Cn b h cm in p th ngoi l. Ti sao?
p: Cn c vo UH US chn thit b in ca trm bin in, ch yu
l bo m s an ton tin cy ca n trong vn hnh. nh my ch to, thit b
in cn xem xt in p lm vic cao hn in p nh mc 10 - 15% cn theo qui
nh, in p cao nht ca li in khng c ln hn 5% in p nh mc ca
li in. V th, ch cn chn UH > US th c th bo m s vn hnh an ton tin
cy ca thit b in trong li in. Cn b h cm in p l thng qua bn th
cp o in p bn s cp, ngoi yu cu chu p ra cn c yu cu chnh xc.
V th UH phi thch ng vi in li u vo, ni chung yu cu in p bn s
cp Ul tc dng vo n phi tha mn 1.1UH > Ul > 0.9 UH. Nh vy mi bo m
chnh xc nht nh.
Hi: Tc dng ca dy cu ch bn cao p v bn thp p ca b h cm in
p c ging nhau khng?
p: Khng ging nhau. Ni chung trong mch in bn thp p u lp dy
cu ch in p thp khng ln hn 2 ampe, dng phng nga qu ti hoc ngn
mch ca mch in u vi bn thp p. Cn cu ch bn cao p ch c th phng
nga ngn mch ca chnh b h cm, khng th chng qu ti. Bi v, dng in
- Trang 158 -
m cng c hc ca dy cu ch cao p c th chu ng c phi ln hn

nhiu ln dng in nh mc ca cun dy. ng thi, c lc cn mc ni tip
in tr hn dng, dng hn ch dng in khi ngn mch.
Hi: Ti sao trn u ra th cp ca b h cm din
p kiu in dung phi mc ni tip mt cun dy in cm
L?
p: B h cm in p in dung, k thc l mt b
phn p in dung (nh hnh 4 - 6 - 23). Khi khng ti, in p
u ra ca hai u a, b l:
U C2 =
C1
U1 = KU1
C1 + C 2
Nhng khi u ph ti vo hai u a, b th UC2 s nh

hn tr s phn p in dung, m dng in ph ti cng ln th
in p cng thp, chnh lch rt ln. Ch yu l do st p trn tr khng trong Z;
ca chnh t in gy nn.
Zi =
1
j (C1 + C 2 )
Nu u ra a, b mc ni tip in cm L, th:
Z i = jL +
1
j (C1 + C 2 )
1
Khi L + (C + C ) th Z'i = 0, tc mc ni tip L b sung c tr khng

1
2
trong ca t in. Lc ny UC2 s khng st qu nhiu do dng in tng, nn nng
cao c chnh xc ca b h cm in p kiu in dung.
Hi: u nhiu ng h vo th cp b h cm dng in, ti sao chnh
xc s gim thp?
p: u nhiu ng h vo th cp b h cm dng in th s tng th
in ng ca th cp v in p ca s cp, t lm tng dng in khng ti
ca n. Cn sai s ca b h cm dng in s tng ln theo s tng ln ca dng
in khng ti, nh vy s lm gim chnh xc.
Hi: Ti sao cng mt b h cm in p c vi loi dung lng tiu chun
khc nhau, v l khc nhau theo mc cao thp ca cp chnh xc ? Nu cn c
vo dung lng ln nht (gii hn) qui nh u ph ti (my mc o v rle)
c c khng?
p: Cp chnh xc ca b h cm in p l cp chnh xc cao nht c th
c ca n di ph ti nh mc. Nu ph ti tng ln, sai s cng tng ln, cp
chnh xc s gim, ngc li cp chnh xc s cao hn. V th, cp chnh xc ca b
- Trang 159 -
h cm in p c lin quan rt ln n ph ti. Dung lng tiu chun ca n

chnh l cn c vo dung lng m mt cp chnh xc no c th cho php qui
nh. Cho nn, dung lng tiu chun ca n s c s qui nh khc nhau ty theo cp
chnh xc khc nhau.
Dung lng ln nht m b h cm in p qui nh khc vi dung lng tiu
chun, n l dung lng ln nht m iu kin pht nhit vn hnh lu di cho php,
khi qui nh dung lng ny khng xt n chnh xc, cho nn sai s tng i
ln. Khi ng h o v rle m ngun nui c yu cu cp chnh xc th khng th p
dng dung lng ln nht v khng c vt qu dung lng tiu chun qui
nh. Nu khng s tng sai s, nh hng lm chnh xc. Ch c khi ng h m
ngun nui khng c yu cu cp chnh xc v tr s sai s khng nh hng n s
lm vic chnh xc ca n th mi cho php dng n dung lng ln nht.
- Trang 160 -
CHNG VI
NG C IN KHNG NG B
6 - 1 Nguyn l hot ng c bn
ca ng c in khng ng b
Hi: ng c in kiu lng sc c th t n tc quay ng b khng?
p: ng c in kiu lng sc s d c th quay c l do t trng quay
ca stato ct vt dn ca rto, sinh ra dng in cm ng, ri tc dng vi t thng
m to ra. Nu t n tc quay ng b th gia t trng quay ca stato v
rto khng c s vn ng tng i, tc khng th sinh ra dng in cm ng, do
cng khng th sinh ra m men quay, cho d mt khng ti th vn cn c lc cn
ca gi, cho nn tc quay tt nhin gim, tc khng bao gi c th t n tc
quay ng b.
Hi: Cng dng in khi ng ca ng c in cm ng rt ln,
nhng m men quay khng tht ln, ti sao?
p: Khi mt in cm ng quay, tn s dng in trong rto rt thp, cho

nn in khng rt nh, dng in v in th gn cng pha, phng chiu ca lc
t trng stato tc dng ln dy dn rto l thng nht, hoc chng ta c th xem t
trng ca stato to vi t trng ca rto thnh 90o, khi khi ng vi m men
quay ln nht, nh th hin trong hnh (a) tn s ca rto rt cao, in khng rt
ln, h s cng sut rt thp, ni nh vy tc l dng in i sau in th gn 90o.
T trng rto gn nh song song vi t trng stato, cng c ngha rto c mt s
lc trit tiu ln nhau, cho nn cng dng in ln, m men quay vn rt nh,
nh hnh (b).
Hi: Mt mt in bn ng mc song song, mi cc mi pha c 4 cun
dy, liu c th em 4 cun dy ca mi mt pha cc u thnh 4 ng?
- Trang 161 -
p: Bn cun dy trong cng mt pha cc th in p cm ng trong c

lch v tr pha, khi cc cun dy ny mc song song, gia chng s sinh ra dng in
mch vng, khng th quay bnh thng. Do khng th mc song song bng
phng php ny.
Hi: Nu khe h khng kh ca mt hai cc khng u nhau, s c hay
khng hin tng lc ko t mt chiu? Ti sao?
p: i vi my in hai cc bt k khe h khng kh ca n hai cc c
u hay khng, u khng c hin tng lc ko t mt chiu. Bi v t thng ca
mch t tt phi thng qua khe trng hai ln. Nu mt ln thng qua cc N th phi
c mt ln thng qua cc S. Cho nn bt lun t thng ca cc N hoc cc S, khi n
thng qua bn khe trng nh th cng phi thng qua bn khe trng ln, tc bt k
khe trng c u hay khng th tng t tr di hai cc u khng thay i, do
ln ca lng t thng hai cc bng nhau, cho nn khng c hin tng lc ko t
mt chiu.
Hi: Mt mt in khng ng b ba pha c nh 0.6kW, dng in khng
ti vt qu bn dng in nh mc ti. Th th tiu hao khng ti ca mt
liu c vt qu bn 0.6kW khng? Khi vn hnh ti c
phi cng ch c th a ra cng sut cha dy mt na cn
li, tc 0.3kW khng?
p: Khng phi. V rng gia in p v dng in
ca mt u c lch gc pha. Lch gc pha khi khng ti l
gn 90o, cn lch pha khi ti th nh hn nhiu. Cho nn
cng sut ca mt khng th n thun ly tr s dng in
ln hay nh nh gi m cn lin quan ti lch gc pha. th vc t ca in p
v dng in khi khng ti v ti nh th hin hnh 6 - 1 - 5. Cng sut u vo
khi khng ti Po = UIocos o, Cng sut u vo khi ti P = UIcos. Qua th c
th thy, dng in khng ti Io ca mt tuy ln hn mt na ca dng in nh
mc I, nhng do gc h s cng sut j ca mt khi c ti nh mc, nh hn nhiu
so vi gc h s cng sut o khi khng ti. Cho nn cng sut u vo Po ca mt
khi khng ti rt nh, cn xa mi t mt na cng sut u vo nh mc P ca
mt. ng nhin, u ra khi ti cng khng phi 0.3kW.
Hi: Cng dng in u dy ca mt mt
in khng ng b ba pha ln lt l IA = 2.1A, IB = 2.2A,
IC = 2.3A. Cn c vo cc tr s ny c th xc nh quan h
v tr pha ca dng in cc dy u c khng?
p: Dng phng php dng hnh hc. Trc tin
dng OAB' (nh hnh 6 - 1 - 6), sao cho OA = 2.1, OB' = 2.2,
AB' = 2.3. Sau ko di B'O n B sao cho OB = OB' , qua O
dng OC // AB' , OC = AB' , chiu ging nhau. Vc t OA ,
- Trang 162 -
OB , OC chnh l th vc t ca IA, IB, IC gc kp gia cc vc t chnh l gc lch
pha gia cc dng in.
- Trang 163 -

Hi: Mt mt in khng ng b ba pha ang vn hnh, dng ampe k kp
o c dng in ca mt pha l 10A, khi ln lt o hai dy v ba dy pha th s
c ca ampe k phi l bao nhiu?
p: Mt in khng ng b ba pha ang vn hnh
bnh thng c th coi nh l mch in ba pha m dng in
ba pha v ph ti ba pha u cn bng, i xng, cho nn
cng dng in ba pha u bng nhau, nhng lch pha
120o, nh th hin hnh 6 - 1 - 7. Nu dng in ca mt dy
.
pha trong I A = 10A, th cng dng in khi o hai dy
.
pha s l I A + I B, dng phng php hnh binh hnh bn cnh

.
.
dng th vct, s c I A + I B = 10A, cho nn dng in khi o hai dy pha
s c c trn ampe k vn l 10A. Khi o dng in ca ba dy pha, qua th
.
.
.
.
.
.
c th thy I A + I B = I C, nhng chiu ngc nhau, tc I A + I B + I C = 0. Cho nn s
c trn ampe k bng 0.
Hi: Mt mt hai tc xoay chiu ba pha c hai nhm cun dy khc s
cc. Khi hai nhm cun dy ny u u theo phng php hnh sao hai ng song
song th dng in v cng sut khng ti u tng i ln, khng th s dng bnh
thng. Ti sao?
p: l do cch u ny, sau khi mt nhm cun dy thng ngun, cn

nhm cun dy u hnh sao hai ng song song kia ging nh l cun dy th cp
ca bin p ngn mch (nh hnh 6 - 1 - 8) i vi nhm cun dy thng in. Vy
l dng in ca nhm cun dy thng in (tng ng cun s cp ca bin
th) s rt ln, cng sut tiu hao cng rt ln. Do , i vi loi mt hai tc
c hai nhm cun dy, khng th p dng phng php u hnh sao hai ng song
song.
Hi: Ti sao trong hng mc sn phm ca mt in khng ng b u
phi c t s m men quay ln nht v m men quay nh mc?
p: Mt khng ng b, khi vn hnh lu di u khng cho php m men
quay c ph ti vt qu m men quay nh mc, nhm trnh qu nng, gy chy
hng. Nu thi gian m men quay ph ti vt qu m men quay nh mc rt ngn,
khi mt cha vt qu nhit tng cho php ph ti gim th c th c,
- Trang 164 -
nhng khng vt qu m men quay ln nht, nu khng mt s ngng quay. Qua

c th thy, m men quay ln nht l phn nh kh nng qu ti thi gian ngn
ca mt khng ng b. Cho nn, trong thng s sn phm mt khng ng b,
u phi cung cp t s gia m men quay ln nht v m men quay nh mc. Ni
chung, t s ca mt l 1.8 - 2.2.
Hi: Mt mt kiu lng sc dng trn xe cu, pht in dy ng thau ca
rto b t gy, ngi ta nh dng dy ng thay, cho rng nh vy c th
gim thiu tiu hao in tr rto, trnh c dy ng vng b t do qu nng. Ngh
nh vy c hp l khng?
p: Rto dng dy ng vng lm lng sc th khng c thay th bng dy
ng . Bi v mc ch rto dng dy ng thau l v in tr ca n tng i
ln, c th thu c m men quay khi ng tng i ln. Nu thay bng ng
in tr nh th m men lc khi ng s gim rt nhiu, khng th p ng yu
cu c tnh khi ng ca mt xe cu.
Hi: Ti sao tin nh vng u ca mt kiu lng sc c th nng cao m
men quay khi ng?
p: M men quay khi ng ca mt cm ng t l thun vi h s cng
sut khi khi ng, nu tin nh vng u th in tr ca cun dy rto s tng ln,
nh vy khi khi ng dng in hu cng s tng ln, khin m men quay khi
ng tng ln. Nhng khng th tin bt qu nhiu, nu khng hiu sut s gim,
nhit tng cao.
Hi: Ti sao mt cm ng m m men quay khi ng khng t yu cu,
nu tin nh bt mt cch thch ng ng knh ngoi ca rto th m men quay
khi ng s tng ln?
p: M men quay khi ng ca rto cm ng gn nh t l nghch vi in
khng r ca rto - stato. Tin nh va phi ng knh ngoi cc rto s lm tng
khe h khng kh, v th s gim nh in khng r, m men khi ng s tng ln.
Nhng vic tng khe h trng li lm cho dng in khng ti cng tng ln,
lm gim h s cng sut. Cho nn p dng bin php tin nh ng knh ngoi
ca rto, nng cao m men quay khi ng l c hn nht nh.
Hi: Dung lng tm thi v dung lng lin tc ca mt c g khc nhau?
p: Dung lng ca mt ch yu quyt nh bi s tng nhit cch
in. Dung lng lin tc l ch ph ti ln nht m mt c th chu c khi
vn hnh lu di nhng nhit khng vt qu ngoi hn nht nh. Dung lng
tm thi l ch ph ti ln nht m mt c th chu c khi thi gian vn hnh
ca mt rt ngn (v d 15 pht, 30 pht v.v...) m thi gian dng my kh lu nhit
ca mt khng vt qu gii hn nht nh. R rng dung lng tm thi ca
cng mt mt s ln hn dung lng lin tc.
- Trang 165 -

Hi: Mt khng ng b c cng cng sut, ti sao loi tc quay cao, gi
li r hn?
p: Cng sut u ra P t l thun vi tch ca m men quay M v tc
quay n. Khi P nh nhau, n cao, M nh. Ngc li, n thp th M s ln. M li t l
thun vi t thng v cng dng in I trong mt, cn v 1 li ph thuc
vo kch thc ca mt, v I cng ln th kch thc ca mt cng ln. Qua
nhng u trn c th thy, mt c cng cng sut, khi n cao, M nh th kch thc
ca mt c th gim, tc lng s dng st, ng c th gim thiu, v th gi s
r hn.
Hi: Mt khng ng b u hnh sao, khi bt cng tc ca n sang quay
ngc chiu th chiu quay ca n khng thay i. Sau khi dng my, pht hin cu
ch mt pha b t. Ti sao sau khi t cu ch mt pha th mt khng th quay
thun, quay ngc?
p: Mt khng ng b 3 pha, lc vn hnh, sau khi t ngun in mt
pha th tng ng nh mt mt pha, chiu ca m men quay in t ca n
ging vi chiu quay c, khin mt vn quay theo chiu c. Lc ny nu thay i
th t pha ca ngun in, do thiu pha, mt vn tng ng vi mt mt pha,
chiu m men quay ca n vn gi nguyn khng i, cho nn khng th thay i
chiu quay ca mt.
Hi: Ti sao mt in khng ng b ba pha khi dng my thiu pha th
khng th khi ng c, cn khi ang quay th thiu pha vn c th tip tc quay?
p: Mt khng ng b ba pha, khi trng thi dng, nu cun dy mt
pha h mch hoc mt ngun in mt pha, lc thng ngun, th t trng do cun
dy sinh ra c th chia thnh hai t trng quay vi ln bng nhau, ngc chiu
nhau. Chng cng vi m men quay do tc dng ca rto sinh ra, cng c ln bng
nhau, ngc chiu nhau. v th m men quay khi ng bng khng nn khng th
khi ng c.
Khi mt ang quay m thiu pha, t trng do cun dy sinh ra cng c th
chia thnh hai t trng quay bng nhau, ngc chiu nhau. Nhng tc quay
tng i gia t trng quay c chiu quay ngc vi chiu quay mt v rto rt
ln, th in ng cm ng sinh ra trong rto v tn s ca dng in gn nh gp
hai ln tn s ca ngun in, cm khng ca rto rt ln, v th lng hu cng
ca dng in c tnh quyt nh n ln ca m men quay rt nh, cho nn m
men quay ngc chiu nh hn nhiu m men quay thun chiu. V th mt c th
tip tc quay. Nhng cng sut cho php lc ny ch c th bng mt na cng sut
nh mc, nu ph ti l ph ti dnh mc th dng in chy qua cun dy t s
vt qua dng in nh mc, khin ng c nng chy.
- Trang 166 -
Hi: Khi em rto ly t trong sng ca mt ra, u vi in p nh mc

th nghim, c th pht hin thy cng dng in ca stato ln hn nhiu
ln cng dng in khng ti bnh thng. l nguyn nhn g?
p: Sau khi ly rto t trong stato ra, t tr ca mch t s thay i. Vn l
t thng c th thng qua li st ca rto, sau khi ly rto ra, ch c th thng qua
trong khng kh, m t dn sut ca khng kh thp hn nhiu so vi li st, v th
lm tng t tr. Cn c vo nh lut m mch t, t thng = t th IW/ t tr Rm,
mun duy tr khng thay i trong li st stato, dng in kch t I s i hi ln
hn nhiu ln. V th dng in khng ti ln hn nhiu ln khi bnh thng v thi
gian ko di th cun dy stato s b chy do qu nng.
Hi: Khi khng ti, dng in ba pha ca mt khng ng b ba pha 380V
gn cn bng, nhng c ting rung chn ng nghim trng. Sau khi quay vi gi
vn khng c g khc thng. Nu h p xung di 300V hoc tng ln trn 420V,
ting rung chn ng u gim r rt. Ti sao?
p: Dng in ba pha cn bng v sau khi quay vi gi vn khng c g khc
thng, chng t cun dy khng hng. Ting rung chn ng l do khe h gia
stato, rto khng u gy ra. Pha khe h nh th mt t thng tng i cao, lc
ht t tng i ln, nn gy chn ng b my. Khi chn ng ny cng hng
vi tn s dao ng t nhin ca b my th tnh hnh cng nghim trng. Nu h
in p xung th lc ht t khng cn bng s gim, chn ng cng gim, nu
in p tng th c hin tng bo ha t trong li st, khin mt t thng ca
khe h c xu th qun bnh, do lc ht t khng cn bng gim, chn ng cng
gim.
Hi: Lm th no c th ng bin php n gin phn bit s cc ca
ng c in khng ng b ba pha?
p: V trong r t ca mt c t d, cho nn trong tnh
hnh cun dy stato thot ly li in lm quay roto, trong cun
dy stato s sinh ra dng in xoay chiu. Cn c vo nguyn l
ny, c th dng mt mili ampe k hoc mili vn k mt chiu
u vo dy ra ca mt pha bt k cun dy stato ba pha, nh
th hin hnh 6 - 1 - 19. Sau , nh du lin tc, t t quay
rto, lc kim ng h s lch khi v tr 0. Quay mt vng,
nu ng h c chia hai bn th s ln kim lch khi 0 s bng s cc ca mt.
Nu ng h chia mt bn th s ln kim lch 0 s bng logarit cc ca mt
ny.
Hi: Mt khng ng b ba pha kiu lng u dy theo hnh 6 - 1 - 20 (a).
Ti sao khi quay rto thun chiu th trong khonh khc vn k xut hin in pV1
> 3 Vn, V2 < 3 Vn?
p: Dng din mt chiu chy qua cun dy stato ba pha, nn trong mt
sinh ra t trng khng i t cc nh ng nt t trong hnh (b) th hin. Khi
- Trang 167 -
quay rto, do cun dy rto ct t trng ny, do sinh ra in th, v cun dy rto
l ngn mch, trong s sinh ra dng in v sinh ra t trng rto. Chiu ca
dng in rto v cc tnh ca t trng rto nh th hin hnh (b). Khi rto t
quay xoay, t trng rto ct cun dy stato khin trong cun dy stato ba pha cm
ng ra in th tc th. in p m vn k o c s bng tng in p mt chiu
do ngun in mt chiu hnh thnh v in th cm ng tc th. T hnh v v t
bng km theo, c th thy c: V2 = 3-DV, V1 = 3+DV, cho nn V1>3 Vn, V2<3
Vn.
Pha A
ln ca dng in mt chiu trong
cun dy 3 pha
Chiu ca dng in mt chiu trong
cun dy 3 pha
Chiu tng ca in th mt chiu
trong cun dy 3 pha
tng ca in th mt chiu trong
cun dy 3 pha
Chiu in th tc th do cun dy
stato sinh ra khi quay rto
ln ca in th tc th do cun
dy stato sinh ra khi quay rto
Pha B
Pha C
IA
1
IA
2
1
IA
2
T cui
n u
T u
n cui
T u
n cui
T cui
n u
T u
n cui
T cui
n u
6V
3V
3V
T u
n cui
T cui
n u

Hi: Ti sao mt dung lng tng i ln a s p dng cch u , cn
mt dung lng tng i nh a s p dng cch u Y?
p: Vi in p nh mc ging nhau, s vng cn thit ca cch u
bng 3 ln ca cch u Y, cn khi cng sut ging nhau, dy dn ca cun dy
u nh hn cch u Y. Mt dung lng nh, do li st nh, th in ng
phn khng ca mi vng thp nn s vng ca bn thn s nhiu, dy dn s phi
tng i nh, cng c hc km, qun mt cng. ng thi, cch in trong
rnh li st chim t l cng ln, nh hng dung lng ca mt. Nu dng cch
u th khuyt im trn cng ni bt. i vi mt dung lng tng i ln,
do li st tng i ln, in th phn khng ca mi vng cao, nn s vng ca
bn thn t, dy dn to, nu dng cch u Y, th dy dn cng ln, qun cng kh.
Hn na, vi mt dung lng tng i ln hn ch dng in khi ng,
thng phi h p khi ng, i vi cch u th c th p dng phng php
khi ng Y - tng i d.
Hi: Ti sao dng in khng ti ca mt khng ng b ln hn ca my
bin th, cn dng in ngn mch li nh hn?
p: Ging nh my bin th, ng c khng ng b bt k l khi khng
ti hoc khi c ti, t trng chnh ca n u l do thnh phn dng in kch t
trong cun dy bn s cp (i vi ng c in khng ng b l cun dy stato)
- Trang 168 -
sinh ra, khe h mch t chnh cng ln th dng in kch t cn thit sinh ra t
trng s cng ln. Trong mch t chnh ca mt khng ng b c khe h, dng
in khng ti ca n c th t 20 - 50% dng in nh mc, cn trong my bin
th khng c khe h, dng in khng ti ca n ch chim khong 5% dng in
nh mc. Cho nn dng in khng ti ca mt khng ng b s ln hn nhiu
so vi ca my bin th. Khi mt khng ng b v my bin th ngn mch, th
dng in ngn mch bn th cp ca n u do in khng r bn th cp v in
tr ca chnh cun dy quyt nh. Cun dy ca mt khng ng b t trong
rnh li st, t thng r tng i ln, cho nn in khng r thng thng ln hn
ca my bin th. V th, dng in ngn mch ca mt khng ng b ch c 3.5 8 ln dng in nh mc, cn dng in ngn mch ca my bin th cao gp 10 20 ln dng in nh mc, tc dng in ngn mch ca mt khng ng b nh
hn rt nhiu.
Hi: Mt khng ng b , my pht in khng ng b, b hm in t c
g khc nhau ?
p: Mt khng ng b, my pht in khng ng b, b hm in t l
ba trng thi chuyn ng khc nhau ca my in khng ng b.
Tc quay ca rto ng c khng ng b nh hn tr s ng b, in
nng a vo stato trn trc c dn ra c nng.
Tc quay ca rto my pht in khng ng b ln hn tr s ng b,
c nng do ng c a vo bin thnh in nng dn ra.
Rto b hm in t quay ngc chiu vi t trng ca stato, sinh ra lc
hm, in nng do li in a vo v c nng t my ng lc a vo u
chuyn thnh nng lng tiu hao, khi mt u ngc, tc thc hin trng thi vn
hnh ca b hm in t
Hi: Ti sao h s cng sut ca mt khng ng b khi khi ng v
khng ti u rt nh, cn h s cng sut khi ti li c nng cao?
p: Mt khng ng b khi khi ng hoc vn hnh khng ti, th dng
in ca stato ch yu l dng in kch t. Do dng in kch t l dng in cm
ng v cng, do lc ny h s cng sut rt thp, ni chung khong 0.2. Khi mt
in khng ng b c ph ti th dng in rto tng ln, lc ny dng in stato
cng tng ln theo, mt in hp thu dng in hu cng tng ng t li in,
cng vi dng in khng ti, thnh dng in tng. Do tr s phn trm ca dng
in khng ti tng i nh, cho nn tr s cng dng in ca n c bn
nng cao theo ph ti, m ph ti l dng in hu cng, v th h s cng sut cng
nng cao theo
Hi: Nu dung lng ca mt in khng ng b gn vi dung lng ca
my bin th, ti sao dng in khng ti ca mt in khng ng b li tng
i ln?
- Trang 169 -
p: Mch t ca mt khng ng b, ngoi phn ln l do li st stato v

li st rto to thnh ra, gia stato v rto cn c khe trng, t tr ca khe h tng
i ln. Cn li st ca bin th l mt mch t khp kn, t tr tng i nh. Do
so vi my bin th, mt in khng ng b c dng in khng ti tng i
ln. Dng in khng ti ca bin th bng 1 - 8 % dng in nh mc, dng in
khng ti ca mt in khng ng b, ni chung bng 20 - 50% dng in nh
mc.
- Trang 170 -
6 - 2 Kt cu ca mt in khng ng b
Hi: S cnh tn nhit mt in khng ng b c nh kiu ng kn,
khong bao nhiu l va?
p: Tc dng ca cnh tn nhit mt mt l tng in tch ta nhit, mt
khc c tc dng dn dng kh, khin dng kh sau khi ri khi ca chp gi s di
chuyn hng trc theo mt b my, nhm nng cao hiu qu lm mt b mt. Nu
cch tn nhit tng i t, th cn gi nh, lng gi tng i ln, nhng din
tch tn nhit nh th s nh hng hiu qu lm mt ca mt. Nu cch tn nhit
tng i nhiu th din tch ta nhit tng ln, nhng cn gi cng tng, lng gi
gim, cng s nh hng hiu qu lm mt. Cho nn cch tn nhit qu nhiu hoc
qu t u khng c li i vi tng nhit ca mt. S lng ca cnh ta
nhit phi thng qua thc nghim khoa hc quyt nh.
Hi: Trong mt nhiu tc hai nhm cun dy, ti sao thng gn cun
dy tc thp vo tng trn ca rnh, cun dy tc cao vo tng di ca rnh?
p: Trong mt nhiu tc hai nhm cun dy, tnh nng khi quay tc
thp km hn khi quay tc cao. ci thin tnh nng khi quay tc thp, c
bit gn cun dy tc thp vo tng trn ca rnh, nh vy va c th gim r t
rnh, li c li cho ta nhit ca cun dy. Cun dy tc cao gn tng di
ca rnh, cho d r t hi ln hn, nhng khng nh hng ln n tnh nng vn
hnh, li v tc quay cao, cun dy tuy tng di, ta nhit cung rt tt, ng
thi khong cch cc ca cun dy tc cao rt ln, phn u di gn tng
di cng tng i thun tin.
Hi: T mt u ca cun dy mt in cm ng ba pha, lm th no c
th nhn c mt in ny c my cc?
p: S nhm pha cc ca cun dy mt in cm ng ba pha, bng s pha
x s cc. tng cng cch in gia cc pha mt u ca cun dy, gia cc
nhm mi cc c dng cch in cch ngn, v th m cch in gia cc pha c
th bit c s nhm pha cc ri chia cho 3 s c s cc.
Nhng vi loi mt in bin i s cc v ni kt che cc, th khng th
dng phng php ny bit c s cc.
Hi: Mt s mt khng ng b rto kiu lng, mt u kiu lng rto
ca n, ti sao c lc khoan mt hoc vi l trn khng qui tc?
p: Trong ch to mt, nu cn bng ng ca rto mt, gia cng khng
t yu cu thit k th s lm cho mt sinh ra chn ng v ting n khi quay tc
cao. Do , nh my ch to thng xuyn phi "hiu chnh cn bng ng" i
vi rto ng c. i vi mt kiu lng, nu khng cn bng thng p dng
phng php khoan b mt t nhm c phn mt u rto dng lng hoc khoan
- Trang 171 -
l trn li st rto t mc ch hiu chnh cn bng ng. Phng php ny n

gin, tin li, v trong tnh hnh lng khoan b khng nhiu, s khng nh hng
r rt i vi tnh nng ca mt. Do tnh ly tn ca trng thi cn bng ng rto,
thm na, p dng phng php trn kh hiu chnh mt ln c, cho nn "l
cn bng" cng khoan mt cch khng c qui tc.
Hi: Khe h gia stato v rto ca mt in cm ng tng ln, kt qu s ra
sao?
p: Dng in kch t cn thit ca mt c lin quan mt thit vi khe h
gia stato v rto. Khe h ln, dng in kch t tng ln. V th h s cng sut
thp, v do nguyn nhn ny, phi hi gim lc ra, h thp hiu sut. Nhng cng
khng c qu nh, lm cho stato ma st vi rto, cng nh hng ti s thng gi
hng trc.
Hi: S rnh rto ca ng c in cm ng rto lng sc, ti sao ni chung
khng s dng s l?
p: Bi v rnh rto l s l s sinh t th sng hi bc chn, tc dng vi
t th sng hi bc l ca stato sinh ra m men lc chn ng, khin mt xy ra
chn ng c hc v ting n, cho nn ni chung khng lm rnh rto s l.
Hi: S rnh stato v s rnh rto ca mt in khng ng b ba pha ti
sao khng bng nhau?
p: Khi dng in xoay chiu ba pha chy qua trong cun dy stato ca mt
in khng ng b ba pha s sinh ra t trng quay sng gc stato v t trng
sng hi, cm ng ra dng in trong cun dy rto, sinh ra t trng quay sng gc
v t trng sng hi rto. T trng quay sng gc stato v rto quay ng b,
chng tc dng ln nhau sinh ra m men lc sng gc ca mt, khin mt quay.
T trng sng hi ca stato v rto tc ng ln nhau s sinh ra m men lc ph,
di tc quay ca rto khc nhau, th ln v chiu ca m men lc ny s khc
nhau. Nu s phi hp s rnh ca stato v rto chn khng ng s dn n t
trng sng hi cng bc ca stato v rto tc dng ln nhau sinh ra m men ph
tng i ln. Khi iu kin mt, trong tnh hnh tc quay tng i thp, s
xut hin m men ph ngc chiu tng i ln, dn n tc quay ca mt
khng th tip tc tng ln n tc quay nh mc, n ni mt khng th s
dng c bnh thng.
Mt in kiu lng sc ni chung, khi s rnh ca stato v rto bng nhau t
s sinh ra m men ph tng i mnh, cho nn khng s ng s rnh ca stato v
rto bng nhau.
Hi: Trong mt khng ng b, ti sao gia cun dy rto lng sc vi v
my khng cn cch in cn gia cun dy rto kiu qun dy vi v my phi
cch in?
- Trang 172 -
p: S pha ca rto kiu lng sc bng s rnh di mi i t cc. Mi

pha ch c mt s dy dn (vng) cho nn in th cm ng ca mi pha rt nh,
ng thi in tr ca phin thp silic ln hn nhiu so vi in tr ca cun dy
lng sc, cho nn phn ln dng in chy qua cun dy. V th, cun dy lng sc
khng cn cch in i vi v. Trong cun dy rto kiu qun dy, s pha v cun
dy stato ging nhau, s vng ca cun dy mi pha tng i nhiu, cho nn in
th cm ng mi pha rt ln. Nu cun dy khng cch in vi v s sinh ra ngn
mch vi t, dn n chy mt.
Hi: Ti sao rnh rto ca rt nhiu mt cm ng kiu lng sc li xin?
p: Rto ca mt cm ng kiu lng sc p dng rnh xin c th trnh b
kha kt khng quay khi khi ng, phng nga ng c khng th tng tc c
khi tc thp, loi tr chn ng v ting n ca mt do quan h in t gy
nn, cng gim thiu tn tht nng lng do sng hi gy ra.
Hi: Rnh stato vo rto ca mt in ti sao thng tr ming rnh nh
gn b mt li st?
p: T thng do stato sinh ra, mt phn b r t ming
rnh, mt phn tr li stato t ming rnh rto, hnh thnh t
thng r khng tip ni vi vt dn rto (nh th hin ng
nt t trong hnh 6 - 2 - 10). T thng r khng th sinh ra m
men quay. Cho nn phi tm cch gim thiu t thng r. V th
tr mt rnh hp thch hp ming rnh nhm tng t tr ca t thng r, c th
gim thiu r t. Mt tc dng khc ca ming rnh cng thng l nhm gn dy
dn vo trong rnh.
Hi: Ti sao rto ca mt s mt lng sc chia thnh hai phn c hng
rnh xin khc nhau, nh th hin hnh 6 - 2 - 1 1 (a)?
p: Vt dn mang in trong t trng lun lun chu tc dng ca lc

vung gc vi vt dn ny. Ni chung, rto ca mt lng sc phn ln p dng hnh
thc rnh xin. Lc , lc Fo tc dng ln dy dn khng nhng sinh ra m men
quay M trn trc, m cn sinh ra phn cc f hng trc, nh hnh (b) th hin. Lc
hng trc ny s lm hng trc, ng thi cng c th lm cho rto di chuyn
hng trc. Khi xin ca rnh khng thay i th cc hng trc ny t l thun
vi lc u ra ca mt. V th, i vi mt dung lng ln s c bit nghim
trng. Sau khi rto chia thnh hai phn c hng rnh xin khc nhau, lc hng trc
- Trang 173 -
ca chng va ng trit tiu nhau, nh th hin hnh (c). p dng kt cu ny cn

c th gim tn hao ph, m men ph v ting n ca mt.
Hi: Cun dy rto ca mt in khng ng b kiu lng sc u ngn
mnh. Ti sao khng trc tip dng khi tr trn bng ng, nhm hoc st lm
rto ca mt?
p: S d rto ca mt in khng ng b kiu lng sc c th quay c
l v vt dn mang in trn rto tc dng vi t trng quay sinh ra m men quay M.
M = Cm o I2 cos 2
Trong cng thc:
Cm l thng s, do kt cu ca mt quyt nh.
o l t thng chnh ca t trng quay
I2 l dng in trong vt dn ca rto
2 gc lch pha gia dng in v in th ca rto.
Nu rto s dng khi tr trn bng ng hoc nhm lm th t dn sut
ca n rt thp. sinh ra o nh nhau nhm t m men quay nh mc th dng
in ca cun dy stato phi rt ln hoc s vng phi rt nhiu, nh vy s dn
n tn hao ng ca mt rt ln. Nu rto lm bng li st hnh tr trn, tuy gii
quyt c vn t dn sut ca rto, nhng in tr sut ca st ln hn nhiu
so vi ng hoc nhm, v th m men quay M gim, tc quay n s gim, ng
thi tn hao trong rto tng ln. Rto kiu lng sc phi s dng kt cu li st
chng p bng phin thp silic, cun dy lng sc bng ng hoc nhm.
Hi: Thanh ng hoc thanh nhm ca rto mt lng sc c phi cch in
vi li st bng phin thp silic ca rto khng?
p: Do in p gia cc dy ng rt thp, m hai u b ngn mch, do
khng cch in th cng khng c dng in chy qua li st, cng tc l khng
cn cch in gia n vi li st.
Hi: Rto ca mt lng sc liu c th ty lp vo trong stato kch thc
ging nhau khc s dng (v d: rto bn cc lp vo stato su cc) khng?
p: Ni chung, mt c th vn hnh, nhng tnh nng vn hnh tng i
km. c bit khi phi hp s rnh ca stato - rto khng ng, c th sinh ra m
men ph trong qu trnh khi ng, dn n khng khi ng c, cng c th gy
ting n khi vn hnh, gim ch tiu nng lc khi vn hnh.
Hi: Ti sao lng trong v lng ngoi ca mt in cm ng hai lng li
thng p dng vng ngn mch ring?
p: V mt cm ng hai lng chut yu cu in tr vt dn trong hai lng
khng ging nhau, dng in chy qua cng khc, v th mc pht nhit cng khc
nhau. p dng vng ngn mch ring, lng trn v lng di c th gin dui ra t
- Trang 174 -
nhin khng nh hng ln nhau. Nu gp li dng mt vng th do lng trn lng

di gin dui khc nhau gy nn ng lc c hc, hn na khi thit k tch ring 2
vng th cng tng i d nm c tr s in tr khi ng.
Hi: S cnh qut nhm c trn rto mt in khng ng b lng sc,
nhiu th tt hay t th tt?
p: Cnh qut vi s lng nht nh s c tc dng tt i vi s tn
nhit ca rto. S cnh qut qu t, hiu qu tn nhit tng i km, nhng s
cnh qut qu nhiu cng cha chc c th nng cao kh nng tn nhit. Hn na s
cnh qut tng ln qu nhiu s gy phc tp cho cng ngh c nhm, tng tiu hao
nhm, ng thi cng khin rto khi tm cn bng ng, trng lng cn b p
khng c ch c nh do kch thc gia cc cnh qut qu nh. S lng cnh qut
phi xem xt ng thi tnh nng k thut v ch tiu kinh t.
Hi: Rto lng sc bng nhm c th cnh qut c trc tip trn vng u
so vi cnh qut lp c kch thc ging nhau, th hiu qu c ging nhau khng?
p: Cnh qut c trn vng u c th trc tip truyn nhit lng bn
trong rto n cnh qut khin khng kh ngui tc cao tip xc vi mt cnh
qut s nhanh chng mang nhit lng i, hiu qu lm mt tng i tt. Cnh
qut lp ngoi cho d tnh hnh thng gi nh nhau, do nhit lng m rto sinh ra
khng th trc tip truyn n cnh qut, hiu qu lm mt s tng i km.
Ngoi ra cnh qut lp ring th vt liu v cng lm u tng ln, hiu qu kinh t
cng khng tt.
Hi: Qut gi ngoi ca mt 4, 6, 8 cc kiu ng kn c cng s my c th
dng ln nhau khng? ti sao loi 2 cc li khng th dng ln nhau?
p: Kch thc bn ngoi (ng knh ngoi v rng cnh qut) ca qut
gi mt 2 cc nh hn loi 4, 6, 8 cc. Do tc quay ca mt 2 cc qu cao,
gim thiu kch thc ngoi c th gim ng k tn hao ma st gi v ting n
thng gi ng thi nhit tng cng c th ph hp. Kch thc bn ngoi ca n
ni chung bng vi qut gi 4, 6, 8 cc c b my nh hn 1 s, khin n c th
dng thng khun g ca qut, ch ng knh li ct ln hn.
- Trang 175 -
6 - 3 Vn hnh mt in kiu lng sc

Hi: Ti sao chnh lch gia in p u v in p nh mc ca mt in
khng nn vt qu 5%?
p: Khi chnh lch gia in p u vi in p nh mc khng vt qu
5% th cng sut u ra ca mt c th duy tr tr s nh mc.
Nu in p qu thp th mt khi ng kh khn, d qu nng. V sau khi
in p st xung th lng t thng trong mt gim s dn ti gim phn lng
dng kch t, lm tng phn lng dng ph ti, c bit khi ph ti tng i ln,
tr s tng ca phn lng dng ph ti ln hn tr s gim ca dng kch t khin
dng in tng ca stato tng ln vt qu tr s nh mc ca n. V tiu hao cng
sut trn cun dy stato v rto tng ln, nn lng pht nhit tng. Mt do qu nng
khin cch nhit lo ha, thm ch chy cun dy.
Nu in p qu cao, nht l khi in p vt qu + 10% tr s nh mc ca
mt th mt t khng ca li st m t s tng mnh, tn hao li st tng ln,
ng thi phn lng dng kch t cng tng mnh s lm tng dng in tng stato,
khin cun dy mt qu nng.
Hi: Mt khng ng b u kiu vn hnh vi ti nh i thnh cch
u Y, ti sao c th nng cao h s cng sut ca mt?
p: Khi mt khng ng b vn hnh vi ti nh th thnh phn ch yu
ca dng in l dng in kch t v cng, cho nn h s cng sut tng i thp.
Nu mt ti nh u kiu i thnh kiu Y, do in p pha ca cun dy mt
h xung cn 1/ 3 so vi c, mt t thng trong li st cng gim cn 1/ 3 so
vi c, v th lm cho dng in kch t v cng gim r rt, nh th nng cao h s
cng sut nhng cn ch vi ph ti nh nhau, sau khi u li, dng in trong
cun dy s tng 3 ln, lm cho cun dy khng n ni qu nng, cn bo
m dng in khng vt qu tr s nh mc.
Hi: My nn ma st dng vc t khng ng b 380V u ko, nu u
nhm thnh hnh Y th hu qu s ra sao?
p: Mt c th khi ng bnh thng nhng khng th hot ng bnh
thng do m men quay ca mt khng ng b t l thun vi bnh phng ca
in p pha, sau khi cun dy u u thnh Y th in p mi pha ca cun dy
stato s gim cn 1/ 3 , m men quay ca mt gim cn 1/3. Khi my nn khng
hot ng, do ph ti ca mt rt nh cho nn mt c th khi ng, bnh
thng, nhng khi my nn hot ng, ph ti tng mch m m men quay ca mt
tng i nh, cho nn tc quay ca mt gim mnh, dng in tng ln, khng
th hot ng bnh thng. Lc ny nu khng kp thi dng my th s chy mt.
- Trang 176 -

Hi: Khi in p tng cao hoc st gim s c nh hng g i vi tnh
nng ng c in cm ng?
p: nh hng ca vic tng hoc gim in p i vi tnh nng ca mt
cm ng ty theo tr s bin i ca in p v ph ti ln hay nh m c s khc
nhau. S thay i thng thng nh sau:
Khi in p tng cao th m men quay, tc quay, dng in khi ng ca
mt u tng theo, khi ti nng th h s cng sut, dng in stato s gim xung
theo, khng nh hng ln n hiu sut; khi ti nh, dng in c kh nng tng
ln.
Khi in p st gim th m men quay, tc quay, dng in khi ng ca
mt u gim theo, cn h s cng sut, dng in stato u tng cao, khi ti,
hiu sut cng gim theo, nhng khi na ti, hiu sut c th nng cao mt cht.
Hi: Ti sao vi mt in thng thng c ph ti nh hn lc a ra nh
mc (nh mt ca my si mnh) th in p ca ngun in thp hn in p
nh mc ca n mt cht l tt?
p: Khi in p s dng ca mt st gim, do t thng gim, mc bo ha
gim, i vi mt kch qu v mt m phin thp silic tng i km th cng r,
dng in khng ti (dng in kch t) cng gim theo, lc ra cng gim. V th,
i vi mt m ph ti nh hn lc ra nh mc, s dng mt cch c thc in
p thp mt cht, ly dng in sau khi c ti khng vt qu tr s nh mc ca
my lm gii hn. Nh vy dng in kch t gim thp, gim thnh phn v cng
trong dng in nh vy h s cng sut s c nng cao tng i.
Hi: Khi mt khng ng b 3 pha quay khng ti, in p ngun in cng
thp th dng in cng nh, cn khi quay c ti, in p thp, dng in ngc li
s tng? Ti sao?
p: Dng in khng ti ca mt ch yu l dng in kch t. in p
ca ngun in thp th phn in th cm ng trong cun dy stato nh, t trng
quay sinh ra phn in th trong mt yu, o dng in kch t sinh ra t trng
gim, dng in khng ti s nh. Khi mt quay c ti, a ra cng sut, ni chung
h s cng sut v hiu sut ca mt khi c cng ph ti l c bn khng i.
Cng sut a ra quyt nh bi tch gia in p ngun vi dng in ca mt.
Cho nn khi quay c ti, in p ngun thp th dng in ca mt phi ln mi c
th a ra cng sut c ph ti nh nhau.
Hi: Cun dy stato ca mt in cm ng 3 pha u s dng, nu
cun dy mt pha trong b t, sau khi thng ngun in xoay chiu 3 pha, liu c
quay c khng?
p: C th quay c. Lc mt tng ng vi cch u hnh V sau
khi thng in xoay chiu 3 pha, vn c th sinh ra t trng quay, khin rto quay,
nhng cng sut u ra ca mt s gim khong mt na.
- Trang 177 -

Hi: Mt u c dy tip "khng" hoc dy tip t in p ca mt l
220/380V, khi s dng vi ngun in 380V th phi em mt u thnh hnh Y,
liu c th t im Y ly ra mt dy dn ni vi v ca mt lm dy an ton tip
'khng" khng?
p: Khi mt vn hnh trong tnh hnh bnh thng vi ngun in 3 pha th
in th im sao l 0, nhng khi ph ti 3 pha khng cn bng hoc cu ch mt
pha b t, dn ti vn hnh mt pha, lc ny im Y i vi t c in p, nu
ngi chm phi v mt s c nguy c in git v th cch u ny khng an
ton.
Hi: Dng in 3 pha ca 1 mt lng sc 3 pha khng cn bng, pha ln
nht cn nh hn tr s nh mc, nhng rto rt nng, nhng vn c th tip tc
quay c ti, kim tra khng ra s c, nguyn nhn do u?
p: Dng in 3 pha khng cn bng do ngn mch, h mch, u nhm
cun dy stato gy nn th khng th vn hnh c ph ti bnh thng v lm cho rto
nng, ch c khi in p u 3 pha khng cn bng, in p chia thnh 2 phn lng:
th t thun v th t ngc phn lng th t thun khin mt quay bnh
thng, phn lng th t ngc s gy nn dng in ngn mch rt ln trong
rto. Lc ny tuy cng dng in stato ca 3 pha khng cn bng u khng
vt qu nh mc, dng in trong rto c kh nng vt qu rt nhiu, do
pht nng. Tnh hnh ny khng th tm ra bt c s c no trn mt, phi iu
chnh din p ngun in mi c th ci thin c.
Hi: Nu 2 mt 380V hnh Y, sau khi mc ni tip stato ri u vo in p
380V nh hnh 6 - 3 - 10, hai mt c th cng lc quay khng ti c
khng?
p: Nu 2 mt c quy cch ging nhau, lc u in p pha m
2 mt nhn c mi ci l 1/2 x 220V u bt u quay, khi mt
chic c m men lc khi ng tng i ln hoc m men ma st
tng i nh (2 mt khng th hon ton ging nhau) th s khi ng
tng i nhanh, tr khng tng ng ca n tng i cao, in p
u c phn phi cng cao hn chic kia, khi ng cng nhanh, in
p phn tc dng cng cao, tc dng tun hon ny khin mt mt
nhanh chng ti gn tc quay cng k, in p u ti gn ton b
in p bn ngoi, cn chic kia do in p dn dn gim, tc quay
gim dn i n ngng hn. Nu 2 mt kch thc khc nhau u ni tip th in
p bn ngoi m mt nh nhn c tng i cao, nhanh chng khi ng cn
mt ln ngng quay cho nn kh nng 2 mt cng quay l rt nh
Hi: Mt mt 3 pha 10kW, 380V, u , 20A, dng cng tc Y/ khi ng,
khi quay dng in 3 pha ln lt l 28, 17, 16A, cha n na gi lp tc nng ln,
- Trang 178 -
dng my ngui ri li khi ng, c th hot ng lu di nhiu ln vn khng

b chy, l s c g?
p: Lu vn khng b chy m vn c th khi ng, vn
quay c ti chng t khng phi ngn mch hoc u nhm dy.
Dng in 2 pha cha t ti tr s ti m cun dy nng,
hn na t s dng in ln nh gn bng 1.73 t hnh 6 - 3 - 11,
c th thy r, y r rng l do t mt pha ca mt gy nn. Sau
khi t mt pha, dng in pha ca 2 pha u vt qu dng
in nh mc 20/1.73 : 11.6 (A) cho nn nhanh chng nng ln. Khi
mt u Y c th khi ng bnh thng, chng t ng dy v mt u khng
c s c, khi i thnh cch u , mt pha b t, r rng l cng tc Y - b hng.
Hi: Mt mt cm ng 3 pha 380V, khi khng ti, dng
in 3 pha gn cn bng, nhng c ting rung nghim trng, vn
hnh vi gi cng khng c tnh hnh khc thng, vy m khi in
p gim cn di 300V hoc tng cao ln n 420V th ting chn
ng gim r rt. y l do nguyn nhn g?
p: y khng phi l s c cun dy, bi v dng in 3
pha cn bng m vn hnh vi gi vn khng c tnh hnh khc
thng, y cng khng phi l ting chn ng do cn bng ng
ca rto khng tt gy nn, bi v m thanh c th thay i theo s
ln xung ca in p. S c ny l do khe h gia stato v rto
khng u gy nn, mt t thng mt khe h nh tng i cao, lc ht t tng
i ln, gy nn chn ng khng cn bng. Khi tn s chn ng t nhin ca b
my xy ra cng hng vi chn ng ny th tnh hnh s cng nghim trng. in
p gim, sc ht t khng cn bng s gim, chn ng gim, in p tng ln, hin
tng bo ha ca t thng trong cun dy khin mt t ca khe h c xu hng
bnh qun (pha mt t khe h cao th tng tng i t, pha thp th tng tng
i nhiu) do sc ht t khng cn bng gim, cho nn tng gim in p u
khin ting n chn ng gim.
Hi: Mt ba pha khi quay, dy ngun mt pha b t. Nu dng vn k o
in p trn bng u dy ca mt, th gia pha b t vi hai pha khc c in p
khng?
p: Nh hnh 6 - 3 - 13, sau khi t dy ngun ca pha C, nhn bn ngoi ngh
rng VAC v VBC phi l 0, nhng do mt vn quay, trong ba pha u c in p
phn tc dng, do gia pha C vi hai pha A, B vn o c in p, ch hi thp
hn in p ngun.
Hi: Dng in khng ti ba pha ca mt mt in, chnh lch nhau khng
n 10%. Dng phng php n gin g xc nh c n l do in p ngun
in khng cn bng hay do bn thn c s c?
- Trang 179 -
p: C hai nguyn nhn dn n dng in lch nhau khng qu 10%. Th

nht l in p ngun in ba pha lch nhau rt nh (khong 0.5%) chnh lch s
c ba pha trn vn k khng r. Th hai l s vng ca cun dy mt khng bng
nhau, mch t khng u (khe h khng u, s rnh ca mi cc, mi pha l phn
s c mu s 3). Mun xc nh n l do nguyn nhn bn trong hay nguyn nhn bn
ngoi gy nn th phng php n gin l, i u u dy vi ln gia ba dy
ngun vi dy mt xem tnh hnh thay i ca dng in khng ti. Nu th t ln
nh ca dng in bin ng theo th t pha ca ngun in, v d I1 lun lun ln
nht, I3 lun lun nh nht th do in p ngun khng cn bng, nu th t ln nh
l mt pha no ca mt lun lun ln nht, mt pha no lun lun nh nht th
do hng bn trong mt. Khi th t ln nh khng c nh th mt v ngun in
u c vn .
Hi: Rto lng sc ca mt ba pha, sau khi t mt thanh dn, dng in
hm 3 pha khng cn bng, nhng dng in khng ti vn cn bng. Ti sao?
p: Trong thanh dn rto b t khng c dng in, dng in trong pha no
ca stato i ng vi thanh dn ny s gim (iu ny tng t nh tnh hnh ca
my bin th, khi th cp b h mch th dng in ca s cp lin gim) cho nn
dng in ba pha khng cn bng, khi rto quay, cng vi s thay i v tr thanh dn
b t, dng in ba pha bin i ln, tc quay tng cao, s thay i dng in
qu nhanh, kim ng h khng kp dao ng, hn na khi khng ti, dng in trong
rto khng ln, nh hng ca thanh dn b t i vi dng in s gim, cho nn
nhn mt ng h th dng in ba pha vn cn bng.
Hi: Mt mt lng sc hai cc, khi khi ng, ming rnh rto c tia la,
nhng c th quay bnh thng. Tho ra kim tra li khng tm ra bnh. l nguyn
nhn g?
p: Khi khi ng, in p cm ng trong dy dn ca rto l cao nht, hiu
in th gia dy dn cng ln nht, lc ny dng in gia dy dn c mt phn
truyn dn qua li st c in tr tng i cao. Khi s phi hp gia dy dn vi
rnh tng i lng, li phi chu lc in ng ln, s c kh nng chn ng v
sinh ra hin tng khi thng khi ngt vi li st, do sinh ra tia la (trong rnh cng
c kh nng c tia la nhng khng nhn thy). Sau khi khi ng, hiu p trong dy
dn rto thng gim xung di 5% so vi khi khi ng, ng thi chn ng
ca dy dn cng nh, v th khng c tia la. y khng phi l s c, cho nn c
th vn hnh bnh thng.
Hi: C lc trn dy vo ca mt lp ng cu ch v rle nhit qu ti,
nhng vn khng phng nga mt qu nng hoc chy hng. Ti sao?
p: Lp ng dy ch ch c th kp thi chy t dy ch khi cun dy hoc
ng dy ca mt ngn mch, phng nga chy mt. Rle nhit qu ph ti rt
nhy ch c th kp thi nhy ngt cng tc khi mt qu ti, phng nga dng in
qu ti qu ln hoc thi gian tng i di khin mt qu nng hoc chy hng.
- Trang 180 -
Nhng chng u khng th phng nga vn qu nng hoc chy hng do tn

nhit ca mt khng tt. V d mt s dng trong nh my dt hoc trong mi
trng khng sch, c lc do cc si bng hoc cc cht bn lm nght ng thng
gi tn nhit, khin mt qu nng hoc chy hng. Nu lp rle bo v qu nhit
trong cun dy mt, trc tip phn nh nhit ca cun dy th c th phng
nga qu nng bao gm c do tn nhit khng tt gy ra.
Hi: Khi cun dy mt tip t, c phi l nht nh s lm t dy cu ch
khng?
p: Khng nht thit. Phi xem ni tip t quyt nh. Nu dng in
sau khi tip t gy nn vt qu dng in nh mc cng nhiu th dy cu ch t
cng nhanh. Nu mt u Y, im tip t gn im gia, th dng in tip t
rt nh, khng th lm t dy ch.
- Trang 181 -
6 - 4 Khi ng v phanh hm mt in kiu lng

Hi: C ngi ni rng "mt khng ng b 3 pha khi khng ti th dng
in khi ng nh, khi ti th dng in khi ng ln". ng khng?
p: Khng ng. Ni chung dng in khi ng khi mt khng ng b
khi ng trc tip l bng 4 - 7 ln dng in nh mc. Khi khi ng khng ti
v khi ng ti, thi im va thng ngun, tc quay u t 0 bt u
tng ln, cng vi s tng khng ngng ca tc quay, dng in khi ng cng
u t cng mt tr s bt u khng ngng gim, khi khng ti s gim xung n
dng in khi ng v m men quay khi ng ca n u ging nhau. Ch c khi
khng ti, dng in khi ng gim xung nhanh, qu trnh khi ng ngn, ti
dng in khi ng gim xung chm, thi gian khi ng lu.
Hi: Trc quay ca mt ba pha lng sc khi v tr chu vi khc nhau, ko
cng mt c my, ti sao xy ra hin tng c lc khi ng c, c lc khng
khi ng c?
p: Bi v, mt ba pha lng sc ngoi m men lc chnh do t thng sng
gc v dng in sng gc sinh ra, cn tn ti m men lc ph, v d m men lc
ph khng ng b do th t ng sng hi bc cao (bao gm sng hi dng rng)
sinh ra v m men lc ng b do phi hp s rnh ca stato v rto khng ng gy
nn. Cc m men lc ph ny s gy nhiu lon vic vn hnh v khi ng ca
mt cng khng ging nhau, do sinh ra hin tng khng khi ng c.
6 - 4- 3 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt khi ng vi b khi ng u sao - tam gic c u im g?
p: Gi khi ng Y - tc l ch loi mt khi khi ng th cun dy
ca stato u thnh hnh Y, khi hot ng u thnh hnh . Chng ta bit rng khi
u thnh hnh Y th:
Dng din dy = dng in pha =
ien
ap
pha ien
ap
day
=
Tr khan
g 1.73 tr khan
g
Khi u hnh th:
ien
ap
day
1.73
Tr khan
g
Dong
ien
day
( au
hnhY) 1
=
So snh hai ci: =
Dong
ien
day
(au
hnh ) 3
Dng in dy = 1.73 dng in pha = =
Cho nn, dng in dy khi ng khi u cun dy stato thnh hnh sao ch
bng 1/3 khi u thnh hnh tam gic.
Hi: Mt mt khng ng b ba pha u , ko bm nc chuyn ng ti
lui. V sau do bin th t ngu khi ng st p b chy, liu c th i sang dng Y
- khi ng?
- Trang 182 -
p: Khng c. Do bm nc chuyn ng ti lui thuc thit b khi ng

ti nng, yu cu m men quay khi ng tng i ln, nn phi p dng phng
php khi ng b t ngu. Cn b khi ng Y - m men quay khi ng nh,
kh nng khi ng ti nng km, v th khi s dng s xut hin hu qu khng
tt, nh khi ng kh khn, thi gian khi ng lu, thm ch chy mt. V th
khng c ty tin thay phng php khi ng b t ngu bng phng php
khi ng Y -
Hi: gim dng in khi ng, mt in lng sc ba pha c va
thng dng cch u Y - khi ng. i vi ba loi mt: u 380V, u
Y/ 660/380V, u Y / 380/220V, khi s dng ngun in ba pha 380V, phi chng
u c th s ng phng php khi ng ny?
p: Phng thc khi ng Y - c th khin in p ca cun dy mi
pha ca stato mt khi khi ng gim cn 1/ 3 so vi khi hot ng bnh thng,
t t c mc ch khi ng h p, gim dng in khi ng. in p nh
mc ca cun dy mi pha hai mt u 380V v u Y/ 660/380V l 380V. Khi
khi ng u hnh Y c th khin in p pha ca n h xung cn 220V, t c
mc ch khi ng h p. Khi ng kt thc tr li u thnh . Mt u Y/
380/220V, in p nh mc ca cun dy mi pha l 220V. Do khi cng vi
ngun in 380V, ch c th u thnh hnh Y, khng th u thnh nu khng s
chy mt, nn khng th dng Y - khi ng.
Hi: Mt in kiu lng sc c ln, ti sao qui nh trng thi nng ch
cho php khi ng mt ln, trng thi ngui cng khng cho php khi ng lin
tc?
p: Dng in khi ng ca mt kiu lng sc c ln thng thng gp
4 7 ln dng in nh mc, ph ti ca n ni chung u tng i nng hoc
lc qun tnh tng i ln, cho nn thi gian khi ng rt lu. Khi khi ng,
cun dy stato v rto nng nhanh, cho nn trng thi nng ch cho php khi ng
mt ln. trng thi ngui, tuy nhit ca mt tng i thp, nhng sau mt
ln khi ng, nhit ca cun dy stato, rto tng mnh trong thi gian ngn, nu
cha ngui hn li khi ng ln hai th nhit ca cun dy stato, rto t s tng
cao hn, tng nhanh s lo ha thm ch chy hng cch in cun y. Cho nn,
trng thi ngui cng yu cu phi cch mt thi gian thch hp ri mi cho php
khi ng ln sau.
Hi: Ti sao i vi mt dung lng ln hoc mt dung lng nh nhng
khi ng dy th nht thit phi ngh cch gim thiu dng in khi ng?
p: Dng in khi ng ca mt khng ng b kiu lng sc thng
dng, gp khong 4 - 7 ln dng in nh mc. V th: (1) Khi dung lng ca
mt rt ln, nht l khi dung lng ca ngun in khng ln hn bao nhiu so vi
dung lng ca mt th dng in khi ng rt ln s dn n in p ngun st
- Trang 183 -
gim. iu ny khng nhng gy kh khn cho vic khi ng mt ny m cn nh

hng n s hot ng ca cc mt khc v thit b in khc c cng mt
ngun cung cp. (2) Khi dung lng ca mt tuy khng ln nhng khi ng rt
dy, thng xuyn c dng in ln hn nhiu so vi dng in nh mc chy qua,
s lm cho nhit ca mt vt qu nhit cho php. V th, i vi mt dung
lng ln hoc mt dung lng nh nhng khi ng dng th nht thit phi tm
cch gim nh dng in khi ng.
Hi: Khi khi ng mt 220kW 6kV, c ngi lun m tt hai, ba ln ri
mi cho mt quay, cho rng nh th c th gim lc cn c hc. Cch lm nh
vy c ng khng?
p: Phng php thao tc nh vy l v cng sai lm. Bi v (1): Khi khi
ng, mt dung lng ln c dng in xung kch rt ln, dng in ny khin
cun dy ca mt sinh ra lc in t rt ln, d lm lng cun dy, hng cch
in, dn n nh thng, chy hng cun dy. (2) B phn ngun in, do dng
in khi ng qu ln v thao tc dy, khin u tip xc ca cng tc u chng
chy hng, v do u tip xc ko ra h quang lm hng tnh nng ca du cch in.
(3) Thao tc ng, ngt lin tc ny s dn n thao tc qu p, gy nh thng cch
in cun dy v cch in khc do qu p. (4) S ln khi ng mt dung lng
ln tng ln s nh hng n tnh n nh ca ton b li in v s vn hnh
ca cc thit b in khc. V th khng nn khi ng nhiu ln, cn c gng sao
cho ch khi ng mt ln.
Hi: Khi dng b iu p kiu cm ng khi ng h p mt khng
ng b dung lng tng i ln, ampe k ch bo rt ln, trong mt lc li khng
h xung c. Nhng khi nng cao in p n tr s nh mc, ch bo ca ampe
k li nhanh chng h xung n tr s bnh thng. Ti sao?
p: Khi khi ng h p, m men quay nh, thi gian vn hnh tc thp
ca ng c lu, do dng in trong mt lc khng h gim xung c. Do m
men quay ca ng c t l thun vi bnh phng ca in p ngoi, v th sau khi
nng cao in p, m men quay tng ln theo t l thun, khin rto nhanh chng t
n tc quay nh mc, dng in cng h xung n tr s bnh thng, thi
im nng cao in p, dng in hi tng ln, nhng tip s nhanh chng h
xung.
Hi: M men quay khi ng ca mt khng ng b kiu qun dy ti sao
ln hn m men quay khi ng ca mt khng ng b kiu lng sc?
p: Khi khi ng, mt khng ng b kiu qun dy, mc ni tip in
tr khi ng vo mch cun dy rto, lm gim gc pha gia dng in rto v t
trng quay, khin thnh phn hu cng ca dng in rto tng ln, t lm tng
m men quay khi ng.
Trong mch rto ngn mch ca mt khng ng b kiu lng sc khng c
cch no mc ni tip in tr, cho nn h s cng sut khi khi ng rt thp, dng
- Trang 184 -
in ca rto i sau t trng quay mt gc pha rt ln, khin thnh phn hu cng
ca dng in rto rt nh, li sinh ra m men lc ph nht nh, lm yu m men
quay khi ng, v th m men quay khi ng ca mt khng ng b kiu lng
sc tng i nh.
Hi: Mt xe cu ti sao thng dng b hm in t m khng dng
phng php hm u ngc?
p: Xe cu yu cu phi c th dng ph ti bt c v tr no trong khng
trung, tc l sau khi mt ngng quay, cn phi c m men lc ngn ph ti ri
xung t nhin, cn hm u ngc th khi mt ngng quay phi ct ngay ngun
in (nu khng s quay ngc), khng cn m men lc hm na, thm na khi hm
u ngc s lm cho mt thng qua dng in tng di ln, i vi mt xe cu
yu cu khi ng quay thun chiu, cho nn trn xe cu ni chung khng dng
phng php hm u ngc.
Hi: Cun dy stato ca ng c khng ng b kiu hm t bn JPZ3 l bnh
thng, nhng sau khi thng in khng ti, khng th khi ng c. Ti sao?
p: Loi mt c thit b hm ny, khi khng in, mt phn t thng trong
t trng khe h thng qua khi hm st c lin vi rto, theo khe h hng trc
vo a hm st lng trn trc, tr v stato thnh mch kn. Khi t thng thng qua
khe h hng trc sinh ra lc ht khin a hm st di chuyn hng trc v pha
rto, b hm tch khi np u, cho nn h thng in l mt c th quay. Mt sau
mt thi gian s dng, khi hm st c th mn khuyt khe h hng trc qu ln,
khin a hm st khng c ht cht, rto s khng th thot hm, gp phi tnh
hnh ny th khng th khi ng c.
Hi: Khi khi ng mt cm ng nh th hin
hnh 6 - 4- 13, sau khi li dng bin th t ngu h p
khi ng, ng cng tc 2, mt lm vic di in p
bnh thng, ti sao phi ngt cng tc 3 trc?
p: Sau khi ng cng tc 2, trn u ra ca bin
th t ngu nhn chia in p dy in li, m lc
cun dy gia u ra v dy dn vo b ngn mch, trong
bin p s c dng in rt ln, khin cun dy b hng do
nng, nn phi ngt cng tc 3 trc.
Hi: M men lc hm phanh xe in t ca mt mt tuy vt qu yu cu,
nhng khi khi ng, st p qu ln, nam chm khng th ht hp, mt khng th
khi ng. C phng php n gin no b cu?
p: Khi nam chm ht hp phi khc phc lc tc dng ca l xo v trng
lng ca bn thn, lc l xo tng i ln, do nu gim lc nn ca l xo, tc
c th gim in p cn thit phanh hm xe, do m men lc hm c ca phanh
- Trang 185 -
qu ln, gim thch hp lc nn ca l xo vn c th c. Nu nh vy vn cha

gii quyt vn , c th hi gim khong cch ca nam chm in, tc c th tng
lc ht v gim dng in khi ng (gim st p), nh vy tuy lm cho khe h gia
phin hm v bnh thng tng i nh, nhng nu bo dng thch ng, ni chung
cn c th s dng c.
Hi: Mt mc cu chnh trn cn cu c lp b phanh in t. Sau khi ngt
in th s phanh hm mt. Khi khi ng mt, b phanh hay mt yu cu thng
in trc?
p: Mt thng in trc, khi nh phanh, mt lp tc quay. Nu phanh
thng in trc, th sau khi nh phanh mt vn khng th quay ngay c. Hai
trng hp ny nu ph ti t trn khng h xung hoc t mt t nng ln u
khng c vn g. Nhng khi ph ti ang dng li trn khng ri tip tc nng
ln, nu phanh thng in trc, th trc khi mt khi ng, b ph ti ko quay
ngc, sau mi nng ln, khng nhng ko di thi gian khi ng m cn tng m
men cn ca ng c khi khi ng, thng dn ti khi ng kh khn, do yu
cu mt phi thng in trc. Nhng trong tnh hnh chung, c hai ci u c th
thng in cng lc nhm n gin ha thit b iu khin.
Hi: Mt khi khi ng c ti nng v ti nh th cng dng in khi
ng ca n ging nhau, nhng ti sao khi khi ng ti nng li d b chy?
p: Dng in khi ng ca mt quyt nh bi in p khi ng v
tham s ca ng c, v th di in p khi ng ging nhau th dng in khi
ng khi khi ng ti nng v ti nh u ging nhau, nhng thi gian khi ng
ti nng lu hn nhiu thi gian khi ng ti nh, do dng in ln chy qua cun
dy ca mt lu nn mt d xy ra s c chy hng.
Hi: Ti sao mt vo ma ng thng kh khi ng hn ma h?
p: l v nhit ca ma ng tng i thp, sau khi dng my mt
thi gian, dnh ca du bi trn trong bi ca mt tng i ln, ngoi ra curoa
truyn ng cng co li tng i cht, khin m men lc trng thi tnh tng ln,
nn khi ng tng i kh khn. Ma h do nhit tng i cao, dnh ca
du bi trn trong bi mt tng i nh, curoa truyn ng cng khng cht nh
ma ng nn d khi ng.
Hi: trnh vt qu lng nhu cu cao nht quy nh ca hp ng cung
cp in, khi khi ng mt, n v dng in tt nht phi cch nhau 15 pht tr
ln?
p: H s dng 100kVA tr ln u nn lp ng h MD (ng h o
lng nhu cu cao nht v cng sut). Trong ng h lp thng k s vng quay ca
a nhm c 15 pht mt ln, tc cng sut bnh qun trong 15 pht. Kim ng h ch
l cng sut bnh qun ln nht mt ln trong c thng, tc cng sut ln nht, l cn
- Trang 186 -
c h s dng v n v cung cp in k hp ng liu c vt gii hn

khng. Khi khi ng mt, nht l mt tng i ln khi ng ti nng, cng
sut cn thit trong thi gian ngn ln hn cng sut cn thit khi quay bnh thng.
Khi ng khng hp l s vt gii hn. Nhng ph ti nh ny rt ngn, ch
my chc giy. Nu hai thit b khi ng so le nhau 15 pht tr ln th c th lm
cho hai ln khi ng trc sau khng nm vo trong bng thng k cng sut bnh
qun 15 pht mt ln, nh trnh b pht do vt gii hn.
- Trang 187 -
6 - 5 Mt kiu vnh gp
Hi: Ti sao thit b cn cu nh cu treo, my ti u s dng mt kiu
qun dy?
p: Cu treo, my ti u l thit b ti nng, khi ng lin tc, c yu cu
iu chnh tc . Nu s dng mt kiu lng sc th dng in khi ng ln, m
men quay nh, kh iu chnh tc , khi khi ng nhiu ln dng in ln s dn
ti dao ng in p in li, lm nng cun dy, tng nhanh lo ha cch in,
gim tui th ca mt. B lc xung kch nhiu ln ca dng in ln, cun dy d
b tc dng ca lc in t, sinh ra bin dng. p dng mt kiu qun dy, c th
thng qua in tr u ngoi ca mch rto gim dng in khi ng, tng m
men quay khi ng, iu chnh tc bnh n.
Hi: Mt cm ng kiu qun dy, sau khi kt thc khi ng c lc trong
mch rto cn thng xuyn ni vi mt on in tr khng ngn mch. on
in tr ny c tc dng g? Liu n c sinh ra tn tht nhit?
p: Mt cm ng kiu qun dy khi dng trong cc loi my c bnh
(nh my ct, my dp, my nn), mt khng quay ngc, ph ti bin i mch
theo chu k, ph ti va p rt ln. Nu trong mch rto thng xuyn u vi mt
on L in tr khng ngn mch, c th mm ha c tnh c hc ca mt. Khi
ph ti va p, nh khi ct thp tm, th tc gim rt ln, khin bnh phng
thch ng nng tch tr tng i nhiu, h tr mt khc phc ti va p.
V th, tuy c tn tht nhit nhng vn u mt on in tr khng ngn
mch vo mch rto.
Hi: Mt kiu vnh gp dng my ti khi ti nng chiu i xung, tng
in tr u ngoi ca rto s c nh hng g n tc quay?
p: Trong mch rto ca mt kiu vnh gp ni chung, tng thm in tr
th tc quay s gim. Nhng vi mt dng trong my ti khi ph ti chiu i
xung, v vt qu tc quay cng k tr thnh my pht in cm ng chuyn
ng tc hm ph ti tip tc gia tng. Lc ny, nu tng thm in tr ca r t,
s lm gim dng in rto, gim m men lc hm, mt c th do tc dng ca
trng lng ph ti m li gia tng tc quay, sau khi tc quay tng, m men
lc hm ca mt tng theo, sau khi t ti tc quay mi no , m men lc
hng xung v m men lc hm mi c cn bng, tc quay mi khng tng
na. Cho nn lc ny tng in tr ngoi ca rto s lm tc quay ca mt tng
ln.
Hi: Mt khng ng b kiu qun dy ti sao khng th dng phng php
thay i s i cc thay i tc ?
- Trang 188 -
p: Tc quay ng b ca mt n : 60f/p, f l tn s ngun in, p l s

i cc ca mt. Khi p thay i, n s thay i. Thay i s i cc iu chnh
tc phi cng lc thay i s cc ca stato, rto. Thay i s cc stato ca mt
kiu lng sc th s cc ca rto s t ng i theo. Nhng s cc ca rto mt
khng ng b kiu qun dy do cun dy rto quyt nh, mun thay i s cc
ca rto phi thay i cch u cun dy ca n. iu ny l rt kh. Cho nn mt
khng ng b kiu qun dy khng th ng phng php ny iu chnh tc
.
Hi: Mt cm ng khi rto b h mch, ct khi in li c nguy him g
i vi mt khng?
p: Mt khi vn hnh tch tr rt nhiu nng lng in t, c bit l do
mt cm ng tn ti khe trng cng c li cho tch tr nng lng t. Khi ct mt
ra khi in li th nng lng ny t phi thng qua hnh thc no tiu hao
cho ht, nu lc ny, rto ca mt h mch th nng lng in t ny ch c tiu
hao nhanh chng trong stato, do t thng ca stato trong chc lt bin thnh O, v th
dn ti qu p trong stato, in p ny c th cao ti gp 3 - 5 ln in p nh mc
s dn ti sinh ra h quang trn cng tc v c th nh thng cch din ca mt.
Hi: Mt khng ng b kiu qun dy c b bin tr khi ng, trong qu
trnh khi ng, nu t ngt ngt ngun in, ti sao h quang in gia u tip
xc cng tc c bit mnh, khin u tip xc chy r nghim trng?
p: Mt khng ng b kiu qun dy khi khi ng, cun dy rto ni
tip vo bin tr khi ng. Nu trong qu trnh khi ng mt, nhanh chng ct
t ngun in, t trng ca mt nhanh chng suy gim, do mch cun dy rto
c in tr tng i ln, t dn n qu p rt cao trong cun dy stato (trong
tnh hnh rto h mch, qu p s t ti gp 3 - 4 ln in p nh mc) th gia
u tip xc ca cng tc s sinh ra h quang mnh, lm chy r nghim trng u
tip xc. Cho nn khi ngt ngun in ca mt khng ng b kiu qun dy ang
vn hnh trc tin phi ngn mch vng trt ca rto cho nng lng khi t
trng suy gim b tiu hao trong rto.
Hi: Nu thay bin tr khi ng trong mch rto ca mt khng ng b
ba pha kiu qun dy bng b in khng, nh vy in tr r2 trong mch rto khng
thay i, cn in khng x2 tng ln. Do tr khng z2 = r22 + x 22 trong mch rto
tng ln, v th t c mc ch gim dng in khi ng Iq khi khi ng. Bi
v cng sut in m b in khng tiu hao nh hn nhiu so vi b in tr nh
vy va c th gim dng in khi ng, li c th tit kim dng in. Liu c
c khng?
p: Cch lm ny ch xt ti lm gim dng in khi ng, m khng xt ti
phi c m men quay khi ng. Sau khi ni tip bin tr vo mch rto, khng
nhng gim dng in rto I2 m cn gim h s cng sut cos 2 ca mch rto.
- Trang 189 -
M men quay khi ng ca mt Mq = Km I2cos 2 (Km l thng s, l t thng

chnh). Do I2 v cos 2 u gim, m men quay khi ng ca mt s tr nn rt
nh, khin mt khng th khi ng c, cho nn mch in rto ca mt
khng ng b kiu rto qun dy khng c s dng b in khng khi
ng.
Hi: Khi t mt dy pha ca rto mt kiu
vnh gp b t, dng in khng ti lin dao ng c
tnh chu k, ti sao?
p: 12 on cung trn vng ngoi hnh 6 - 5
8 biu th nhm pha cc ca stato bn cc, I, II, III
biu th th t pha thuc nhm pha cc cc. Vng
trong th hin rto, ch c du hiu "0", biu th pha
b t. Do trong pha b t khng c dng in cm
ng, dng in trong cun dy stato i ng vi pha
cng tng i nh, khi rto quay t t, dng in
ca cc pha s dao ng ln c tnh chu k. Nu mt t n tc quay cng
k th trong ba pha ca rto u khng c dng in cm ng, dng in stato khng
cn dao ng, cn khi khng ti gn cn tc cng k, tng ng vi rto quay
ngc chiu vi tc quay rt chm, cng lm cho dng in stato dao ng
ln theo chu k. C quay v tr mt cc, dng in thay i mt ln, cho nn s ln
thay i mi pht = tc quay cng k x trt kh khng ti x s cc.
Hi: Mt mt kiu vnh gp ba pha 6 cc, rto 30 rnh, khi hm, chnh lch
dng in ba pha l trn 20%. Khi rto h mch v khng ti, dng in ba pha li
cn bng. Nguyn nhn do u?
p: Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l s rnh mi pha cc ca rto khng
phi l s nguyn, m l
30
2
= 1 rnh, khin cho s rnh mi pha mi cc ca rto
3 6
3
khng th phn phi u, bt c v tr no ca rto u khng th lm cho tr

khng ca 3 pha bng nhau, m dng in hm l do tr khng quyt nh, cho nn
dng in hm 3 pha khng bng nhau. Khi khng ti v rto h mch th dng in
trong rto bng 0 hoc gn bng 0, rto khng nh hng hoc nh hng rt t n
dng in stato cho nn lc ny dng in 3 pha cn bng.

Hi: Mt kiu vnh gp vn hnh ti, nu o dng in mt pha bt k
ca rto, s pht hin tr s dng in nh hn nhiu so vi tr s nh mc ghi trn
nhn my, li cn thay i c tnh chu k. Ti sao?
p: Dng in trong rto l in xoay chiu, tn s ca n bng tch gia
tn s ngun in vi trt, gi s trt ti ca mt l 5%, tn s dng
in thng l 50Hz, v th tn s dng in rto l khong 50x5% : 2.5Hz. S c
c trn ampe k xoay chiu ph thng khng dao ng theo s bin i chu k
ca dng in, nguyn nhn ca n l do dng in thay i qu nhanh khng kp lm
kim dao ng, cn by gi tn s ch c 2.5 Hz, kim c th dao ng theo s thay i
- Trang 190 -
ca dng in, nhng do kim cha dao ng n tr s ln nht, dng in bin

i nh i, khin kim dao ng ngc li, cho nn s c thy s nh.
- Trang 191 -

Hi: Mt khng ng b h JZR2 s dng cn cu v trong luyn kim,
ti sao bc gp u rto ca u vnh gp d b "n pho" (nt la) cn bc gp
u khc li khng "n pho"?
p: Bc gp u rto mt h JZR2 "n pho" hu nh u xy ra pha
u vnh gp. Khi mt quay, di p lc nht nh, vnh gp s ma st vi chi
in, v th khng ngng tung bt carbon vo khng gian chung quanh. Tuy gia
bung vnh gp vi khoang trong mt c tm ngn bi, nhng khe h gia tm
ngn bi ca stato, rto i vi bt carbon m ni th vn rt ln, nn bt carbon ri
trn bc gp u rto gn v chung quanh n. Bc gp u c cch mt ci bc
cch in mt ci, cho d c bc cch in tng ci th phn chn ca bc gp u
cng khng th cch in kn khp c c, bt carbon ri ln n s dn dn hnh
thnh mch thng, cui cng dn n in p gia cc pha khc nhau nh thng, nt
la. Do khe h gia stato rto rt nh, c bit l khi di ca li st tng i
di, bt carbon ni chung kh lt vo u kia, cho nn bc gp u kia ca u vnh
gp rt t khi nt la.
Hi: B bin tr khi ng ngm du ca mt khng ng b kiu qun
dy c th s dng lm iu chnh tc khng?
p: Khng c. Bi v b bin tr khi ng u c thit k vn
hnh thi gian ngn. Nu dng lm bin tr iu chnh tc , th mt phn on
phin in tr s phi lm vic trong mch rto lu di, khin nhit ca n tng
cao, lm hng bin tr. Ngc li, bin tr iu tc li c th dng hn ch
dng in khi ng ca mt khng ng b kiu qun dy.
Hi: Ti sao mt khng ng b kiu qun dy ba pha dung lng ln, dung
lng va ni chung khng dng phng php mc ni tip in tr vo r to
iu chnh tc ?
p: Nhc im ln nht ca mt vnh gp dng bin tr iu chnh tc
mc ni tip vi rto iu chnh tc l nng lng tiu hao trong bin tr
qu ln, nu tc quay mun iu chnh ti mt na tc quay nh mc th gn
nh nng lng tiu hao trong bin tr tng ng n mt na cng sut u ra.
Cho nn mt khng ng b kiu qun dy dung lng ln, dung lng va a s
li dng phng php xuyn cp iu chnh tc , thng qua thit b bin tn
a nng lng phi tiu hao trong rto tr v li in. Ch c mt khng ng
b kiu qun y dung lng nh, khng thng xuyn vn hnh, vn hnh vi ti
nh, yu cu tc quay khng thp lm th mi dng phng php mc ni tip
in tr vo rto iu chnh tc .
- Trang 192 -
6 - 6 Mt mt pha
Hi: Trong my git gia nh s dng mt in mt pha, ti sao t s s
vng ca cun dy chnh v cun dy ph l l?
p: My git gia nh hin nay thng s
dng kt cu quay trn bnh sng. Qu trnh hot ng
l: quay thun chiu 30 giy, dng 5 giy, quay ngc
chiu 30 giy, sau tun hon tr i tr li. n
gin vic iu khin quay thun, quay ngc, p
dng hnh thc u dy nh hnh 6 - 6 - 1, khi quay
thun th A l cun dy chnh, khi quay ngc th B l
cun dy chnh. V m men quay v cng sut a ra
ca mt khi hai chiu thun ngc u phi bng nhau, nu tham s kt cu ca
cun dy s cp, th cp u ging nhau, tc t s s vng phi l 1.
Hi: Sau khi tho sa ton b qut in ca mt kiu cc c chp, tc
quay bnh thng, nhng bt k thay i u u dy th no th chiu quay lun
lun b ngc?
p: l do lp ngc li st stato. Mt mt pha kiu cc c chp khng
th dng phng php thay i u u dy thay i
chiu quay ca mt. l do trong cc t stato ca mt
kiu cc c chp, t thng di mt cc b vng ng che
lp lun lun tr hn t thng di mt cc khng b che
lp, tng ng nh c mt t trng quay di chuyn t
b phn khng b che lp n b phn b che lp, nh th
hin hnh 6 - 6 - 2 (a), cho nn n ko rto quay theo chiu
. Thay i dy dn vn nh th. Nu tho li st stato ra,
ri lp li ngc chiu nh th hin hnh (b), th c th
thay i chiu quay ca mt.
Hi: Mt chic qut trn, trc khi sa khng khi ng c, nhng ng
y mt cht th c th quay. Sau khi sa c th khi ng nhng quay ngc.
Nguyn nhn g gy ra hai tnh hnh trn?
p: Mt qut trn s dng l mt mt pha t
in. Nguyn l u dy ca n nh hnh 6 - 6 - 3. Mt
c hai cun dy. A l cun y chnh. B l cun dy khi
ng. T in C u ni tip trong cun dy khi ng
B. Nu mch cun dy B khng thng, th s khng c m
men quay khi ng. C th thy, nguyn nhn ca tnh
hnh th nht l t mch in cun dy khi ng hoc
hng t in. Chiu quay ca qut do quan h pha gia
t thng 1 cun dy A v 2 ca cun dy B quyt nh,
mc ni tip t in C vo cun dy B c th khin lch
- Trang 193 -
pha gia 2 v 1 gn 90o, nhng pha ca 2 vt trc hay tt sau so vi 1 l do

cun y B u thun hay u ngc quyt nh. Chiu quay ca qut nht nh l
t v tr t thng c pha vt trc quay hng sang v tr t thng tt sau. Nh th
hin trong hnh v, th khi 2 tt sau so vi 1 th qut s quay theo chiu kim ng
h, nu f vt trc 1 th qut quay ngc chiu kim ng h. C th thy, chiu
quay ca qut trn khng ng l do u ngc cun y B.
Hi: Mt chic qut trn mt pha kiu t in sau khi qun li, lc quay th,
pht hin qut quay ngc, th l chuyn t in u sang dy dn ca cun dy
khc, kt qu chiu quay ng, nhng tc quay tng i chm, lng gi rt t.
Ti sao?
p: Phng php thay i chiu quay ca mt mt pha t in phi l i
u hai si dy dn ca cun dy ph ri u vo ngun in. Nu t in i sang
u vi dy dn ca cun dy khc, th thc t l em cun dy chnh i thnh cun
dy ph, cun dy ph bin thnh cun dy chnh. Tuy cng c th thay i chiu
quay ca mt nhng o s vng v ng knh y ca cun dy chnh v cun dy
ph khc nhau, t lm thay i c tnh vn hnh ca mt, v th mt khng
th quay bnh thng.
Hi: Mt ca mt chic qut, khi s dng, tc quay t ngt tng nhanh,
v nng bng tay, sau khi thay i cm, va cm phch vo, ch thy trong qut le
ln tia la, cun dy chy en, cu ch chy. Qua kim tra, thy dy u nh th hin
hnh 6 - 6 - 5. y l nguyn nhn g?
p: y l s c c nguyn nhn t gia cun dy ca qut vi t. Hin
tng ny gp tng i nhiu trong h thng bo v dy
trung tnh tip t. S c thng xy ra trong hai cun dy
ca dy vo, nh im tip t trong cun dy D th hin
trong hnh. Nu u 1 u vi dy pha, u 2 u vi dy
trung tnh, dng in thng qua cun dy A, B, C n u g
ca cun dy D. Do cun dy D b u ngn mch im g (g
- 2) khin dng in trong ton cun y tng ln, tc ca
qut c th cao hn c, ng thi lm nng cun dy. Nu sau
khi dng in tng m vn nh hn dng in nh mc ca
cu ch, th dy ch s khng t. Trong tnh hnh ny, nu thay
i cm, c kh nng lm cho u 1 u vi y trung tnh, u 2 u dy pha.
Nh vy dy pha ch thng qua mt phn nh ca D l tip t, dng in s rt
ln, th l sinh ra hin tng te la, khin cun dy chy en, dy cu ch b t.
Cho nn, khi tc quay ca qut xy ra khc thng, trc tin phi kim tra cch
in gia qut vi t xem c tt khng, nhm bo m an ton.
Hi: Cc my m thng trng thi khng ti hoc ti nh, ti sao khng
nn s dng mt mt pha kiu t in?
- Trang 194 -
p: Khi ti nh hoc khng ti, mt mt pha t in vo trng thi

vn hnh hai pha khng i xng, tn hao ca cc b phn do dng in th t pha
m gy nn, ngc li ln hn l khi ti, nhit ca n cng cao hn trng thi
ti. Cho nn cc loi my mc thng trng thi khng ti hoc ti nh th
khng nn s dng mt mt pha t in.
Hi: Ti sao my khoan in cm tay phi s dng mt (kch) ni tip mt
pha?
p: Mt (kch) ni tip xoay chiu mt pha c cc u im sau:
(l) C c tnh c hc mm, tc khi ph ti tng, tc gim nhanh, khi ph
ti gim, tc tng cao.
(2) Kh nng qu ti tng i ln.
(3) Ngun in xoay chiu mt pha d c.
Ba u im trn dy va ng thch hp vi yu cu ca my khoan in cm
tay. Cho nn, ni chung khoan in cm tay u s dng mt (kch) ni tip mt
pha.
Hi: Tc quay ca u khoan mt s khoan in l khong 700 - 900
vng/pht. Cn tc quay ca rto khoan in l trn mt vn vng pht, phi dng
bnh rng gim tc. Ti sao khng ch to rto ca khoan in c tc thp?
p: Tc quay ca rto khoan in cao c th thu nh th tch, bi v
mt c th tch nh nhau th tc quay cng cao, cng sut cng ln. Nu tc
quay ca mt rt thp th th tch ca khoan in s phi rt ln.
Hi: Ti sao mt mt pha t din khi khng ti, nhit li tng cao hn
khi vn hnh c ph ti nh mc?
p: Mt mt pha t din ch khi di ph ti nh mc, t in chia pha
mi c th lm cho khe trng ca mt hnh thnh t trng quay trn, lm cho mt
vo trng thi hot ng tt nht. Khi khng ti, t trng quay dng elp, nh
vy c th lm tng tn hao ca mt. Khi tn hao do t trng quay dng elip m
tng ln ln hn tn hao do dng in hot ng nh m gim, th tng tn hao s
ln hn khi ph ti nh mc. Cho nn, nhit khng ti ca ng c, ngc li
cao hn khi hot ng ph ti nh mc.
Hi: Hnh 6 - 6 - 10 (a) l s u dy ca mt ba pha dng lm mt mt
pha. Cun dy chnh l do hai cun dy pha ni tip li to thnh. Ti sao hai cun
dy pha ny phi u vi nhau cng u?
- Trang 195 -
p: Mt mt pha yu cu cun dy chnh, cun dy ph lch nhau mt gc

in 90o trong khng gian. T thng do hai cun dy sinh ra phi lch nhau mt gc
in 90o trong khng gian. Cun dy chnh u vi nhau theo u cng tn s ph
hp yu cu ny. Nhn hnh (b) ta thy: t thng cun dy chnh 12 c hp thnh
bi t thng 14 ca cun dy pha th nht v t thng 52 ca cun dy pha th hai
lch nhau vi t thng 36 ca cun dy pha th 3 (tc t thng ca cun dy ph)
mt gc 90o. Nu ni u vi cui cun dy th t thng cun dy chnh ph trn
cng mt ng trc, s khng ph hp vi yu cu b tr khng gian ca cun dy
chnh ph.
- Trang 196 -
6 - 7 Mt c gp chnh lu ba pha
Hi: Mt c gp chnh lu ba pha, khi dng phng php thay i th t pha
thay i chiu quay, ti sao trong tnh hnh ph ti nh nhau, dng in a vo
ng c ln hn c?
p: Bi v sau khi thay i chiu quay ca mt, t trng quay v in th
cm ng ca n trong cun dy stato v chiu in th ca cun dy iu chnh do
chi in sinh ra u thay i theo. Nu khi mt vn hnh thp hn tc quay
ng b, khi cha thay i, nng cao h s cng sut, v tr ca chi in phi
sao cho thi gian m t trng quay ct cun dy iu chnh gia chi in tr hn
thi gian ct cun dy stato, nhng sau khi thay i, chiu quay t trng quay, t
trng quay s ct cun dy iu chnh trc. Nh vy, pha ca in th ph s
vt trc cun dy stato, khin h s cng sut h thp. Cho nn, trong tnh hnh
cng sut khng thay i th dng in u vo ca mt s tng cao.
Khi thay i chiu quay mun lm cho dng in vi cng ph ti vn gi
nguyn khng i phi cng vi thay i th t pha, chuyn i c v tr bnh rng
lin ng.
Hi: Mt bin i tc c gp chnh lu ba pha cp in bi rto th
chiu quay ca rto v chiu quay ca t trng ca n c ging nhau khng?
p: Khng cng chiu. Bi v sau khi r t u vo ngun in, trong rto s
sinh ra t trng quay, nhng stato c nh, cho nn khng th quay theo chiu ca
t trng quay. Do quan h phn tc dng, rto s quay ngc chiu quay ca t
trng xoay.
Hi: Nu pht hin tn hao ma st gia chi than vi b i chiu ca mt
c gp chnh lu qu ln, liu c th bi mt t du bi trn ln b mt b i chiu
gim ma st khng?
p: Tuyt i khng c bi du bi trn ln b mt b i chiu, v rng
du bi trn s lm cho bi carbon v bi t bm ln b i chiu v tch t li
trong cc rnh gia cc phin i chiu. Bt carbon dn in, v th s lm ngn
mch ln nhau gia cc phin i chiu, gy nn la vng, b i chiu s nhanh
chng b chy hng. Nu trn b i chiu c dnh du m cn phi dng xng ra
sch mi ng.
- Trang 197 -
6 - 8 H hng v kim tra sa cha mt

Hi: Mt mt thp p qun chng hai lp, cun dy trong mt rnh no
ca stato, do s c chm v, lm chy vi si dy ng. Ngoi phn b chy ra, cht
cch in ca cc b phn khc ca cun dy u tt nguyn, lm th no sa cha
vi yu cu nhanh, tt r?
p: t ngt chy t vi si dy ng, cch in ca cun dy cn cha b
hng, ch cn u li ch b t l c th lm vic bnh thng, khng cn tho mt
phn hoc ton b qun li. Nhng trong rnh khng cho php c u ni. C th
ct bt mt phn ch t, mi hai u ch t c thay bng on dy dn mi
t vo trong rnh, cn hai u em hn vi ch t ngoi rnh ( ch u ni bc
kn bng l ng mng). Khi ni xong nhng cha hn, kim tra xem c ch no
khng thng vi ton b cun dy, nu c sa cha xong mi hn. Cch in lt rnh
b chy hng phi thay (sau khi sa cha, nu khng cn h hng th dng in
khng ti ba pha phi cn bng). S b th nghim khng cn h hng xong cn
phi qua x l ngm sn, sy kh.
Hi: Cun dy hoc nhm cun dy ca mt mt ba pha u ngc. Dng
dng c hu hiu n gin g kim tra?
p: Dng mt kim nam chm nh v hai cc pin. Trc tin tho np u v
rto ca mt t thng ng rto ln, sau u pin vo mt pha bt k, cho kim
nam chm di chuyn theo chu vi ng trn st b mt li st, phi nhn thy kim
nam chm chuyn ng u, c cch mt s rnh c bao bi mt cc, s chuyn
ng 180o. Nu pht hin kim nam chm t ngt i chiu mt ch no , chng
t cun dy ni u nhm. Nu s rnh cch nhau khng c qui lut th cun dy
hoc nhm cun dy u sai.
Hi: Mt in sau khi sa cha phc hi, ti sao khng cho php dng in
khng ti qu ln hoc qu nh?
p: Dng in khng ti ca mt vo khong 30 - 50% dng in nh
mc. Nu s vng ca nhm cun dy khi sa cha phc hi mt nhiu ln, hoc
u nhm (nh u nhm thnh Y) th dng in khng ti ca mt s rt ln.
Dng in khng ti qu nh, cng sut u ra ca mt khng . Dng in khng
ti qu ln th mt d nng, cho nn u khng cho php.
Hi: Sau khi cun dy mt ngn mch, theo l thuyt th dng in khng
chy qua cun dy ngn mch na, nhng khi tho cun dy ra, pht hin ch ngn
mch b chy c bit r rt. Ti sao?
p: Bi v trong mt tn ti t trng xoay chiu mnh, cho nn sau khi
cun dy b ngn mch vn c t thng xoay chiu chy qua, v cm ng ra th
in ng cm ng trong cun dy ngn mch. Th in ng cm ng ny s sinh
- Trang 198 -
ra dng in rt ln trong cun dy ngn mch, khin n chy hng. V th ch

ngn mch ca cun dy b chy rt r.
Hi: Khi do ngun in t pha dn n chy nhm cun dy mt, n c
c trng nh th no?
p: Mt u hnh sao, khi ngun in t pha, do nhm cun dy mt pha
khng c dng in, cn dng in hai pha kia vt tr s nh mc, v th trn nhm
cun y s c c trng tng i r: mt nhm cun dy hon ton tt, nhm cun
dy ca hai pha kia tr nn en sm. Mt u hnh tam gic th khi t mt pha
ngun in, ch c dng in cun dy mt pha tng ln, cho nn cun dy mt pha b
en, nhm cun dy ca hai pha hon ton tt.
Hi: Trong khi quay, stato v rto ca mt xy ra ma st, liu c th tin nh
ng knh ca rto gii quyt?
p: Khng c. V rng hin tng ma st gia stato v rto trong khi mt
quay ni chung l do cc nguyn nhn: bi mn khin rto h xung hoc vng
ca trc mt qu ln v.v... V th phi tm ra nguyn nhn khc phc. Nu n
gin tin nh ng knh rto th s lm cho khe h gia stato v ro to tng ln, dng
in kch t ca mt tng s lm km tnh nng vn hnh ca mt, gim ch tiu
hiu sut h s cng sut. V th, lm nh vy l sai lm.
Hi: Khi trong stato ca mt c bt st, s c nh hng g i vi mt?
Lm sao khc phc?
p: Trong mt nu c bt st, th sau khi stato thng in, chu tc dng
ca t tnh bt st s dng c dy, gy nn ma st ln nhau gia rto v stato thng
qua bt st, khin nhit mt tng ln, nh hng n hiu sut ca mt. Khi
nhiu ni trong stato c bt st th phi tho rto ra, cho in p thp hn in p
nh mc 1/3 vo stato, khin bt st ng dng nh kim, lc ny dng kh nn thi
bay chng.
Hi: Khi ly ngn mch mt, ti sao sau khi tho rto ra, li cn mt t
thanh st hoc ming st vo trong stato?
p: Dng in sau khi thng in khng nhng do in tr bn trong cun
dy quyt nh m cn lin quan n in cm ca n. in cm cng ln th dng
in cng nh, thanh st trong stato lm tng in cm ca n, nh th gim
c dng in.
Hi: Ti sao khi tin hnh x l sy ngn mch thp p i vi mt, ni
chung dng in xoay chiu m khng dng in mt chiu?
- Trang 199 -
p: Tin hnh x l sy mt, l bi v bn trong mt b m, c nc. Nu

dng in mt chiu khi sy, do in mt chiu c tc dng in gii i vi nc,
khin cch in ca mt cng tr nn km. in xoay chiu khng c tc dng in
gii i vi nc, hn na d c c hn so vi ngun mt chiu, cho nn ni
chung khi tin hnh x l sy ngn mch in p thp i vi mt, u dng in
xoay chiu.
Hi: Khi o u v cui ca cun dy rto ca mt xoay chiu, thng dng
cch u dy nh hnh 6 - 8 - 10, cho in p xoay chiu tng i thp (khong
50V) ln pha A, o UAB, UAC, UBC nu c c UAB = UAC > UAO, UBC 0 th A, B, C l
u. Ti sao?
p: Sau khi cho in p ln pha A, cun dy ny s
sinh ra t trng xoay chiu, cm ng ra in p trong hai
pha B, C. Do cun dy hai pha B, C u lch pha 120o vi
pha A v v tr khng gian, nn in p cm ng ca chng
bng nhau, do UAB = UAC > UAO, hai im B, C khng
chnh lch in th, UBC = 0. Nhng nu o c UAB =
UAC < UAO th ch cn i u ca pha A, cn nu o c
UAB > UAO, m UAQ < UAO th ch cn thay i hai u pha C
s c quan h ni trn.
Hi: Nu su u dy ra ca rto mt cm ng ba pha khng u vo tr
u dy v my, cng khng nh du u v ui, th phi dng phng php g
u n thnh Y hoc m khng b sai?
p: Trc tin dng ng h m xc nh hai u dy no l thuc mt
nhm cun dy, sau ly bt k mt u ca cun dy cc pha u thnh hnh sao
(nh hnh 6 - 8 - 11). Cho in xoay chiu in p thp
(nh 30V) vo cun dy mt pha, nu o c U12 = U13
>30V (khong 35V) th cch u l ng. Nu U12 (hoc
U13 ch c hn 20V th phi i hai u dy 2, 5 (hoc 3,6)
ca cun dy l c. Nu mun u thnh tam gic c
th p dng phng php trn o c cc tnh tng
i ng ri ni u ui l c (42, 53, 61) u vi
nhau.
Hi: Lm th no dng ng h vn nng v pin kh phn bit u v ui
ca nhm cun dy rto mt ba pha?
p: Trc tin tm ra hai u ca cun dy mi pha, ri
u dy theo hnh 6 - 8 - 12, sau ly dy m ca c qui ln
lt tip xc vi du D5 v D6, nu kim ng h mV quay cng
chiu th cc tnh u D5 , D6 l cng tn. Tip , i mt u
ca ng h mV t D4 sang D5 ,cng dng dy m ca pin, tip
xc vi D4 v D6, nu kim ng h m quay chiu ging nh
- Trang 200 -
trc th D4, D5, D6 hoc D1, D2, D3 u l u cng cc tnh (tc cng l u u
hoc cng l u cui).
Hi: Mt mt khng ng b, khi cha thng in c th ly tay quay rto
mt, nhng khi khi ng khng ti, mt li b ht cht khng ng y. Sau khi
ngt ngun in, rto li c th ly tay quay c. Ti sao?
p: l do sung v rto ca mt ny khng ng tm, gy nn khe h
khng u, khin mt t thng bn khe h nh s cao, lc ko t ln ngc li
lc ko t bn khe h ln s nh, do sinh ra lc ko t mt bn rt ln.
Lc ko t mt bn khe khi ng l tr s ln nht, ln gp nhiu ln khi
quay. Sau s gim dn theo s tng ln ca c quay. Khi m men quay do lc
ko t mt bn sinh ra ln hn m men quay khi ng ca mt th rto ca mt
s b ht cht, khng th khi ng c.
Hi: Mt mt ba pha kiu lng sc, quay khng ti bnh thng. Khi c ti
th kh khi ng, khi quay tc th kh chm. Ti sao?
p: Nu sng ca mt c s c th khi khng ti cng khng th quay bnh
thng c. Nu do thit k khng tt dn n kh khi ng th sau khi khi
ng tc quay khng n ni gim r rt, khng nh l trong rto c dy dn b
t, khin dng in chung quanh trong rto khng cn bng, sinh ra lc ko t khng
cn bng, tng in tr rto, do kh khi ng, m tc khi quay gim r rt.
Hi: Mt mt ba pha u hnh sao kiu lng sc (C 6 u dy ra) ly ba
u trong s u vi ngun in, ba u khc lm im trung tnh. Lc ny mt
c th quay bnh thng. Nhng i ba u u vi ngun in th mt khng quay
c, m li pht ra ting ku ong ong. l nguyn nhn g?
p: Mt ny nht nh c mt pha chm v, m im chm v cch im
trung tnh khng xa, do ni ny c bn c cng in th vi t, dng in r rt
nh, nn mt sau khi thng in c th quay c bnh thng. Nhng, gi s dng
ba u c chm v lm dy vo ca ngun in th in th gia im chm v vi
t s rt cao, dng in r rt ln, khin mt ny tr thnh khi ng mt pha nn
khng th quay, li pht ra ting ku ong ong.
Hi: Rto lng sc b t thanh lng s c nguy him g v c trng ca n?
p: Rto t thanh lng s c cc triu chng sau:
(1) M men quay khi ng st gim, khi nghim trng khng ko ni ph ti
khi ng.
(2) Khi ti, tc quay gim r rt, rto nng. Khi t thanh lng nghim
trng s xut hin: (1) Khi ti thn my rung d di, v c ting n tng i
ln. (2) Khi vn hnh c ph ti, kim ca ampe k dao ng theo chu k. (3) Tho
mt ra ch t thanh lng ca rto c vt chy en.
- Trang 201 -

Hi: Mun s dng ampe k dng km kim tra dng in cc pha ca mt
khng ng b ba pha xem c i xng khng, nhng c mt dy dn nm cht gia
cc thit b in khc, khng th o c. Lm sao c th o c?
p: Cng lc hai dy dn ca hai pha c th o c vo trong ampe k
dng km, s c o c chnh l dng in ca pha th ba. Bi v mt khng
.
.
.
ng b ba pha u l cch u ba pha ba dy, dng in ba pha ca n I A + I B + I C
.
= 0, tc I A = - ( I B + I C ) cho nn c th dng phng php trn o (du m th

hin dng in pha A trn thc t bng tng dng in ca hai pha o c, nhng
chiu ngc nhau v khng nh hng kt qu o).
Hi: Khi cun dy ca mt b m, thng in hoc ngn mch sy th
dng in phi t t tng ln cho nhit tng dn, hay cn lp tc tng ln ti
nhit cn thit?
p: Khi cun dy mt b m, p dng phng php ngn mch sy, th
nhit lng ca mt l do bn trong cun dy sinh ra, nu khi sy, dng in tng
rt nhanh s lm Cho nhit bn trong cun dy tng cao rt nhanh. Khng kh
hoc kh m bn trong cun dy khng kp pht tn, s n bn trong, khin cun
dy b hng c hc, cho nn ni chung yu cu gia nhit i vi mt ln n 60 ~
70o khng c di 12 ~ 30 gi. Mt 50kW tr ln v mt kiu ng kn l 3 - 4
gi. Mt dung lng nh th thi gian c th rt ngn.
Hi: Khng ch cng tc ca mt khng c hm v sau khi bt ngt cng
tc dy vo trn mt cp, liu c th sa cha c ngay cng tc v ng dy ca
mt khng?
p: Khng c. Sau khi ngt ngun in ca mt, do tc dng qun tnh,
rto ca mt vn tip tc quay mt lc na mi dng li. C nhng thit b lng
qun tnh tc cao c ln, t lc ngt in cho n lc dng, thm ch i hi thi
gian trn 30 pht. Trong thi gian ny, do trong li st rto c t d s sinh ra in
th cm ng t d trong nhm cun dy stato, ti thi im ngt ngun in, tr s
in th cm ng t d cng t t gim xung cho n khi gim xung n 0, cho
nn trc khi mt cha ngng quay hn, khng c kim tra sa cha cng tc v
ng dy ca mt.
- Trang 202 -
CHNG VIII
KT CU, CNG NGH V NHNG

VN KHC CA MY IN
8 - 1 Kt cu ca my in
Hi: My in ng kn c tht ng kn ton b khng?
p: My in gi l ng kn ton b tht ra khng phi l ng kn ton b,
ni chung pha di b my cn cha li mt hai l nh nc ng chy ra, my
in s dng ph thng khng c ng kn kiu chng n, nhng di p lc cng
c r hi, my in tht s khng c r hi, ni chung l khng c.
Hi: Cu to ca mt kiu lng sc l n gin nht, ti sao khoan in c
nh khng dng m s dng kiu kch t ni tip?
p: M men quay ln nht ca mt mt pha kiu lng sc khng cao, nu
dng n ko khoan in, th khi tay n hi nng, s ngng quay, khng ph hp
yu cu cng ngh. Mt xoay chiu kiu kch t ni tip khi ph ti ln c th h
thp tc quay tng m men quay trong phm vi rt ln, khng n ni hi nng
tay dng lc ngng quay, cn khi ph ti nh, c th t ng nng cao tc
quay, tng tc khoan l, cho nn cu to ca n tuy tng i phc tp nhng
vn c s dng rng ri. Nhng khoan in c tng i ln th thng s dng
kiu lng sc ba pha.
Hi: My pht in ma st dng n xe p, ti sao phi l kiu nam chm
vnh cu m khng th s dng kiu kch t?
p: V dng in kch t ca my pht in kiu kch t thay i theo tc
quay ca my pht in, v th khi tc quay ca my pht in hi bin ng, th
in p thay i rt ln, khi tc quay thp hn tr s gii hn nht nh th in
p bng 0. Nu s dng trn xe p th khi tc xe p nhanh th in p s rt
cao, cn tc hi chm th in p s thp khin n khng sng, thm ch khng
c cht in p no. V th, my pht in ma st dng cho n xe p phi s dng
kiu nam chm vnh cu.
Hi: Ti sao my cu hng trn tu thy s dng phi hp mt c rto
ng knh nh, di ln hoc mt hai rto?
p: V trong tuyn ko in ng lc nh khi ng, phanh hm, iu chnh
tc v.v.. do trong trng thi qu khi ng hoc phanh hm, mt s sinh ra
tiu hao nng lng ln, lm nng d di. Cho nn phi hn ch s ln cho php
- Trang 203 -
thng mch ca mt in, iu ny s hn ch cng sut c hc. gim thiu

tiu hao nng lng ny, cc my mc c gii nh cn cu trn tu thy phi s
dng mt c bit, lng qun tnh chuyn ng nh, nh mt c rto ng
knh nh, di ln hoc mt hai rto.
Hi: Ti sao my pht in mt chiu u l kiu phn ng quay, cn my
pht in xoay chiu u l kiu t cc quay?
p: Bi v my pht in mt chiu to ra l in xoay chiu, phi qua b
i chiu chnh lu bin thnh in mt chiu. Nu i phn ng thnh stato,
vn phi cho in xoay chiu ca stato qua b i chiu chnh lu bin thnh
in mt chiu, nh vy th ch to s kh khn. M phn ng my in xoay chiu
ln, in p cao, dng in khng cn qua b chnh lu i chiu, cho nn dng
lm stato, cn dng in m t cc cn th nh, in p thp, c th thng qua vng
trt dn in vo, ch to tng i d, cho nn dng lm phn quay.
Hi: Tc quay ca khoan in ni chung ch vi trm vng/pht, ti sao
u s dng mt tc rt cao, li dng bnh rng gim tc m khng trc tip s
dng mt tc thp?
p: Khi cng sut ra c nh, th th tch ca mt gn nh t l nghch vi
tc quay, tc quay cng cao, th tch cng nh trng lng cng nh. Khoan
in l dng c in cm tay, trng lng yu cu phi nh, s dng mt tc
quay cao (bao gm c b gim tc) c th thu nh th tch, gim trng lng. Nh
khoan in vi qui cch 13 mm nh nhau, th loi khoan in 3000/pht s nng
6.8kg, khoan in 15000 vng/pht s nng 4.5kg. Nu ly cng sut ra nh nhau, so
snh trng lng ca mt c tc quay khc nhau th s tng gim ni bt.
Hi: Ti sao khe h gia stato, rto ca mt cm ng th nh, cn khe h
ca mt ng b th ln?
p: Khe h ca mt cm ng ln hay nh s trc tip nh hng n h
s cng sut bi v khe h cng ln th dng in kch t phn khng (v cng) m
mt ly t li in s cng ln, h s cng sut ca mt s gim r rt.
bo m h s cng sut cua mt in cm ng khng n ni qu thp, cn phi
lm sao cho khe h ca mt tng i nh. Mt ng b th li khc. Dng in
kch t ca n khng do in li xoay chiu cung cp, m do dng kch t mt
chiu. Cho nn, khe h ln nh khng nh hng n h s cng sut. Mt khc,
khe h ca mt ng b cng ln th kh nng qu ti ca n cng cng ln, cho
nn khe h ca mt ng b tng i ln. Nhng khe h qu ln cng s lm cho
t th kch t mt chiu tng ln, khin kch thc thit k ca c mt tng ln.
Cho nn cn c khe h va phi thch hp. Nhng ni chung, khe h ca mt ng
b phi ln hn mt cm ng mt cht.
- Trang 204 -
Hi: Mt s dng trong nc hoc trong ging c g khc so vi mt bnh

thng?
p: Mt s dng bnh thng a phn l kiu phng h hoc kiu ng
kn. Loi phng h c th phng nga nc ma tt vo, loi sau c th phng nga
bi bm, tp cht trong khng kh xm nhp.
Mt s dng trong hm m l kiu chng n, n hon ton kn v c th chu
c b n m khng b ph hoi. Khi do cc nguyn nhn nh ngn mch, nh
thng lm cho mt pht ra tia la in, thm ch dn ti n bn trong s khng gy
n ton b hm m.
Mt s dng di nc l kiu ngp trong nc. Bi v nc bin hoc
nc sng ni chung u cha mui v cc khong cht, chng u l cht dn in.
Nu nc vo trong mt s ph hoi cch in, gy ngn mch. Cho nn mt
ngp trong nc phi c tnh nng kn tt, c th phng nga nc xm nhp vo
bn trong mt.
Hi: Cnh qut c bn ngoi v mt kiu ng kn hon ton c tc dng
g?
p: Tc dng ca n ch yu l tn nhit. Bi v nhit lng tn ta t
l thun vi din tch tn nhit. Mt ng kn hon ton da vo b mt v my
tn nhit, mc ch ca vic c nhiu cnh qut bn ngoi v my l lm tng din
tch tn nhit, t gim nhit ca mt, ko di tui th mt. ng nhin
nh vy s lm phc tp thm cng ngh.
Hi: Ti sao mt c nh, c va phi dng nm rnh t tnh?
p: Do yu cu cch in v cng ngh, li st mt c va v c nh p
dng rnh m ming, ni chung, dng nm rnh phi t tnh lm kn ming rnh, do
sng hi t trng khe h tng ln, khin tn hao st v tn hao dao ng xung b
mt rng rto tng ln, do tn hao st ph tng ln s dn ti gim thp hiu sut
ca mt, nhit ca nhm cun dy cng tng ln theo. ci thin tnh hnh
ny, c 1 s mt c va c nh p dng nm rnh t tnh, ni chung tn hao rt c
th gim 40 - 60%, dng in khng ti gim 15 - 25%, nhit cun dy ln nht
c th gim 20%. Nh vy s c cc u im ci thin tnh nng, nng cao hiu
sut, gim tiu hao in nng ca mt.
Hi: 2 mt c kch thc gn bng nhau nhng tc quay khc nhau, ti
sao phn gng li st stato, rto ca my c tc cao li dy cn phn ch li st
tc thp li mng?
p: Mt c kch thc gn bng nhau th tc quay cao s c s cc t
m din tch mi cc s ln, t thng mi cc v t thng thng thng qua phn
gng rto, stato u tng tng ng, bo m mt t thng nht nh ca
phn gng, cao gng cn tng dy tng ng. Ngc li, s cc ca my tc
quay thp s phi nhiu, din tch mi cc s nh t thng mi cc v t thng
- Trang 205 -
thng qua phn gng stato, rto u gim tng ng, cao gng cng gim mng
tng ng.
Hi: Ti sao rto ca my pht in tua bin kh ch to thnh dng nh m
di, cn rto my pht in tua bin nc th ngn m to?
p: Bi v, tc quay ca my pht in cng cao th t sut li dng vt
liu ca n cng cng ln, gi thnh s cng thp, ch tiu kinh t khi vn hnh cng
cng cao. V th, khi thit k trong iu kin bo m tn s nht nh, lun lun c
gng gim s cc tng tc quay. Tc quay cao nht ca my pht in c
dng in tn s 50Hz l 3000vng/pht, lc ly tm khng vt qu cng cho
php ca vt liu th phi hn ch ng knh ca rto, t c in p v
dung lng nht nh th phi c gng tng di ca li st rto, khin rto nh m
di. My pht in tua bin nc th tc quay ca n l do chnh lch mc nc
quyt nh, ni chung vo khong 80 - 500vng/pht, bo m tn s nht nh th
cn phi tng s cc ca mt, nh vy buc phi tng ng knh ca rto. ng
thi, xt n s thay i dt ngt ca ph ti, thay i tc quay ca my pht
in khng n ni qu nhanh, phi tng lng qun tnh chuyn ng GD2 , cng
tc l phi tng ng knh rto. V th rto va to va ngn.
nh?

Hi: Ti sao qut ca mt cao tc u dng qut ng knh tng i
p: Mt trong cc nguyn nhn gy ra ting n ca mt l ting n khng

kh. S lu ng ca khng kh khi qut quay s sinh ra ting n khng kh. Ting
n ny c lin quan ti kt cu ca qut, ln ca kch thc, hnh dng hnh hc,
tc quay cao hay thp, tnh hnh cn gi kt cu ng gi... Ni chung ng
knh ca qut cng ln, tc quay cng cao th ting n cng ln. ng thi khe h
gia mp qut vi bung thng gi qu nh s sinh ra ting rt. khc phc ting
n ny, i vi mt cao tc khng nn s dng qut ln m u dng qut ng
knh tng i nh.
Hi: B my ca mt mt chiu s dng thp c cn b my ca mt
xoay chiu s dng gang, l do ti sao?
p: B my ca my in mt chiu khng nhng dng t cc m
cn dng lm vt dn t, m dn t sut ca gang thp hn thp c, tnh nng dn
t cng li khng n nh. Cho nn b my ca my in mt chiu s dng thp
c ch khng s dng gang. Cn b my ca my in xoay chiu ch dng
stato, khng dng lm vt dn t, cho nn ch to bng gang.
Hi: Ti sao b i chiu ca my in mt chiu, ni chung lp u trc
khng th ra?
p: u trc th ra v b i chiu ca my in mt chiu, nu lp cng
mt u s c cc nhc im sau: (1) B i chiu ca my in mt chiu phi
- Trang 206 -
thng xuyn kim tra sa cha cn u th ra ca my in c my ng lc (i

vi my pht in) hoc my phi ko (i vi mt) v th kim tra sa cha bo
dng khng tin li. (2) My in mt chiu thng p dng hnh thc thng gi,
khng kh lm mt t u b i chiu a vo, thng qua cc chnh v rto, sau
thot ra u khc. Nu u th ra ca trc v b i chiu cng mt u th
khng kh a vo my in c th do thng qua my mc ni vi n b nng,
do nh hng n tng nhit ca my in. (3) Phn my mc ni vi my
in c th sinh ra cht bn hoc cht kh c hi d b ht vo, nh hng n s
sch bn trong my, gy n mn cch in hoc ngn mch. (4) Chn ng do u
th ra ca trc truyn n (do phn my mc ni vi my in sinh ra v do lp rp
khng ng gy ra) s nh hng s hot ng bnh thng ca b i chiu gy ra
tia la. Cho nn, ni chung b i chiu ca my in mt chiu lun lun lp u
kia ca u trc th ra.
Hi: Mt khng ng b cao tc c va, c ln JK, JKZ c th p dng
phng php hon i hai dy vo lm cho n quay ngc khng?
p: Khng c. Mt cao tc loi ny s dng qut xoay chn vt (cch
xon) hng trc, khng kh lm mt c ht vo t pha di hai u mt, qua
u cun dy stato, khe h, ng thng hng knh l gi hng trc ca li st
rto, n phn gia di b my th thot ra. Nu hon i hai si dy vo ca b
i chiu, khin mt quay ngc, th ton b ng thng gi lm mt u o
ngc. Do o hng khng tt, cng vi tc dng qut ca rto, lc cn ca gi
tng ln, lng gi gim, khin mt qu nng. Mt loi ny u c hai u trc
nh ra, nu c v tr dy ra th cp in dy vo li tng i di, khi sn xut cn
quay ngc, c th i u my in s dng. Nu v tr dy ra v di ca cp
in b hn ch th c th dng phng php gia nhit cc b nhanh i ln nhau
qut chn vt hai u rto.
Hi: Ti sao b my mt xoay chiu c c gn ta nhit, cn mt mt
chiu li khng c?
p: Li st ca stato mt xoay chiu c nh trong b my. Nhit lng do
tn hao ng ca nhm cun dy stato v tn hao dng xoy t tr ca li st stato
sinh ra ch yu thng qua b my tn vo trong khng kh, c gn tn nhit trn v
my c th tng din tch tn nhit, gim tng nhit ca mt. Mt mt chiu,
do trong b my c nh t cc chnh, ln v chiu ca t thng trong b my
u l c nh, trong stato khng c tn hao st, gia t cc chnh c khng gian
tng i ln, nhit lng do cun dy cc chnh sinh ra, c th tn ra qua thng gi
gia cc cc mt cch tin li. Cho nn trn b my khng c gn ta nhit, nh vy
vic ch to b my cng tin li. Nhit lng do tn hao ng v st ca rto sinh
ra thng.qua phn ca ming u mt mt chiu tn vo trong khng kh.
Hi: Ti sao c lc trn np u trc sau ca mt lng sc ba pha kiu kn
u c ba l c inh vt?
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p: l l chuyn dng o khe h gia rto, stato ca mt khi kim

tra. Khi o c th tho inh vt ra, cm cn l vo l c th o khe h mt cch d
dng.
Hi: Cnh qut ca rto mt kiu phng h, ti sao khng c cch qu xa
tm chn gi?
p: Gi s cnh qut rto c cch tm cn gi qu xa, th dng kh do cnh
qut thi ra v khng kh ca ht gi s hnh thnh dng xoy, t lm yu dng
kh trc tip thi ln phn u cun dy v li st stato cn lm mt nht. Cho nn,
ngoi p ng yu cu v mt c kh ca mt ra, khong cch gia cnh qut rto
vi tm cn gi khng c qu xa, nhm trnh nh hng hiu qu lm mt.
Hi: Ti sao my pht in xoay chiu c ln u c nh nhm cun dy
phn ng ln stato?
p: Bi v in p ca my pht in c ln tng i cao, cch in ca
cun dy i hi cao, phn quay m mun nng cao tnh nng cch in ca nhm
cun dy th tng i kh khn. Cn in p ca nhm cun dy t trng th thp,
d cch in. Mt khc, nu lp nhm cun dy phn ng ln rto th trng lng
ca n s nng gp nhiu ln, gy nhiu kh khn v k thut. Cho nn, my in
xoay chiu c ln u l kiu t trng quay.
- Trang 208 -
8 - 2 Li st
Hi: Khi ch to, nu khng thay i thit k c, em l thp silic (D11) dng
mt lp ln li st bin th, cn l thp silic (D41) dng bin th lp ln li st
mt, s xy ra chuyn g?
p: Do hm lng silic khc nhau, nn l thp silic D41 v D11 khc nhau v
tnh nng. Tn hao st ca D41 tng i nh, cn vn ampe kch t tng i ln,
tnh nng c gii tng i km, c tnh gin. Tn hao st ca D11 tng i ln
cn cng sut (vn ampe) kch t tng i nh, tnh nng c hc tng di tt, hi
gin. V d, vi mt t thng 1.4 tesla (T) (14000 Gaox) th mi khng phin
thp silic D11 s tn hao st l 6.9W, 11.5VA kch t, cn D41 ch c 2.59W, 25.8VA
kch t. Do nu em D11 dng vo li st bin th th tn hao st s tng 2 - 3
ln. Cn dng in kch t li gim khong mt na so vi c, khin bin th nng,
thm ch khng vn hnh c.
Hi: S hai phin dp, ci no chnh xc, ti
sao?
p: Hnh 8 - 2 - 2 (a) chnh xc, hnh 8 - 2 - 2 (b)
sai. V bng phin dp sau khi dp ct th mp ming t
dp nht nh sinh ra bavia (ra xm) v mt bn. Khi
chng cc phin, nu chng ngc hai phin k nhau th
s lm cho mp bavia chng ln nhau, dn n tn hao
st tng. V tr l na hnh trn (k hiu i xng) hnh (a) khng i xng vi
rnh, khi chng ngc phin dp, c th nhn bit ngay (bi v khi t l na hnh
trn pha tri rnh, khi xp chng ngc, s bn phi rnh). Cn l nh na hnh
trn hnh (b) nm trn trc i xng vi rnh, khng th pht hin phin dp xp
chng ngc.
Hi: Phin dp ca li st rto mt khng ng b c th khng sn cch
in, phin dp li st rto ca mt mt chiu cng c th khng sn cch in
c khng?
p: T trng ca stato mt khng ng b quay theo tc quay ng
b, cn rto li quay cng chiu vi t trng. V th, tn s xoay chiu ca t
trng trong li st rto v cng thp, tn hao st trong cng rt t. Cn t trng
ca mt mt chiu l khng i, tn s xoay chiu ca t trng trong li st khi
rto quay tng i cao v t l thun vi s cc v tc quay. gim tn hao
dng xoy trong li st, phin dp ca rto mt mt chiu ni chung u phi sn
cch in.
Hi: Hnh dng rnh ca stato my in xoay chiu, i vi my dung lng
va v nh th lm thnh rnh hnh qu l ming na ng, my tng i ln th lm
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thnh rnh ming na m, my dung lng ln th lm thnh rnh ming m. Ti

sao?
p: Xt theo tnh nng ca my in xoay chiu th ming rnh cng nh
cng tt (t th kch t cn thit nh, cho nn h s cng sut c th hi cao, dao
ng t trng cng nh, do tn hao v chn ng sinh ra u tng i nh).
Nhng tit din dy dn ca my in dung lng tng i ln, ni chung chu
dy dn dt, c bit l vi in p tng i cao, cun dy lm thnh cun dy to
hnh, trc khi gn nht vo trong rnh phi bc tt cch in, nhm bo m cht
lng cch in, cho nn phi dng rnh m ming.
Hi: Rnh stato ca my in dung lng nh p dng rnh ming na ng
nh hnh 8 - 2 - 5 (a). Ti sao rnh stato my in dung lng ln thng p dng
rnh ming m nh hnh 8 - 2 - 5 (b)?
p: V my in dung lng nh ni chung s dng
in p thp, dng in nh, dy dn nh, s vng nhiu, dy
dn c th tng dy vo c, cho nn p dng hnh rnh
ming na m. Cn my in dung lng ln s dng in p
tng i cao, yu cu cch in ca cun dy i vi li st
rt cao, phi to cun dy thnh hnh v x l cch in tt mi
t vo. Cho nn ming rnh phi rng mt cht c th nht
cun dy vo v th p dng hnh rnh ming m?
Hi: t nht dy vo rnh ming m d hn l vo rnh ming na ng.Ti
sao my in in p thp khng dng rnh ming na ng?
p: Khe h gia stato v rto ca my in cng ln th dng in kch t
cng ln, hiu sut v h s cng sut u gim. Rnh m ming tng ng vi
tng khe h, s lm cho tnh nng ca my in tr nn km. Mun thu c tnh
nng tng i tt th phi dng rt nhiu vt liu, cho nn c gng trnh dng.
Nhng my in cao p phi bc xong cch in ca cun dy ri mi t ton b
vo th buc phi s dng rnh ming m.
Hi: Phin dp ca stato c ng knh ngoi nh nhau, ti sao loi c s
cc t th ng knh trong nh?
p: T thng di mi cc ca li st my in u phi chy qua phn
gng ca li st rto. Nu t thng mi cc qu ln th s dn n cng cm
ng t b phn gng qu cao, tc mch t qu bo ha, t s nh hng bt
li n s vn hnh ca my in. T thng mi cc t l thun vi khong cch
mi cc, khong cch cc ca mi cc loi s cc t s ln, t t thng mi cc
cng ln. lm cho t thng mi cc c tr s hp l, loi s cc t phi rt nh
ng knh trong ca phin dp, khin cao ca gng cng ln tng ng, nh
vy mi c th khng lm cho phn gng ca li st my in qu bo ha t.
- Trang 210 -
8 - 3 Cun dy
Hi: Khi qun li cun dy ca mt cm ng cch in cp E, nu i
thnh cch in cp A th tnh nng ca n thay i th no?
p: Khi qun li cun dy, nu s vng, cch u, tit din ca dy dn
cun dy u khng thay i, ch i vt liu cch in t cp E thnh cp A th
dng in khi ng, m men lc khi ng, m men lc ln nht, h s cng sut
v hiu sut ca mt u khng i. Nhng do nhit cho php gim, khi lm
vic lu di th dung lng u ra s gim khong 20%.
Hi: Nhit cho php ca cch in cp A l 105oC, ti sao my in cch
in loi A qui nh nhit cho php cao nht ca n khi o bng phng php
in tr l 100oC (nhit tng cho php 60oC, nhit chung quanh l 40oC) Cn
khi o bng nhit k l 95oC (nhit tng cho php l 55oC)?
p: V tnh hnh pht nhit v tn nhit cc b phn ca my in khc nhau,
do nhit ca b phn no l cao nht, gi n l im nng nht. bo
m cch in ca cc b phn my in khng qu nng. phi lm cho nhit ca
im nng nht khng vt qu nhit cho php ca cch in. Nhng nhit
ca im nng nht, trn thc t kh o c, m xc nh theo kinh nghim: nhit
bnh qun o c bng phng php in tr thp hn n 5oc, nhit bnh
qun o c bng nhit k thp hn n 10oC, V th nhit cho php ca my
in cch in cp A c qui nh nh trn.
Hi: Ti sao ngy nay phn ln my in i sang dng dy bc sn cng
cao hoc dy bc si thy tinh thay cho dy bc si?
p: Do si vi m dy bc si s dng l hng ha tt yu ca i sng
nhn dn, m cp cch in ca dy bc sn cng cao, dy bc si thy tinh li
cao hi si bng, tnh nng chu nhit v cch in tt, s dng loi dy dn ny c
th nng cao dung lng ca my in m khng tng th tch ca my, ng thi li
c th tit kim c si bng.
Hi: Ti sao dy dn trn gn nht vo trong rnh li st my in nu qu
lng cng khng nn?
p: Dy dn trn gn nht vo trong rnh lng mt cht, ng nhin c th
d a nht dy dn vo rnh, nhng vt liu li st s khng th c tn dng
ht. ng thi khe h ca rnh qu ln, kh lm cho sn ngm chn y hon ton,
dn n dy dn tn nhit khng tt, nhit tng cao, li khng d lm cho cun
dy gn kt thnh mt khi, nn nh hng cng c hc ca n.
- Trang 211 -

Hi: Ti sao my in c va c ln ni chung u s dng nhm cun dy
hai lp?
p: Cun dy hai lp ngoi vic c th la chn khong cch cc tit on
mt cch c li nht, t c dng sng t th khe h tng i tt, tit kim vt
liu, tng i d chn s vng ca mi chi tit ra, cn c u im l cc nhm
cun dy c th u song song vi nhau. Khi s rnh ca mi pha mi cc l s chn
th cc nhm cun dy c th u song song ton b, t gim c dng in
mch nhnh v tit din dy dn, tin gn dy. Ngoi ra, trong mt nhm cun dy
hai lp no , khi v tr ca rto lch tm vi stato, th trong cc mch nhnh u
song song ca nhm cun dy s gy nn dng in cn bng. T thng cn bng do
dng in ny sinh ra c th loi tr lc ko t mt bn. Nhm cun dy hai lp cn
thch hp vi cun dy rnh s l, to thun li cho s thng dng phin dp. My
in c khi lng sn xut khng ln, yu cu tnh nng tng i cao, phn ln
s dng nhm cun dy hai lp.
Hi: Lp sn ca dy bc sn c th chu ng din p 380V tr ln, ti sao
gia cc pha ca mt in cn phi c cch in ring?
p: Dy bc sn cng cao trong th nghim chu p phi chu ng in
p cao vi ngn vn. Nhng sau khi xut xng, qua cc cng on vn chuyn, qun
dy, ra dy, chnh hnh v.v... lp sn chu tn thng vi mc nht nh, cng vi
s dng lu ngy chu m, chu lc, tnh nng chu p st gim. Nu khng c cch
in gia cc pha, c kh nng gy nn ngn mch gia cc pha.
Hi: Ti sao s c nh thng cch in gia cc vng dy ca my in cao
p xy ra nhiu hn s c cch in chnh (cch in i vi t)?
p: Nhng nguyn nhn ch yu l: (1) Cch in gia cc vng ca my
in cao p thng thng ch 1 - 3 lp, s trng hp nhng nhc im, khim
khuyt gia cc lp v xc sut pht trin u ln hn nhiu so vi cch in chnh.
(2) Khi qu p, hiu in th trn cch in mt phn vng dy rt cao, gy nn nh
thng cc b gia cc vng dy. (3) Th nghim kim tra khim khuyt cch in
gia cc vng dy kh hn cch in chnh, khin khim khuyt cch in gia cc
vng dy kh kim tra v khc phc trc. (4) Tn thng c hc trong ch to my
in, cng vi chn ng lp i lp li, n mn in qung trong khi vn hnh v
hiu ng tch ly ca nhiu ln qu p v.v... u thc y lo ha cch in gia cc
vng dy, lm gim cng c hc ca n v cng trng nh thng. Cc
nguyn nhn ny dn n s c cch in gia cc vng dy nhiu hn cch in
chnh.
Hi: Ti sao dy dn ca my in, bin th dung lng nh th dng dy
trn cn my c dung lng tng i ln th dng dy dt?
p: Dy dn trn khi gia cng ch to v qun dy u tng i thun
tin, nhng sau khi qun thnh cun dy, khe h trn mt ct ngang ca n rt nhiu,
- Trang 212 -
tc nng sut khng gian rt thp, iu ny khng c g gh gm i vi my in,

my bin th dung lng nh, dy dt tit din nh khi gia cng ch to v qun
cun dy u c kh khn, do my in, my bin th dung lng nh u s
dng dy dn trn. Cn my in, my bin th dung lng ln, nu nng sut li
dng khng gian km th s lm cho th tch ca c my tng ln r rt, s dng bt
tin, gi thnh ch to tng, hn na dy dt tit din tng i ln khi gia cng
ch to v qun dy u khng kh, cho nn my in, my bin th dung lng
tng i ln u dng dy dn dt.
Hi: Nhm cun dy my in cao p, b phn no d sinh ra in qung
(hoa)? Ti sao? Lm sao loi tr n?
p: B phn d sinh ra in hoa c: (1) Ch ming rnh ra ca nhm cun
dy (cng in trng y rt cao). (2) Ch ng thng gi stato (ng sc
in ch ny tp trung dy ch gc nhn ca l thp silic, to iu kin thun li
cho s ion ha ca khng kh). (3) trong khe trng v bt kh bn trong vt liu
cch in (do in trng phn b khng u). (4) b mt v mt u cun dy
(cng in trng phn b khng u).
loi tr nh hng khng tt ca in hoa gy tn hi cch in, ni
chung nhm cun dy cao p u c sn loi sn bn dn vi in tr sut khc
nhau, t c mc ch iu tit in trng, ci thin s phn b in th.
Hi: Cun dy stato ca my pht in tua bin kh ti sao phi hon i v tr?
p: Cun stato ca my pht in c lp
trong rnh dy li st stato. Khi dng in xoay chiu
chy qua cun dy. quanh cun dy s xut hin t
thng xoay chiu. Do tnh dn t ca li st mnh,
ng sc t phn b khng u theo cao rnh. Nu
chia dy dn thnh mt s lp theo chiu cao, dng in
trong mi lp dy dn s hnh thnh ng sc t ring, thng qua li st y rnh,
hnh thnh mch kn, lp gn y rnh b tt c cc ng sc t bao vy, cm
khng ln nht. Dy dn lp trn cng ch b ng sc t ca chnh n bao vy,
cm khng nh nht. Dng in chy qua dy dn cm khng ln th nh, dng in
chy qua dy dn cm khng nh th ln. Do dng in phn b trong dy dn khng
u, tng tn hao cun dy, khin cun dy lp y khng th li dng ht. Rnh
cng su, nh hng ny cng ln, cho nn trong my in dung lng tng i ln
(bao gm my pht in tua bin nc) khi dng in stato l 1000 ampe tr ln th
phi i v tr ln nhau gia dy dn lp trn, lp di ca cun dy (xem hnh 8 - 3
l0), khin dng in cc lp phn b tng i u, dy dn bng ng s c
li dng y .
Hi: Khi kim tra sa cha my pht in ti sao phi kim tra k lng
phn mt u cun dy stato v tnh hnh c nh phn rnh?
- Trang 213 -
p: Khi my pht in ngn mch phn ngoi, dng in ngn mch chy
qua cun dy khin n chu lc in ng rt ln. Nu c nh khng tt th cun
dy s bin dng hoc bng ny trong rnh, gy nn s c, hn na sc in t sinh
ra gia cc cun dy khi my pht in c ln vn hnh cng tng i ln. Sc
in t xoay chiu gia que dy trn, di cng rnh khin que dy chn ng lin
tc, nu c nh khng tt th trong thi gian tng i ngn s lm mn hng
nghim trng cch in.
Hi: Nhm cun dy ca mt ti sao phi tm sn?
p: Tc dng tm sn do cun dy no l: (1) Nng cao kh nng chu
nhit ca vt liu cch in. V nh, la sp sau khi tm sn c th t tiu chun
cch in cp A. (2) Tng cng kh nng chng m v tn nhit. Nhm cun dy
khng tm sn th gia vng dy vi li st u c khe h. Sau khi tm sn, khe
trng c chn kn bng sn cch in, tnh nng chng m, dn nhit (tc tn
nhit) c nng cao nhiu. (3) Nng cao cng c hc. Mt m cun dy
khng tm sn, khi khi ng, dy dn trong rnh s chu s va p ca sc in t
nht nh, lu ngy do nhiu ln chn ng, ma st, d b tn thng. Sau khi tm
sn, dy dn hnh thnh mt khi thng nht trong rnh li st, kh b hao tn.
Hi: Khi x l tm sn cun dy mt, ti sao phi sy kh trc?
p: Mc ch sy kh trc l nhm loi bt nc trong vt liu cch in
ca cun dy ra. Nu khng loi tr ra ht th nc cha trong cch in ca cun
dy s b mng sn tm bao vy khng bc hi ra c, cho d x l tm sn sau
c tt th tnh nng cch in ca n cng khng tt. Vt liu cch in thng thng
trong khng kh m tng i 65% tr ln s bt u ht m mnh. V th khng
c xem nh vic sy kh trc.
Hi: Ti sao nhit khi tm sn cho cun dy my in, thit b in, u
qui nh l 60 ~ 70oC?
p: Bi v nhit th sn mi ngm vo bn trong cun dy, bo m
cht lng ngm tm. Nu nhit cun dy qu cao, th sau khi t n vo trong
sn, s nhanh chng hnh thnh mng sn b mt cun dy, sn s kh ngm vo
trong cun dy. ng thi, lm bay hi cht ha tan hn, tng nhanh lo ha hn.
Nu nhit cun dy qu thp th kh nng thm thu ca sn tng i km, kh
ngm vo.
Hi: Ti sao khi tm sn cho cun dy my in, dnh ca sn phi tng
bc nng cao theo s ln ngm sn?
p: Bi v ln u ngm sn l sn c th ngm tt vo lp trong ca
th cch in, cho trc tip thi vo cun dy ca my bin th hoc mt, khin
mt b phn cun dy qu nng, gy gin ha. Sau khi t mt tm chn c th
- Trang 214 -
khin gi nng i lu ng trong bung sy m khng nh hng ti cch in ca

cun dy.
Hi: Ti sao khi lng ng bc bng nha vo dy ra ca cun dy phi tin
hnh sau khi sy kh tm sn cun dy m khng nn tin hnh trc?
p: Bi ng bc bng nha sau khi qua ngm sn sy s tr nn cng, gin,
d gy. ng bc sau khi cng th khng thch hp lm cch in ca dy dn cun
dy.
Hi: Thit b in dng vt liu cch in lp chn hoc ngm tm nh my
pht in cao p, u ni cp in v.v... ti sao khng cho php tn ti khe trng?
p: Bi v trong khe trng c khng kh, n thay i theo ln ca dng
in ph ti, s sinh ra hin tng nng n ngui co, kt qu sau nhiu ln co n c
th lm tng khe trng, thm ch gy nt; mt khc, khi in p tng ln n mc
nht nh, do tc dng ca in trng khin cht kh ion ha, sinh ra zon (O 3) v
cht xyt nit (N2O) khin cch in lo ha nhanh, tr nn gin, tnh nng gim, lm
hng thit b.
Hi: My in sau khi ngm tm sy kh, ti sao khng nn dng bn chi st
nh sch mng sn khoang bn trong li st?
p: Bi v khi dng bn chi st chi mng sn khoang bn trong my
in, nu dy st b gy c th c u dy st nh lu li trong ming rnh li st,
nht l khi dy st cm vo trong mp chn rnh, s dng kh nn cng khng th
thi sch c. Cn khi my in vn hnh th u dy st s lm sy st rto. V
th khng nn dng bn chi st chi mng sn.
Hi: Trc khi lp rto ca my in vo stato ti sao phi dng kh nn thi
sch b mt cun dy v vng trong li st?
p: Bi v stato ca my in sau hng lot cng on gia cng u kh
trnh khi dnh bi st nh trn b mt cun dy stato v vng trong li st. Khi my
in hot ng, do tc dng ca t trng s thi cc bi st ny vo trong khe h
ca stato, rto v khe h gia cc cun dy, khin my in xy ra s c. Cho nn
trc khi lp rto vo stato, phi dng kh nn thi sch b mt cun dy stato v
vng trn trong li st.
Hi: Ti sao tc rt nhm cho rto nhm c khng vt qu nhanh cng
khng c qu chm?
p: Khi tc rt nhm qu nhanh, cht kh bn trong rnh li st rto khng
c y ra ht, khin thanh nhm sinh ra hin tng l kh hoc t gy thanh
nhm. Cn khi tc rt nhm qu chm, do nhit ca cht lng nhm h xung,
- Trang 215 -
thanh nhm khng c lin kt tt vi nhau. Cho nn phng php ng l, trc

tin t t rt mt phn nc nhm, sau nhanh chng rt ht nc nhm cn li,
nh vy c th bo m cht lng ca rto bng nhm c.
- Trang 216 -
thp?

Hi: Ti sao nhit cng cao th tr s in tr cch in ca rto cng
p: Cch in ca mt l vt liu cch in dng si, giu tnh ht m, khi

nhit tng cao, nc trong cch din s lp tc ko di ra v pha hai cc in
trng, nh vy ht nc di nh trong vt liu si s tng tnh dn in. Ngoi ra
trong nc cha tp cht ha tan hoc trong cht cch in cha vt cht tnh kim
v tnh axit s b nc phn gii cng s lm tng dn in sut, do lm gim tr
s in tr cch in.
- Trang 217 -
8 - 4 trc
Hi: Gia gi trc v y ca mt ng b tng i ln phi m
tm cch in, ti sao mt khng ng b li khng cn?
p: Chy qua rto mt ng b l in mt chiu, do cc nguyn nhn nh
khe h gia stato v r t khng u, t tr ca cc mch t song song rto c kh
nng khng bng nhau, gy ra t trng khng bng nhau khin hai u trc ca
mt sinh ra in th, trc trc, np b t ha cng c th gy nn iu th ny.
Trong mt ng b tng i ln, in th ny c th ln ti mc nh thng
mng du trong trc, hnh thnh dng in thng qua gia trc vi y trc.
Dng in ny c tc dng n mn i vi c trc, bc trc, nn m lp cch in
vo gia gi trc vi y nhm tng in tr trong mch kn dng in trc,
khin dng in trc gim xung cn rt nh. Mt khng ng h do khng c tnh
hnh in th cm ng sinh ra dng in trc, v th khng cn m cch in.
Hi: Du trong trc my in nhiu tt khng?
p: M bi trn my in l hn hp gia du nhn v cht c tinh x
phng. Tc dng ca cht c tnh x phng l lm cho hn hp c nh ln v tr s
dng, du nh c tc dng bi trn. Du m qu nhiu th bi s khng ngng khuy
ng trong du m lm nhit tng, th tch n ra, ngoi vic tng tn hao ma st
v pht nhit ra cn c th trn chy ra ngoi n cun dy ca my in, c hi cho
trc v cun dy, cho nn m bi trn trong trc khng nn qu nhiu. Nhng
cng khng c qu t, nu khng bi s nhanh chng b hng do thiu bi trn.
Ni chung bi mi hoc sau khi sa cha, khi cho du m vo ch cn lp
y mt na n 2/3 khe trng l c.
Hi: Ti sao c mt s my in dng trc bc trt?
p: My in c ln c trng lng ln, tc cao, bi bnh thng chu
khng ni ph ti ln nh vy, cho nn u phi dng trc bc trt. My in
c nh, c bit l my in thng gp trong i sng hng ngy nh qut in,
my ht cng dng trc kiu bc trt. ch yu l v khi vn hnh, ting n
ca trc bc trt nh, ting n nh thng thng l mt trong cc yu cu quan
trng ca my in nh. My in loi va kiu c cng dng trc bc trt,
l v trnh ch to hi y cn hn ch, trc ln cha tt bng trc trt.
Hi: Ti sao phi nh k kim tra, b sung du, thay du trc mt in?
p: Mt in trong qu trnh vn hnh s dn u du trong trc dn
dn b bn v hao ht, thm ch ht hn. Nh vy gia c trc v bc trc s qu
nng, do nhit ln cao nn n ra, th l lc ma st tng, thm ch dn n mt
ngng quay.
- Trang 218 -

Hi: trc trong my in dung lng ln, tc quay tng i thp th
thng dng bc trt (lt), tc tng i cao th thng dng bi hoc bi
a. Ti sao?
p: Mt in dung lng ln, tc quay thp, trc, mt mt phi chu
p lc thng ng ca b phn chuyn ng tng i ln, cn c bc trc vi kh
nng chu trng lng tng i ln lm trc, mt khc nh hng ca lc ma
st trc tc quay thp tng i nh, nn c th dng bc trc vi lc ma st
tng i ln lm trc cho nn trc mt dung lng ln, tc thp thng
dng trc bc trt. Mt tc quay cao, bi mt mt chu p lc thng ng
ca b phn chuyn ng tng i nh, c th dng bi hoc bi a vi nng
lc chu tng i nh lm trc; mt khc, vi tc quay cao nh hng lc
ma st cc b phn chuyn ng i vi trc tng i ln, nn phi dng bi, bi
hoc bi a vn c lc ma st tng i nh.
Hi: Ti sao trc hai u mt s my in khng ging nhau?
p: u mang puli ai curoa ca my in c
nh dng trc ln mt cht, u mang puli ai curoa
ca my in c va dng bi a, cn u kia dng
bi trn. l v u mang puli ai curoa chu tc dng
curoa, p lc ln hn u kia (xem hnh 8 - 4 - 6), bi
a hoc trc ln mt cht mi c th chu c p
lc tng i ln.

Hi: My in dung lng ln dng trc c , ti sao ti thiu phi m
mt tm cch in gia trc v tm y, ng thi, ch bu lng c nh cht
v mt bch ng du v.v... u phi c m cch in?
p: Do khe h ca my in khng u, li st s dng l dp hnh qut v
phin i c l thng gi hng trc, to ra cch mch t khng i xng hoc do
nhm cun dy khng i xng, khin cho trc quay ct t thng sinh ra in th vi
vn. in th ny s sinh ra dng in trc rt ln trong mch kn do trc, bi v
tm y to thnh, khin cho bc trc, c trc b n mn v chy r bi tia la in,
khi nghim trng s lm nng chy bc trc, bn du bi trn, t gim hiu sut.
Bin php tt nht phng nga dng in trc l ct mch ca dng in ny,
cho nn phi cch in cho trc v tm chy, ng thi cng ct mch to bi
my ng lc, my c ko, my kch t c chn y v ng du trc v.v... to
nn.
Hi: Ti sao mt in c bc trc, sau khi m my phi lp tc kim tra
vng du trong bc trc xem c xoay khng?
p: Bi v khi mt vn hnh, trc ca n da vo du do vng du a du
bi trn. Nu vng du khng quay th gia trc vi bc trc bng hp kim s
khng c du bi trn, ma st tng, khin bc trc nhanh chng b mn (thng gi
- Trang 219 -
chy bc). Cho nn, sau khi m mt phi kim tra vng du xem c quay khng.
Nu vng u khng quay th phi gy by cho xoay, nhng phi ch an ton.
- Trang 220 -
8 - 5 B i chiu, vnh gp v chi in

Hi: My in mt chiu thng thng s dng chi in graphit cn vnh
gp ca my xoay chiu a phn dng chi in graphit - ng. Ti sao?
p: H s in tr ca chi in graphit tng i ln, mt dng in
cho php tng i nh, in tr tip xc cng tng i ln, n tuy tng tiu hao v
tng tit din chi in cn thit, nhng do h s in tr tng i cao, khin cho
trong qu trnh i chiu, dng in trong linh kin b ngn mch bi n tng i
nh, c th ci thin tnh hnh i chiu, v vy thch hp vi my in mt chiu
ni chung. H s in tr ca chi in graphit ng nh, mt dng in cho
php ln, st p tip xc nh, dng vi my in mt chiu ni chung th s lm cho
tnh hnh i chiu km, nhng dng cho vnh gp ca my in xoay chiu th c
th h thp tn hao, gim nh tit din (chi in graphit ng cng thng s
dng trong my in mt chiu in p thp, dng in ln).
Hi: Ti sao trn b mt vnh gp v c chnh lu ca my in lun lun
dng chi in a in nng vo hoc ra m khng dng kim loi mm khc?
p: Khi s dng kim loi mm nu gp phi xut hin tia la trn b mt
vnh gp v c chnh lu s khin n b chy dnh, cho nn phi s dng chi in,
nh vy vn khng lm mn nhanh b mt vnh gp hoc c chnh lu, va khng
xy ra chy dnh khi c tia la.
Hi: Ti sao trn b mt vnh gp ca rto mt s my pht in phi tr
mt ng rnh xon c?
p: C hai tc dng: (1) Rnh xon c tr theo chiu quay ca rto. Nh
vy, sau khi chi than b mn, bt dn in ca n s theo ng rnh ny vng ra
ngoi rto, trnh c tch t bt dn in ni cun dy kch t dn n vnh gp
m trong rto, lm gim cch in. (2) Tng cng c tc dng lm mt thng gi
ca chi in, t h thp nhit ca chi in v vnh gp, gim mn hng.
Hi: Ti sao trn c chnh lu hoc vnh gp ca mt s my in c chm
rnh ren?
p: Khi chi in tip xc vi c chnh lu hoc vnh gp khng chm rnh
ren, ni chung ch c 5 - 7 tip im, sau khi chm rnh ren th s tip im tng ln
10 - 15 ln, nh vy c th gip cho chnh lu tt hn, gim bt tia la, li do c
ren, c th tng b mt lm mt ca chi in v c chnh lu.
Hi: Chi in ca my in c th s dng ln nhau khng?
p: Chi in cc nhn hiu khc nhau c in tr tip xc v h s in
tr khc nhau, s dng ln ln chi in khc nhn hiu trn my in, khin dng
- Trang 221 -
in phn b khng u, chi in c dng in ln chy qua s sinh ra tia la,

khin my in xy ra s c. Nu l chi in kim loi graphit th khi dng in
vt qu 20 ampe/cm2 , in p tip xc t l thun vi mt dng in tng ln,
dn n dng in chy qua chi in ny cng ln, d lm hng b i chiu
(hoc vnh gp) v chi in ca my in. i vi chi in graphit, do h s
nhit (dng in cng ln, nhit cng cao th in tr cng nh) ca carbon, cng
d b chy qu ti, lng lo. V vy i vi my in nn c gng dng chi in
cng nhn hiu, nu iu kin khng c php t nht s dng cng mt loi sn
phm chi in cng cc tnh.
Hi: Ti sao b mt mt u ca mt s loi chi in c m ng?
p: gim thiu in tr qu gia dy dn vi chi, ch 1/3 tng
cao ca mt s chi in c m mt lp ng dy khong 0.02 - 0.04mm. Nh
vy c th gim thiu st p chi in, ng thi phng nga chi in qu
nng.
Hi: Nu t my in c c gp in vn hnh trong chn khng, c c
khng?
p: Khng c, my in c c gp in nu vn hnh trong chn khng
th c gp in s nhanh chng chy hng. l bi v b mt c gp in c lp
mng mng xyt ng, n co in tr tng i cao c th hn ch dng in i
chiu, gim tia la, trong chn khng do thiu xy, sau khi lp mng mng xyt ng
b mn hng, lp mng mng mi khng th hnh thnh, v th khi i chiu s pht
sinh tia la nghim trng, c chnh lu nhanh chng b chy hng.
Hi: Ti sao tuyt i khng c dng giy nhm ct cng nh bng c
chnh lu my in mt chiu v mi bng chi in?
p: Bi v khi nh bng v mi bng, ct cng s gm vo trong c chnh
lu hoc trong rnh lm gia cc phin chnh lu, khi t my vn hnh s mi mn
tng i mnh c chnh lu. Cho nn, phi dng giy nhm ct thy tinh mn
nh bng c chnh lu v mi bng chi in.
Hi: Ti sao c lc phi m mt ng rnh cong trn b mt vng gp in
my pht in ln?
p: M ng rnh cong tng i su trn b mt vng gp in l nhm
tng tn nhit, h thp nhit ca vng gp, mt khc l nhm tng ln tip im,
gim s xut hin tia la.
- Trang 222 -
8 - 6 o kim my in
Hi: o nhit ca my in, my bin th, ti sao khng nn s dng
nhit k thy ngn?
p: Nhit k c loi l nhit k thy ngn, c loi l nhit k cn v.v...,
trong trng hp chung u c th s dng. Nhng khi o nhit ca my in,
my bin th, nhit k nm trong trng in t. Thy ngn l cht dn in, trong
trng in t s sinh ra tn hao dng xoy, do s dn n sai s o. Cho nn, o
nhit my in, bin th tt nht s dng nhit k cn.
Hi: Ti sao phi o tr s in tr mt chiu ca cun dy my in?
p: Mc ch o in tr mt chiu ca cun dy my in l nhm kim
tra in tr tip xc u hn ni dy dn phn u cun dy xem c thay i khng,
cht lng hn ni ra sao? Cun dy mi qun cn c th qua kim tra ra s vng
ca cun dy pha v u ni c ng khng.
Hi: o th cch in gia cc vng dy ca bin th i hi ngun in c
in p v tn s u gp 2 ln tr s nh mc. Nu trong xng khng c thit b
ny, lm th no li dng bin th ba pha, mt
kiu qun dy v kiu lng sc hin c thu
c ngun in ny?
p: C th dng bin th ba pha, mt
lng sc ba pha, mt rto qun dy ba pha, mi
loi mt my, u ni theo hnh 8 - 6 - 3 s c th
thu c in p th nghim gn bng hai ln tr
s nh mc. Trong hnh, B l bin th cn o th,
TB l b iu p, D l mt kiu lng sc 4 cc 380V. F l mt kiu rto qun dy
4 cc v stato bin i thnh 800V. D, F ni ng trc vi nhau. iu chnh TB,
cho t my sau khi thng in, t trng do rto F sinh ra ngc vi chiu quay ca
chnh n. Nh vy, lm cho t trng rto ct stato vi tc gn gp hai ln tc
ng b. Lc ny, trn nhm cun dy stato s cm ng ra in p vi tn s gp
hai ln tn s nh mc, ging ln B. iu chnh in p u ra ca TB l c th
iu chnh tr s in p u ra ca F.
Hi: Khi th nghim chu p xoay chiu ca cc thit b nh: my pht in,
bin th, cng tc du cao p v.v... ti sao phi u song song mt khe h cu vi
vt c th nghim?
p: Khe h cu ny c hai tc dng. Mt l o in p th nghim. V
in dung ca cc thit b nh my pht in, bin th v cng tc du cao p v.v...
tng i ln, dng in in dung chy qua vt th nghim c th lm thay i t
s bin p ca bin th th nghim hoc lm thay i hnh sng in p, khin cho
- Trang 223 -
s c ca vn k khng chnh xc. Li dng nguyn l gia khong cch khe h

cu vi in p phng in c mt quan h nht nh c th o c in p th
nghim ging ln vt th nghim. Mt tc dng khc l bo v vt th nghim khng
b qu p nh thng. Bi v trong khi tin hnh th nghim, in p ngun in c
th dao ng, khin in p ging trn vt th nghim vt qu in p th nghim
nh mc.
Hi: Khi dng tay d th nhit v tnh hnh chn ng ca my in,
dng tai nghe m thanh vn hnh ca my in, c nhng iu cn ch no v an
ton?
p: Khi dng tay d th nhit v tnh hnh chn ng ca my in, nn
mu bn tay v pha my in, chm nhanh rt ra, tuyt i khng t pha lng
bn tay ln my in.
Khi nghe thm d m thanh vn hnh ca my in, tuyt i khng s dng
que kim loi, m nn dng que cch in hoc que kim loi c lp cn cch in tt,
tay v tai khng c tip xc vi phn kim loi. Cn cn phi phng nga que thm
d m thanh trt khin nhn vin thao tc b ng, gy nn tai nn.
Hi: Ti sao trong th nghim c tnh d phng ca my pht in, ni chung
khng tin hnh o tr s tang tn tht mi cht?
p: Do cch in ca cun dy my in quay c th xem nh linh kin
in dung phn b. Tr s tang tn tht mi cht o c l tng ca tg ca cc linh
kin in dung, nh th hin cng thc sau:
tg =
C1 tg1 + C 2 tg 2 + ... + C n tg n
C1 + C 2 +... + C n
Trong khi linh kin in dung khng ln, c bit tn ti khim khuyt cc b
lm cho tg ca n tng, nh hng rt nh n tg tng; v th, o tr s tang tn
tht mi cht i vi pht hin khim khuyt cc b ca my in quay khng c
gha g lm.
Hi: Thc hin th nghim chu p xoay chiu v mt chiu ca my pht
in, hiu qu c g khc nhau? C th thay th cho nhau khng?
p: Khi th nghim chu p xoay chiu, trn cch in sinh ra tn hao xoay
chiu pht nng v hiu ng tch ly, s phn b in p cch in ca n ging nh
trong iu kin vn hnh bnh thng ca my in. V th c th kim tra c
mt cch nhanh nhy khim khuyt c tnh lo ha do ion ha sinh ra, s nh thng
xoay chiu a phn xy ra ni bc thang in p tng i ln nh trong rnh
v ming rnh, cng tc l ni b n mn, lo ha nghim trng trong khi vn hnh, v
th phn on c tnh quyt nh. Nhng khi lm th nghim xoay chiu, do s phn
b dng in in dung phn u khin b mt cch in phn u sinh ra st p
tng i ln. V th, in p trn cch in phn u s nhanh chng suy gim
theo mc tng ca khong cch. Chu p mt chiu khng c hiu ng dng in
in dung phn u, u im ln nht l c th pht hin mt cch tng i hu
- Trang 224 -
hiu khim khuyt ca phn u li st t khong cch xa v khim khuyt c cch

in b m xuyn qua c th phn nh ra mt cch rt nhy trong ch bo ca
miliampe k. Nhng chu p mt chiu c s khc bit vi iu kin vn hnh bnh
thng, nn cng c tnh hn ch cc b ca n. C th thy mi ci c ci u ca
n, khng th thay th cho nhau.
Hi: Tr s tng nhit th nghim vo ma ng v ma h ca cng mt my
in c ging nhau khng?
p: Tr s tng nhit th nghim ma ng phi thp hn ma h. Bi v
nhit mi trng ma ng thp, tr s in tr ca nhm cun dy stato v rto
hi thp hn ma h, do tn hao ng (hoc tn hao nhm) ca stato v rto thp
hn mt cht, iu kin tn nhit cng tt hn, cho nn nhit thp hn. V th,
khi th nghim tng nhit ca my in u phi cn c vo nhit mi
trng, em nhit th nghim tnh c chit tnh vo tr s nhit carbon khi
nhit mi trng tiu chun.
Hi: Ti sao th nghim chu p vi tn s lm vic xoay chiu ca my pht
in dung lng ln, c khi c th dng th nghim chu p tn s siu thp 0.1 Hz
thay th?
p: Khi lm th nghim chu p vi tn s lm vic xoay chiu ca my
pht in dung lng ln, dng in in dung rt ln, cho nn i hi bin p v
thit b iu p th nghim dung lng tng i ln. Do dng in in dung t l
thun vi tn s, nu dng ngun in tn s 0.1 Hz lm th nghim th tn s ca
n ch bng 1/500 tn s lm vic, c th gim tng ng dng in in dung,
dung lng thit b th nghim cng c th gim ng k. Thc tin chng mnh
rng, ch cn lm th nghim chu p vi tn s siu thp 0.1Hz, tr s chu ca n
nhn vi h s thch hp, cng c th pht hin c khim khuyt cch in.
- Trang 225 -
8 - 7 Nhng vn khc
Hi: Ti sao dung lng nh mc ca mt c biu th bng cng sut
tc dng (hu cng), cn dung lng nh mc ca my bin p li biu th bng
cng sut biu kin?
p: Mt hoc my bin p, do b hn ch bi nhit , trong vn hnh,
dng in khng cho php vt tr s nh mc ca n, tc cng sut biu kin
khng c vt qu tr s nh mc ca n. Cng sut tc dng l php tnh ca
cng sut biu kin v h s cng sut. Khi dng in l tr s nh mc, h s cng
sut l tr s c nh th cng sut biu kin a ra l tr s c nh, tc cng sut tc
dng nh mc.
Ph ti ca mt in l cc my mc sn xut, cng sut phi thuc cn
thit l cng sut tc dng. Qua c tnh lm vic ca mt, c th bit c gia
h s cng sut, cng dng in stato v cng sut tc dng a ra c mi quan
h tng ng c nh. Cho nn, dung lng nh mc ca mt c th c biu th
bng cng sut tc dng.
H s cng sut ca my bin p l do tnh cht ca ph ti quyt nh, nn
gia cng dng in v h s cng sut khng c mi quan h tng ng c
nh, cho nn dung lng nh mc phi c biu th bng cng sut biu kin.
Hi: Liu c th em ngun in ca cng mt li in a n, li dng
phng php chiu quay khng i ca mt xc nh th t pha ca cc ngun
in cng mt li in em ngun hai ng hoc nhiu ng u song song
s dng?
p: Phng php ny tuyt i khng c s dng. Bi
v thay i ngun hai pha bt k, mt in s quay ngc. Nu
ng thi, thay i ngun in ba pha th chiu quay ca mt
khng i. Nh th hin hnh 8 - 7 - 2. Mch in 1 v mch
in 2 c th khin chiu quay ca mt khng i. Nhng th t
pha th hon ton khc. Nu ng cng tc K th lp tc gy ra s
c ngn mch.
Hi: Ti sao dung lng ca my pht in xoay chiu biu th bng kVA,
cn mt in li dng kW biu th?
p: kW (kilot) th hin cng sut, tc mi giy c th thc hin mt cng
bao nhiu kg-met. Mt in l bin cng sut in thnh cng sut c hc, dung
lng ca n l ch cng sut c hc a ra, cho nn biu th bng kW. My pht
in th li bin cng sut c hc thnh cng sut in, dung lng u ra ca n
quyt nh bi in p v dng in cho php ca my pht in. Dng in ca n
quyt nh bi h s cng sut ca ph ti dng in. Khi h s cng sut ca ph
ti dng in rt thp, tuy cng sut in (kW) a ra ca my pht in cha t
n tr s qui nh, nhng dng in t ti tr s qui nh. V th, bo m an
ton ca my pht in, phi dng kVA (kilvn - ampe) biu th dung lng.
- Trang 226 -

Hi: My pht in dung lng ln, ti sao phi phi hp s dng bin p
nng p truyn ti in?
p: nng cao hiu sut truyn ti in, tit kim u t ng dy ti
in. Vic truyn ti in dung lng ln, khong cch xa, u p dng in
p110kV, 220kV thm ch cao hn. Nhng my pht in trc tip pht ra in p
cao nh th l kh khn. Bi v kt cu ca my pht in phc tp, cht ch, nhm
cun dy stato gn trong rnh do phin thp silic p chng ln nhau m thnh, mun
lm cho gia nhm cun dy stato vi t c mc cch in 110kV, thm ch cao hn
th trnh k thut hin nay cha lm c. Cho nn in p a ra ca my pht
in dung lng ln ni chung l khong 10kV, sau dng bin p nng in p ln
n 110kV, 220kV, thm ch cao hn, ri truyn ti i.
Hi: Thi gian vn hnh my in cng lu th nhit my in cng tng
cao, ng khng?
p: Ni nh th khng ng. My in sau khi vn hnh vi gi, nhit
ca my in khng tng cao na, vn hnh n nh nhit no . Khi my in
thng in, vn hnh th tiu hao ng do dng in stato - rto sinh ra trong cun dy
ca n, tiu hao st do thay i t trng trong li st sinh ra v cc tiu hao khc
u sinh ra nhit lng, mt phn nhit lng tn pht vo khng kh xung quanh,
nhit lng d tha lm nhit ca my in tng cao. Sau khi vn hnh mt lc,
nhit lng tn pht i mi lc mt nhiu, sau cng nhit lng my in sinh ra
cn bng vi nhit lng tn pht, cho nn tip tc vn hnh s khng c nhit
lng d tha khin nhit lng ca my in ln cao na, cng tc l my in
tip tc vn hnh n nh di nhit no .
Hi: Khi khi ng mt my pht in no , trong qu trnh nng cao tc
, sinh ra chn ng t ngt nghim trng gn tc quay no . Ti sao?
p: Bt c vt th no u c tn s dao ng ring c ca n (thng gi
l tn s t nhin). Khi vt th dao ng vi tn s t nhin th bin dao ng
ca n ln nht. Xut pht t nguyn l vt l ny, khi tn s ring ca rto my pht
in trong phm vi tc quay nh mc ca my pht in, th trong qu trnh
nng tc , khi my pht in t ti tn s ring s xut hin dao ng mch t
ngt.
Hi: Trn nhn hiu ca mt s khoan in hoc dng c in c k hiu
"DI", c ngha g?
p: "DI" c ngha l "cch in song trng" l mt k hiu thng dng trn
th gii. Gi cch in song trng l v c hai loi: cch in lm vic (cch in cn
thit bo m dng c in lm vic bnh thng, chu p thng l 1500V) to
thnh. Dng c in kt cu ny qua th nghim chu p 4000V, kim loi l ra ngoi
s khng c in cho d cch in lm vic b nh thng, bo m s dng an ton.
- Trang 227 -
- Trang 228 -

Hi: Bm ly tm mt cp s dng trong nng nghip do chn ng knh
puli curoa ca n v ng knh puli curon mt truyn ng khng ng, khin tc
quay ca my bm vt 25% tc quay bnh thng. Liu dng in ca mt
cng vt qu 25% tr s bnh thng tng ng hay khng?
p: Ni chung, cng sut u ra hoc u vo ca my bm nc t l
thun vi ly tha bc 3 tc quay. Nu tc quay ca my bm nc tng
25%, th cng sut bm nc s gp (1.25)3 ln so vi trc, tc 1.95 ln. Cho nn
dng in ca my in khng phi tng 25% m l gn gp 2 ln so vi trc. V
th, khi dng my in ko my bm nc cn c bit lu vic phi hp ng
knh ca puli curoa, nhm trnh tc my bm tng ln, khin dng in my in
tng mnh, thm ch lm chy my in.
Hi: Ti sao mt in trn cn cu khng dng phanh in (nh phanh u
ngc) m dng phanh c hc?
p: Mc treo cn cu phi c th dng ph ti bt c v tr no trong
khng trung. iu ny yu cu phi c m men lc phanh khi mt ngt in. Mt
s dng phanh in sau khi ngt in s mt m men lc phanh, v th khng th
p ng yu cu. S dng phanh c hc s khng b nh hng bi ngt in gia
chng hoc s c v in, an ton, tin cy. Cho nn, thit b cu, ti u ph bin
dng phanh c hc.
Hi: C hai mt kiu ng kn, mt my l kiu t lm mt, mt my lm
mt bng qut. Khi vn hnh, nu nhit ngoi v ging nhau th sau khi ngt
ngun in, trong thi gian ngn, nhit ngoi v ca my no cao?
p: Mt kiu t lm mt, trn b mt khng c gi lm mt nhn to thi
qua, khi dng my nhit bn trong khng tng ln na, m ta nhit b mt cng
khng bin ng, cho nn sau khi ngng my, nhit s dn dn h xung. Nhng
mt in kiu lm mt bng qut, da vo s tr gip ca cnh qut thi khng kh
b mt, mang nhit lng i, nu ngng my, kh nng ta nhit b mt gim
mnh, cn nhit lng bn trong vn ta ra ngoi vi tc tng t, nh vy
nhit truyn n b mt s ln hn nhit lng ta i t b mt, nhit s
hi tng. V th, sau khi dng my, nhit v mt kiu lm mt bng qut s
cao hn.
Hi: Mt vn hnh c ti lin tc, liu c b m?
p: Mt vn hnh c ti, do tn hao bn trong s pht nhit, nhit ca
nhm cun dy thng vt qu nhit mi trng rt nhiu, v th cun dy kh
ht m, m kh m trong nhm cun dy cn b y ra ngoi, mt kiu m cng nh
gi y kh m i. V th, mt vn hnh c ti thng khng b m. Nu mt vn
hnh gin on, th sau khi dng my c th b m. Trong mi trng m t, mun
mt khng b m th phi tm cch duy tr nhit ca nhm cun dy cao hn
nhit mi trng 5 - 10oC.
- Trang 229 -
- Trang 230 -

Hi: Khi my ti bung t vt nng xung, ng h in lp trong t cng
tc vn quay thun chiu, cn ng h in o cng li quay ngc. l do
nguyn nhn g?
p: Khi my ti t vt nng xung, vt nng s lm cho tc quay ca
mt in vt qu tc quay ng b. R rng, trong tnh hnh ny, mt in s
c in nng hi tip li mch in. Nhng nhm cun dy ca stato mt phi thu
nhn dng in phn khng (v cng) t trong li in. V th, lc ny ng h
in o cng phn khng (v cng) vn quay thun. Cn ng h o cng tc dng
(hu cng) th do chiu ca thnh phn tc dng ca dng in ngc li, cho nn
quay ngc. Do lc ny, mt in tr thnh my pht in cm ng nn hn ch
s tng tc quay. Nu ct ngun in khi t vt nng xung th s mt tc dng
phanh, tc h xung ca vt nng s tip tc tng, s gy ra s c khi n im
cui vi tc rt ln. V th cm ngt in vn hnh khi t vt nng xung.
Hi: Tng cng sut ca mt in, c th lm tng sc ko ca u my xe
in khng?
p: Sc ko ca u my ph thuc vo cng sut ca mt in, h s
bm (c lin quan vi mc m t ca ng ray, ni chung l trong khong
0.15~ 0.22) v trng lng bn thn ca u my. u my vi trng lng nht
nh, khi vn hnh trn ng ray c iu kin nht nh th lc ko ln nht c th
t c l c nh. Nu lc ko do mt sinh ra nh hn lc ko ln nht th lc
ko ca u my s tng ln theo tng ca cng sut ng c. Nu sc ko do
mt sinh ra ln hn lc ko ln nht, lc ny bnh xe ca u ko s trt, cng
tc l khng th nng cao lc ko ca u my c na. Qua c th thy, nng
cao cng sut ca mt in cha chc tng c sc ko ca u my xe in.
Hin nay p dng k thut mi bnh xe t ha tng h s bm, c th nng cao
sc ko ca u my.
Hi: Mt kch t ni tip c nh c th dng in xoay chiu ln mt
chiu, cun dy ca cng tc in t c th dng in mt chiu xoay chiu c
khng?
p: Do khi vn hnh, mt in s sinh ra in p cm ng ngc chiu,
dng in khng phi hon ton do tr khng ca mt quyt nh. V th khi ng
dng vi in xoay chiu, mt chiu th dng in hu nh khng i. Cun dy
ca cng tc in t xoay chiu c in khng rt ln, dng in chy qua cun dy
gn nh do in khng quyt nh, in tr nh hn in khng rt nhiu ln, hu
nh khng c nh hng i vi dng in. Nu em cun dy ny sang dng vi
ngun in mt chiu th cun dy ch c in tr, khng c tr khng, dng in
ca cun dy tng mnh, khng th s dng. Ch c h thp in p khin dng
in hng vt qu tr s nht nh, mi c th s dng vi ngun in mt chiu.
- Trang 231 -
CHNG IX
UNG DY IN LC
9 - 1 Nhng vn chung ca ng dy in
Hi: ng dy cao p trn khng ng di, ti sao phi i v tr?
p: in dung ca ba dy dn ng dy cao p i vi t v tr s in
dung gia cc pha vi nhau, do v tr khc nhau m s khng nh nhau. V th, dng
in in dung cng khng ging nhau. Nh vy, khi ng dy rt di s khin
dng in in dung ba pha ca h thng s rt khng cn bng, khng li cho vn
hnh (nh in p khng cn bng v.v...) khc phc khuyt im ny, chng ta
tin hnh i pha ng dy, mt ng dy i pha ba ln, nh vy cc v tr, ba
dy dn u di bng nhau, in dung ba pha s cn bng.
Hi: Ti sao khong cch gia cc ct in ca ng dy 35kV c th trong
khong 200 mt, cn khong cch ca ng dy phn phi in 3~6 kV, ni chung
u trong khong 100 mt?
p: Khong cch gia cc ct in cng ln th cng tit kim u t ng
dy. Nhng khi in p tng i thp, do khong cch gia dy v dy tng i
nh, nu s dng khong cch rt ln th khi gi ln hoc h thng ngn mch (khi
h thng ngn mch, dng in ca ng dy in p thp c bit ln) rt d
gy ra s c chp dy. V th, khi in p tng i thp th khong cch gia cc
ct s phi tng i nh.
Hi: Dy ti in c khi b tr ngang bng c khi b tr thng ng. Cch b
tr no i hi khong cch dy dn ln hn?
p: B tr thng ng i hi khong cch dy dn phi ln hn. l v
dao ng ln xung ca dy dn mnh hn dao ng tri phi, m khi dy dn ba pha
dao ng qua tri qua phi c bn l cng pha (tc sang tri th cng sang tri, sang
phi th cng sang phi), cho nn, c hi chp dy ca dy dn b tr thng ng s
tng i ln. V th yu cu khong cch dy dn phi ln hn mi tng i tin
cy.
Hi: Ti sao qui nh khong cch gia cc pha
ca ng dy trn khng 6kV l 1 mt, cn khi b tr
ngay bng ch cn 0,7 mt l c?
- Trang 232 -
p: Ch yu l do khi b tr ngang bng iu kin kh h quang tng i

tt. Khi ng dy ti in xy ra qu p, gia cc dy dn c th xy ra chp rch.
Khi dy in b tr ngang bng do khng kh nng bc ln, thi h quang ln trn,
khin n ko di ra ri b t, nh th hin hnh (a), nhng khi b tr thng ng
hoc b tr hnh tam gic, khng kh nng bc ln trn (nh th hin hnh (b)), khi
y h quang d chm vo dy dn bn trn nn kh b tt.
Hi: Cng trn mt ct in, ko c dy ng ln dy nhm, loi dy no nn
t ln trn cng?
p: Khi c dy ng v dy nhm c t ln nhau trn mt ct in; dy
ng phi ko ln trn. Bi v h s n ca dy nhm ln hn dy ng, trong cng
di nh nhau, th chng ca dy nhm ln hn dy ng. Ko dy ng ln trn
y nhm c th bo m khong cch thng ng gia dy ng vi dy nhm,
phng nga xy ra s c.
Hi: Ti sao chng ( vng) ca dy dn trn khng s thay i theo s
thay i ca kh hu? chng ca dy dn trong mt khong cch ct sao phi
bng nhau?
p: chng l chnh lch cao gia im cao nht vi im thp
nht ca dy dn trong cng mt khong cch ct in. Bi v dy dn kim loi c
tnh cht nng n lnh co, cho nn khi nhit tng cao, chng ca dy dn trn
khng tng ln; ngc li chng gim. Trong tnh hnh chung, nhit c tng
mi 10oC, th chng tng 10~20%. Trong khong cch ct in, nu chng ca
dy dn khng bng nhau, th tn s dao ng vn c ca dy dn s khc nhau, gia
cc dy dn d va vo nhau gy ngn mch. Cho nn, chng ca dy dn trong
cng khong cch phi bng nhau.
Hi: chng ca dy trn khng n ngang, ti sao phi ging nhau?
p: Nu khng ging nhau, th khi dy trn khng b gi lm dao ng, dy A
vi dy B s chm vo nhau gy ngn mch. l v tn s dao ng ca dy trn
khng do ln ca chng quyt nh, tn s dao ng ca hai si dy khng
ging nhau s sinh ra dao ng ngc chiu, tng c hi chm nhau...
Hi: Trn mi si dy in hai bn thp ct ng dy ti in, ti sao treo
my qu di nh?
p: Qu di nh treo trn dy in hai bn thp ct in ng dy ti in
cao p gi l qu di chng chn ng.
Khi dy in ca ng dy ti in trn khng chu tc dng bi dng kh
tc u hng ngang n nh, th mt sau ca dy in s hnh thnh dng xoy
khng kh bin i vi tn s nht nh, dng xoy ny khin dy in chu lc va
p nn chuyn ng ln xung. Khi tn s lc va p ca khng kh trng vi tn
s vn c ca dy in, s sinh ra cng hng trong mt thng ng. S chn ng
- Trang 233 -
lu i s tn hao bn mi dy in, khin dy b t si, t dy. phng nga v

gim bt chn ng ca dy in, thng lp mt s lng nht nh qu di
chng chn ng gn kp dy treo dy in. Khi dy in sinh ra chn ng, qu
di chng chn ng s vn ng ln xung, sinh ra lc tc dng khng ng b.
Thm ch ngc pha vi chn ng ca dy in, c th gim nh bin chn
ng ca dy in, thm ch c th loi tr chn ng ca dy in.
Hi: Khi chn ng ng in hoc cp in, trong khi lp t nu giao nhau
vi ng ng nc th phi i pha trn, nu giao nhau vi ng ng nhit th
phi i pha di. Nguyn nhn ti sao?
p: ng ng in hoc cp in khi giao nhau vi ng nc trn, di
th phng nga ng nc r nc ngm vo ng ng hoc cp in, nn phi
lp t bn trn. Cn giao vi ng ng nhit, nht nh s c nhit lng tn
pht, do kh nng tn pht ln trn, v th ng ng in hoc cp in phi lp t
bn di.
Hi: Trn mm phn phi in xoay chiu ba pha c lp ampe k, vn k v
ng h in ba pha, u ngun in mt pha vo dy ci, dng bt th kim tra dy
ci hai pha khc, bt th in u sng nh nhau. Nguyn nhn do u?
p: Hin tng ny cha chc l do ngn mch gia cc dy ci; bi v gia
dy ci c u cun dy in p ca vn k v ng h in, ch cn dy ci mt
pha c in th thng qua cun dy in p khin dy ci ca hai pha khc cng c
in, nn bt th in sng nh nhau, ch c sau khi ngt cc u ni ny ra mi c
th phn on c phi ngn mch hay khng.
Hi: Trong ng dy in h bn dy ba pha in
p thp, khi cng tc dy 1 v tr ngt (nh th hin
hnh 9 - 1 - 11) th ton b thit b dng in u ni vi n
u b ngt, cn khi dng my o in tr cch in xch
tay 500V o in tr cch in ca dy dn cc pha vi
t, pht hin mt pha trong thng vi t. Nhng khi
ng cng tc dy vo, mng in vn hon ton tt. l
nguyn nhn g?
p: Bi v khi ngt cng tc dy 1 ra, khin vn k
v ngun in ng thi b ct, nhng ng h in thng
thng u pha di cng tc dy vo khng th ng
thi b ct. Cho nn, khi dng my o in tr cch in xch tay (megger) o in
tr cch in th cun dy in p ca ng h in mt pha u trn dy in ny
s lm cho mt pha thng vi t, hnh thnh
mch thng. V th khin my o o c kt
qu sai.
- Trang 234 -
Hi: ng dy trn khng h bn dy ba pha, ton b cung cp in cho

ph ti chiu sng mt pha. Sau khi b gi ln gy ra s c, s dng cu ch tch pha
kim tra im c s c, khi ng cu ch hai pha A, B, khng c hin tng t
dy cu ch, nhng khi ng cu ch pha C th cu ch pha C v pha B t cng lc.
Khi ng hai pha A, C cng khng b t, cn khi ng pha B th cu ch hai pha B, C
cng t. Xin hi s c u?
p: l do gi thi mnh, xy ra ngn mch gia hai pha B, C ca ng
dy trn khng. (nh th hin hnh 9 - 1 - 12). Cho nn, khi ng hai pha A v B
hoc A v C khng thnh mt mch ngn mch, cu ch lp trn ng dy khng b
chy. Nhng khi ng pha th 3 th gia pha B vi C hnh thnh mch kn ngn
mch; v th cu ch ca hai pha ny s do dng in ngn mch chy qua, nn b
chy.
Hi: Trong ng dy trn khng, ti sao dy 0 phi lp thp hn dy pha?
p: Nu dy 0 trn dy pha, khi dy 0 b t ri xung, tip xc vi dy
pha th trn dy 0 s c in p cao nguy him, cho nn khng cho php dy 0 mc
trn dy pha.
Hi: Ti sao vo ngy ma, dm mt, khi dng ng h o in tr cch in
xch tay o in tr cch in dy trn khng cao p ba pha, gia cc dy vi nhau
v gia dy vi t u bng 0, nhng khi ng cng tc thng in li rt bnh
thng?
p: Trn mt ng dy trn khng thng thng c rt nhiu v s. Vo
ngy ma, b mt cc v s ny rt m t, cch in b mt s rt thp. Cn in
tr cch in m ng h xch tay o c chnh l tng ca rt nhiu in tr cch
in b mt cc v s ny, tr s ca n ng nhin rt thp, c th ch vi vn
thm ch vi ngn, vi trm m, m n v vch chia ca ng h l mga m, i vi
tr s cch in thp nh vy th khng th hin ra c m gn bng 0, k thc
khng phi hon ton bng 0, cn cch in bn trong thc s ca v s vn rt cao,
cho nn sau khi ng cng tc thng in, s khng gy ra ngn mch hoc tip t.
Hi: Sau khi xy dng xong ng in cao p, a vo vn hnh, ti sao
phi t t nng cao in p, ch khng c ng cu dao mt ln in p ba
pha?
p: Bi v ng dy mi xy dng, c th tn ti vn , m ng dy
li khng c th tin hnh th nghim chu p; v th khng th pht hin c cc
s c nh mt cch in, khong cch i vi t khng , nu ngay mt ln cho
in p, c th gy nn s c tip t ngn mch, nh hng s vn hnh bnh
thng ca h thng in lc. T t nng cao in p s pht hin c s c m
khng n ni gy ra s c, nh hng an ton ca h thng.
- Trang 235 -
9 - 2 Dy dn
Hi: Trn dy dn mt pha ca ng dy ti in siu cao p ti sao c hai
si hoc ba si dy dn?
p: Cng in trng quanh dy dn ng dy siu cao p 330kV tr
ln thng thng u vt qu cng chu p ca khng kh, v th khng kh
chung quanh s b in ly m pht ra hunh quang mu tm, v c ting "lch tch";
hin tng ny gi l in qung (hoa). in hoa s gy ra tn hao cng sut; c khi
mi kilomet c th ln ti vi chc kilot; ng thi gy nhiu i vi ng dy
thng tin v v tuyn in. V th thng p dng bin php tng ng knh dy
dn hoc khong cch gia cc dy phng nga xy ra in hoa. Trong bin
php tng ng knh dy dn tng i c hiu qu, nhng s tng u t ng
dy ln rt nhiu. V th p dng phng php gin tip tng ng knh dy dn,
tc p dng dy dn ri (dng hai si dy dn bng 1/2 tit din hoc ba si dy dn
bng 1/3 tit din ca tit din cn thit thay th) v gia cc si dy dn tch
ri c mt khong cch nht nh, l c th gim c hin tng in hoa.
Hi: Dy dn ng dy trn khng ti sao thng dng dy xon nhiu si
m t dng dy mt si?
p: So vi dy mt si, dy xon nhiu si ni chung c cc u im sau
y:
1. Khi tit din tng i ln, do cng ngh ch to hoc do ngoi lc gy
nn khim khuyt th dy mt si khng th bo m cng c hc vn c ca
n, t l xut hin khim khuyt cng mt ch ca dy nhiu si s rt t, cng
c hc ca dy nhiu si tng ng tng i cao.
2. Khi tit din tng i ln th tnh mm ca dy nhiu si cao hn dy
mt si iu lm cho vic ch to, lp rp ct gi dy dn u tng i d
dng.
3. Khi dy dn b gi gy dao ng, dy mt si d b t, dy nhiu si kh
b t. V th, dy dn ca ng dy trn khng ni chung u dng dy nhiu si.
Hi: ng dy thp p trn khng ngoi tri c cch in v s, ngi
li khng ng ti, ti sao thng thng khng dng dy trn m dng dy cch
in c bc ngoi?
p: Loi dy dn cch in ny bn ngoi ch bc mt lp hoc hai lp vi
si, ri tm cht chng nc ph bitum. Tc dng ch yu ca n l phng nga
dy dn b xm thc bi gi ma hoc kh m trong khng kh, cho nn, loi dy dn
ny gi l "dy ma gi". Tuy vi s c ngoi d tnh, n cng c tc dng cch in
nht nh, nhng khi thit k v lp t, v mt cch in v an ton vn phi x l
nh dy dn trn.
- Trang 236 -
Hi: ng dy trn khng bng dy trn, ti sao dy buc dng c nh

dy dn ln v s cng phi s dng vt liu ging nh dy dn?
p: Trong mi trng m thp hoc ma, nu dy dn v dy buc l hai
loi kim loi khc nhau th ch tip xc vi nhau s sinh ra tc dng n mn in
ha nghim trng, dn n dy dn b r lm m, hoc n mn bong trc, lu ngy
d dn n t dy dn. Cho nn, dy buc phi dng vt liu ging nh dy dn.
Hi: Khi tng nhit khng i, lu lng ti cun dy dn trn khng
phi chng t l thun vi tit din dy dn?
p: Khi tng nhit khng i, lu lng ti ca dy dn trn khng s
khng t l thun vi din tch tit din ca dy dn. l do mt dng in cho
php trong dy dn khng phi l hng s m thay i theo din tch tit din dy
dn. Khi din tch tit din dy dn tng, do iu kin ta nhit thay i, mt
dng in cho php gim. Cn c vo nguyn tc nhit lng do dng in chy qua
dy dn sinh ra phi bng vi kh nng ta nhit ca dy dn (lin quan ti din tch
b mt v nhit dy dn), c th tnh ra lu lng ti cho php ca dy dn khi
tng nhit khng thay i t l thun vi ly tha 1,5 ca ng knh dy dn.
Li do din tch tit din ca dy dn t l thun vi bnh phng ca ng knh
dy dn, cho nn lu lng ti ca dy dn t l thun vi ly tha 0,75 ca din
tch tit din dy dn.
Hi: Khi dng in ca dy dn trn khng vt qu lu lng ti an ton
ca n, dy dn liu c b nng chy?
p: Lu lng ti an ton ca dy dn l cn c vo nhit cho php cao
nht ca n xc nh, bi v dy dn qu nng s nh hng n cng c
hc ca n. Nhit cho php cao nht l cn c vo cng c hc ca dy dn
sau 30 nm vn hnh khng c thp hn 93% cng c qui nh. V th, khi
dng in ca dy dn vt qua lu lng ti an ton ca n s khng b nng chy,
nhng s lm gim cng c hc ca n, rt ngn tui th s dng.
Hi: Phng php n gin dng mt dng in no tnh ton lu
lng ti ca cp in tit din khc nhau, ti sao khng chnh xc?
p: Lu lng ti cho php ca cp in khng nhng ph thuc vo tit
din li dy dn m cn lin quan ti tnh hnh ta nhit. Kh nng ta nhit quyt
nh bi ng knh ngoi dy dn v tnh nng ta nhit ca vt liu bc ngoi dy
cp in. Gia cc tham s ny vi tit din tiu chun ca cp in khng phi l
quan h ng thng gin n, v nh, dy in cch in v cao su, li n bng
ng 500V, khi tit din l 1mm2 th lu lng ti l 21 A ; khi 10mm2 l 85A, ch
khng phi 210A. V th, phng php n gin dng mt dng in no
tnh ton lu lng ti ca cp in l khng chnh xc cht ch, cn phi cn c
vo tiu chun lu lng ti chn cp in, dy in.
- Trang 237 -
Hi: Dy dn trn khng cao p liu c th ng phng php hn ni lin

kt khng? Ti sao?
p: ng dy cao p trn khng, vic lin kt y dn ni chung khng
dng phng php hn ni. Bi v khi hn ni phi lm nng dy dn, dy dn qua
lm nng s mm, cng c hc gim. Cng c hc trn ton b ng dy
khng u, ch hn ni tr thnh khu yu. Lc cng m ng dy trn khng phi
chu ng ni chung tng i ln, khu yu ny d dn n s c t dy.
Hi: ng p ni dy dn, trong vn hnh ng dy ti in cao p, ti sao
li dn dn khng bo m cng nng?
p: ng dy ti in cao p trong thi gian vn hnh lu di lun vo
trng thi b ko. Tuy ng p ni dy dn c cng chng ko, nhng trong
qu trnh thi cng p ni d li khim khuyt tim n bn trong (lp xy ha trn
u dy dn b p ni cha x l sch, p ni khng cht, v tr p lch ng thp
v.v...) nu p ni bng cch n, cn c th khin li st b chy r. Ngoi ra do p
ni khng cht kn kh nc lt vo, gy nt, cong v.v... u tng nhanh s xu i
ca ng p ni. Tc xu i ca n thng c lin quan n dng in ph ti
chy qua ln hay nh, c bit khi c ph ti nh, u ni ca dy dn do nng m
in tr tng cao lm tng nhanh s xy ha n mn vt liu, lm tng dy mng
xy ha mt tip xc bn trong ng p ni; in tr tip xc tng ln, khin nhit
tng cao, c th xu dn. Kt qu khin u ni dy dn b trt tut ra gy nn s
c t dy, mt in.
Hi: Ch u ni y dn bng nhm, trong tnh hnh dng in ph ti
khng vt qu tr s qui nh, ti sao sau thi gian s dng lu, thy c hin tng
nng chy? Lm sao phng nga?
p: Dy dn bng nhm lin kt vi cng tc, cu dao khc bng vt sit
cht. Do cng c hc ca nhm km, tng i mm, thiu tnh n hi, cho
nn, sau khi m c p ln, dy dn bng nhm s bin dng. Nh vy, hnh thnh
tip xc khng tt.
Hi: "Dy hoa" ni chung, ti sao trong hai dy bn vo nhau, lun c mt si
ch c mt mu, cn si kia l lm m?
p: l nhm d phn bit hai si dy. V d, dy dn ca mt s thit b
in, i vi u no tip t c yu cu nht nh (nh ui n xoy thng yu
cu ming ui n tip dy t trnh ngi chm vo b in git). Hai si dy
dng mu khc nhau khi u dy s phn bit c dy no l dy tip t, khng
cn u xong ri mi th li.
Hi: Bc ch bn ngoi dy bc ch cch in c tc dng g? Dy bc ch sau
khi t hoc rch v ch ra ti sao phi dng hp kim ch thic hn kn li hoc
dng bng keo nha cch in buc cht li?
- Trang 238 -
p: V ch bc kn bn ngoi dy dn cch in bc ch l dng tng

cng cng c hc ca dy dn v lm cho cch in dy dn bn trong khng
b va qut lm hng, nh vy dy dn cch in ngn cch vi khng kh m t bn
ngoi, kh b m, bin cht, v th c th tng tui th s dng.
Hn kn dy bc ch sau khi b ct t hoc bc tch ra, nu s dng ngoi tri
l nhm phng nga nc ma xm thc, nn dng hp kim ch thic hn kn.
Hi: Khi thi cng dy nhm trn ti sao khng c ko trt trn mt t
hoc trn thanh ngang nh dy ng?
p: Khi thi cng dy nhm, cn c bit ch thng tn c hc b mt. V
th khng c ko trt dy trn mt t hoc trn thanh ngang. Khi t dy, cc
ch u phi dng rng rc g nhm trnh thng tn b mt. Bi v ch cn
c mt vt thng tn nh, khin dy nhm d b n mn.
Hi: Hai cch ri dy th cng nh (a), (b) trong hnh 9 - 2 - 14, nn dng
cch no?
p: Nn p dng phng php ri dy nh hnh (b). Bi v ri dy theo hnh

(a), kt qu khin dy d cong vnh, gp gy v lm hng cht cch in, v khi ri,
ng dy ko khng thng. Nu theo phng php nh hnh (b) th khng c hin
tng trn.
Hi: Ti sao thng bc mt lp si bng vo gia li ng dn in vi
cch in cao su ca dy hoa v dy bc cao su?
p: l nhm phng nga li ng dy dn tip xc lu ngy vi v cao su
gy n mn. V th, trong qu trnh lu ha ch to dy bc v cao su, c mt t
lu hunh t do khng ha hp vi cao su sng, c th ha hp vi ng, sinh ra mt
lp sunft ng trn b mt. Khi nhit s dng tng i cao, tc dng ha hp
ny cng mnh. Nh vy, s lm gim tit din hu hiu ca dy dn, rt ngn tui
th s dng ca dy dn. V th bc mt lp si bng hoc dy vi bng ngoi li
- Trang 239 -
ng ri mi bc lp cch in bng cao su; cng c th m mt lp thic bn ngoi

li ng.
Khi trong qu trnh ch to khng s dng lu hunh lm cht lu ha th c
th khng dng lp si bng.
- Trang 240 -
9 - 3 ng dy mc trn khng ngoi tri

Hi: Khi dng ct in xi mng, ti sao phi lp mm b tng ct thp pha
di, cn ct bng g li khng cn?
p: Bi v ct bng xi mng th din tch tip xc gia phn y rng ca
ct v t qu nh, m bn thn ct xi mng li nng hn nhiu ln ct g, cng
vi ti trng ca dy dn s lm cho ct in xi mng tip tc ln su xung t.
trnh hin tng ny, di y phi c thm mm , m rng din tch tip
xc vi t. Nh vy p lc ca n v din tch i vi t s nh rt nhiu, ct xi
mng s khng ln na. Ct in bng g do tng i nh, li c rut, din tch
tip xc vi t tng i ln, khng xy ra hin tng ln; cho nn khng cho mm
.
Hi: Trong ng dy ti in cao p, s ci ca chui cch in treo
mc mi pha trn ct thp chu cng ti sao nhiu hn 1~2 ci so vi s ci ca
chui cch in treo mc trn ct thp ng thng?
p: l do cng chu p chp m ca vt cch in c quan h trc
tip n v tr lp t vt cch in. Mt trn ca a s cch in kiu treo rt trn
bng, cn mt di th chn s lm thnh hnh dn sng tng di cch in
theo b mt s (tc tng khong cch phng in). Trn ct thp ng thng, vt
cch in u t thng ng, nc ma khng thm vo bn trong quanh chn s
cch in, nn bn trong chn s tng i kh. Cn trn ct thp chu cng, vt cch
in treo kiu nm ngang (c ch cn c gc nga, gc sp), nc ma c th lm
t ton b bn trong v bn ngoi vt cch in. Cho nn, cng chu p ca vt
cch in kiu treo trn ct thp chu cng s thp hn cng chu p chp t
ca vt cch in ct thp ng thng. tng cch in ca ng dy i vi
t, cho nn chui chu cng phi treo nhiu hn 1-2 ci cch in so vi chui
ng thng ( ca ra vo ca trm bin in v khu vc nhim phi coi trng
vic xem xt s ci cch in).
Hi: Trn ng dy ti in, ct in phi ni chn, buc cc th nn ni
buc chn cc theo hng ng dy hay theo hng vung gc vi ng dy. Ti
sao?
p: Theo hng vung gc vi ng dy; v nh vy khi trn ng dy
xy ra s c t dy, gia ct chnh vi chn cc ni buc s cho php x dch mt
khong cch, khng n ni gy gy ct chnh.
Hi: Ti sao hng vt nghing ngn ct in ca ng dy n gnh g
khc vi ng dy chn cong?
p: Ngn ct in vt thnh mt nghing l nhm trnh nc ng trn
ngn ct. Nhng hng mt nghing ngn ct ca ng dy n gnh g khc vi
- Trang 241 -
hng mt nghing ca ng dy chn cong; nh vy mi c th lm cho nc trn

ngn ct chy theo thn ct mt cch thun li, gim nc tch t trn n gnh v
chn cong, nht l ming rnh, l xuyn inh, l bulng chng ca n gnh v l
chn cong v.v... lm cho nhng ni d b mc ct g v n gnh, c th gim c
hi tch t nc, ko di tui th s dng ct g v n gnh g.
Hi: ng knh l bulng ch lin kt gia n ngang bng g vi ct
chnh bng g ca ng dy ti in, ti sao khng c ln hn ng knh
bulng?
p: Vi kh hu ma m, do b mt ct g b m, dng in r b mt
tng. Con ng ca dng in r l t dy dn qua v s, n ngang bng g,
bulng lin kt, ri n ct chnh xung t. Khi ng knh l bulng tng i
ln, do bulng tip xc vi ct g khng cht, in tr tng, khi dng in r thng
qua ch ny, do in tr tng i ln, sinh ra nhit cao, dn n chy gia n
ngang v ct g.
Hi: Ti sao ng dy ti in 35kV a phn s dng vt cch in kiu
treo m rt t s dng vt cch in kiu kim?
p: Bi v tnh nng ca vt cch in kiu kim sn xut hin nay khng
tht n nh; trong s dng d b nh thng, d lo ha, tiu hao vt liu kim loi
nhiu, th tch ln, v th tng bc gim s dng.
Vt cch in kiu treo do m gang, chn thp v thn s to thnh, kt cu
n gin, cng c hc cao, h s lo ha tng i thp, sau khi lin kt thnh
chui, c th s dng trn ng dy ti in vi bt k cp in p no, rt tin
li ng knh bt s cch in kiu treo rt nh, c th li dng y khong
cch phng in ca khng kh gia bt s vi nhau, v th cch in kiu treo ngy
cng c s dng rng ri trn ng dy.
Hi: Ti sao pha trn v pha di chui xch cch in cao p hoc siu cao
p c lp vng kim loi (nh th hin hnh 9 - 3- 7)?
p: Do trong chui xch cch in, in dung gia mi ci
cch in vi t khc nhau; hnh thnh in p phn b khng u
theo chui xch cch in, khin cch in gia u dy dn d xy
ra in hoa, thm ch c th xy ra s c nh thng. Nu lp thm
vng trn kim loi pha trn v pha di ca chui xch cch in,
c th lm cho in p phn b u, khc phc c nhc im
trn. ng thi cn c th khi xy ra qu p, khin h quang sinh ra v
tt gia vng bo v, trnh c xy ra h quang trn chui xch
cch in gy chy mt men, km hng s cch in.
Hi: Khi lp dn gia thn s vi cu kin st, ti sao phi tng thm mt
lp paraphin hoc bitum vo ch tip gip?
- Trang 242 -
p: H s n nhit ca s ni chung l khong 3,5~4xl0-6, nhm l 23x10-6,

xi mng l 14x10-6 keo dn litharge-glyxrin l 28,7x10-6. V th, khi nhit chung
quanh gim, ng knh mt bch cu kin thp s co nhiu so vi ng knh ca
v s, sinh ra ng lc ph trong thn s, c lc thm ch lm nt v thn s.
phng nga s c ni trn, ni chung khi ch to u tng thm mt lp cht n hi
nh paraphin hoc bitum lm lp m nhm thu ht ng lc ph sinh ra trong khi kt
dnh
Hi: Ti sao vt cch in trn ng dy d sinh ra khe nt?
p: Nguyn nhn c bn sinh ra khe nt l:
1. Dy dn c nh trn vt cch in, do dy dn chu ko, ko theo cch in
rung.
2. Nhit kh hu thay i, khin chi tit st trong ci cch in nng n lnh
co.
3. Cht lng xi mng hoc lu hunh dng kt dnh chn st v thn s cch
in khng tt v.v...
Hi: T l hng v s trn nhng ct in u v cui dy dn tng i
ln, nguyn nhn do u?
p: V s trn ct u v cui nm ch tn cng ng dy, khi sng
in st nh ct u v cui s sinh ra phn x, lc nghim trng nht, c th
gp hai ln in p st, cn in p m v s trn ct ng thng chu ng th nh
hn tr s in p ny, do thng hng v s u v cui.
Hi: Chn gang ca cch in kiu kim ngp vo trong chi tit s tng
thm cng , trong ci cch in n ngang bng s li khng c chi tit bng
gang, m kch thc ca chi tit s cng tng i nh, ti sao?
p: Ci cch in kiu kim gm chi tit s hnh nn, chn gang ngp vo
trong chi tit s, m gang dn lp li m thnh. Chn gang ngp vo n cao gn
nh m thp, chn gang trc tip chu m men un, tng thm cng chng un.
Trong vn hnh, ci cch in ngoi lc nn thng ng ra, cn c th chu m men
un nht nh.
Ci cch in n ngang bng s l chi tit s hnh cy n, lp trn ct in
dy dn, n va c tc dng cch in dy ti in vi t, va c tc dng
gnh ngang, ngn cch dy dn cc pha bi mt khong nht nh. Do n ngang
bng s l dng mt bulng c nh vi n ngang, trong vn hnh khi ng dy
dn xy ra t dy th n ngang bng s c th chuyn ng theo chiu dy dn,
lm gim xung lc ca dy dn i vi n ngang bng s. Do , cng c hc
ca ci cch in n ngang bng s ch yu tnh n ti trng thng ng ca dy
dn, yu cu cng chng un khng cao. Do , trong chi tit s khng c chi
tit gang st no, kch thc ca chi tit s cng tng i nh.
- Trang 243 -
Hi: C mt s ct g ng dy ti in, ti sao khng dng mt cy

nguyn m li dng hai on g di ngn khc nhau ni li?
p: gi l ct ni chn. on di l ct chnh, on ngn l chn ni.
Bi v so vi ct g nguyn cy, n c cc u im sau:
1. C tnh n hi: nu dy ti b t mt bn, do tnh n hi, c th gim
ng k lc ko ca dy dn, phng nga gy ct.
2. Khi chn ni ca ct g b mc th ch cn thay chn ni.
3. Khng cn ct in vn c th thay cc ph kin ca ct g.
4. C th s dng vt liu g ngn.
Hi: Khi dng keo dn litharge - glyxerin kt dnh chi tit s, ti sao phi
sn b mt bo v?
p: Mc ch sn l: b mt ca keo dn khng tip xc vi khng kh,
bi v kh cacbonic trong khng kh vi ch trong keo dn gy tc dng ha hc hnh
thnh cacbonat ch, lm gim tc dng ca keo dn. Nu khi lm vic, keo dn phi
tip xc vi du th trc tin phi bi lp du linseed kh ri mi sn mt lp
sn du, cn khng tip xc vi du th ch sn mt lp sn men l c.
Hi: S c chp rch do bn ca cch in ng dy ti in thng thng
d xy ra thi tit no? So snh gia cch in kiu kim, cch in kiu treo vi
cch in chu cng th loi no d xy ra s c chp rch do bn hn?
p: S c chp rch do bn ca cch in thng xy ra khi thi tit m
t. V lc ny phn nh v phn y ca cch in u m t; cht d bn trn
b mt n trong tnh trng m t thng c tnh nng dn in, lm gim mnh
mc chu p ca cch in, d gy ra s c chp rch. Khi ma ln th kh xy
ra chp rch; bi v ma ln c th ra sch d bn trn b mt.
S c chp rch do bn a phn xy ra trn cch in kiu treo v kiu kim.
Chui cch in chu cng t xy ra hn, bi v chui cch in chu cng phn ln
v tr nm ngang, d bn b mt d b nc ma ra sch.
Hi: Cch in ng dy khu vc no b bn, khi chun b lau chi
th va ng gp ma, liu c th khng lau c khng?
p: Vn nn lau li. Bi v nc ma ch cun tri mt phn ht bi nh,
nhng khng th ra sch ci bn do tc dng ha hc hnh thnh nn trn cch in,
m cc cu bn ny l nguy him nht i vi chp rch cch in. V th, khng
c cho rng tri ma th cch in c ra sch.
Hi: Ti sao vo cui ng u xun, b phn cung cp in phi tin hnh
v sinh i vi cch in ca ng dy?
p: B mt cch in ca ng dy trong vn hnh u b dnh bi, cht
bn. Lp cu bn kh khng c nguy him ln n cch in. Nhng ma xun
- Trang 244 -
thng ma bi, di tc dng ca n, khi lp bn b mt cch in b m n

trng thi bo ha, s dn in b mt tng mnh; dng in r tng ln, nhng
ni mt dng in ln, nh gn m gang, do pht nhit b mt, cu bn cc b
b kh, khin in tr b mt tng; st p in tr tng ln nhanh chng. Dn n
vng b sy kh xut hin phng in cc b dng h quang nh, phng in h
quang li sy kh b mt cu bn m t gn , khin h quang nh ko di, pht
trin n ton b b mt cch in; hnh thnh phng in chp rch, cch in,
thng thng dn n s c mt in. nng cao tin cy cp in, ni chung
trc ma ma phn cn tin hnh v sinh b mt cch in.
Hi: Ti sao dy dn cao p trn khng vng mui, kim, d xy ra s c,
chp rch cch in?
p: B mt cch in c cu bn. Trong thi tit sng m hoc m t,
do cu bn kt hp vi nc thnh cht dn in, gy nn s c nhp nhy. Dy cao
p chy qua vng mui kim, do trong bi bm bm trn cch in cha mui kim,
gp nc s bin thnh cht dn in tt. V th, trong thi tit m t s d xy
ra s c chp rch. cc vng khc ni chung, tuy c cu bn, nhng tnh dn in
ca n khng tt nn kh xy ra s c hn.
Hi: ng dy cao p trn khng s dng chi tit kim loi khng m km
c nguy him g ?
p: Chi tit kim loi khng m km trong khng kh d b xy ha sinh ra
g .G b mt chi tit kim loi d bong trc, khng nhng d ph hoi chi tit kim
loi m cn sau khi gp nc ma n mn gi ra, hnh thnh nc g st, chy
xung theo b mt cch in, b mt s hnh thnh ng thng dn in, lm
gim mc cch in ca vt cch in, ng dy d xy ra s c.
Hi: ch kp dy ca cch in kiu treo trn ng dy ti in cao p ti
sao phi lp thanh bo v dy?
p: Ch yu do cc nguyn nhn sau:
1. Khi ko ng dy ti in cao p, ch
kp dy treo, sc ko m dy dn chu ng s ln
hn bt k im no trong khong cch ct in, c
bit trong tnh hnh chnh lch cao ca ct thp hai
bn ln th ng lc ph ny tng ln nhiu, li do
chnh lch cao, gc kp gia dy dn vi ng
trc thn kp (gc a1 v a2 trong hnh 9 - 3 - 19) tng ln, khin dy dn b cong, tng
lc ko un ca dy dn hai u thn kp.
2. Di sc gi lay ng nh, dy dn trn khng s xy ra dao ng theo
chiu thng ng. Ch kp dy chnh l mt trong cc im mt sng dao ng.
Di tc dng ca dao ng, dy dn ch kp dy s b mi, d dn n t dy.
3. Di s lay ng ca gi ln, dy mc trn khng s sinh ra ao ng tri
phi theo mt phng ngang, cn trong iu kin kh tng c bit, cn xy ra rung
- Trang 245 -
nhy ln xung thng ng vi bin ln, thc y sinh ra vn ng tng i

gia dy dn ch kp dy vi thn kp dy, dy dn d b mi hng.
4. Di tc dng ca qu p bn ngoi v qu p bn trong, c kh nng xy ra
nh thng chui cch in treo hoc khe h khng kh, dn n phng in i vi
t; lc ny h quang phng in s gy chy hng dy dn ch gn kp dy.
bo m dy dn ch kp dy khng b hng c hc hoc v din ni
trn, phi lp thm thanh bo v dy bo v dy dn. Nhng c mt s ng
dy m nh hng ca cc nhn t ni trn khng ln lm, cng c th khng lp
thanh bo v dy.
- Trang 246 -
9 - 4 ng dy trong nh
Hi: ng dy dn in trong nh phn ln s dng dy dn cch in. Ti
sao dy dn cn thng phi lp trn cch in?
p: Nu trc tip lp dy dn st vo tng hoc trn nh th dy dn c
th c tc dng ha hc vi xi mng, vi, sn, khip lp cch in b ph hoi, dy
dn ht nc trn tng v trn nh, lm tng dng in r, d dn n chy. Khi
dy dn b tn thng, ch v b phn dnh st tng, trn kh kim tra, li
lm xu iu kin tn nhit ca dy dn, v th lu lng ti ca dy dn gim, m
nhit tng cao thc y cnh in lo ha, cho nn thng phi lp trn cch in.
Hi: Khi dng ng thp lp t dy, c phi mt i dy hoc ba dy ca
ba pha phi lp trong cng mt ng thp?
p: Nu chia lp dy cng mt mch kn vo trong cc ng thp khc nhau,
khi c dng in s gy ra t thng trong vch ng, nh vy s tng in cm ca
mch in. Trong mch in mt chiu s lm ct mch cng kh khn; trong mch
in xoay chiu, ngoi in cm dn n st p r rt ra, li c th dn n tn hao
t tr dng xoy khng cn thit trong vch ng thp. Tn hao trong ng thp khng
nhng lng ph in m cn lm nng ng, gy kh khn cho vic tn nhit ca dy
dn, gim lu lng ti cho php.
Khuyt im trn y, ch c lp i dy dn mt chiu hoc mt i dy dn
ca mt pha hoc ba dy (c lc c dy gia thnh bn dy) ca ba pha vo cng mt
ng thp, mi c th trnh c. l bi v bt c thi im no trong my si
dy cng mt mch th dng in qua li bng nhau, t th trit tiu ln nhau, khng
dn n t thng trong vch ng.
Hi: Ti sao phi lng lp vng bo v bng nha hoc bng g vo ming
ng bo v ng thp c lun dy dn bn trong?
p: Khi dng in chy qua dy dn lun trong ng, do tc dng ca lc
in ng, dy dn s rung, c bit l dy dn lun ng c dng in lp lp
thng ng th rung cng mnh, cng vi s ko xung do sc nng bn thn dy
dn, lu ngy, cch in ca dy dn ming ng thp d b mn hng xy ra s c
ngn mch tip t. V th nn x l sch vt xc vch trong ming ng ri lp
vng bo v bng nha hoc g bo v cch in ca dy dn.
Hi: Ti sao dng in cho php ca dy dn cch in cng nhn hiu v
tit din, khi lp ni s ln hn lun ng, cn khi lun ng hai si li ln hn lun
ba si?
p: Bi v dng din cho php ca dy dn ln hay nh ph thuc vo nhit
mi trng lp t dy dn. Vi cng mt nhit , iu kin tn nhit ca dy
chy ni (nh v s hoc dy phi hp kp s) tt hn khi lun ng, cn iu kin
- Trang 247 -
thng gi ta nhit ca dy lun hai si s tt hn dy lun ba si. Cho nn, dng

in cho php lin tc ca ci trc s ln hn ci sau.
st?

Hi: Dy lp phi ng nha, ti sao khng c s dng hp u dy bng
p: Dy lp phi vi ng nha nu s dng hp u dy bng st th khi

trong hp st c r in, hp st s c in. Do ng nha ni vi hp st l vt
cch in, hp st khng th li dng ng ng tip t, khin hp st khng
c bo v tip t, nu tip xc vi hp st s khng an ton. V th dy phi lp
vi ng nha th khng c s dng hp u dy bng st.
Hi: Ti sao khng c chn trc tip dy dn cch in bc nha vo
trong xi mng hoc lp bt va lm ng dy chy ngm?
p: Dy dn cch in bng nha qua thi gian s dng lu, nha s lo
ha, nt sn, lm gim kh nng cch in. Khi mch in xy ra qu ti hoc ngn
mch tm thi s tng nhanh tc hng cch in. Nu chn trc tip dy dn
cch in bc nha vo trong xi mng hoc lp va vi lm ng dy ngm th nu
va b m s dn n r in din rng, nguy him n an ton cho ngi. Ngoi
ra, chn trc tip cng bt li cho vic kim tra bo dng ng dy.
Hi: Rt nhiu dy dn lun trong cng mt ng thp; nu ng thp rt di,
m dy dn ca u bt o vn nng li ngn, c th p dng phng php n gin
g xc nh hai u dy ca mi si dy dn?
p: C th li dng tnh nng dn in ca ng thp, cho u dy ca mt
si dy dn tip xc vi ng thp. Mt u khc dng ng h vn nng kim tra
in tr gia u dy ca cc dy dn vi ng thp. Khi kim ch ca ng h vn
nng hi lch v tr s 0, u dy ny chnh l u dy ca si th nht, nh vy s
xc nh c hai u dy ca mt si dy dn, cc si khc cng c th xc nh
c theo phng php ny.
ni?

Hi: Dy dn trong ng dy v trong tm rnh g ti sao khng c c u
p: Khi u ni hoc im hn ni ca dy dn vo trong ng hoc

trong tm rnh, c th lu ngy tip xc khng tt, dn n qu nng thm ch c
nguy c gy chy. V th qui nh u ni dy v ch hn ni ca dy in phi
vo hp u dy ngoi ng, u ni dy ca tm rnh g phi ngoi tm rnh
(l ra ngoi).
- Trang 248 -
Hi: Ti sao pha di u un cong

nh nc ca dy dn cch in a vo nh
phi ct b mt on nh lp cch in?
p: Bi v ch u ni gia dy dn
cch in vi dy ngoi, nc ma c th
ngm vo khe h gia dy dn vi lp bc cch
in bn ngoi. Do dy dn cch in ni vi
bn ngoi cao hn hp cng tc trong nh, do
nc ma c th b dn vo trong nh, gy ra
s c. Nu ct b mt cht lp cch in
di ch un cong nh nc ngoi nh th
nc s thm chy ra t ch ct b , khng dn vo trong nh na.
Hi: Hai phng php bc lp cch in ca
dy dn hnh 9 - 4 -10 (a) v (b), phng php no
ng?
p: Hnh (a) ng. Bc nh hnh (b) th tnh
nng cch in gim mnh. Bi v lp ngoi ca dy
bc l si dt; khi dy dn b m, ht nc hoc dnh
nc, do tc dng mao mch, nc s thng vo dy dn, nh vy khng nhng lm
gim cch in ca dy dn, c lc cn lm cho v ngoi nhim in.
Hi: Khi lp phi ng dy, gp phi dy dn v ca mch in chnh v
dy dn ca mch iu khin trn cng mt tr u dy, ti sao dy dn ca mch
iu khin phi trn dy v ca mch?
p: Nu dy dn ca mch v chnh trn, th khi vn hnh, dng in ln
trong mch chnh s thng qua phn u u dy dn ca mch iu khin chy
vo kh c iu khin. Nh vy d sinh ra hin tng qu nng gia tr u dy vi
dy dn, khin dy dn chng lo ha, gim tui th.
Hi: Khi qun bng keo hoc bng nha, ti sao phi qun t di dy dn
ln, ch khng t trn xung?
p: Bi v khi qun t di ln, th lp trn s lm kn khe ca lp di. V
th, nc v du t trn ri xung khng vo lp cch in. Nu qun t trn xung
s li khe bn trn, nc v du v.v... c th thy vo, ph hoi cch in. Cho
nn, qun t di ln s tt hn, nhng ni m thp nhiu nc, nhiu du cng
phi lu .
- Trang 249 -
9 - 5 Kt cu cp in
Hi: Cp in in lc ni chung, ti sao dng cch in bng giy m khng
dng cch in cao su?
p: Bi v cng chu p ca cch in bng cao su thp hn giy cch
in ngm du c cng dy, m nhit cho php ca cao su cng tng i
thp, v mt cch in v lu lng ti th cp in cao su u khng u vit bng
cp in cch in bng giy. Ngoi ra, cao su rt d b n mn bi khng kh v
nc, dn n bin cht, hng. l v trong khng kh v nc c cha mt t cht
kh c tnh n mn. ng thi, cch in cao su gp phi cn, xng v.v... d b hng,
hn na tui th ca cp in cao su tng i ngn, gi tng i cao, cho nn ni
chung u s dng cp in cch in bng giy, ch c trng hp di ng nhiu
mi dng cp in cao su.
Hi: Ti sao cp in 20~35KV s dng chia pha cch in che chn m
khng dng bc cch in tt c?
p: Cch in che chn chia pha c th trnh c phn lng tip tuyn
theo giy cch in trong in trng, m cng cch in theo tip tuyn l yu
nht; ng thi, cn c th trnh c cht n cng cch in tng i nh,
tn ti trong in trng. V th cp in in p tng i cao u khng dng
cch in bc tt c.
Hi: Ti sao trong cp in cao p ba li, b mt lp cch in mi si dy
dn c lc cn bc thm ai kim loi rt mng, (nh th hin hnh 9 - 5- 3)?
p: Khi cha c lp ai kim loi che chn ny, do s thay i c tnh chu k
ca dng in ba pha, di tc dng ln nhau ca in trng ba pha, in trng
trong cp in phn b khng u, khin mt phn vt
liu cch in n gia cc li dy p di cng
in trng tng i cao thi gian di, lm gim cng
chu p ca cp in; thc y s lo ha ca cch
in, t gim tui th s dng. Sau khi p dng che
chn bng ai kim loi, khin in trng mi pha phn
b u, ng thi lm cho vt liu n cch in trong
v ch lp ngoi khng b nh hng ca in trng.
ng thi, tnh dn nhit ca ai kim loi cng tng i tt, c th nng cao mc
chu p, ko di tui th s dng.
Hi: Ti sao trong ging ng m than lp t cp in si thp m khng
dng cp in ai thp?
p: Bi v cp in lp t trong ging ng tuy c c nh bng cp,
nhng bn thn cp in vn kh trnh khi chu mt phn lc ko, cp in si thp
- Trang 250 -
c th chu lc ko tng i ln, cn cp in ai thp khng th chu c lc

ko, c th dn n hng cp in.
Hi: Ti sao v bc ngoi cp in u bng ch?
p: Tc dng ch yu ca v ngoi cp in l bo v dy li bn trong,
trc tin l bo v n khng b s n mn ca nc v kh m, th hai l phng
nga dy li v lp cch in b tn thng bi ngoi lc m li c tc dng chng
n mn nht nh. Ngoi ra, cp in phi qun trn mm dy vn chuyn v bo
qun, ng thi li phi ko ra lp t. iu yu cu n phi c mm
nht nh, li phi c cng c hc nht nh. Ch c cc tnh nng ny, cho
nn v ngoi cp in u bng ch. ng nhin cng c hc ca ch thun
cht tng i km, trn thc t, v ch cp in l hp kim ch thic hoc hp kim
ch Antimon.
Hi: Ti sao bn ngoi cp in cn phi sn mt lp bitum hoc bc mt
lp si ri sn bitum?
p: l bin php bo v nhm trnh n mn ca cht ha hc chung
quanh i vi v ngoi cp in. Khi qut lp keo bitum hoc bc si c tm bitum
bn ngoi, cp in s tng tui th s dng v gim thng tn v ngoi khi lp
t v vn chuyn.
Hi: Ti sao cp in lc nhiu li a phn s dng dy li r qut?
p: Mc ch s dng dy li r qut l nhm lm cho bn trong cp in
n chn c cht, gim vt liu cch in v vt liu lp bo v ngoi rt nh
ng knh ngoi ca cp in, gim gi thnh sn phm.
Hi: Cp in in lc trung tn kiu ZOLQ11, ti sao ch to thnh dy dn
rng rut? ng rng trong cp in phi chng dng lm ng nc lm mt bn
trong?
p: Cp in ny chuyn dng truyn dn dng in trung tn 1 - 8 kHz;
nu lm thnh cp in c rut th khi dng in trung tn chy qua dy dn, do
hiu ng tp trung lp ngoi v hiu ng ln cn, khin cho t s li dng y dn
rt thp, nh hng rt ln n lu lng ti. V th, phi lm sao dy (hoc
ng knh dy) ca dy dn bng hoc hi ln hn su thm nhp ca dng
in tn s tng ng trong dy dn. Nhng bo m cp in c tit din
hu hiu v kh nng ti in, phi ch to thnh dy dn rng. Tuy tng ng
knh ngoi ca cp in tng ln, nhng tit din hu hiu v t s li dng u nng
cao tng ng, t p ng c yu cu truyn dn dng in trung tn cng
.
Cp in lc ng trc trung tn kiu ZOLQ11 s dng cch in bng giy
tm du, ng rng khng kn, ch c tc dng li dy dn in, do khng th
dng lm ng nc lm mt c.
- Trang 251 -
- Trang 252 -

Hi: C mt s cp in bc ton nha chn trc tip 6 ~ 10kV, trong lp che
chn qun bc bng di nhm gia cch in vi lp bo v ngoi, c mt dy
ng trn chy theo trc cp in. C tc dng g?
p: Loi dy cp ny phn ln dng nng thn chn thng xung t,
gim gi thnh m li lp dt, bo dng tin li, thng thng ch qun bc mt,
hai lp di nhm mng lm lp che chn in trng. phng nga trong qu trnh
lp t, vn chuyn cp in, lp qun bc b t toc, ph v tnh lin tc in ca
lp che chn, nn t mt si dy ng trn vo gia lp che chn v cch in. Bi
v si dy ny nh hng rt ln n s vn hnh an ton cp in, nn khi lp t
phi em n cng lp che chn bng nhm tip t cn thn.
Hi: Ti sao hin nay cp in bc gip cao p v thp p a phn dng cp
in li nhm, cn cp in bc cao su di ng vn dng li ng?
p: Bi v sn lng ng tng i t, cn nhm tng i nhiu, m tnh
nng dn in ca nhm cng khng km, cho nn tn dng ch to cp in li
nhm. Nhng cp in di ng thng xuyn b un cong, m cng c hc ca
nhm thp hn ng nhiu, dng nhm ch to cp in di ng th d hng. V th
vn s dng li ng.
- Trang 253 -
9 - 6 u ni cp in
Hi: Ti sao hai u cp in lc u phi lp u cp in?
p: Hai u mi si cp in u phi bc l li dy ra mt on nht nh
u ni vo thit b in v dy dn; ch li dy bc ra phi lp u cp in, ri
cch in v bt kn tr li cp in, khin ton b ng dy cp u c cng
cch in nh nhau.
Tc dng ca u cp in l: (1) Phng nga hi m v cc cht c hi
bn ngoi xm nhp. (2) Phng nga du cch in chy ra ngoi lm gim cng
cch in ca cp in. (3) Phng nga xy thm nhp khin lp cch in bin cht
dn n nh thng. (4) Bo v hai u cp in trnh b thng tn c hc.
in?

Hi: u cp in khi xong keo cch in, liu c th lp tc thng dn
p: Khng c. Khi va xong keo cch in, trong keo cch in cn

tn ti bt kh, phi ch ngui mi c th loi tr bt kh v th sau khi xong keo
cch in lp tc thng in s c kh nng gy thng, nn khng c php.
Hi: Khi lm hp u cp in, ti sao keo cch in phi chia thnh vi ln
vo?
p: Bi v nh vy c th lm cho bt kh c trong keo cch in vo s
b y ra ht, tc y ra cng nhanh. ng thi, vo mt ln cng s do lnh
co vo m khng y.
Hi: V sao c cp in u ni gia v u ni cui b r du? C nh
hng n vn hnh khng?
p: Bn trong cp in tn ti p lc du nng n v p lc du tnh. Khi
cp in lm kn khng tt v hai u chnh lch v tr ln th du cch in s men
theo li dy hoc vch trong nhm bc chy ra.
Du cch in b r ra, khin cch in kh, gim tnh nng cch in, m
giy cp in c tnh ht nc rt mnh, rt d ht m, nu kn ca cp in
khng tt, kh m s xm nhp vo trong cp in, gim tnh nng cch in, khi vn
hnh d b nh thng. V th, trong vn hnh phi bo m kn ca u ni cp
in lun tt.
Hi: Trong lp cch in v hp u dy ca cp in, ti sao khng c c
khe h khng kh v kh m tn ti?
p: Trong in trng c hai cht in mi khc nhau, cng in
trng phn b t l nghch vi h s in mi tng i ca hai cht in mi, lp
khng kh tip xc vi cht in mi (cch in bng giy tm du, keo cp in) c
- Trang 254 -
h s in mi tng i ln, s sinh ra cng in trng rt cao, dn ti

phng in khng kh, tt c in p s ging trn lp cch in bng giy tm du
ca cp in hoc trn keo cp in ca hp u dy. Phng in khng kh c th
hnh thnh oxyt nh, khi c kh m tn ti, c th ha hp thnh dung dch axit nc,
c tc dng ph hoi i vi cch in. Do , trong lp cch in ca cp in,
trong hp u dy, u khng cho php tn ti khe h khng kh v kh m, nu
khng d xy ra s c, c bit di tc dng ca qu p.
- Trang 255 -
9 - 7 Lp t v vn hnh cp in
9 - 7 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v c lc)
Hi: Mm cp in c th t nm ngang hoc ln theo chiu ngc vi
chiu mi tn ghi trn mm khng?
p: Khi ln mm cp in theo chiu ngc vi mi tn hoc t nm ngang
th u c th lm cho cp din trn mm bung ra hoc lm ri, gy phin phc cho
vic lp t, lm xy xc cp in.
Hi: ng dy v ca nh my in v trm bin in, ti sao ni chung
phi dng cp in v dy dn c li ng?
p: ng dy v ca nh my in v trm bin in l mt khu quan
trng bo m s vn hnh bnh thng ca h thng. V th phi c tnh tin cy
cao. V tnh nng dn in ca ng tt, b mt kh sinh ra cht oxy ha ph hoi
mt tip xc v c cng c hc dng, cho nn ni chung, dy v u s dng
dy ng. Tit din dy dn ca dy v ni chung cn c vo nng v tn tht
in p chn. Nhng, bo m c cng cch in, qui nh in p
lm vic cch in ca n khng di 500V.
Hi: Cp in 6kV s dng vo h thng 3kV, c vn g khng?
p: Cp in 6kV s dng vo h thng 3kV, v cng cch in th
khng c vn g, nhng v lu lng ti th c vn . Lp cch in ca cp
in 6kV dy hn cp 3kV, cn lu lng ti ca cp in ch yu chu s hn ch
ca nhit . dy cch in cng dy th ta nhit cng kh, lu lng ti s
tng i nh. V th, cp in 6kV s dng vo h thng 3kV th lu lng ti cho
php ca cp in ch c th chn theo tiu chun ca cp in 6kV, khng th chn
theo tiu chun ca cp in 3kV. Khi tit din nh nhau, th lu lng ti cho php
ca cp in 6kV nh hn cp in 3kV. Cho nn cp in 6kV s dng vo h
thng 3kV khng nhng gi thnh cao do cng cch in cao m lu tng ti
in cho php cn nh hn cp in 3kV. Nu s dng cp in 6kV vo h thng
3kV l khng hp l.
Hi: Ti sao dy cao p i vo trong trm bin in phn phi, ni chung s
dng dy cp in?
p: C hai nguyn nhn: (1) Dy vo bng dy cp khng b hn ch bi
khng gian nh vt kin trc, v tng i an ton. (2) Sng di ng (do qu p nh
st sinh ra) ca cp in i vi ng dy ti in, c tc dng hon xung, l do
in dung gia cc dy li cp in v in dung gia dy li di vi t thng
thng ln hn dy mc trn khng. Cho nn n c th lm cho sng di ng phn
ln chy qua in dung tr v mch in v tip t, gim thiu nguy c nh
thng cc thit b in trong trm bin in do qu p.
- Trang 256 -
Hi: Khi lp t cp in vo ma ng, ti sao phi lm nng trc?

p: Trong ma ng nhit thp, do dnh ca du trong cp in cch
in bng giy tm du tng ln, tnh lm trn gim, khin cp in tr nn cng,
kh un cong, cho nn khi t cch in ca cp in d b hng. V th, khi nhit
mi trng thp hn tr s sau th cc loi cp din phi lm nng trc: (1) Cp
in cch in bng giy 35kV tr xung, 0oC. (2) Cp in bo v bng bitum,
cch in bng cao su, - 7oC. (3) cp in cch in bng cao su hoc vng bo v
bng polyvinyechloride (PVC), - 15oC. (4) Cp in bc ch cch in bng cao su 20oC.
Hi: Ti sao khi lp t cp in lc cch din bng giy tm du c
dnh th chnh lch cao khng c qu ln?
p: Khi lp t cp in lc cch in bng giy tm du nu chnh lch
cao qu ln s gy nn chnh lch p lc du qu ln lm nt v bc ngoi ch
thp, khin lm kn u cp in ch thp tr nn kh khn, ch cao ca cp in
thiu du nn kh, lm gim cch in, thm ch nh thng khi vn hnh. V th
cp in lc cch in bng giy tm du c dnh 6 ~ 10kV khi t thng ng
hoc nghing theo chiu dc th chnh lch cao ca n khng c vt qu
15km.
Hi: Ti sao bc ch v bc kim ca cp in phi hn ni bng dy ng
mm, sau tip t?
p: Gia bc ch v bc kim ca cp in c mt lp si ay mng nhm
bo v bc ch khng b n mn ha hc. Nhng khi cp in c dng in s c ln
chy qua bc ch, bc kim xung t, gia 2 cp s sinh ra hiu in th khin ch
yu nht ca lp ay b nh thng, s sinh ra h quang lm nng chy bc ch
gy ra l thng ph hoi kn ca cp in. phng nga sinh ra dng hng hc
ny, cn dng dy ng nhiu. si c tit din khng nh hn 10mm2, hn bc ch
vi bc kim thnh 1 cht cng in th ri mi tip t. Mt tc dng khc ca cch
lm ny l khi st nh, bc kim chn di t c th chia s mt phn dng in,
gim bt in tr tip t, iu ny c li cho vic chng st ca thit b pha sau
cp in.
Hi: Ti sao v ngoi ca cp in lc li n ch cho php mt im tip
t, cn mt im khc phi thng qua b tip t ri mi tip t; cn v ngoi
ca cp in lc 3 li th c th tip t nhiu im?
p: Cp in lc 35000V tr ln phn ln s dng cp in mt li. Cp
in mt li, nu mt u v ngoi trc tip tip t, cn u kia thng qua b tip
t hoc tip t khe h th trong tnh hnh bnh thng, do b tip t vi in p
thp c in tr rt cao, tng ng vi h mch mt u ngoi cp in, dng
in lm vic trong cp in khng th cm ng ra dng in vng v ngoi, cho
nn c th phng nga chy v ngoi cp in do dng in vng v gim lu lng
ti ca cp in. Cn cp in 3 li th th in ng cm ng v ngoi ca n rt
- Trang 257 -
nh s khng sinh ra dng in vng v ngoi cp in, cho nn c th tip t

nhiu im.
Hi: Mt si cp in mt li s dng in xoay chiu, tnh hnh s dng
bnh thng. Khi hai u v ngoi ca cp in tip t, sau khi nhit v ch ca
cp in tng cao trong vn hnh, tho mt dy tip t ca n, nhit v ch lp
tc h xung, nguyn nhn do u?
p: Dng in chy qua li cp in, cm ng ra in p trn v ch, khi hai
u cp in tip t, s thng qua im tip t ca 2 u to thnh thng mch,
sinh ra dng in. Dng in chy qua v ch sinh ra nhit lng khin cp in qu
nng. Khi tho mt dy tip t ca 1 u, ct t thng mch ca dng in, do
nhit gim xung.
Hi: in p ng dy phn phi in h 4 dy 3 pha in p thp
380/220V, mun dng cp in 3 pha v mt dy cch in (lm dy khng) s dng
thay cp in 4 li c th c khng?
p: c im ca mch in kiu 4 dy 3 pha in p thp l c th u
vi ph ti 3 pha v ph ti 1 pha. Nu dng cp in 3 li v 1 dy cch in gp
li s dng thay th cp in 4 li, iu l khng th c. Bi v khi cp in
ch dng ph ti 1 pha cn cc pha khc khng dng ti th mt dy la trong v cp
in cn si dy khng ngoi v cp in, nh vy dng in chy qua si dy la
trong v cp in s sinh ra t trng xoay chiu trong v cp in gy nn tn tht
tr tr khin v cp in nng ln, cp in cng nng theo. V th khng c Nu
cp in khng u v ph ti 1 pha (in p pha) th c th c.
Hi: Quy phm v in lin quan n tu thy c qui nh, cp in lc mt
li xoay chiu dng trn tu thy phi dng vt liu khng t tnh lm lp v gip,
khi lp t lp v gip ch cho php mt im tip t. Ti sao?
p: Khi dng in xoay chiu chy qua cp in mt li s dng trn tu
thy s sinh ra t trng xoay chiu mnh quanh n, do tuyt i cm dng vt
liu t tnh lm v gip. i vi cp in lp v gip dt bng si ng tuy vt liu
lp gip khng phi t tnh, khng sinh ra tn tht tr tr, dng xoy ln, dn n cp
in qu nng, nhng c th xem nh my bin th dng vt liu cch in lm mi
cht ngu hp, li dy cp in v lp dt bng si ng nh l cun s cp v th
cp ca bin th ny. Khi lp t nu xut hin 2 im tr ln tip t th s sinh
ra dng in vng gia lp dt vi dy t (thn v tu). iu i vi tu thy c
yu cu tng i cao v an ton v tnh chng nhiu l khng cho php.
Hi: Khi s dng 3 dy cp in xoay chiu, mi cp ko ph ti 1 pha tt
hn hay l mi cp vn ko ph ti 3 pha tt hn?
- Trang 258 -
p: Mi cp ko ph ti 3 pha tt hn, bi v khi mi cp ko ph ti 1 pha

th v ch v lp gip ca cp in u s sinh ra dng xoy gy nng cn khi mi cp
ko ph ti 3 pha th tng t thng ca 3 pha bng 0, khng sinh ra dng xoy.
- Trang 259 -

Hi: Cp in 3 li rt di, nu 1 u xc nh th t pha ca 3 pha ca
n, lm sao dng phng php n gin xc nh th t pha ca u kia?
p: Ti u xc nh th t pha, ln lt em ba li tip t mt li trc
tip tip t mt li qua in tr tip t v mt li khng tip t. Sau ,
u kia, dng ng h vn nng (hoc ng h mgam) o in tr i vi t ca
cc li, li trc tip tip t th in tr bng 0, li thng qua in tr tip t s c
in tr nht nh, li khng tip t th in tr v cng ln. Nh vy s xc nh
khng kh khn g th t pha ca u kia.
Hi: Khi d tm im s c ca cp in lc, thng thng phi t thng
im s c trc, khi t thng th s dng in xoay chiu hay in mt chiu s
c hiu qu hn?
p: Cp in trong vn hnh thng xut hin tip t in tr cao, khi
thiu my mc o trc tin em s c in tr cao t thng thnh s c in tr
thp, tin dng phng php cu in d tm im s c cp in. Nu dng
in xoay chiu, do in dung ca cp in tng i ln, dung lng ca thit b
cng tng i ln; ngoi ra, khi in p xoay chiu qua 0, d tt h quang, nn hiu
qu
t thng tng i thp. Nu dng in mt chiu, ch cn dng in chy qua
t khong 1 ampe th c th chy thng im s c, hiu qu tng i tt. Ngoi
ra, do di tc dng ca in p mt chiu, in dung cp in khng sinh ra dng
in in dung, dung lng ca thit b c th tng i nh.
Hi: Cp in lc ch lm th nghim chu p mt chiu, khng lm th
nghim chu p xoay chiu. Ti sao?
p: l bi v: (1) in dung ca cp in tng i ln, th nghim chu
p xoay chiu, do dng in in dung nn i hi thit b th nghim dung lng
ln; th nghim chu p mt chiu khng yu cu thit b dung lng ln. (2) Di
tc dng cao p xoay chiu, tc dng khng th ngc do tn hao mi cht gy nn,
lm gim cch in; dng th nghim mt chiu s khng li hiu qu xu trong
cch in. (3) in p nh thng di dng in mt chiu ca cch in bng
giy ngm tm ca cp in ln gp nhiu ln (2 ~ 6 ln) di dng in xoay
chiu, cho nn dng in p th nghim mt chiu s cao hn nhiu in xoay
chiu, c th bc l mt cch d dng nhc im trong cch in.
Hi: Ti sao cp in lc thng b nh thng vo ban m ma thu?
p: H s n nhit ca lp bo v, dy li dn in, giy cch in, du
cch in v bc bo v ca cp in lc cch in ngm tm mi loi mt khc.
Khi ph ti tng ln hoc kh hu tr nn nng khin nhit cp in ln cao, do
h s n ca du cp in ln hn khong 10 ln so vi cc vt liu khc, v th
bc ch bo v ca cp in, ngoi t n ra, cn c lng n ph bi nh hng n
du cp in. Khi ph ti gim hoc kh hu tr nn lnh, khin nhit ca cp
- Trang 260 -
in gim thp th lp ch khng th khi phc trng thi ban u. Nh vy gia lp

ch cp in v du cp in s xut hin khe h trng, khin cch in ca cp
in d b nh thng. Bui ti ma thu, kh hu tng i thp, cp in lnh co
lm cho khe h hnh thnh trong ma h tr nn ln, t xut hin hin tng cp
in lc d b nh thng.
Hi: Ti sao khi tin hnh th nghim chu p mt chiu i vi cp in lc
cch in bc ch, d xy ra nh thng cch in gia dy li vi bc ch, m rt t
khi xy ra nh thng cch in gia cc dy li vi nhau?
p: Khi tin hnh th nghim chu p mt chiu i vi cp in bc ch, l
t in p gia mt li i vi hai li kia v bc ch. Do nh thng cch in
thng xy ra sau khi bc ch b h tn cch in b m, hn na dy cch in
gia cc li ln hn dy cch in ca dy li i vi bc ch, cho nn ni chung,
nh thng cch in xy ra gia dy li i vi bc ch, m t xy ra gia cc dy
li.
Hi: Tin hnh th nghim chu p mt chiu i vi cp in, ti sao khi
in p ln ti tr s nh th dng in r li nh hn so vi khi tng p?
p: in p tng ln n tr s nh th khng thay i na. Lc ny dng
in o c ch l tr s r, cn trong qu trnh tng p th in p bin ng, dng
in bao gm hai b phn: dng in np v dng in r, nn tr s tng i ln.
Hi: ng dy cp in cao p, liu c th va ngt in xong l tin hnh
cng vic sa cha ngay?
p: Khng c. in dung ca ng dy cp cao p rt ln, cha in
tch rt ln, nn c in p tng i cao, nu sau khi ngt in m khng tin hnh
phng in th khi tip xc s c nguy c phng in gy thng vong. V th, nht
nh phi phng in xong mi tin hnh cng vic.
- Trang 261 -
CHNG X
TIP T V AN TON IN
10 - 1 Kin thc c bn phng in git
Hi: in tr ca ngi, ni chung l bao nhiu? Vi dng in bao nhiu th
s nguy him i vi ngi? Bao nhiu th nguy him n tnh mng?
p: Ngi khe mnh, khi da kh v khng b tn thng th in tr ca
c th c th dt ti 10.000 100.000 nhng in tr ca ngi ni chung, ly
1.000 lm chun, dng in 0,05 0,1 ampe l nguy him i vi ngi, vt qu
0,1 ampe s nguy him tnh mng.
Hi: Thit b in chia ra: cao p, thp p, v ly in p i vi t 250V
lm gii hn. Thp p c phi l in p an ton khng?
p: in p 250V ca thit b in i vi t l gii hn gia in p cao
v in p thp, c xc nh t gc an ton. Bi v khi ngi chm vo b
phn mang in ca thit b in m in p vt qu 250V th kh nng gy nguy
him i vi tnh mng l v cng ln. Nhng thp p ni trn khng phi l in p
an ton.
Hi: n chiu sng v n hnh trnh ca my cng c, my khoan, v.v... ti
sao qui nh s dng in p 36V tr xung?
p: Khi c th ngi ng phi b phn mang in ca thit b th s c
dng in chy qua c th. Cn c vo kinh nghim thng thng, nu dng in
mt chiu chy qua c th ln hn 50mA, hoc dng in xoay chiu ln hn 10mA
th c th xy ra s c thng vong. s dng in an ton, nh nc qui nh:
12V, 24V v di 36V l in p an ton. Khi chn, cn cn c vo m ni s
dng quyt nh. n chiu sng, my cng c khoan in ni chung l 36 Vn.
Cc ni nh phng tm, bung l hi, ni ct, my tng nhit v.v... do tng i m
t, in p n hnh trnh ni chung dng 12V.
Ngun in 36V tr xung phi dng bin th kiu hai cun dy cung cp
in, cm s dng bin th t ngu. ng thi phi ch phch cm, cm m
mch in thp p 36V tr xung s dng phi khc r rt vi phch cp, cm
ca ng dy in p tng i cao, phng nga s dng ln ln, gy nn s c
thng vong.
Hi: in mt chiu v in xoay chiu (tn s quc t) u ging nhau
220V, loi no nguy him hn i vi ngi? Ti sao?
p: in xoay chiu nguy him hn. Bi v tr s c c khi dng vn k
o in p xoay chiu chnh l tr s hu hiu ca in p. in xoay chiu bin
- Trang 262 -
i theo sng hnh sin, tr s ln nht ca n l 2 ln tr s hu hiu, ly in p

220V m ni th tr s nh ca n l 2 x 220 = 310V, cn in mt chiu th khng
c s khc bit gia tr s ln nht v tr s hu hiu.
Hi: Ti sao in xoay chiu 50 - 60 Hz l rt nguy him i vi con ngi?
p: T thc nghim c th bit: in tr ca c th khng phi l in tr
thun m cn mang cht in dung, sau khi con ngi tip xc vi in xoay chiu,
trn thc t c th con ngi l tr khng c tnh in dung, khi tn s cao dung
khng nh, v th tng rng vi tn s cao, tr khng ca c th s gim. Trn
thc t, t chc t bo ca c th b cc ha gh gm nht tn s 50 - 60 Hz, do
s nguy hi i vi c th cng ln nht. Khi tn s rt cao hoc rt thp th
khng kp cc ha, kh hnh thnh ngu cc, do t chc t bo khng d bin ha.
Cho nn mc nguy hi i vi ngi cng nh. i vi in mt chiu m ni,
in dung c th ngi khng c tc dng, nn tr s tng tr ca c th ngoi
tng i ln. V th i vi dng in mt chiu th dng in c th tng i
nh. Bi v tn s in mt chiu l bng 0, t bo c th s khng b cc ha hnh
thnh ngu cc gy thng vong. Cho nn xt v mt an ton th in mt chiu tt
hn nhiu in xoay chiu.
l0 - 1 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao in xoay chiu tn s cao an ton hn in xoay chiu tn s
50 - 60 Hz ph thng?
p: in xoay chiu tn s cao c hiu ng mt ngoi r rt, vy nn dng
in chy qua ngoi da ch khng vo tim. V th d sinh ra chy bng da m khng
gy nn lit tim, cho nn tng i an ton hn.
Hi: Khi c th ngi ng phi dy dn ca h thng m im trung tnh
khng tip t, c nguy c in git khng?
p: C ngi cho rng im trung tnh ca h thng m im trung tnh
khng tip t (nh bn cao p ca my bin p phn phi in) th im trung tnh
l khng tip t, khi c th ngi chm phi, dng in khng th to nn mch
kn, nn khng xy ra in git, nhng s thc khng phi nh vy. Bi v khi c
th ngi tip xc vi dy dn ca h thng m im trung tnh khng tip t th
s c 3 loi dng in chy qua c th ngi (1) Dng in in dung cun dy bn
th cp ca my bin th v ng dy (c bit l cp in lc) i vi t u
c in dung, khi c th ngi chm phi dy dn mt pha no th dng in
in dung ca hai pha khc vo c th ngi, xung t ri quay tr v mch in,
hnh thnh mch thng dn in, khin ngi b in git. (2) Dng in r. H
thng dn in ba pha i Vi t khng phi cch in tuyt i ch l c in tr
r tng i ln i vi t v th c dng in r. Nu h thng tng i ln,
cch in b lo ha hoc b m nghim trng th dng in r tng i ln, rt
nguy him i vi an ton ca ngi. (3) Tnh in. ng dy in v thit b cao
p, thp p, cn c vo mc in th cao thp u tn ti tnh in, khi c th chm
- Trang 263 -
phi th in tch tnh in chy qua c th ngi phng xung t khin ngi b
in git.
- Trang 264 -

Hi: Nu tip xc mt dy trong dy dn cao p, lc ny, khng hnh thnh
mch kn i vi t, cho nn khng nguy him. Ni nh vy ng khng?
p: Ni nh vy va ng va khng ng. Khi c th chm phi mt dy
trong dy dn cao p, do lc ny khng hnh thnh mch kn i vi t, m in
dung i vi t li rt nh, do dng in chy qua c th rt nh, khng c
nguy him g.
Nhng thi im va chm vo dy dn, do gia c th v t to thnh t
in, sinh ra dng in np, dng in np in ny ln hn nhiu ln dng in
in dung sau khi tip xc vi dy dn, v th khi tip xc ng dy c in p
tng i cao (nh 110kV tr ln) th s cm thy t, thm ch in git cho nn rt
nguy him. Nu ngi mc o bng si ng th c th c che chn trong o
bng si ng, s khng cn cm gic t na.
Hi: Mch in mt chiu ca h thng thit b chnh lu cao p, thp p
u khng trc tip tip t, nu c th chm vo c b in git khng?
p: Gia dy dn ca mch in mt chiu i vi t khng tn ti dng
in in dung, nhng c in tch tnh in v dng in r nht nh. V th, khi
c th ngi chm phi, nu c in p tng i cao cng d gy ra in git.
Hi: in git thp p v in git cao p, loi no nguy him hn?
p: Phn ln s c in git u l in thp p. Bi v c hi con ngi
tip xc vi ng dy thp p v thit b thp p tng i nhiu, v mt t tng
cng khng c coi trng, ng thi in git thp p a phn thuc loi xung
kch, ngi b in git sau khi t lit thn kinh khng th tch khi vt mang in.
Cn in git cao p thng phng in h quang, ngi b in git cn cha hon
ton chm n b phn mang in th h quang hnh thnh, trong tnh hnh h
quang phng in, ngi b in git do thn kinh b kch thch nn bt ra.
V th, s c in git thp p tng i nhiu. ng nhin, do phm vi
in trng ca cao p rng, c th cha chm ti vt mang in, nhng cng dn
n phng in h quang gy t vong hoc bng. Cho nn khi lm vic gn thit
b cao p phi c bo h nghim ngt, phi ch tun th ch lm vic an ton.
Hi: ng phi dy m ngun in l 110 Vn hoc 220 Vn thng b in
git n cht, nhng trn ng dy ti in in p my vn vn hoc cao hn
thng c chim u, ti sao bnh yn v s?
p: in git l do c dng in chy qua c th. Khng c dng in chy
qua th khng b t lit. Ngi ng trn mt t ng phi dy in th dng in
s chy qua ngi xung t, cho nn b in git. Chim u trn dy cao p, khng
chm t, cng khng chm phi dy in bn cnh, khng c dng in chy qua
chng, cho nn khng b in git.
- Trang 265 -

Hi: Mt chic qut bn mt pha t trn bn dang chy, ti sao bt th in
tip xc vo v ca n c khi li sng? Lc ny dng tay tip xc vo v c cm gic
t t, nhng sau khi tip xc li khng cm thy b in git?
p: Qut t trn bn, bt cng tc cho chy, mch in tng ng ca
n nh hnh 10 - 1 - 12. R1 l in tr cch in ca dy la i vi v, R2 l in tr
cch in ca v i vi t, U l in p ngun in.
in p ca v U2 =
R2
U . Khi U2 > 50V th bt
R1 + R 2
th in s sng. Nu ly tay tip xc vi v s c

cm gic t tay, nhng sau khi tay tip xc vi v th do
in tr c th R u song song vi R2 m R << R1
khin tr s U2 gim r rt, v th khng cn cm gic
tay na.

Hi: ng trn gh g kh, u ni dy c in thp p c khi vn t tay.
Nguyn nhn do u?
p: ng trn gh g kh, nhn vin lm vic i vi t l cch in, lc
ny u ni dy c in thp p ng l khng c cm gic t tay, nu c t tay th
nht nh l do 1 trong 2 nguyn nhn sau y: C th tip xc vi vch tng hoc
gi kim loi, to thnh thng mch vi t; khi u ni dy, cng c dng in cha
ngt, ngn tay tip xc vi 2 si dy dn cha ni nhau th dng in s chy qua
ngi. Cho nn khi u dy thp p c in, tuy ng trn gh g kh vn phi ch
2 im ni trn, phng nga in git.
Hi: Mt ngi ng trn gh g, tay chm phi dy c ngun in 220V
thng thng khng cm gic t tay, mt ngi khc ng trn t chm phi anh ta,
c hai ngi u cm gic t, ti sao?
p: Do in tr cch in ca gh g cao, nn dng in chy qua c th
rt nh, v th khng c cm gic t, in tr cch in ca ngi ng trn mt t
i vi t khng cao, sau khi chm phi ngi ng trn gh g tng ng u
song song vi gh g c in tr cch in cao, dng in tng i ln s chy
qua c th 2 ngi, cho nn u cm gic t, v th cch in i vi t tt m
khng mang gng tay cao su, nu khi kim tra sa cha ng dy c in, c ngi
khc chm vo th c 2 ngi u s b in git.
Hi: Ti sao t in sau khi tho khi ngun in vn b in git?
p: Gia 2 vt mang in (bn cc) ca t in l cch in vi nhau. in
tch khc du trn 2 vt mang in ht ln nhau (bi in trng) sau khi rt ra khi
ngun in vn cn in tch. Nu chm phi bt c cc no ca vt mang in th
in tch s thng qua ngi xung t. Nu chm phi 2 vt mang in th s
thng qua ngi phng in, cho nn vn b in git.
- Trang 266 -

Hi: Cp in sau khi th nghim chu p mt chiu qua phng in ngn
mch, ly tay s khng c cm gic c in p, nhng sau li c ngi b in
git trn cp in, ti sao?
p: Nu thi gian phng in qu ngn tuy in tch trn in cc phng
ht, khi ly tay chm vo khng cn cm gic c in, nhng trong lp cch in
vn cn in tch, sau mt lc, in tch trong lp cch in li t t di chuyn n
in cc, trn in cc li c in p, khin ngi b in git. V th, thi gian
phng in nn ko di mt cht mi khng xy ra nguy him.
Hi: ng dy cp in sau khi ngt in, tin hnh phng in, ti sao
c lc vn b git tnh in?
p: l do thi gian phng in qu ngn, in tch tnh in cha phng
ht, gia p in vi t vn c in p tng i cao, cho nn c tnh hnh trn.
Hi: My in quay c in p 1000V, khi quay dng 2 tay nm cht 2 u
dy ra ca n, ti sao ch cm gic t tay m khng nguy him n tnh mng?
p: in p nh mc ca my pht in trong hm quay in tuy rt cao,
nhng trong mch ra ca n c ni tip ni in tr tr s rt ln, ln gp nhiu ln
so vi in tr c th. V th khi nm cht hai u dy ra ca hm quay, dng in
chy qua c th b hn ch tr s rt nh, cho nn ch cm gic t tay m khng
nguy him n tnh mng. Ngun in 220V ni chung, in tr trong rt nh, v th
khi c th tip xc s nguy him n tnh mng.
Hi: Khi tay cm dy dn b in git s c nm cht ly dy khng bung
ra c c ngi ni l do sc ht ca in, ng khng?
p: Khi dng in chy qua c th khin b phn c th c in chy qua
b co rt, tay cm nm dy dn in, do c b co rt khin nm cng cht, lc ny
con ngi mt kh nng iu khin c th b phn ny cho nn khng th ra
c. l tc dng sinh l khi dng in chy qua c th sinh ra, ch khng phi
sc ht in sinh ra. Khi phi cm nm dy dn c th c in, th c gng dng t
th nht ca ngn tr v ngn ci cm, cho d b in git cng s nh tc dng
phn x ca c th m bt th ngn tay ra, co tay v, khng n ni c phi nm
cht dy dn, gy thng vong nghim trng.
Hi: My hn in bnh thng, in p khi s dng c ti ch c khong
30V, ti sao vn thng xy ra s c in git?
p: bo m my hn in dn h quang mt cch tin cy v tin li, s
mun c in p khng ti tng ng cao. in p khng ti ca my hn in
xoay chiu, mt chiu c khi t ti 80 - 90V, khi thao tc my hn khng cn thn
- Trang 267 -
c kh nng xy ra s c in git. V tr thao tc ca cng nhn hn li thng

xuyn di chuyn, dy ngun v dy mm m hn in li d b hng, lm tng kh
nng tip xc trc tip gia th hn vi ngun in, cng l nguyn nhn xy ra
s c in git. Hin nay ngoi tng cng cng vic bo dng sa cha cch
in gia my hn vi dy ni cng tc ra, cn lp thm thit b ngt in t ng
khng ti, c th phng nga mt cch hu hiu xy ra s c in git.
Hi: V ca ng c in sau khi tip t bo v, liu c th bo m an
ton tuyt i cho ngi khng?
p: Sau khi cch in ca ng c in b hng m chm v, dng in s
chy trong mch kn t dy ngun ca pha hng, qua im chm v, thit b tip
t ca ng c in, t, thit b tip t im trung tnh ca bin th phn phi
in, im trung tnh bin th phn phi in, nu dng in ny c th lm chy
cu ch hoc lm nhy cu dao ca cng tc ngun ng c in khin v my ct
ngun th ngi chm phi v s khng b in git. Nhng khi dung lng ca
my in tng i ln th dng in ny thng khng lm t cu ch hoc
nhy cu dao, lc ny v my c in. C khi in th ca v my i vi t vn
rt cao, ngi chm phi v my cng rt nguy him.
Hi: Khi kim tra thit b in ang vn hnh, ti sao dng mu bn tay th
s an ton hn l dng lng bn tay r?
p: Cm gic ca mu bn tay tng i nhy cm, khi kim tra thit b
in, nu c r in th lp tc cm gic t m co tay v. Mt khc, do cu to ca
tay, khi b kch thch, ngn tay s nm cht vo lng bn tay. Nu dng lng bn tay
s thit b in, gp phi in r th tay cng nm cht hn, nh vy cng nguy
him. Nu dng mu bn tay th th tnh hnh s ngc li, cho nn tng i an
ton.
- Trang 268 -
10 - 2 Tip t v tip "khng"

Hi: Ti sao thit b in in p thp p dng tip "khng" bo v an ton
hn l tip t bo v?
p: p dng tip t bo v, nu in tr tip t ro = 4 v rtx = 4 in
p ngun U = 220V, khi tip t Itx =
U
= 27.5 A. Dng in s c ny ch c th
ro + rtx
lm chy dy cu ch dung lng nh. Nu dung lng dy cu ch hi ln, khng

th lm chy, trn thit b c th c in p:
Utx = U
U
= 110 V.
ro + rtx
in p ny rt khng an ton. Nu dng tip "khng" th khi tip t:

Itx =
220V
ien
tr
mach
ien

Hi: Th no gi l tip t lm vic, tip t bo v, tip t trng hp,
tip "khng"?
p: Trong tnh hnh bnh thng hoc c s c, bo m thit b in
vn hnh tin cy, th phi tip t mt im no trn mng in gi l tip t
lm vic. Nh tip t im trung tnh ca cun dy my bin th, tip t ca b
trnh li.
Khi bnh thng, tip t b phn kt cu kim loi ca thit b in cch
in vi b phn mang in, th gi l tip t bo v. Nh tip t b phn kt
cu kim loi ca kha du, tip t ca v my in.
Trong h thng 380/220 V, ngoi tip t im trung tnh ca cun dy bin
th, cun dy my pht in ra, cn tip t vi im ca ng trung tnh gi l
tip t trng lp. Nh tip t ng trung tnh im cui ng dy mc trn
khng thp p...
Trong h thng 380/ 220V m im trung tnh trc tip tip t, em b phn
kt cu kim loi ca thit b in c cch in vi b phn mang in, u vi dy
trung tnh, gi l tip "khng". Nh u v my in vi dy trung tnh.
- Trang 269 -
Hi: H thng 380/220 V m im trung tnh khng tip t, liu c th p
dng hnh thc bo v bng im tip "khng" an ton?

p: H thng 380/220V m im trung tnh khng tip t, th khng c
php p dng hnh thc bo v tip "khng" an ton (hnh 10 - 2 - 3 (a)). Bi v, trong
tnh hnh s c mt pha tip t, in th ca 2 pha khc i vi t s tng cao
thnh in p dy, in th i vi t ca dy khng v v thit b tip "khng" an
ton thnh in p pha, iu v cng nguy him. V th h thng 380/220 V m
im trung tnh khng tip t ch cho php p dng hnh thc bo v tip t an
ton (hnh b).
Hi : V dng c n bng kim loi p dng bo v tip " khng " c 2 cch
u dy nh th hin hnh 10 - 2 - 4 (a), (b). Phng php u dy no ng?
p: Phng php u dy tip "khng" bo v v
dng c n bng kim loi hnh (b) l khng ng. V dy
tip t t ch inh vt c nh dy "khng" ca ui n dn ra
li tip vi v, lc ny dy khng ca ui n ni chung tng
i nh d b t, ngoi ra dy tip t t ch inh vt dn ra
d b tut, dn ti t dy tip t. Cho nn phi p dng
phng php u dy hnh (a), tc dy tip t ca v dng
c n phi t dy trc tip vi v kim loi.
Hi: Trong phn xng, lp t mch in h 4 dy 3 pha c cc thit b my
ci n in, l in 1 pha. an ton em tt c v my v thit b in tip
"khng". Khi s tay vo v my ci v thit b in, u c cm gic t tay mc
khc nhau. Tho b dy tip khng th khng cn cm gic t tay na, l do u?
Dy tip t phi u nh th no mi ng?
- Trang 270 -
p: Trong phn xng ny c ph ti khng cn bng 3 pha. V th trn dy

"khng" c dng in chy qua sinh ra st p. Ch tip t im trung tnh my bin
p l in th 0, theo tng ln ca khong cch 1, in th tng ln nh th hin
hnh 10 - 2 - 5 (a). V ca thit b u trn dy "khng" ny, in th ca v i vi
t cng s tng cao, c th ngi chm phi s cm gic t. Dy "khng" cng gn
ch tip t ca im trung tnh bin th, do in th i vi t thp, cho nn cm
gic t t, cng gn ch ph ti mt pha nh l in mt pha th in th ca dy
"khng" i vi t cao, v th cm thy t nhiu.
Trong tnh hnh ph ti khng cn bng, v ca thit b khng c u trn

dy "khng" ca h 4 dy 3 pha, m phi u ring 1 dy "khng" t im trung tnh
tip t ca bin th n phn xng em v ca thit b u vo dy "khng" t
ring ny, nh th hin hnh (b). Nh vy c th ngi chm phi s khng b
in git. ng nhin in tr tip t ca im trung tnh bin th phi t yu
cu.
Hi: Ti sao v kim loi ca mt s thit b in p thp (di 36V) vn
phi tip t?
p: in p thp di 36V l do in p 220V hoc 380V qua bin p h
xung m c. Trong tnh hnh thng xuyn di chuyn bin th hoc mi trng lm
vic km (nhit cao, m t, chn ng...) thng xy ra do hng cch in dn
ti cao p bn s cp bin th xm nhp vo bn th cp, nu v thit b khng tip
t vn s uy hip s an ton ca cng nhn.
Hi: Nhm cun dy th cp ca bin p chiu sng trong mch in my
cng c ti sao nht thit phi tip t?
p: Nu nhm cun dy th cp ca bin p chiu sng khng tip t th
khi hng cch in cun dy, cun dy cao p, thp p c kh nng ngn mch thng
nhau, khi chm phi mch th cp s b in git. Khi cun dy th cp ca bin
th chiu sng tip t, nu xy ra ngn mch, khin cun dy cao p, thp p thng
nhau, dy cu ch bo v ca bin th chiu sng s t, trnh c s c.
10 - 2 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
- Trang 271 -
Hi: Ti sao khi s dng my khoan in p 380V hoc 220V phi dng bin
th khoan in 2 cun dy 1:1 (380/380V hoc 220V/220V), li qui nh bn th cp
ca bin p khng c tip t?
p: Li dng bin th khoan in 2 cun dy 1:1 l tch mch ngun in
th cp ra khi s cp, li qui nh th cp khng c tip t l nhm cng
nhn lm vic khi nh tip xc vi 1 pha bt k no ca th cp hoc v khoan in
c 1 pha chm v th i vi t u khng to mch kn, khng gy nn nguy him
in git, t bo m an ton cho nhn vin lm vic s dng khoan in.
Hi: Cc tip t ca phch cm 3 l 1 pha v phch cm 4 l 3 pha ti sao
phi to v di hn cc lm vic?
p: Nguyn nhn l:
(1) Lm cho cc tip t ca phch cm khng b cm nhm vo trong l c
in ca cm, ch c th v tr ng mi c th cm c vo.
(2) Lm cho khi phch cm cm vo, trc tin cc tip t tng i di s
tip vi dy t, sau thit b dng in mi thng in, khi rt phch cm ra,
trc tin ngt ngun in sau mi ngt dy tip t t c mc ch bo
m an ton.
- Trang 272 -

Hi: Dy pha ngun c u ph ti 1 pha v dy "khng" u phi lp cu
ch bo v. Ti sao y dn tip "khng" ca v thit b in li khng c lp
thm cu ch?
p: Lp cu ch dy pha ngun l bo v ngn mch ph ti. C lc
do nguyn nhn kim tra sa cha ng dy, gy o ln 2 ngun ph ti, khin
dy "khng" khng c cu ch th khng th bo v c ngn mch ca ph ti, v
th hai dy ngun ca ph ti mt pha u phi lp cu ch bo v.
Trong h thng tip "khng", v ngoi ca thit b in phi trc tip u
vi dy "khng" ca ngun in. Khi cch in ca thit b in b hng, cu ch
ca dy pha t c th trnh c s c in git i vi ngi. Nu dy dn tip
"khng" ca v thit b c lp cu ch, khi do tip xc khng tt hoc dy ch b t
th khng th bo m in th tip t tin cy ca v thit b, t gy nn s c
in git. Cho nn qui trnh qui nh: dy dn tip "khng" bo v tuyt i khng
c lp thm cu ch.
Hi: Dng b h cm in p o in p cao, bn thp p v bn cao p
ca n khng c lin h vi nhau v in, ti sao mt u ca bn thp p cn phi
tip t?
p: Tip t mt u ca bn thp p l nhm trnh khi do hng cch in
m in p cao p ca bn cao y xuyn qua bn thp p v cc ng h ni vi n,
khin chng c in p cao, gy mt an ton cho ngi.
Hi: Trong tnh hnh no, im trung tnh bn th cp ca b h cm in p
nn p dng tip qua b bo him nh thng m khng tip t trc tip?
p: im trung tnh bn th cp ca b h cm in p c th p dng hai
hnh thc tip t bo v, tc tip t trc tip hoc tip t qua b bo him nh
thng.
Trong trm bin in, phng php in do b h cm in p cung cp
ngun in cho bo v rle hoc thit b t ng, bo m bn th cp ca b
h cm in p, khi xy ra tip t 1 pha s khng lm cho in p dy gia pha
khng tip t v pha tip t b st p thnh in p pha, th phi lm cho im
trung tnh bn th cp khng tip t, nhng lm cho khi hng cch in bn cao
p, in p cao sau khi xuyn qua bn th cp vn c mch thng tip t bo v, th
phi em im trung tnh bn th cp ca b h cm in p, thng qua b bo
him nh thng tip vi t.
Hi: Ti sao bin th phn phi in phi tip t 3 im (v, dy tip t
b trnh st, im gia bn 380V ca bin th)?
p: Khi st nh bin th, b trnh st s c ng tc sinh ra in p nh
tr, do 3 im tip t, cho nn v bin th v im gia ca cun dy thp p
u l mt in p nh tr, nh vy s khng dn n my bin p b nh hng.
- Trang 273 -
10 - 3 in tr tip t v an ton in
Hi: in tr tip t l g? em vt tip t chn su mt cht liu c th
gim in tr tip t khng?
p: in tr tip t l tng in tr ca in tr t dai gia vt tip t
vi im in th "khng" (t), in tr dy tip t v in tr vt tip t v
t. Do tr s ca hai in tr sau rt nh, v th in tr tip t c th xem ch
yu l in tr t. Vt tip t chn su xung t cha chc gim c tr s
in tr tip t. Nh trn ni, in tr tip t ch c quyt nh bi in tr
sut ca t. Sau khi chn su, c th trnh c in tr sut ca t b nh hng
bi s thay i ma v v thi tit (nh ma ng, b mt t ng bng, in tr
sut ca t c bit ln chn su c th trnh c hin tng ny). ng thi
nu vt tip t tip cn vi b mt nc ngm, do in tr sut ca a tng
gim, in tr tip t cng c th gim mt cht. Ngoi ra, khi vt tip t chn
xung su mt dng in theo mt t tng i nh, cho nn nguy him ca
in p bc i vi ngi v gia sc cng tng i nh.
Hi: in p bc sinh ra nh th no? Trong khu vc in th phn b nh
nhau, ngi ng trn t m in tr sut ca t cao v ng trn t in tr
sut ca t thp th loi no nguy him hn?
p: Khi h thng in lc xy ra tip t 1 pha, dng in ngn mch tip
t thng qua thit b tip t, trn b mt t hnh thnh in th phn b, cng
gn im tip t th mt dng in cng ln, in th s cng cao. Ngi khu
vc in th phn b, bc ging 2 chn, v in th ch 2 chn khc nhau, nn
sinh ra in p bc. Trong khu vc in th phn b nh nhau v cc iu kin
khc ging nhau th ngi ng trn t c in tr sut cao s t nguy him hn.
Bi v tr s cho php m c th ngi c th chu c in p bc s nng
cao theo s tng ln ca in tr sut ca t trn mt t.
Hi: Khi tri ma, st, nhn vin trc ban trm bin in c th lm vic gn
thit b phn phi in ngoi tri khng?
p: Trong thit b phn phi in ngoi tri thng c ct thu li cao ln.
Trn thc t ct thu li l ct dn st, km thu li c dy dn xung ni vi cc t,
khi st nh vo ct thu li th chung quanh cc tip t c in th rt cao, gia hai
chn c th c in p rt cao (gi l in p bc) ngi ta lm vic thit b
ngoi tri, thng 2 chn tch ri nhau, in p vt gia 2 chn c kh nng gy
nguy him i vi tnh mng ngi. V th khi st nh, ni chung khng nn lm
vic thit b ngoi tri.
Hi: gn thit b xy ra s c tip t, ti sao ng vt c nguy c b in
git ln hn ngi?
- Trang 274 -
p: Ngi hoc ng vt khi n gn thit b xy ra s c tip t, do trn

mt t c phn b in p s gy nn in git, loi in git ny l do hiu in
th gia chn vi chn gy nn, cng tc l do in p bc gy in git. Khong
cch gia chn vi chn cng ln th in p bc cng cao. Si chn ca ng vt
thng ln hn ca ngi nhiu, in p bc cng hn nhiu, cho nn nguy c
in git i vi ng vt ln hn i vi ngi.
Hi: Khi dng ngun in xoay chiu do in tr tip t ca thit b tip
t, ti sao ngi i li gn que tip t b tr c kh nng xy ra nguy c in
git?
p: Sau khi cho in p xoay chiu vo gia gy tip t b tr v mng
tip t cn o, dng in chy qua t, hnh thnh thng mch. Do gy tip t l
tm thi cm xung t o, in tr tip t ca n ln hn in tr tip t
ca mng tip t, cho nn t gn tip t c st p tng i ln, in th ca
n s suy gim theo s tng ln ca khong cch bn knh. Nu ngi i li gn
s c nguy c in git do in p bc. Hin nay qui nh trong phm vi 50m ca
vng cn o, khng c php i li bo m an ton.
Hi: Trong quy trnh lm vic an ton, ngnh in quy nh: khi thit b cao p
xy ra tip t, trong phng khng c gn im c s c trong vng 4m, ngoi tri
khng c gn im s c trong vng 8m. Ti sao trong v ngoi phng khng
ging nhau?
p: Khi thit b cao p xy ra s c tip t, dng in s c chy vo li
tip t c th tng i ln, tuy in tr tip t rt nh (R 0.5) nhng in
p i vi t vn tng i cao, nu qu gn im s c th in p bc tng
i ln s c nguy c in git. Thit b tip t trong phng phn phi in cao p
ni chung c chia thnh dng mng li, in p trn mt t tng i u,
ng thi trong phng c b mt b tng ct thp kh ro, in tr sut tng i
cao, c th gim in p bc. V th trong phng, khong cch n im s c
c th gn hn, qui nh l 4m. Ngoi phng, l mng tip t tng i ln, mt
t phn ln l t c in tr sut thp, hiu qu qun bnh in p tng i
km, nn khong cch n im s c phi xa hn, qui nh l 8m.
Hi: Trong trm bin in mch, khi xy ra s c tip t, nhn vin lm
vic ti hin trng phi i bc ngn, khng nn i bc di nhng chy th c.
Ti sao?
p: Bi v sau khi tip t, dng in tip t s to thnh st p theo mt
t trn mt t tn ti in p bc chn (in p bc). in p khong cch
bc chn ln hay nh c quan h trc tip n bc chn ln hay nh. Cho nn
bc nh s an ton hn bc ln. Khi chy, do ch mt chn chm t, cho nn
khng phi chu in p bc.
- Trang 275 -
Hi: o in tr tip t nn s dng in xoay chiu hay mt chiu, ti

sao?
p: t dn in thng phi qua cht lng nc, nu dng in mt
chiu o s c tch t bt kh do in gii sinh ra trn in cc, bt kh s sinh
ra in th ngc lm gim tit din dn in, tng in tr nh hng chun
xc o Cho nn khng nn s dng in mt chiu. o in tr tt c cc cht lng
u phi ch im ny.
Hi: Ti sao in tr xung kch nh hn in tr tip t o c?
p: Di tc dng ca dng in st, trong t chung quanh vt tip t ca
thit b tip t s sinh ra phng in tia la rt nh rt nhiu cc, do tnh nng dn
in ca cc tia la phng in ny tt hn t nguyn c, cho nn lm gim tng
in tr ca thit b tip t.
Hi: Khi o in tr tip t, nn dng ngun in xoay chiu hay dng
ngun in 1 chiu?
p: Nn dng ngun in xoay chiu, bi v trong vt tip t thng c
dng in s c v dng in st xoay chiu chy qua. Nu o bng dng in mt
chiu, do tc dng ca cht in mi trong t, s sinh ra th in ng cc ha, kt
qu o nh vy s khc vi khi dng in xoay chiu chy qua. Dng in st, v
tnh cht, l dng in cao tn, cng khc vi dng in mt chiu. Do h s cng
sut ca vt tip t gn bng 1, cho nn tn s dng in xoay chiu cao hay thp
khng nh hng ln n kt qu o.
Hi: o in tr tip t ca thit b in ti sao khng tin hnh vo lc
thi tit n ha nh vo ma xun, ma thu?
p: Quy trnh in tr tip t ca thit b in yu cu bt c lc no trong
nm u khng c vt qu tr s qui nh. Cho nn vic o in tr tip t, u
tin hnh vo thi k dn in sut ca t thp nht. Khi ma ng lnh nht hoc
ma h kh ro nht, dn in sut ca t thp nht, cho nn kt qu o mi ph
hp yu cu qui trnh.
t?

Hi: Dy tip t khng cho php ct ri, ti sao c lc lp cu dao ln dy
p: Trong bt c tnh hnh no dy t u khng c ct ri ra cu dao

dng phng nga cc dy t khc nh hng tnh chnh xc o khi in tr tip
t Khi o, ko cu dao ri ra, o xong phi ng li.
Hi: Khi dng vn k milivn o hai cc tip t bt k chn trong t,
ti sao c s c?
- Trang 276 -
p: Trong t tn ti dng in phn b tn mt, c bit nng thn, khi

p dng truyn ti in nng bng h 2 dy 1 t, trong t dng in cng ln, cho
nn gia 2 cc tip t tn ti hiu in th.
- Trang 277 -
10 - 4 Thit bi tip t
Hi: Dy tip t bo m an ton v ngoi thit b in, ti sao khng nn
dng ng thp en ng vo trong t ?
p: Bi v b mt ng thp en d b g. Sau khi g, b mt s khng dn
in. Nu thit b xy ra s c chm v, dng in trong dy tip t khng thng,
s khng lm cho cng tc nh ra. V thit b c in, ngi chm vo v rt nguy
him.
Hi: Khi lp vt tip t ca thit b tip t. Ni chung u dng ng thp
38 di 2.5 mt ng chn xung t. Do thn ng di, thao tc khng tin, d cong
cho nn khi lp t, c ngi nh thay bng ng thp 76 di 1.25 mt, va bo
m din tch tip t nh nhau, thao tc li rt tin li. Nh vy c c khng?
p: Khng.c. in tr tip t ln hay nh ph thuc r rt vo di
ca thn ng, nhng ng knh ca ng nh hng rt t n in tr tip t.
Nh trong t st canh tc, khi chn mt ng thp 38 di 2.5 mt th in tr tip
t khong 36 nhng nu i cc tip t thnh ng thp 76 di 1.25 mt th in
tr tip t c th t ti 53 V th, khng nn ty tin thay i cc tip t.
Hi: in tr tip t ca vt tip t nhiu cc ti sao khng th dng
phng php u song song n gin tm ra in tr tip t ca vt tip t
mt cc?
p: V trong tnh hnh chung, khong cch gia cc vt tip t u khng
xa, do khi dng in t vt tip t chy vo trong t, do tc dng che chn ln
nhau ca in trng hai in cc tip t tng ng vi vic gim in tch
t, cn tr s thng qua ca in, kt qu lm in tr tip t ca vt tip t
tng ln. Nh vy, tng in tr ca vt tip t nhiu cc s khng th tm ra
c bng phng php u song song n gin, cn phi tnh n h s li dng.
Hi: Ti sao cc tip t lp t thng ng thng dng ng thp?
p: So vi cc chi tit thp khc c trng lng nh nhau, th dng ng thp
lm cc tip t c nhiu u im. N rng, c ng knh tng i ln, tng mt
tip xc vi t, chu lc ca ng thp ln, khi ng xung t kh b cong, dng
in tip t xung kch c xu th hiu ng mt ngoi, t s li dng kim loi ng
thp cao, c li cho vic truyn dn dng in; cho nn cc tip t lp t thng
ng a s dng ng thp.
Hi: Ti sao ct st trong ct in bng b tng ct st d ng lc khng th
kim lm dy dn tip t?
- Trang 278 -
p: Bi v ct st d ng lc, trc tin phi qua x l ko thng, nn sp

xp tinh th bn trong ct st thay i, khin n c th chu ng lc tng i
ln hn ct st thng. Nu kim lm dy dn tip t, khi xy ra st nh, phn
ln dng in st chy qua ct st, ct st nng ln, khin kt cu bn trong thay
i, lm gim cng ca ct st. V th, ct st trong ct in bng b tng ct
st d ng lc khng th kim lm dy dn tip t, m phi b tr dy tip t
ring.
Hi: ng nc my c phi l vt tip t ng tin cy?
p: ng nc ni chung u chn di t, do in tr tip t ca n
nh, c th lm vt tip t ca my thu thanh. Nhng c mt s ng ng nc
di, un cong nhiu, nn u ni cng nhiu, li khng hn chn c di t, hn
na, phng nga r nc thng c qun dy ay, sn t tnh u ni, lm
tng in tr ca ng nc my. Vt tip t nh vy, gp phi thit b in chm
v, qua o thc a, u cui ca ng nc my cn tn ti in p 60 - 100V,
gy ra s c in git. Cho nn ng nc my cha chc u l vt tip t tt, tin
cy.
Hi: Ti sao thit b tip t phi lun lun tm cch li dng vt tip t t
nhin trc tin?
p: Do vt tip t t nhin ni chung tng i di, din tch tip xc vi
t ln, v th in tr tn mt nh. Hn na, di t, vt tip t t nhin
thng an cho ngang dc, din tng i rng, cho nn in p bc tng i
nh, tng i an ton. Ngoi ra, sau khi dng vt tip t t nhin, v mt u t
ch dng mt t dy dn lin kt hoc b sung mt t vt tip t nhn to, s tit
kim hn nhiu so vi vt tip t nhn to hon ton.
Hi: Cc tip t ca phn xng hoc nh xng sao khng c chn bn
trong phn xng hoc nh xng m phi tip t ni cch cc kin trc khong
5 mt ngoi tri?
p: Do mi nm phi tin hnh o 1 - 2 ln in tr tip t ca thit b
tip t kim tra xem tip t c tt khng, khi cn thit phi o t tin hnh.
Nu trong phn xng hoc nh xng, do cc loi nn v vt chn ngm, s xy
ra nguy him. Ngoi ra, dng in tip t rt ln, nu xy ra tip t, dng in s
khng d nhanh chng tiu bin. V th, a im chn cc tip t phi cch xa
cng trnh kin trc mt khong cch nht nh.
Hi: Dy tip t dng ni trong thit b tip t v nhng chi tit c nh
trn mt t u sn mu en, ti sao vt tip t chn trong t li khng nn
sn?
p: Sn en ln dy tip t v chi tit c nh trn mt t l nhm th
hin du hiu r rng v phng nga g st. Nhng vt tip t chn trong t, do
- Trang 279 -
yu cu in tr tip t ca n c gng nh, nu sn ln s tip xc khng tt, cho

nn khng c sn.
Hi: Cho nc mui vo ch cc tip t c tc dng g?
p: Sau khi cho nc mui vo ch cc tip t, khin dn in sut ca
t tng ln, li c th phng nga in tr tip t thay i theo ma v. Nhng do
s gi ra ca nc, khin cht mui b ra, lu dn mt tc dng, thng thng
cho than cc vo ch cc tip t gim tn tht mui, ko di thi gian s dng.
Nhng sau khi x l nh vy, thng thng t st c hiu lc hai nm, t ct
khong mt nm. Cho nn, mi nm phi o in tr ca t mt ln, nhm kim
tra tip t c tt khng?
Hi: Ti sao cc tip t ca thit b tip t phi chn xung di su
ng bng ca t?
p: in tr ca thit b tip t phi nh hn mt tr s nht nh mi c
th bo m an ton cho nhn vin. Nhng h s nhit ca in tr t l m,
tc l khi nhit ca t gim xung, nu hm lng nc ca n khng thay i
th nhit cng thp, in tr cng ln. Sau khi ng bng, in tr ca t tng
i ln, nn in tr pht tn ca cc tip t cng tng i ln, mt ngha tip
t. V th cc tip t phi chn xung di su ng bng ca t mi c th
bo m tr s in tr thp cn thit.
Hi: on 2.5 mt trn mt t ca dy tip t trong thit b phn phi
in, ti sao ch c php che y bo v bng tm rnh g m khng c dng
ng thp?
p: Mc ch ch yu che y dy tip t l ngn cch s tip xc gia
ngi hoc sc vt vi dy tip t. Khi xy ra s c, s c dng in s c chy
qua dy tip t xung t, s sinh ra st p trn dy tip t, khi dng in s c
ln, st p ch cch mt t cao s tng i ln. Khi ng vt tip xc vi ng
thp cao (khng c cch in vi dy tip t), lc ny st p c th nguy him n
tnh mng. V th dng ng thp che chn s khng c tc dng ngn cch, cho
nn u dng tm rnh g che chn.
Hi: Ti sao vic lin kt gia cc chi tit ca mng tip t khng c
dng hn thic?
p: i b phn li tip t chn trong t, kh kim tra tnh hnh t,
gy nu b t gy in tr tip t s tng ln, khi xy ra st nh hoc tip t
mt pha th s xut hin in p tip xc v in p bc qu cao, dn n gy nguy
him tnh mng cho ngi. V th vic kt ni gia cc chi tit li tip t i hi
rt chc chn, do im nng chy ca thic thp, cng c hc km, khng th
dng hn ni, nn phi lin kt bng vt hoc hn in.
- Trang 280 -

Hi: Ti sao inh vt tip t ca thit b in khng c em phun sn?
p: inh vt tip t ca thit b in (nh inh vt tip t tin v bin
th, mt in) l dng bo m an ton thit b in. Nu phun sn inh vt tip
t v c b mt thit b th lm cho s tip xc gia inh vt tip t vi dy dn
khng tin cy, mt tc dng tip t. V th, khng c sn inh vt tip t.
Hi: Dy tip t tm thi dng khi kim tra sa cha ng dy c tc dng
g? Ti sao s dng dy ng trn?
p: Dy tip t tm thi dng phng nga in c bt cht trn thit b
in ang ct in, hoc do nh hng ca ng dy cao p bn cnh sinh ra in
p cm ng. Tit din ca n khng nn di 25mm2. d tn pht nhit lng
khi xy ra ngn mch khin n c kh nng ti dng in v d kim tra tnh
hnh tt xu ca dy tip t, cho nn s dng dy ng trn.
Hi: Ti sao dy tip t phi dng dy cch in 2 mu vng - lc?.
p: Trc y trong sn phm dy cp bc cao su, nha th dy tip t u
c du hiu l mu en, cn dy tip t dng vi mc ch bo v cng quen dng
dy cch in mu en. Nhng nm gn y, tha mn nhu cu xut khu, trong
mt s sn phm c in bt u s dng dy cch in 2 mu vng - lc lm
dy tip t v qui nh r trong tiu chun tng ng. Bi v dy 2 mu vng - lc l
k hiu mu chuyn dng ca dy tip t do y ban in kh quc t quy nh, v
tr thnh thng dng trn quc t. Ngoi ra 2 mu vng - lc cng r rng hn mu
en. To cm gic an ton.
Hi: Lm vic trn thit b ct in, bo m an ton sinh mng cn phi
lp dy tip t cc bn c kh nng in ti. Nn chn tit din dy tip t nh
th no?
p: Nhng dy tip t ny l nhm phng nga t ngt c in, c lp
t bo m an ton sinh mng, n nht thit phi c th chu ng c xung
kch ca dng in ngn mch. Nu tit din qu nh hoc tip xc khng tt, nu
xy ra ngn mch s chy hng dy tip t, gy nguy him cho nhn vin lm vic.
V th qui trnh qui nh dy ng tip t s dng trn mch in khng c nh
hn 25mm2. mt s ni trong nh my pht in v trm bin in cn phi xt
ti tnh n nh nhit ca n, bi v c ni dng in ngn mch rt ln, phi dng
dy tip t tit din tng i ln.
- Trang 281 -
10 - 5 Bin php an ton

Hi: Nhn vin tc nghip c in trn ng dy cao p ng trn thang
cch in, ti sao cn phi mc b qun o c ph li dy ng bn ngoi, v dng
dy dn ni dy cao p vi u thang cch in v qun o c li dy ng?
p: Ngi ng trn thang cch in, tuy cch in vi mt t nhng
khng phi hon ton khng c cht dn in no, chng qua l in tr rt ln, cho
nn ngi ng trn thang cch in, khi tay hoc c th tip xc vi dy cao p
lm vic th vn c dng in r chy qua c th v thang cch in xung t. Nu
mc cch in ca thang cch in khng tt, dng in r s tng i ln,
nguy him i vi c th. Nu ngi mc qun o ph li dy ng v dng
dy dn ni dy cao p vi u thang cch in v qun o bng li dy ng th
in th gia c th vi dy dn cao p s bng nhau, dng in r trc tip t dy
dn cao p qua dy ni, thang cch in xung t, khng chy qua c th ngi
na, s khng nguy him i vi ngi.
Hi: Khi mt in c lp cng tc in t b chy dy ch, mun thay, sau
khi cm vo cu ch th nht, ti sao tt nht dng bt th in o th 2 pha khc
ca mt, khi xc nh khng c in mi cm vo 2 cu ch sau?
p: Song song vi vic t cu ch c kh nng xy ra kt cht cng tc
hoc s c hn dnh tip im. Nh vy khi cm cu ch th nht, th 2, mt in
s vo trng thi thng in 1 pha. Lc ny dng in rt ln, khi cm cu ch vo
s sinh ra tia la, chy hng cu dao, thm ch xy ra s c nghim trng khc.
Sau khi cm xong mt cu ch, dng bt th in o th u cm ni gia
cu ch cha cm vi mt in, nu pht hin c in, chng t c s c cng tc
b kt cht, hn dnh tip im. Lc ny phi rt cu ch cm ra, khc phc s c
ri mi cm cu ch.
Hi: Khi thay dy cu ch pha cao p ca bin th, ti sao phi rt ton b
cu ch ca 3 pha?
p: Khi t cu ch pha cao p bin th, ch rt mt pha b t s rt nguy
him. Bi v lc ny 2 pha kia ca bin th vn c dng in, trong li st c t
thng, do tc dng cm ng in t sinh ra cao p trong pha ny, d gy ra s c in
git v th phi rt ton b cu ch 3 pha ri mi tin hnh thay dy ch.
Hi: Ti sao "qui trnh lm vic an ton ca ngnh in" qui nh khi ko ngt
cu dao v cng tc ca c cu truyn ng u phi eo gng tay cch in?
p: C cu truyn ng c hc ca cu dao hoc cng tc u ni vi
mng tip t ca trm bin in. Khi thao tc o cu dao, tay ca nhn vin thao
tc nm tay cm thao tc, ng cnh cu dao hoc cng tc, nu lc ny v s
hoc ng lng cch in ca cu dao hoc cng tc b hng, b phn mang in
- Trang 282 -
phng in nh thng i vi t, dng in s theo c cu truyn ng chy

xung t, c mt in p i vi t tng i cao. Do im tip t ca c cu
truyn ng khng cng in th vi im chn ng ca nhn vin thao tc, cho nn
gia tay vi chn ca nhn vin thao tc s chu in p tip xc tng i ln nn b
in git. V th trong "qui trnh lm vic an ton ngnh in" qui nh phi eo gng
tay cch in.
Hi: Mc kim loi trn gy cch in ti sao khng nn qu di?
p: Mc kim loi trn gy cch in nu qu di th khi thao tc d gy ra
tip t hoc ngn mch gia cc pha. Cn c vo thc dng v yu cu ca qui
trnh, di ca mc t 5 - 10 cm l va.
Hi: Trong c cu cng tc ca thit b phn phi in, ba cc lin ng tay
thao tc ca cng tc cch ngn thao tc bng cn ko nn lp bn tri hay bn phi
(khi ngi i din vi. thit b cng tc)?
p: Nn lp bn tri, bi v ngi ta quen thao tc bng tay phi khi dng tay
phi ko tay cm thao tc cng tc cch ngn th c th ngi vo mt bn ca
cng tc cch ngn ch khng i din vi n, v th nu cng tc cch ngn do ng
hoc ko cu dao c in sinh ra h quang s khng gy bng cho ngi.
Hi: B iu p t ngu c th s dng lm bin th h p an ton 36V
c khng?
p: Nhm cun dy s cp, th cp ca my bin p l cch in ln nhau
trn mch in, in p cao ca nhm cun dy s cp khng truyn ti nhm cun
dy th cp, nh th hin hnh 10 - 5 - 7 (a), v th
u thp p l an ton. Cn nhm cun dy bn th
cp ca b iu p t ngu l mt phn trong nhm
cun dy s cp, u u dy ca in p u ra l 1
u dy vo ca nhm cun dy s cp, nh th hin
im A trong hnh (b). Khi u A u vi dy la
trong ngun in 3 pha, cho d in p gia A, C ch
c 36V, nhng in p u A i vi t l 220V,
nu nhn vin thao tc chm phi im A, d gy nn
s c in git. Cho nn b iu p t ngu khng th s dng lm bin p h p an
ton.
Hi: Khong cch an ton ca mch th nghim chu p vi tn s chung i
vi t liu c th tnh nh khong cch an ton ca thit b mang in?
p: Khi gn ni th nghim khng c thit b mang in th khong cch an
ton khng phng in ca mch th nghim i vi t ni chung cn c vo in
trng khng u ca cc (tc ng cong nh thng khng kh ca gy i vi
cc in) xc nh. Nu gn ni th nghim c thit b mang in th khong
- Trang 283 -
cch an ton ca mch th nghim i vi thit b mang in cn xem xt in p

vn hnh ca thit b mang in v qu p c th xut hin, khong cch an ton ca
n yu cu ln hn 1 cht so vi khong cch an ton i vi t phi d an
ton cn thit.
Hi: Khi sa cha thit b in ti cao tn, sau khi ngt ngun in, ti sao
phi dng dy tip t phng in u ra cao p i vi t trc, sau mi
tin hnh sa cha?
p: Trong qu trnh lm vic ca thit b ti cao tn, t in mch dao ng
ca n lun lun lm vic vi cao p trn mt vn vn. Sau khi ngt ngun in ca
thit b, t in vn c lng in d nht nh, nu ngi chm phi s nguy
him n tnh mng. Cho nn trc tin phi phng in sau tin hnh sa cha.
Hi: Ti sao quanh nn mng ca bin th c ln hoc b ngt mch bng
du phi o h su khng di 250mm, rng khng di 1 mt v n chn
cui?
p: V khi my bin p hoc b ngt mch bng du xy ra s c, trnh
du cch in trn ra bn pha chung quanh v gy ra ha hon, li dng rnh di
nn mng tp trung du li hoc dn du t rnh n b cha du ni an ton.
Hi: Thit b in b chy, ti sao khng th s dng bnh cu ha bng axit
kim v bt thng dng cu ha?
p: Khi thit b in ang lm vic b bc chy, trc tin phi ngt ngun
in ri tin hnh cu ha. Nu mt lc khng th ngt in c th s dng bnh
dp la 1211 carbonic, tetrachloride carbon, bnh cu ha 1211 v my dp la bt
kh cu ha. Nhng khi s dng phi duy tr khong cch an ton trn 40 cm
(10000V tr xung). Tuyt i khng c s dng bnh dp la axit kim v bt
thng thng, bi v cht lng dp la ca chng c tnh dn in, ct cht lng
cu ha s truyn in n ngi cm bnh cu ha, gy ra s c in git, ng
thi dung dch c tc dng n mn mnh i vi thit b in, sau s c kh x l
sch.
- Trang 284 -
CHNG XI
K THUT CHNG ST
11 - 1 B thu li (B trnh st)

Hi: in tr phi tuyn tnh l g? Phin in tr b thu li kiu van ti sao
phi dng linh kin phi tuyn tnh?
p: Khi dng in thay i, tr s in tr khng phi khng thay i, cng
khng phi l linh kin in tr thay i theo hm s th ng thng, chng ta
gi n l in tr phi tuyn tnh. Phin in tr ca b thu li kiu van, yu cu khi
dng in st ln chy qua, in tr phi rt nh, nh vy mi c th lm cho dng
in st phng in thun li v in p d ca b trnh st khng cao; mt khc, khi
dng in tn s chung nh chy qua th in tr phi ln, c th hn ch
dng in tip theo c tn s chung khin khe h ca tia la c th ct dng in
tip theo mt cch d dng, khi phc s vn hnh bnh thng ca b thu li. S
bin i tr s in tr ca phin van khng phi bin i theo ng thng, cho
nn chng ta gi n l linh kin phi tuyn tnh (khng c tnh ng thng).
Hi: Phin in tr lm vic ca b thu li kiu van ti sao c tnh cht phi
tuyn?
p: Phin in tr lm vic ca b thu li kiu van l lm bng carbide
silicon c thiu luyn t ct kim cng. Qu trnh vt l phi
tuyn tnh do n sinh ra nh sau: ton b mm in tr l do
rt nhiu ht carbide silicon dnh kt vi nhau nh th hin
hnh 11 - 1 - 2, trn b mt mi ht ct kim cng u c 1
lp bc kn c tnh cht bn dn, s dn in ca lp bc kn
bn dn ny thay i theo in p bn ngoi, khi in p tng
ln th s dn in ca n tng ln rt nhanh. ng thi, gia
cc ht c rt nhiu khe h tia la nh, di in p cao n
cng hnh thnh ng thng dn in, lm tng mnh tnh dn in ca phin in
tr.
Hi: Trong in tr u song song ca khe h tia la b thu li, ti sao ch
cn c mt chic b hng s dn ti n b thu li?
p: Di tc dng ca in p tn s chung, do tn s tng i thp, dng
in in dung tng i nh, s phn b in p khe h ch yu do in tr u
song song quyt nh. Khi in tr bnh thng, in p ca khe h mi nhm phn
b u. Nu c mt in tr u song song ca 1 nhm khe h b nt hoc chy,
in tr tr nn ln th tuyt i b phn in p trn b thu li u tp trung trong
nhm khe h ny, khin n b nh thng. Do c 1 nhm khe h b nh thng, s khe
h gim, cc khe h khc cng ln lt nh thng, lm gim mnh in p phng
- Trang 285 -
in tn s cng vic, dn ti n b thu li. V th trong vn hnh cn ch gim

st tnh hnh ca in tr u song song.
- Trang 286 -

Hi: B thu li kiu van c in tr song song, dng in dn m dng in
p chnh lu bn ngoi o c c phm vi tiu chun nht nh, qu ln hoc qu
nh u khng t tiu chun, ti sao?
p: Mc ch dng in p chnh lu bn ngoi o dng in dn in
ca b thu li l nhm kim tra kn ca b thu li xem c tt khng v in tr
song song c cc khim khuyt nh t dy, ngn mch khng. Nu dng in dn
in o c qu ln, vt qua gii hn trn ca phm vi tiu chun th c th l
kn ca b thu li khng tt, kh m xm nhp vo bn trong, khin linh kin in tr
b m bin cht lm tng dng in r, cng c th l do vn chuyn, lp t hoc
tho lp khin np trn x dch gy ngt mch b phn in tr song song. Nu
dng in dn in o c qu nh thp hn hn di ca phm vi tiu chun th
c th l in tr song song t dy. Cho nn dng in dn in qu ln hoc qu
nh u khng t tiu chun.
Hi: Khi tin hnh th nghim c tnh d phng i vi b thu li kiu van
loi FZ v FS, ti sao ci trc khng cn lm th nghim phng in tn s lm
vic m phi lm th nghim dng in dn in, cn ci sau phi lm th nghim
phng in tn s lm vic?
p: B thu li kiu van l do khe h tia la u ni tip vi phin van m
thnh. B thu li kiu FZ l nhm lm cho in p khe h ca tia la phn b u, c
li cho tt h quang v ci thin tnh nng phng in nn u song song in tr
phn mch trn khe h tia la. Th nghim phng in tn s chung l kim tra khe
h cc tia la xem c tn ti khim khuyt khng. V in tr phn mch ca b thu
li kiu FZ khi in p tng cao th dng in dn in tng mnh m nhit dung ca
in tr phn mch rt nh, cho nn yu cu thi gian tng p khi th nghim phng
in tn s chung khng vt qu 0.2 giy m n v vn hnh rt kh t c yu
cu ny, cho nn kiu FZ khng lm th nghim phng in tn s lm vic.
kim tra tnh hnh lm kn b thu li v tnh hon chnh ca in tr phn mch cn
phi lm th nghim dng in dn in v tnh tr s h s phi tuyn tnh. B thu
li kiu FS khng c in tr phn mch cho nn khng cn lm th nghim dng
in dn in, nhng phi lm th nghim phng in tn s chung v lm th
nghim dng in r.
Hi: Khi lm th nghim phng in tn s chung i vi b thu li kiu van
ti sao phi qui nh hnh sng in p khng c thay i?
p: Bi v tr s tiu chun in p phng in tn s chung ca b thu li
kiu van c hn trn v hn di, thp hn hn di hoc vt qu hn trn u
khng t tiu chun. V th, khi o in p phi c gng chnh xc. M khi lm th
nghim phng in tn s lm vic, a s u s dng vn k thng thng, tc s
c l tr s hu hiu ca in p khi hnh sng ngun in thay i, t s gia tr s
ln nht vi t s hu hiu khng bng 2 na. Lc ny in p o c s c sai
s, v th yu cu hnh sng in p khng c thay i?
- Trang 287 -

Hi: in p phng in ca b thu li kiu van ti sao khng c qu
thp cng khng c qu cao?
p: in p phng in tn s lm vic ca b thu li kiu van khng th
qu thp nhm trnh n b n do thao tc qu p thi gian lin tc tng i lu.
Trong h thng im trung tnh khng trc tip tip t th in p phng in tn
s lm vic ca n phi gp 3.5 ln tr ln so vi in p pha khi h thng vn
hnh ln nht, trong h thng m im trung tnh cao p trc tip tip t, phi trn
3 ln in p pha. ng thi bo m khe h c th kh h quang mt cch tin
cy cn yu cu in p phng in tn s lm vic khng c nh hn 180% in
p kh h quang ca n. Khi kt cu khe h nht nh, gim in p phng in tn
s lm vic ng ngha vi gim in p kh h quang, t c kh nng lm cho
b thu li sau khi phng in, do khe h khng kh c h quang m b n. in p
phng in tn s lm vic ca b thu li cng khng c qu cao bi v b thu li
c h s xung kch nht nh, nu vt qua tr s qui nh ca n v d lng phi
hp cch in ca thit b c bo v nh s nh hng hiu qu bo v.
Hi: Trong th nghim c tnh d phng, in p th nghim ca dng in
dn in b thu li kiu van (kiu FZ) nn xc nh nh th no?
p: B thu li kiu van l do khe h tia la, in tr song song mm in
tr phi tuyn tnh... to thnh, mi 4 khe h tia la t 1 ng s nh to thnh 1
nhm khe h tia la, mi nhm khe h tia la u song song 1 i in tr kiu
mng nga. Khi dng in dn in ca mi i in tr u song song l 600mA (1
chiu) th st p ca n l 4000 5V. V th trong qui trnh th nghim c tnh d
phng, in p th nghim ca dng in dn in b thu li kiu van l cn c vo
in p 4000 V t ln mi i in tr u song song xc nh. V d b thu li
kiu van FZ - 15 c 16 khe h tia la to thnh 4 nhm khe h tia la, lp t 4 i
in tr song song, nn in p th nghim ca dng in dn in l 16000 V.
Hi: Trn khe h tia la ca b thu li thi t, c u ni
tip 2 cun dy, li u song song mt khe h b tr (nh th hin
hnh 11 - 1 - 9), chng c tc dng g ?
p: Sau khi u ni tip 2 cun dy vo khe h tia la ca
b thu li thi t, nu khe h b nh thng th dng in tip tc
tn s lm vic s chy qua cun dy sinh ra t trng, ko di h
quang v ko vo trong l sch kh h quang hn ch dng in tip tc, t c
th gim s phin van; li do thi gian h quang dng li im pht sinh rt ngn,
cho d dng in tip tc c tr s tng i ln chy quay th khe h vn c
kh nng kh h quang, nn s khe h c th gim bt. Nh vy va c th gim
in p d li, va cng c th gim thp in p phng din tn s chung v in
p phng in xung kch, nng cao tnh nng bo v ca b thu li.
Lp khe h b tr 2 u cun dy thi t, di tc dng qu p xung kch,
cao p 2 u cun dy s nh thng n, khe h tia la cng b nh thng theo, dng
in phng in i qua khe h b tr, khe h tia la v in t phin van xung t
- Trang 288 -
khin st p ca b thu li khng tng ln. Khi dng in tip tc ca tn s chung

chy qua, st p ca h quang trong khe h b tr s ln hn st p ca dng in
tip tc sinh ra trong cun dy, nn dng in trn khe h b tr s nhanh chng
chuyn vo trong cun dy, h quang in trn khe h t tt, dng in tip tc s
chy qua cun dy, sinh ra t trng c tc dng thi h quang. C th thy di tc
dng qu p, khe h b tr b nh thng, khin cun dy b thu li khng sinh ra st
p, cng tng ng nh gim in p d.
Hi: B thu li trong h thng 6 - 10kV u trn in p pha ti sao chn
in p ca b thu li li dng in p dy nh mc?
p: H thng cung cp in 6 - 10kV l h thng m im trung tnh khng
tip t, trong tnh hnh bnh thng, b thu li chu tc dng ca in p pha, nhng
khi xy ra s c mt pha tip t, in p ca pha khng c s c s tng ln ti
in p dy, m s c 1 pha tip t ny cho php tn ti trong thi gian ngn, cho
nn lc ny b thu li khng th c ng tc, v th in p nh mc ca b thu li
phi chn dng in p dy nh mc ca h thng, ch khng phi in p pha nh
mc.
Hi: Hai b thu li kiu van FZ - 110J do 4 x FZ - 30 hp thnh, th nghim
u t tiu chun, nhng dng in dn in khc nhau, khi chn s dng th nhm
no tng i tt?
p: Nn chn nhm dng in dn in ln. V b thu li kiu van FZ -110J
do 4 x FZ - 30 to thnh, khi vn hnh cn c gng lm cho in p phn b u trn
mi khu, m in p phn b trn mi khu quyt nh bi dng in dn in chy
qua bn thn b thu li v dng in in dung phn b tn mt i vi t. Cho nn
d lp vng cn bng in p, nhng thc t chng t in p phn b trn mi
khu l gim dn t trn xung. Do dng in in dung phn b tn mt i vi t
c bn khng thay i, khi dng in dn in tng i ln, nh hng ca dng
in in dung phn b tn mt c th gim tng i mt cht; cho nn, nn chn
nhm dng in dn in tng i ln, c th lm cho in p phn b tng i
u.
Hi: B thu li thi t kiu FCD bo v my in quay, ti sao khng nn s
dng phi hp vi my ghi phng in kiu JS, nn ch c th s dng phi hp vi
my ghi phng in kiu JLG?
p: Do c im kt cu v cng ngh, trong cc thit b in c cng cp
in p th mc cch in ca my in quay l thp nht. d phi hp gia
tnh nng bo v ca b thu li thi t kiu FCD dng bo v my in quay v
mc cch in ca my in rt nh. Tr s chu p xung kch xut xng ca
my in ch cao hn khong 8 - 10% so vi in p d ca b thu li. Nu phi hp
s dng b thu li kiu FCD vi my ghi kiu JS th sau khi b thu li ng tc, dng
in st chy qua my ghi s sinh ra st p, in p ny cng vi in p d ca b
thu li tc dng ln cch in ca my in quay s lm gim ng k hiu qu bo
- Trang 289 -
v. Cn b ghi phng in kiu JLG th khc, n l dng cm ng, khi dng in st

chy qua khng c st p, nn thch hp phi hp vi b thu li kiu FCD dng
bo v my in quay.
Hi: Phn (khu) trn v phn di ca b thu li kiu FZ - 35 hoc 110kV
do cc nh my khc nhau sn xut hoc thi gian xut xng khc nhau, c th lp
vi nhau s dng c khng?
p: Ni chung khng c lp ln vi nhau s dng; nu khi cn lp vi
nhau s dng th phi o ch s in tr phi tuyn tnh u song song ca b thu
li hai phn ny, chnh lch ln nhau ca a mi phn khng c vt qu 0.035
mi c th lp vi nhau, nu khng ng lp vi nhau s dng. Phng php o ch
s in tr phi tuyn l: nu kiu FZ - 35 l do hai phn FZ - 15 t hp thnh th mi
phn cho in p th mt chiu l U1 = 16 kV o ra dng in truyn dn II lc ny,
ri c dng in truyn dn Iz khi U2 = 8 kV, cn c vo cng thc sau c th tm
ra:
U1
U 2 0.302
=
=
I1
I
lg
lg 1
I2
I2
lg

Hi: Khi lp t b thu li kiu FZ v.v... ti sao u tip t phi cch in
vi phn kim loi gi thp gc?
p: l nhm lm cho my ghi st nh lp trn dy tip t c ng tc
chnh xc, bi v khi u tip t khng cch in vi gi kim loi th khi st nh,
dng in phng in khng hon ton chy qua dy tip t xung t, khin my
ghi s st nh khng th c ng tc tin cy.
Hi: Ti sao vi b thu li kiu ng c qui nh tr s dng in gii hn trn
v tr s dng in gii hn di?
p: B thu li kiu ng sau khi st phng in qu p, dng in tn s
chung s tip tc chy qua, nhng nhim v ca b thu li l phi lp tc che dp
h quang khi dng in tn s lm vic chy qua. B thu li kiu ng l li dng p
lc ca cht kh cch in do h quang sinh ra trong ng si kh h quang, nu
dng in nh hn tr s gii hn di th c th do p lc cht kh ca h quang
sinh ra trong ng si khng nn khng kh c h quang, v th phi qui nh tr
s dng in gii hn trn v gii hn di, nhm bo m s vn hnh an ton ca
b thu li kiu ng.
Hi: Ti sao khi o dng in r ca b thu li kiu van phi lp thm t
in n p, cn khi o dng in r ca my pht in hoc cp in li khng cn?
- Trang 290 -
p: B th nghim cao p mt chiu phn ln u l loi chnh lu na

sng, khi chnh lu na sng dng, in p t ti tr s nh ca in p a vo,
khi ct na sng m, do thit b in c th c in dung nht nh, nu khng c
bt c r r no, khi in p ca n khng i, nhng trn thc t, bin p th
nghim, dy dn cao p hoc vt c th i vi t u c r r nht nh; v th
phi lm cho tr s bin in p t t suy gim, cho n khi na sng dng ca
chu k th hai mi li tng cao (xem hnh 11 - 1 - 16).
Khi th nghim b thu li kiu van, do in dung ca n rt
nh, dng in r tng i ln (400 - 650 mA) cho nn tr s bin
in p ca no gim rt mnh, c lc c th gim xung ti
60% in p th nghim, nh vy s nh hng kt qu th
nghim. Nu tng thm mt t n p (0.01 - 0.1 mF, in p l
c) u ra cao p mt chiu th do in dung rt ln, in tch
tch tr khi np in na sng dng tng i nhiu, in tch tch tr khi na
sng m phng in c th b p s suy gim tr s bin in p do kh phng
in gy nn, khin in p th nghim c bn khng thay i. Cho nn, phi lp
thm t n p.
Khi th nghim my pht in hoc cp in, cho in dung bn thn tng
i ln, in tch tch tr b p s suy gim in p khi na sng m, m dng
in r ca n nh hn nhiu so vi b thu li kiu van, nn c th khng u thm
t n p.
Hi: Ti sao phi dng di ng u ngn mch l xo p cht np u b
thu li kiu van?
p: Nu khng ngn mch l xo p cht np u b thu li kiu van, th
tng ng vi mt in cm nh. Bi v tr s bin v tn s st chy qua b
thu li u rt ln, v th s c st p tng i ln trn in cm nh ny, nh vy
s lm tng in p d ca b thu li, gy nguy him cho thit b c bo v. Cho
nn phi dng dy ng ngn mch l xo p cht.
Hi: Ti sao phi lp vng cn bng in p phn nh b thu li kiu FZ
110 trong trm bin in?
p: B thu li kiu FZ - 110 chia thnh bn on, vng trn bng kim loi
lp ch A trn nh n gi l vng cn bng in p (xem hnh 11 - 1 - 18 (a)). Ch
E y tip t. Mi mt on ca b vng cn bng in p thu li tng ng
vi mt t in, bn on tng ng vi bn t in bng nhau u ni tip
tng in p (110 kV) phn phi u n mi on. Nhng do nh hng ca qu
t vt kim loi [B,C,D trong hnh (a)] ch tip gip gia hai on i vi t c
in dung, nh th hin ng nt t trong hnh (b), tng ng vi u song
song t in ph. in dung mi on i vi t khng bng nhau; khin phn b
in p khng u, in dung on trn cng nh nht d chu in p tng i
cao, cch in d b nh thng, lc ny ton b in p ging ba on di, khin
chng ln lt b nh thng. Nu lp vng cn bng in p ln phn nh b thu
li, th gia vng cn bng in p vi vt kim loi ch tip gip hai on s hnh
- Trang 291 -
thnh t in ph, nh th hin hnh (c) khin in dung cc on gn bng nhau,

in p cng c th phn phi c bn l u.

Hi: Tnh nng bo v ca b thu li kiu ng ti sao khng tt c nh b
thu li kiu van?
p: Sau khi sng in ca st b b thu li kiu ng ct t, in p d hai
u n rt nh, gn bng 0, cng tc l ui sng rt dc. iu ny tng ng
vi vic tng thm sng in m m u sng rt dc, cho nn sinh ra hiu in th
tng i cao gia cc lp cun dy, cch din gia cc lp d b nh thng, nhng
bn trong b thu li kiu van c phin in tr, sau khi phng in sinh ra in p d,
ui sng bng phng, khng nguy hi i vi cch in gia cc lp, v th b thu
li kiu ng khng c dng bo v cho my in quay, my bin p c gng
s dng b thu li kiu van bo v.
Hi: Ti sao b thu li kiu ng dng trn ng dy ti in phi b tr khe
h gia b thu li vi dy ti in, ch khng c trc tip u vi dy ti in?
p: B thu li kiu ng l da vo khe h bn trong b thu li ni tip vi
khe h tia la bn ngoi khc cng tc dng t mc ch thu li. Khi qu p a
vo khe h tia la trong v ngoi cng lc nh thng, dn sng qu p xung t.
Dng in tip tc tn s lm vic tip theo sau th do ng kh c th ca b thu
li di tc dng ca nhit cao sinh ra khi lng ln cht kh thi tt h quang
trong khe h tia la, t lm cho mch in khi phc vn hnh bnh thng. Vt
liu sn sinh kh ca ng kh h quang thng lm bng g php, nha. Nu cc vt
liu ny lu di di tc dng in p lm vic, c th bin cht, thm ch chy
hng. V th phi lm thnh mt khe h tia la ngoi gia ng kh h quang vi dy
ti in, ngn cch ng kh h quang vi in p lm vic ca in li.
Hi: Ti sao b thu li kiu ng qui nh chi c th cho dng in ngn mch
nht nh chy qua, cn b thu li kiu van th khng trc tip b hn ch bi dng
in ngn mch ca h thng?
p: Bi v b thu li kiu ng l do hai khe h tia la trong ngoi ni tip
vi nhau thnh, sau khi dng in st chy qua b thu li, phng in) dng in
chy qua b thu li s bng dng in ngn mch tn s cng tip t. Kh nng
- Trang 292 -
che ct dng in ny ca b thu li ph thuc vo ln ca dng in ngn mch

ny. Dng in ngn mch qu ln s sinh ra qu nhiu kh trong b thu li, gy n,
qu nh s do khng c p lc nn khng th kh c h quang. Cn b thu li
kiu van ngoi khe h ra cn ni tip in tr phi tuyn. Linh kin in tr ny c
in tr rt nh i vi dng in st cao tn mnh, ngc li c in tr rt ln
i vi dng in tn s cng tng i nh. V th, sau khi dng in st phng
in xong, chy qua b thu li khng phi l dng in ngn mch m l dng in
tip tc tng i nh. Cho nn dng in ngn mch ca h thng khng trc tip
nh hng n kh nng tt h quang ca b thu li kiu van.
- Trang 293 -
11 - 2 Kim thu li, dy thu li v khe h thu li

Hi: Trm bin in c ct (kim) thu li bo v c th khng cn b thu li
na khng?
p: Khng c. V ct thu li ch c th bo v st nh trc tip, cn b
thu li l bo v st nh cm ng, v th c hai u cn, mi c th t hiu qu
chng st tt.
Hi: Tc dng ca ct thu li v dy t trn khng vi b thu li v khe h
bo v c g khc nhau?
p: Tt c u dng bo v qu p ngoi tri. Ct thu li v dy t trn
khng l bo v cng trnh kin trc, nh my in, trm bin in v dy cao p trn
khng trong phm vi nht nh khng b st nh trc tip, cn b thu li v khe h
bo v l phng nga s ph hoi ca st cm ng, st phn kch truyn theo ng
dy trn khng i vi nh my in, trm bin in cc thit b v chi tit in.
Hi: Khi dng khe h bo v kiu sng lm bo v qu p ng dy, ti sao
phi phi hp vi cu dao t ng ng li?
p: Dng khe h sng bo v thay th b thu li lm bo v qu p
ng dy, tuy r n gin, d ch to, nhng khuyt im ch yu ca n l
khng th t tt h quang. Tuy c th nh lc in ng ko di h quang, khin
h quang tt, nhng ch c trong tnh hnh dng in ngn mch nh mi t yu
cu kh h quang. V khng th t ng kh h quang, cho nn c th do thi gian
chy h quang ko di khin rle bo v c ng tc, lm gin on cp in. Nu
s dng phi hp gia thit b cu dao ng li vi khe h kiu sng th c th
khc phc c khuyt im trn, bo m cung cp in lin tc.
Hi: Ti sao khe h bo v in p 3 - 10 kV cn
p dng hai khe h, hoc tng thm mt khe h ph trong
dy tip t dn xung, nh hnh 11 - 2 - 4?
p: Khong cch ca khe h bo v in p 3 - 10
kV rt nh, ch c 30 - 50 mm, d b chim chc, cn trng
gy ngn mch khe h, dn n ngn mch, cho nn phi
tng thm khe h ph c khong cch phng in 5 - 30
mm.
Hi: B mt ct thu li c th sn khng?
p: phng nga g st, nn sn hoc m km b mt ct thu li. Tc
dng bo v ca ct thu li l ch dn in st v pha mnh, sau dn dng
in st xung t. in p st nh c th cao ti 10000 kV, di in p cao nh
- Trang 294 -
vy, mt lp sn mng khng c tc dng cn tr i vi s lu thng ca dng

in.
Hi: Ti sao h s an ton ca dy thu li trn ng dy mc trn khng
phi ln hn dy dn?
p: Dy thu li lp t bn trn dy dn, nu h s an ton ca n nh hn
dy dn, th di lc xung kch ca st nh hoc lc bn ngoi, dy thu li c th b
t trc, vt ln dy dn, gy ra s c ngn mch nghim trng, v do t dy cn
lm tng lc cng ph ca dy dn trong thi gian ny, d gy nn t dy dn. V
th, ni chung h s an ton ca dy thu li phi ln hn dy dn. Ngoi ra, khi thit
k ng dy mc trn khng thng xt ti dng lc ca dy thu li phng
nga s c ct khi t dy dn. V th cng cn tng h s an ton ca dy thu
li.
- Trang 295 -
11 - 3 Chng st cho thit b in

Hi: im trung tnh ca my pht in phn phi thng, ti sao phi lp b
thu li bo v? Ti sao cp in p ca b thu li im trung tnh phi thp hn
in p ca my pht in?
p: im trung tnh ca my pht in vn hnh khng tip t, sng xm
nhp ca ba pha s pht sinh phn x ton b im trung tnh, im trung tnh s
xut hin qu p tng i cao. bo v cch in ca im trung tnh, phi lp
b thu li bo v. hn ch qu p ca im trung tnh mc tng i thp,
nng cao hiu qu bo v, cn s dng b thu li c in p thp hn my pht
in. Vic chn la b thu li im trung tnh my pht in chng hn 6.3 kV cn
tha mn ba iu kin: (1) in p pha vn hnh cao nht c th cao hn tr s nh
mc 15%, tc 1.15 x 6.31/ 3 kV = 4.19 kV. in p kh h quang ca b thu li
khng c thp hn 1.2 ln in p pha. (2) Khi h thng in p ca my pht
in xy ra h quang mt pha tip t, qu p im trung tnh c th ti 2.2 ln in
p pha, phng nga b thu li c ng tc di qu p ny gy n, in p phng
in tn s chung ca n phi khng thp hn 2.2 ln in p pha, tc 2.2 x 6.3/ 3
= 8.01 kV. (3) in p phng in xung kch v in p d ca b thu li khng cao
hn tr s chu p ca my pht in. Tr s hu hiu chu p ca my pht in 6.3
kV l 13.2 kV, chuyn i thnh tr s bin l 19.2 kV. Do in p kh h quang
ca b thu li FCD - 4 l 4.6 kV, in p phng in tn s chung l 9 kV, in p d
v in p phng in xung kch l 12 kV, u c th tha mn ba iu kin trn, cho
nn im trung tnh ca my pht in 6.3 kV c th chn b thu li FCD - 4 bo v.
Hi: Ti sao qui nh bo v chng st ca my in quay khng ch phi s
dng b thu li m cn phi lp thm t in?
p: Do nh hng ca cng ngh ch to, ni chung mc cch in ca
my in quay tng i thp, c bit l cch in gia cc vng cun dy. Lp
thm t in l nhm gim dc ca sng st nh, trnh c s xuyn thng
cch in gia cc vng dy.
Hi: Qun vi vng dy hnh xon c trn dy dn vo cao p ca bin th
phn phi in, c tc dng g?
p: iu ny c li cho vic chng st. Sng in st l sng in tn s
thay i rt cao, v th mt cun cm v cng nh b, i vi n, tr khng rt ln.
ng thi, n cn c tc dng h thp tc tng cao ca in p ca sng in st
(tc gim dc st). V th, bin php ny c tc dng rt tt m khi vn hnh bnh
thng khng h b nh hng g.
Hi: Ti sao u dy ra ca nhm cun dy in p thp bin th ba cun
dy, phi lp mt b thu li, cn bn cao p, trung p li khng lp?
- Trang 296 -
p: Khi nhm cun dy bn cao p, trung p ca bin th ba cun dy vo

trng thi lm vic m nhm cun dy thp p h mch th sng xm nhp bn cao p
hoc bn trng p c cm ng tnh in i vi nhm cun dy thp p. Do nhm
cun dy thp p h mch, in dung i vi t rt nh, lng cm ng tnh in
rt ln, c th nh thng cch in i vi t ca nhm cun dy thp p. Bi v
lng cm ng tnh in l lm cho in th ba pha ca nhm cun dy thp p cng
lc nng cao; cho nn ch cn lp mt b thu li u dy ra ca mt pha bt k no
ca nhm cun dy thp p i vi t l c th hn ch qu p ny. i vi bn
cao p, trung p, do mc cch in cao hn nhm cun dy thp p, lng cm
ng tnh in gy tn hi i vi n v cng nh, cho nn u dy ra ni chung
khng lp b thu li.
Hi: Bin th lp t gn ct thp ng dy vt sng, ti sao d b st
nh hng?
p: Ni chung ct thp ng dy vt sng tng i cao, c hi b st
nh tng i nhiu. Cn trn thp ni chung u dng v s tng cng cch
in, cho nn bn thn thp ct kh sinh ra chp rch, nhng c th truyn dn sng
in st vi tr s bin cao n bin th gn thp ct. Nu bin th khng ch
bo v chng st th c th b st nh.
Hi: Trn bin th phn phi in, ti sao phi ni ba im vi nhau, dy
tip t ca b thu li, v ngoi ca bin th v dy trung tnh bn thp p?
p: Khi ni ba im li vi nhau th khi b thu li phng in, u dy cao
p i vi v bin th, cun dy cao p i vi cun dy thp p, v.v... u ch l
in p d ca b thu li, c th bo m cch in gia ng bc cao p, cun dy
cao p vi v, gia cun dy cao p vi cun dy thp p khng b nh thng gy
hng.
Hi: Ti sao c mt s trm bin in dng cun dy in khng thay th
on bo v dy vo 1 - 2 km?
p: Nu in tr sut t ca khu vc
ng dy 1 - 2 km on bo v dy vo chy qua
tng i cao, vt qu 500 x mt th rt kh
gim in tr tip t, m mc chu st cn
thit ca on bo v dy vo kh t c yu
cu, hoc c trm bin in vn khng c on
bo v dy vo, vn hnh khng l tng lm nn phi tng thm on bo v dy
vo, nhng nhn t iu kin thp ct, b tr t dy thu li lm on bo v dy vo
c kh khn, phi trit ci to, u t rt kh khn th cho php dng cun dy
in khng thay th on bo v dy vo 1 - 2 km. Cun dy ca n nh th hin
hnh 11 - 3 - 7. V dng in khng th t bin trn in cm, nng cao c in
p u cun dy in cm, lm cho b thu li kiu ng on u hoc khe h kh
- Trang 297 -
phng in, do c th hn ch tr s bin v dc ca sng xm nhp, thay

th on dy vo 1 - 2 km.
Hi: Dy t mc trn khng dng bo v chng st ca trm bin in, ti
sao ni chung cch trm bin in ch c 2 km?
p: Bi v khi sng st nh chy trn ng dy, do dy dn c in tr,
khin mt phn nng lng bin thnh nhit nng nn b suy gim, tr s in p st
nh gim thp khi sng in st tri qua khong cch ngoi 2 km n trm bin
in, th in p gim rt nhiu. tit kim vt liu v cng sc, dng dy t
mc trn khng khong 2 km l c.
Hi: Trn nc nh lp ct thu li liu c th phng nga sng in st theo
ng dy in mc trn khng vo phng, t bo m chc chn an ton?
p: Tc dng ch yu ca ct thu li l dn in tch cha trong my
khng trung vo ct thu li ri phng xung t, t bo m cc vt th trong
phm vi nht nh quanh ct thu li khng b st nh trc tip. Khi my dng phng
in i vi ct thu li, dng in st thng qua ct thu li t vi vn n hn chc
vn vn. Nh vy s sinh ra t trng rt ln quanh ct thu li, khin dy in mc
trn khng ln cn cm ng ra in p st vi vn thm ch vi chc vn vn, in p
ny theo dy in truyn vo trong phng, s gy ra s c i vi ngi v thit b.
V th, ct thu li ch c th bo v vt th trong phm vi nht nh chung khng b
st nh trc tip ch khng th phng nga sng st theo dy in vo phng.
phng nga sng st theo dy in mc trn khng vo phng, c th tip
t chn v s ca dy mc trn khng a vo nh, v in tr tip t yu cu
di 30. Nu c iu kin, tt nht lp b thu li kiu van thp p hoc b thu li
oxyt km ch dy vo nh.
Hi: Bn s cp my bin p dng cng tc du trn tr v
cu ch kiu ri khng ch th b thu li lp ch no?
p: Nh th hin hnh 11 - 3 - 10, b thu li BL nn lp
pha trn cng tc du trn tr ZK Nh vy, khi ng dy b st
nh, in p cha qua cng tc du qua b thu li xung t, c
th bo v cng tc du v bin p khng b st nh. Nu lp b
thu li xung pha di cng tc du hoc lp pha di cu ch
kiu ri DL th cng tc du trn tr c th b st nh hng, gy
nn s c mt din.
- Trang 298 -
11 - 4 Chng st cho ng dy
Hi: Sau khi ct in bng g ca ng dy ti in cao p b st nh, ti
sao xy ra hin tng nt?
p: l do ct in bng g khng p dng bin php chng st, v th sau
khi b st nh s c dng in rt mnh vi vn ampe chy qua ct g, gy ra nhit
cao, dn n hi m bn trong ct g bc hi mnh, lm n dn n nt ct g.
V th, khi ko ng dy ti in cao p trn ct g phi lp dy thu li bo v trn
ton tuyn.
Do trong khi vn hnh, ct in bng g c nhc im ny, cho nn ngy nay
dn dn c thay th bng ct in b tng ct thp.
Hi: Ti sao dy thu li ni chung u lp trn ng dy thp st hoc ct
b tng ct thp m rt t nhn thy trn ct g?
p: Nguyn nhn ch yu ca n nh sau:
(1) Gi thnh (khong 20%) lp t dy thu li trn ng dy ct g cao hn
nhiu gi thnh (5 - 7%) lp t dy thu li trn ng dy thp st hoc ct b tng
ct thp.
(2) Mc cch in ca ng dy ct g tng i cao, xc sut gy h
quang tng i thp, nn s ln xy ra s c nhy cu dao do st nh t hn
ng dy lp trn thp st hoc ct b tng ct thp. Cho nn, trn ng dy ct
g t lp dy thu li.
Hi: Dy ti in cao p ni chung u lp dy t trn khng, ti sao ng
dy phn phi in li thng khng lp?
p: Cng cch in ca dng dy phn phi in (di 10kV) khng
cao, nu st nh vo dy t trn khng th s d chy theo dy dn xung t ca
dy t trn khng n dy dn in, gy ra nh ngc, khng nhng khng c tc
dng bo v chng st nh m cn c th dn st, gy tn hi thm. ng thi, do
chi ph lp dy t trn khng rt ln, cho nn trn ng dy phn phi in ni
chung u khng lp dy t mc trn khng.
Hi: Trn ng dy phn phi in, khi cng lc s dng b thu li v khe
h phng in, ti sao lp tt c cc khe h phng in ln cng mt pha?
p: So vi khe h phng in th b thu li c kh nng kh h quang tng
i ln, cn khe h phng in c khi ngay c dng in tip tc vi tn s chung
(dng in ngn mch) cng khng th che ct c. Khi ng dy b st nh, nu
hai pha tr ln u b st nh cng lc th ti thiu trong c mt b thu li c
ng tc. Sau khi sm st i qua, b thu li c th che ct dng in ngn mch ca
hai pha, t khi phc vn hnh bnh thng ca ng dy. Ngc li, khi nu
c hai pha cng lp khe h phng in th khi dng in ngn mch tng i ln,
- Trang 299 -
c th khng tt c h quang, hnh thnh ngn mch lin tc, khin cng tc
ngun chy, mt in c tuyn. Ch khi cng tc ngun c lp cu dao t ng ng
li th lp khe h bo v ng thi trn cc pha. Khi khng c cu dao t ng ng
li th lp khe h bo v ln mt pha l bin php va kinh t va tin cy.
Hi: Tuyn ng dy 110 kV v tuyn ng dy 35 kV giao nhau, khong
cch thng ng cun dy dn trn, di im giao nhau t ti 3 mt, ti sao bn
ct gc giao nhau phi tip t?
p: Mc ch tip t bn ct gc l lm cho ng dy giao nhau khi b st
nh th dng in st s chp rch qua vt cch in ca ng dy ri theo thp
ct vo t sau khi tip t c th gim in th ca dy dn b st nh, phng
nga chp rch cch in khe h khng kh gia trn, di ng dy giao nhau.
Bi v sau khi hai ng dy giao nhau chp rch c kh nng dn n hai ng
dy cng lc nhy cu cao, v cn gy tn hi cho thit b in ca mng 35 kV. Nn
phi em bn gc ct giao nhau, bt k l c dy thu li hay khng u tip t. Chi
c khi khong cch thng ng ca im giao nhau t 5 mt tr ln, kh nng sinh
ra phng chp khng ln th mi khng cn bt c s bo v no i vi khong
khng giao nhau.
Hi: Ti sao i vi ng dy 35 kV khng c dy thu li, dy dn ba pha
dng cch b tr theo hnh tam gic (xem hnh 11 - 4 - 6 (a)) s c tnh nng chng st
tt hn cch b tr nm ngang (xem hnh (b)), cn i vi ng dy 110 kV c dy
thu li th ngc li?
p: H thng 35 kV khng c dy thu li,
nu dy dn ba pha dng cch b tr theo hnh tam
gic, dy dn pha trn d b st nh nu dng
in st khng ln lm, ch sinh ra tip t mt
pha. Do ng dy 35 kV l h thng im trung
tnh khng tip t, dng in tip t u l
dng in in dung, khi tr s ca n khng ln,
c th t tt h quang, nu ng dy tng i
di, khi dng in in dung tng i ln, ni
chung lp cun dy kh h quang b, h
quang im tip t cng c th tt. Nu dy dn ba pha b tr nm ngang th kh
nng hai pha hoc ba pha cng lc b st nh s tng i nhiu, hai pha hoc ba pha
phng chp, sau khi c h quang tn s chung, do dng in ngn mch ln, ng
dy s nhy cu dao, ngng cung cp in. V th b tr theo hnh tam gic c tnh
nng chng li tt hn b tr nm ngang.
i vi h thng 110 kV c dy thu li, a s p dng hnh thc im trung
tnh trc tip tip t, khi mt pha b st nh sinh ra h quang chp rch, s nhy
cu dao, gin on cung cp in. Dy dn ba pha b tr theo hnh tam gic, ni
chung ch dng mt dy thu li, nu b tr nm ngang th p dng hai dy thu li hai
ct, in cm tng ng ca n tng i nh hn mt ct, t gim thp
- Trang 300 -
in th nh ct khi st nh nh ct, in p tc dng ln chui cch in cng

gim thiu, nng cao mc chu st, t l st nh nhy cu dao thp.
- Trang 301 -

Hi: Ti sao dy t mc trn khng phi ko cng hn dy ti in mt cht
mi tt?
p: Lp t dy t mc trn khng l nhm bo v dy ti in khng b
st nh. V th trong thi cng phi duy tr gc bo v ca dy t mc trn khng
vi dy ti in di 300, tc l phi lm sao duy tr khong cch gia dy t mc
trn khng vi n ngang bng g c di nht nh, cng di cng tt. Nu dy t
mc trn khng ko cng hn dy ti in mt cht th cung vng ca dy t mc
trn khng s nh hn dy ti in, s nng cao ca dy t mc trn khng
gia khong cch vt ct in. Khi dy ti in b gi thi ung a sang bn
cnh, vn nm trong phm v bo v ca dy t lp trn khng, khng b st nh.
Hi: Ti sao chn ai thp tip t ca ng dy ti in p cao vung gc
vi ng dy tt hn l chn theo chiu ng dy?
p: Phng v chn ai thp tip t nu chn ng th s tng cng
tin cy bo v chng st. Kho st qua vn hnh o th t trc n nay, in tr
tip t ca cch chn ai thp tip t theo chiu ng dy l tng i ln, cn
in tr tip t chn ai thp tip t vung gc vi ng dy tng i nh.
iu ny ch yu l do gia vt mang in vi khng kh v t chung quanh c
chnh lch in th cao, c tc dng cm ng in trng, dn n dng in trong
t phn b ri rc khng u. Mt dng in gn in trng tng i ln,
in tr tip t tng i ln. Ngc li th tng i nh. Nu ai thp tip t
ca mi thp ct u chn vung gc vi ng dy, khin n cch tng i xa
in trng, nh vy in tr tip t c th tng i nh.
Hi: Ti sao dy tip t b thu li bo v u cp in phi ni thng vi
v cp in, nh th hin hnh 11 - 4 - 9?
p: Sau khi u ni nh vy, khi b thu li c
ng tc phng in s c hai ci li: (1) Lm cho in p
gia dy li vi v cp in trn thc t bng 0. (2) Lm
cho v cp in c tc dng phng thch dng in st phn
tn vo trong t.
Hi: Dy thu li ca ng dy ko n gi thit b phn phi in th c li
g? Ti sao c mt s li khng ko vo?
p: Do c im phn dng hai u dy thu li, in th tng ln khi st
nh s nh hn mt cht so vi ct thu li gy ra. Trc tip ko dy thu li n gi
long mn, trn gi li lp t tip t tp trung, c li cho vic h thp tng in
tr tip t ca trm bin in. Thit b phn phi in 35 kV, do mc cch in
tng i thp, phng nga s c st nh tr li, khi in tr sut ca t ln
hn 500 x mt th dy thu li khng th dn t trn khng n gi long mn ca
dy ra. Nu mun h thp tng in tr tip t ca trm bin in th c th em
- Trang 302 -
dy thu li thng qua t u vi gi trm bin in. ng dy u cui c th

dng ct thu li ring bo v.
Hi: S c st nh v ng dy khu vc rt nhiu, liu c th dng
cch nng cao mc cch in ca ton tuyn loi tr s c st nh ng
dy?
p: Khng th. Bi v nng cao mc cch in ca ton tuyn tuy c th
phng nga xy ra chp rch trn ng dy, nhng dng in st s theo ng
dy vo trm bin in, gy ra s c st nh bin th hoc cng tc. Loi s c ny
cng nghim trng hn s c ng dy. V th, phng php ng l phi lp thit
b chng st tt v phi hp s dng cu dao t ng ng li.
- Trang 303 -
11 - 5 Chng st cho cng trnh kin trc

Hi: Ti sao ct thu li ca cng trnh kin trc khng cho php s dng ct
thp bn trong cng trnh kin trc lm dy dn tip t?
p: dn dng in st xung t mt cch thun li, th in tr ca dy
dn ct thu li cng nh cng tt, nhng ch ni nhau ca ct thp trong cng trnh
kin trc u p dng cch buc dy. Xt t gc dn in th in tr qu ca
n rt ln, dng n lm dy dn xung t ca ct thu li th s dn n dng in
st khng th thng qua thun li, nh hng n tc dng chng st, cho nn phi
lp ring dy dn xung.
Hi: Thit b tip t ca ct thu li bo v cng trnh kin trc nguy c loi
mt, ti sao qui nh phi cch xa vt kin trc 3 mt tr ra?
p: Khi st nh trc tip, dng in xung kch chy qua ct thu li s sinh
ra st p rt ln (tc in p phn kch), nu khong cch gia thit b tip t vi
cng trnh kin trc cha ti 3 mt th in p phn kch s gy nguy him cho cng
trnh, gy ra hu qu kh lng. Cho nn, qui nh 3 mt l khong cch cho php nh
nht trnh b in p phn kch.
Hi: Ti sao ng khi ca cng trnh kin trc d b st nh?
p: Bi v ng khi ni chung cao hn cng trnh kin trc, d lm in
trng bin dng, thu ht my ging phng in. Mt khc, ct kh nng v khi bc
t trong l ra cha rt nhiu ht dn in v phn t t do, cc cht kh ny to iu
kin tt cho my ging phng in, cho nn ng khi d b st nh.
- Trang 304 -
11 - 6 Lp t dy tip t thu li V Vn an ton

Hi: Dy t ca b thu li ti sao khng th un cong thnh gc nhn?
p: Dy t ch un cong gc nhn d gy ra tc dng in khng, khi
tn s chung, n khng c tc dng g nhng khi dng in st cao tn chy qua, tr
s ca n s rt ln, dn n khi st vo n khng phng in hoc in p d qu
cao, nh vy s mt i tc dng trnh st.
Hi: Ti sao dy t ca ct thu li khng th tng thm ng thp bo v?
p: Khi st nh, dng in st cc ln qua dy t xung t, tc thay
i ca dng in ny rt ln, khi dng in ny chy qua dy dn bn ngoi c ng
thp s cm ng ra in th trong ng thp (tng ng vi mt vng dy dn
ngn mch) sinh ra dng in vng, t thng do n sinh ra cn tr s thay i ca t
trng c, cng tc l tng ng vi tng thm mt tr khng sng trn ng i
ca dng in st, lm tng in tr tip t mt cch nhn to. iu ny khng c
li i vi ct thu li. Cho nn khng th lp thm ng thp bo v.
Hi: Dy dn xung tip t ca ct thu li, ti sao khng nn chy trn mt
t qu di?
p: Khi b st nh, phng in trc tip th tr s in p v dng in ct
thu li rt ln, c bit dc bin sng ln, thi gian ngn, cho nn c th coi l
sng tn s cao. Nu dy dn tip t chy trn mt t qu di, tuy l dy phng,
nhng in cm di tn s cao vn rt ng k, n s sinh ra st p cm khng
tng i cao trn dy dn xung, lc ny s rt nguy him i vi nhn vin trc
ban trng coi trm bin in. Cho nn phi c gng sao cho dy dn xung khng
chy trn mt on qu di.
Hi: Ti sao cc tip t s dng trong b thu li khng nn lp t trong
rung la nc?
p: Khi ng dy b st nh, thng qua dy tip t ca b thu li s dn
in p xung t lan ta in p gn cc tip t, cng gn ch cc tip t th
in p bc cng cao. Nu chn cc tip t trong rung la nc, khi ngi ta cy
bng tru, nu ng dy b st nh, ngi v tru gn ch cc tip t s c
nguy c b in git, nht l tru cng nguy him bi v khong cch gia chn trc
v chn sau ca tru ln, cho nn chu in p bc cao.
Hi: Ct thu li l vt tip t tt, liu c th ni song song 1 dy dn ch
chn vo t ca n ri dn vo trong nh lm dy tip t bo m an ton cho
thit b in gia dng?
- Trang 305 -
p: Tuyt i khng c. Tuy in tr tip xc gia ct thu li vi t ch

c vi m, nhng khi my ging phng in vo ct thu li th dng in phng in
tc th c th t ti hng ngn, vn vn. Dng in mnh nh vy chy xung t
s hnh thnh in p sc th rt cao ct thu li v h thng tip t ca n. in
p ny thng qua dy dn tc dng ln v thit b in gia dng s dn sm st vo
nh, hu qu ca n l my hng, ngi cht.
Hi: Trn mt in v dy curoa ang quay thnh thong c hin tng mang
tnh in, trong tnh hnh no mi xy ra hin tng ny, lm sao phng nga?
p: Mt in ko ai curoa, curoa ko my cng c, gia curoa vi puli my
cng c c s trt tng i, hin tng trt ny tng ng vi ma st, khin
cho trn curoa c in tch m, trn puli mang in tch dng, in tch m s c
curoa truyn n mt in, nu mt in v my cng c cch in i vi t
m curoa li khng dn in th in tch tnh cng tch cng nhiu, in p tng cao,
curoa v mt in s th hin hin tng tnh in r rt v c kh nng do phng
in dn ti ha hon. Mun phng nga s c ny ch cn tip t b my ca
my cng c v mt in khin in tch sinh ra lp tc trung ha m khng tch t
li, nhng nhng vng ma ng lnh gi c th lm cho dy tip t mt tc
dng, nu khi tip t s dng thm 1 dy tip t th in tch trn mt v my
cng c s trung ha ln nhau cng khng gy ra hin tng tnh in.
Hi: Mt cao c truyn hnh 12 tng lp t ring bin p 560 kVA cung
cp in. Trong mng phn phi din thp p ca n p dng hnh thc im trung
tnh khng tip t. Lm nh vy c ph hp yu cu an ton khng, tip t chng
st phi lm nh th no?
p: My bin p chuyn dng y s dng phng thc vn hnh im
trung tnh bn thp p khng tip t, l c th c. Lc ny cn lp b bo him
nh thng trn dy trung tnh hoc trn mt pha bn thp p bin th, u cui ca
ng dy in lc thp p trn khng v u cui ca ng phn nhnh ca n
cn phi lp b bo him nh thng trn cc dy pha. Mc ch ca cc bin php
ny l phng nga nguy him o cch in gia cc nhm cun dy cao p, thp p
ca bin th b nh thng gy nn.
Cn lp thit b gim st tip t c th pht tn hiu bo ng khi xy ra tip
t mt pha ng dy thp p, khi xy ra tip t mt pha c th nhanh chng
tm ra on dy s c, tch on dy s c ra loi tr s c.
Dy dn xung tip t ca ct thu li hoc ai thu li lp trn cao c c th
li dng ct st chnh ca cng trnh kin trc lm dy dn xung t hoc lp t
dy dn xung t ring, lm cc tip t tp trung ch vo t. Sn b tng ct
st ca mi tng lu phi hn ni ct st li vi nhau v ni vi dy dn xung ca
thit b thu li ni trn. ch gn sn lu mi lu tt nht lp t mt dy chnh
tip t ni vi tip t ct st ca sn lu (ng nhin cng ni vi dy dn
xung t ca thit b chng st).
- Trang 306 -

Hi: Cc thit b nh bm du, ng du, rnh du trung gian v.v... vn
chuyn du m u khng phi l thit b in, nhng ti sao phi lm tip t
in?
p: Khi du chy trong cc thit b nh bm du ng du v rnh du v.v...,
du chy s ma st vi cc thit b ny sinh ra in tch tnh. Nu cc thit b ny
cch in i vi t th in tch tnh s tch t cng lu cng nhiu, khi c s
lng s sinh ra tia la, t chy cht chy chung quanh, gy ra ha hon v n. Nu
thit b vn chuyn du lm bng kim loi c tip t tt th in tch tnh do du
chy ma st sinh ra thng qua thit b tip t dn xung t, s khng gy ra nguy
him. ng thi cn c th phng nga s c st nh.
Hi: Khi ma to, ng di cy ln l nguy him, ng di ct thu li c an
ton khng?
p: Khi st nh ct thu li, di tc dng ca dng in st v in tr tip
t trn mt t gn ct thu li s sinh ra in th rt cao, nu v tr ng gn ct
thu li th in p bc m hai chn phi chu s nguy him i vi ngi. ng
thi dy dn xung tip t ca ct thu li cn c tc dng in cm, khi dng in
st chy qua, trn dy dn xung tip t s sinh ra in p rt cao, c kh nng
nh thng khng kh ln cn, sinh ra chp rch i vi ngi hoc vt gn. Cho
nn, ch c cch ct thu li 5 mt tr ra mi tng i an ton.
- Trang 307 -
CHNG XII
H S CNG SUT
12 - 1 Dng t in nng cao h s cng sut

Hi: Ti sao trong thc t thng dng phng php t in u song song
ch khng u ni tip vi ph ti nng cao h s cng sut ca thit b in?
p: Khi nng cao h s cng sut ca thit b in cn bo m trng thi
lm vic vn c ca ph ti khng bin i. Khi u ni tip t in tc dng hn
dng ca cm khng ph ti v dung khng ca in dung s trit tiu ln nhau, do
lm tng dng in ca ton b ng dy, tn tht cng sut ng dy tng ln,
in p v dng in trn ph ti cng tng ln, lm thay i trng thi lm vic vn
c ca ph ti. Khi u song song t in, do pha ca dng in phn khng (v
cng) m in cm v in dung ly dng va ng ngc nhau. V th cng sut
phn khng m in cm cn thit, phn ln c th do t in cung cp ti ch.
Nu chn lng in dung thch hp th ngun in ch cn cung cp dng in tc
dng (hu cng) v mt t dng in phn khng (v cng) l c. Nh vy dng
in m ph ti s dng vn khng thay i, dng in tng trn ng dy li
gim, tc bo m trng thi lm vic ca ph ti khng thay i, cng lm cho
dung lng ca my pht in c li dng y . V th thng dng phng
php u song song t in vi ph ti nng cao h s cng sut.
Hi: H s cng sut ca h s dng in cng cao cng tt, nhng ti sao
khng nng cao h s cng sut ln n 1, m ch nng cao ti khong 0.9?
p: Bi v nng cao h s cng sut phi s dng cc thit b b nh t
in tnh in, m khi h s cng sut gn bng 1, th thi ph thit b b cn thit
nng cao h s cng sut s cng ln. Nh khi ph ti l 120 kW, h s cng sut l
0.72, mun nng h s cng sut ln 0.9, qua tnh ton, dung lng t in cn thit
phi l 57.5 kVAr, nu nng cao ti 1 th cn n 116 kVAr. C th thy, h s cng
sut t 0.72 khi nng cao ti 0.9 th c nng cao 0.01, dung lng t in cn thit l
57.5/18 = 3.2 kVAr, cn khi t. 0.9 nng ln ti 1 th c nng ln 0.01 s cn (116 57.5)/10 = 5.85 kVAr.
Hi: Khi n v s dng in cn lp nhm t in in lc b, th tng
dung lng ca n nn tnh nh th no?
p: (1) Cn phi bit s dc ca ng h cng tc dng (hu cng) v ng
h cng phn khng (v cng) ca n v dng in, tnh ra h s cng sut bnh
qun.
cos 1 =
cong
tac
dung
2
2
(cong
tac
dung)
+ (cong
phan
khang)
(2) Gi thit h s cng sut sau khi nng cao l cos 2, th tng dung lng
ca nhm t in cn lp l:
- Trang 308 -
QK = P (tg 1 - tg 2) (kVAr)
Trong cng thc: P l cng sut tc dng bnh qun (kW)
l l gc h s cng sut trc khi ci thin.
2 l gc h s cng sut l tng sau khi ci thin.
(3) T cos 1, cos 2 tra bng hm s lng gic c tr s hm s tg 1, tg 2
cng vi cng sut tc dng bnh qun o c thay vo cng thc trn s c tng
dung lng ca t in cn lp.
Hi: Trong mch in n ng ph thng, mun u song song t nng
cao h s cng sut, c phi s t in u song song cng nhiu th h s cng
sut s cng cao?
p: Trong mch in n ng u ni tip mt b chn lu in cm
ln. L mt mch in cm in t, nn dng in trong mch in l tr sau, nu
trong mch in ny u song song mt t in, v dng in in dung vt trc
in p 90o, c tc dng b dng in tr, v th nng cao c h s cng sut ca
tng dng in.
Nu u song song qu nhiu t in, dng in in dung qu ln, th ngc
li s lm gim h s cng sut, chng qua ch l i h s cng sut tr sau thnh
vt trc m thi. Cho nn, s t in u song song vo mch in phi va ,
nu qu nhiu, ngc li khng c li.
Hi: Ti sao sau khi u t in vo mch in, dng in li nh hn khi
cha u t in m in p li tng i cao hn?
p: V thit b in khi vn hnh u tn ti tr khng, khi dng in chy
qua tr khng ny s gy ra st p, trong c dng in cng sut phn khng chm
pha. Sau khi u t in vo mch in, do dng in cng sut phn khng pha
trc trit tiu mt phn dng in phn khng pha tr, cho nn tng dng in tt
phi gim. Do dng in gim, st p trong mch in cng gim hn so vi trc,
cho nn in p hi cao hn so vi khi cha u t in.
- Trang 309 -
12 - 2 Lp t v vn hnh t in
Hi: nng cao h s cng sut, cc x nghip cng nghip u lp t in
b, tp trung li lp mt ch tt hn hay lp phn tn cc ph ti tt hn?
p: L tng nht l lp t in b ch ph ti c tnh cht in cm c
ln. Nh vy c th gim tit din dy dn ti din v tn hao ng dy. Nu tp
trung lp ch tng ngun in, tuy cng c th nng cao h s cng sut, nhng
trn dng dy ph ti, h s cng sut thp s c mt b phn rt ln dng in
phn khng chy qua, khin tn hao ng dy ca ng dy ny tng ln, ng
thi tit din dy dn cng phi ln hn ci trc.
Hi: My b ng b ti sao phi lp ch h s dng?
p: Khi ph ti c tnh in cm ca h s dng rt ln th dng in phn
khng cng tng i ln, lm gim h s cng sut v in p. Dng my b ng
b lm vic trng thi kch thch mnh, cung cp dng in c tnh in dung cho
h s dng, nng cao in p, gim dng in phn khng m my pht in a ra,
nng cao h s cng sut on ng dy ti gia my pht in vi my b ng
b, tc c th gim tn hao ng dy v gim dng in ng dy.
Hi: Ci thin h s cng sut ca my hn h quang xoay chiu u bng
cch u song song t in b vo bn s cp (u vo) ca my hn. Liu c th
u t in b vo bn th cp (u ra) ca my hn ci thin h s cng sut
thp?
p: S chy n nh ca h quang hn i hi mch in hn c in khng
tng i ln. u song song t in b vo bn th cp my hn tuy c th ci
thin h s cng sut nhng in khng tng ng ca mch in hn gim ng
k, khin h quang hn khng chy n nh na. V th, khng dc u song song
t in b vo bn th cp my hn.
Hi: Ti sao khi t in in lc cao p u thnh song song s dng b
th mi t in u phi lp cu ch?
p: Trong khi vn hnh, t in in lc phi chu in p ca h thng,
nu cht lng ca t in c bit khng tt s xy ra hin tng nh thng. Lc
ny, nu khng nhanh chng ct t in ny ra khi h thng vn hnh th cc t
in khc s phng in qua t in hng ny, c kh nng dn n n v chy. V
th, mi mt t in trong nhm t in u nn s dng cu ch ring bo v.
Hi: Ti sao t in in lc sau khi ko cu dao, khng th lp tc ng
cu dao?
- Trang 310 -
p: T in in lc sau khi tch khi h thng in lc s tr thnh mt

ngun in c lp. Ngun in ny l in tch tnh in, khng th song song vi
h thng. ng thi t in in lc mi ln ko ng cu dao s sinh ra in p
tng i cao trn mi cc. Sau khi ko tch cu dao, li lp tc ng cu dao, c
th sinh ra chng cht in p, lm cho t in lc b nh thng. V th, t in lc
sau khi ko cu dao phi qua phng in mi ng cu dao nhp vi h thng in
lc.
Hi: H s cng sut ca my pht in ni chung khng nn tr sau qu 0.95
nu cha lp ng h h s cng sut, lm th no cn c vo s ch bo ca ng
h cng tc dng v cng phn khng nhanh chng
phn on h s cng sut tr sau qu 0.95 hay cha? ,
p: H s cng sut ca my pht in, ni
chung khng nn tr sau qu 0.95. L do ch yu l phng
nga h s cng sut vt trc dn n mt ng b
gia my pht in vi h thng. C mt s trm pht
in khng lp ng h h s cng sut nhng lp ng
h cng tc dng v cng phn khng khng nh hn 1/3 s ch bo ca ng h
cng tc dng, tc
Wr 1
l c th phn on h s cng sut khng tr sau qu
W 3
0.95. Chng minh nh sau:

Cng tc dng: W =
Wr
W
1
UIcos
3
Cng phn khng: Wr = 3 UIsin

Khi h s cng sut tr sau 0.95, tc:
cos = 0.95
tg = 0.3287
1
3
Cho nn, iu kin h s cng sut khng tr sau qu 0.95 l
Wr 1
W 3

Hi: T in dng ci thin h s cng sut, khi in p khng ph hp
vi nh mc c th s dng c khng?
p: Dng in chy trong t in t l thun vi in p, dung lng kVA
ca n t l thun vi bnh phng in p. l v:
U
=
I=X
U
1 = 2fCU
2fC
UI = U( 2fCU ) = 2fCU 2
Cho nn cng mt t in dng trn in p cao th hiu qu cng ln, nhng

t in c chi nh in p nu dng vi in p cao hn nh mc s c nguy c b
nh thng, khng th mo him. Nhng nu h thp in p s dng th hiu
qu gim mnh, cng s khng kinh t.
- Trang 311 -
CHNG XIII
CHIU SNG
13 - 1 n sng trng

Hi: Ti sao bng n sng trng bnh thng dng chiu sng khng phi
hon ton chn khng m c np mt t kh tr?
p: Khi n sng trng lm vic, dy tc vo trng thi sng trng vi
nhit cao. Khi nhit dy tc qu cao, s lm cho dy vnfram bc hi qu
nhanh, gim tui th, m vnfram sau khi bc hi s tch t vch trong bng n,
khin bng n b en, nh hng sng. Sau khi np mt lng kh tr va phi
vo trong bng n, di p lc nht nh, s bc hi ca dy vnfram gim mnh
so vi trong chn khng, tc di iu kin tui th ging nhau th nhit lm
vic ca dy tc bng n np kh c th cao hn nhit kh chn khng, t
nng cao c hiu sut pht sng. Cho nn, ni chung, trong bng n sng trng sau
khi ht chn khng li bm vo kh cgn, kh nh hoc hn hp kh cgn - nit vi
p sut nht nh.
Hi: Dy vnfram trong bng n in b t, lc vi ci khin dy vnfram
dnh nhau tr li, c lc s dng sng hn c ban u, nguyn nhn do u?
p: Dy vnfram b t, sau khi dnh li, di ca n nht nh ngn hn
ban u, tr s in tr ca n cng gim so vi c, trong tnh hnh in p nh mc
bn ngoi, dng in chy qua dy vnfram tng ln. Do sng ca n in t l
thun vi cng sut ca n W = I2R, lc ny in tr R tuy gim nh, nhng dng
in I tng, trong tch I2R, tr s tng ca s hng trc ln hn tr s gim ca s
hng sau, cho nn cng sut tng ln, sng cng tng.
Hi: Ti sao hai bng n 40W khng sng bng mt bng n 75W?
p: S ot ca bng n cng ln th t s hiu sut pht sng ca n (lumen/
ot) cng cao. Cho nn, bng n 75W c quang thng ln hn hai bng 40W, th th
cng nh sng cng s ln .Mt khc, din tch b mt ca hai bng n ln
hn mt bng n, th th nu cng nh sng ging nhau th sng ca bng c
din tch b mt ln, phi nh. Cho nn hai bng n 40W khng sng bng mt
bng 75W.
Hi: Khi lp bng n (c bit l cng sut ln), nh hnh 13 - 1 - 4 th hnh
(a) hp l, hay hnh (b) hp l hn?
p: Ni chung, trong iu kin c th th nn lp theo
hnh (b). Bi v, khi n sng, nhit ca dy tc bng n (dy
vnfram) tng i cao, lm cho vnfram bc hi, vnfram sau
khi bc hi dnh bng thy tinh s lm gim hiu sut lt sng
ca thy tinh. Nu lp nh hnh (a) th vnfram bc hi phn ln
- Trang 312 -
bm b phn thy tinh cn lt nh sng, cn phng php t hnh (b) th

vnfram bm b phn khng cn lt nh sng.
Hi: Ti sao dy tc bng n in a phn b chy khi cng tc va bt, cn
sau khi sng th t xy ra hin tng ny?
p: Dy tc bng n l mt on dy vnfram. Vnfram ging nh cc vt
liu kim loi khc, tr s in tr R ln ln theo s tng cao ca nhit , tc in
tr trng thi ngui nh, nhit in tr ln. Cho nn dng in khi mch in va
u thng s ln hn nhiu ln khi thp sng, dy tc bng n ng nhin d b
chy t, ly bng n 220V, 100W lm v d, in tr trng thi ngui R1 l 42.25
, in tr trng thi nhit R2 l 484 .
R1
484
=
= 11.5
R 2 42.25
Tc dng in trng thi ngui 1I bng 11.5 ln dng in trng thi nng I2
.Li do lng nhit pht ca dy tc bng n t l thun vi I2R, cho nn s pht
nhit ca dy tc bng n khi va u thng mch s ln hn nhiu khi thp
sng, iu ng nhin khin dy tc bng n d chy.
Hi: Bng n in s dng lu, ti sao tr nn en?
p: Dy vnfram trong bng n, di nhit cao pht quang cng c bc
hi mt phn, vnfram bc hi ra s ng kt li mt trong bng n, tr thnh
lp mng mu en xm cn tr tia sng xuyn qua. Hin tng ny tng i r
trong trng hp x l chn khng ca bng n khng tt. Nu s dng in p qu
qui nh, cng s sinh ra hin tng ny. S bc hi ca dy vnfram lm gim
lng pht sng ca bng n, khi gim ti 80 % lng sng ban u th coi nh
hng, phi thay mi.
Hi: Dy vnfram trong bng n in, ti sao phi qun thnh hnh l xo?
p: Dy vnfram sau khi qun thnh hnh l xo, lm gim ng k di bn
ngoi ca dy tc n, kt cu ca bng n tng i n gin, rt gn kch thc,
tng cng c hc ca dy tc, kh b rung gy, hn na do nhit lng tp
trung, in nng a vo nh nhau, nhit tng i cao, nh sng pht ra tng
i mnh, tc hiu sut tng i cao.
Hi: Trn bng n in ti sao phi lp chp n?
p: Tc dng ca mt ging nh my chp hnh, chng ta u bit nu my
chp hnh nhm chnh vo ngun nh sng rt sng th hnh nh chp c, ngc
li nhe nhot khng r. Nu mt nhn thng vo ngun nh sng rt sng, mng mt
s t ng co vo nh sng bc x khng lm tn thng vng mc, nhng sau
khi mng mt co vo nh sng bc x qu t, vt th kh nhn cho r. l nguyn
nhn thng thng phi lm chp n nh sng khng trc tip bc x vo mt.
- Trang 313 -
Bng n khng lp chp th s pht ra quang thng khc nhau trn cc hng khc
nhau, v th trn b mt cc ch c khong cch ging nhau quanh bng n s
c chiu sng khc nhau, nu mun yu cu mt b mt no c chiu sng tt
v d mt bn, nh sng ca bng n c th thng qua chp n phn x ln mt
bn, l mt nguyn nhn na ca vic thng phi lp chp n trn n.
- Trang 314 -
13 - 2 n hunh quang
Hi: Ti sao bng n hunh quang c th pht nh sng mu sc khc nhau
nh xanh, xanh da tri, mu trng vng, v.v...?
p: Ty theo thnh phn cht hunh quang trn vch trong bng n hunh
quang khc nhau m pht ra nh sng mu khc nhau. Cht hunh quang Tungstat
magi pht nh sng mu xanh, Tungstat km pht nh sng mu da tri, hp kim km
- Beri ca mui silicat pht nh sng mu trng vng.
Hi: Ti sao sau khi thng ngun hai u bng n non ln nhng n mi
vn khng sng?
p: Do tip im ca tc te b dnh cht khng tch ra c hoc tc te b
nh thng gy ngn mch, khin dy tc bng n non lun thng in lm cho hai
u bng n ln, nn chn lu khng th sinh ra in th cm ng, trn bng n
khng c in p xung kch, v th khng th thp sng. Nh vy, s d chy dy tc,
gim tui th ca bng n. Ngoi ra, do phn ln in p ngun t hai u chn
lu, chn lu trng thi qu ti, d b nng, thm ch chy hng. ngh kim tra
v thay tc te.
Hi: Vo ma ng nhit tng i thp, ti sao sng ca n hunh
quang gim?
p: n hunh quang da vo thy ngn gia hai in cc u bng n khi
bc hi dn in, pht ra tia t ngoi, kch thch bt hunh quang vch trong bng
n pht ra nh sng c th nhn thy. Hiu sut khi hi thy ngn dn in chuyn
ha thnh tia t ngoi tng ng vi p sut hi, p sut hi trong bng n ph
thuc vo nhit mi trng chung quanh. Ni chung khi thit k bng n, gi
thit nhit mi trng chung quanh l 25oC. Ma ng nhit tng i thp,
do p sut hi trong bng thp hn nhiu so vi tr s thit k, cho nn hiu sut
pht sng cng gim ng k.
tt?

Hi: Tui th s dng ca n hunh quang ti sao ph thuc v s ln bt,
p: Tui th ca n hunh quang ch yu quyt nh bi cht lng lp

oxy ha trn dy tc bng n. Khi khi ng n, do tc dng phi hp ca chn
lu, tc te, s sinh ra cao p tc th hai u bng n khin n sng. Lc ny, lp
oxy ha trn dy tc s chu s bn ph ca cc ion di tc dng in trng mnh,
d b hng nht. Khi tn tht ca lp mng n mc in t pht x khng thp
sng n na th tui th ca bng n cng ht. Tn hi m lp sn oxy ha chu
ng khi khi ng bng n nghim trng hn nhiu so vi khi lm vic, cho nn
tui th ca bng n non ph thuc vo s ln khi ng, khi ng cng nhiu
th tui th cng ngn.
- Trang 315 -

Hi: Ti sao chn lu n hunh quang thng dng keo nha bitum lm cht
chn n?
p: Chn lu n hunh quang l cun dy hn dng c li st. Li st nh,
khng c chi tit kp, di tc dng ca t thng xoay chiu, phin st chn ng
sinh ra ting n. Sau khi chn bng keo nha bitum, khin li st thnh khi lin,
loi tr ting n, cn c tc dng cch in v tn nhit. ng thi cng ngh
keo nha bitum n gin, gi thnh r.
Hi: Ti sao n hunh quang khng s dng chiu sng khn cp?
p: Bi v n hunh quang c cc khuyt im sau y:
(1) Khi in p st gim, khng th sng c.
(2) Khi nhit chung quanh thp, n kh sng.
(3) n hunh quang khng c qun tnh nhit, khin quang thng dao ng
ln hn n sng trng, nh vy s ph hoi th gic bnh thng i vi vt th di
ng.
(4) Cc chi tit phi thuc tng i nhiu, d xy ra s c hn n sng
trng.
Hi: Chn lu n hunh quang c hai loi: bn u dy ra v hai u dy ra.
Loi 4 u dy ra c u im g?
p: Cch u dy chn lu bn u dy ra nh th hin
hnh 13 - 2 - 7. Trn cng mt li st, u dy ra 1, 2 l cun dy
chnh, s vng ca n nhiu hn chn lu hai u dy ra; u dy
ra 3, 4 l cun dy ph, s vng t hn nhiu so vi cun dy
chnh. Chiu qun ca cun dy chnh, ph ngc nhau (1, 3 l
u bt u ca cun dy), tc chiu hai ng sc t ngc nhau. Khi n hunh
quang thng ngun, in th cm ng hai u cun dy ph cng vi cun dy
chnh, do ng sc t trit tiu ln nhau, khin tr khng ca cun dy chnh gim,
dng in tng ln, nn bng n lm nng nhanh, khi ngt tc te, do s vng ca
cun dy chnh nhiu, in th cm ng cao, nn cng c li cho khi ng n. Sau
khi bng n khi ng, cun dy ph tm thi mt tc dng, do s vng ca cun
dy chnh nhiu, tc dng hn dng ca n tt hn loi hai u dy ra. Nht l khi
in p ngun dao ng, do dng in lm vic ca bng n thay i t, sng n
nh, c th ko di tui th s dng. V th c bit thch hp s dng nhng ni
in p dao ng tng i ln. Nhng khi s dng cn ch khng c u sai
u ni, nu khng, khng ch nh hng n tui th v tnh nng khi ng ca
bng n, thm ch cn chy hng chn lu v bng n.
Hi: Ti sao c mt s n huynh quang sau khi tt vn cn hin tng sng
nhp nhy yu t?
- Trang 316 -
p: Nu cng tc u trn dy pha (dy la) th sau khi ngt cng tc (tc
ngt in), ngun in ngt hon ton th n non s khng nhp nhy. Nu cng
tc u trn dy t, tuy cng tc ngt, nhng bng n vn c in, khi cch
in khng tht tt c in r chy qua, khin n nhp nhy sng yu. V th, khi
lp n hunh quang, trc tin cn dng bt th in kim tra, u cng tc ln dy
pha.
in?

Hi: n sng trng 40W tit kim in hay n hunh quang 40W tit kim
p: Tuy cng sut nh mc ca bng n sng trng v bng n hunh

quang bng nhau nhng chn lu ca n hunh quang cng tiu hao cng sut, nh
tng lng in s dng ca n hunh quang 40W l khong 49.6W, ln hn lng
tiu hao in ca n sng trng 40W. Xt t gc s dng in th lng in s
dng ca n hunh quang 40W ln hn n sng trng 40W.
Nu xt t hiu sut pht sng th n hunh quang tit kim in hn n
sng trng. Lng quang thng ca bng n sng trng (kiu PZ8) 40W l 340
lumen, hiu sut pht sng l 8.5 lumen/W. Lng quang thng ca bng n hunh
quang 40W (kiu RL - 40) l 2640 lumen, hiu sut pht sng l 66 lumen/W, gp hn
7 ln n sng trng (lng quang thng ca n tng ng vi lng quang thng
ca bng n sng trng 200W kiu PQ 11). Cho nn, t c hiu sut pht sng
nh nhau th n hunh quang tit kim in hn n sng trng.
Hi: n hunh quang trn xe but v xe in s dng ngun in xoay chiu
phi khng?
p: n hunh quang nh trn xe but v xe in s dng ngun in mt
chiu, qua b bin i bn dn, to ra in xoay chiu cao tn sau mi cung cp
in cho n. B bin i bn dn bao gm mch dao ng t kch bn dn v mt
bin p mch xung tng p thc hin lm nng dy tc, xc pht cao p v h p
(c mt s mch in khng qua lm nng dy tc m trc tip xc pht). Nng cao
tn s ngun in n hunh quang c th nng cao hiu sut pht sng, ng thi
cn c th trnh c hin tng nhp nhy ca n ni chung. trnh sinh ra
ting n dao ng, ni chung tn s u chn trong phm vi siu m tn, khong
17000Hz.
Hi: Ti sao khi xe but khi ng, n toa xe bng ti li, cn xe in khng
ray khi khi ng n toa xe li sng bnh thng?
p: ng c ca xe but phi dng mt in mt chiu khi ng.
My khi ng v mch in chiu sng cng do c qui cung cp in. Do dng
in khi ng ca my khi ng gy nn st p rt ln trong c qui, khin in p
u st xung. V th khi khi ng, n toa xe bng ti li. Khi khi ng xong,
my khi ng ngng hot ng, sng ca n mi khi phc bnh thng.
Mch in ng lc ca xe in khng ray do in li trn khng cung cp
(600V) bo m an ton, mch in chiu sng vn do c qui cung cp (12V).
- Trang 317 -
Mch in chiu sng khng ph thuc mch in ng lc, v th khi khi ng,
n toa xe vn sng nh thng.
Hi: n hunh quang 3W ti sao khng cn dng chn lu?
p: n hunh quang 3W tr ln cn c chn lu lm khi ng cao p, duy
tr thp p, tc phi c in p khi ng cao hn in p ngun in, sau khi a
vo hot ng bnh thng phi c in p lm vic thp hn in p ngun. n
hunh quang 3W l kt cu hai lp, li trong l bng n hunh quang 3W, s dng
in cc bng nhm dng ng trn, trn vch trng lp mng dn in tetracloride
thic u, trong sut, khng mu, u ni tip vi bng.
Ngoi vic n gip d khi ng, ch yu cn lm cho bng n c th duy tr
c trng thi phng in n nh, khin in p v dng in lm vic ca bng
n duy tr trong phm vi nh mc, cho nn n hunh quang 3W khng cn dng
chn lu.
Hi: Trong mi trng ti, ly tay s ng thy tinh hai u bng n hunh
quang, s c hin tng g?
p: Phn u bng n s pht ra qung sng yu t. l do khi s tay vo
ng thy tinh, dy tc v tay thnh hai bn cc ca t in, di tc dng ca in
p, sinh ra dng in in dung rt nh, khin bt hunh quang trn vch ng pht ra
hunh quang yu t.
Hi: Ti sao n hunh quang lp trong phng th nghim cao p xoay chiu
khng c in, khi tin hnh th nghim cao p, c khi pht sng?
p: l do trong bng n non np y hi thy ngn khng n nh, khi
th nghim cao p, in trng mnh xoay chiu quanh dy dn chy qua bng n,
c kh nng lm cho phn t kh thy ngn ion ha v sinh ra s chuyn ng khng
qui tc, va vo vch bng c bi bt hunh quang, nh vy khin n pht sng.
Hi: Khi in p ngun thp hn nh mc, ti sao tui th s dng ca n
sng trng c th ko di cn tui th n non li gim?
p: n sng trng l ngun nh sng bc x nhit, da vo bc x nhit
cao ca dy vnfram pht ra nh sng c th nhn thy. Khi in p ngun thp, do
dng in gim, nhit lm vic ca dy tc gim thp, s thng hoa ca dy
vnfram gim, cho nn tui th s dng c th ko di.
Nguyn l hot ng ca n hunh quang l dy tc sau khi gia nhit pht x
in t, khin thy ngn trong bng n bc hi ion ha, pht ra tia t ngoi di s
kch thch ca tia t ngoi, bt hunh quang trn vch bng pht ra nh sng c th
nhn thy. tng kh nng pht x in t ca dy tc, trn b mt dy tc c trng
cc cht pht x, nh carbonat beri, carbonat canxi, carbonat stroni. Khi in p ngun
gim thp, do dng in gim, nhit lm nng dy tc khng , kh nng pht
- Trang 318 -
x in t km, khi ng kh khn, tt yu tng s ln bn ph i vi dy tc,

gy nn bn tung cht pht x, cho nn gim tui th.
Hi: Chiu sng bng phn phi in th dng n sng trng tt hay n
hunh quang tt?
p: n sng trng tt hn. Bi v n sng trng khng nhp nhy, c s
liu trn ng h tng i d, khi in p dao ng, s bin ng t ngt ca
nh sng n c th c tc dng tn hiu. n hunh quang do hin tng nhp nhy
rt r, khng c li cho vic c ng h, khi in p thay i t ngt v s c
ca ng h hin th bin ng, nh hng c bit ln. V th, n hunh quang
khng tt bng n sng trng.
Hi: Ti sao hu tay di nh n hunh quang nhn thy nhiu bng nh, cn
di n sng trng th khng c?
p: Bi v n non da vo tia m cc sinh ra trong bng n kch thch
cht hunh quang vch bng n lm n pht sng. Khi khng c tia x, nh sng lp
tc mt. Do in s dng chiu sng ph thng u l in xoay chiu nn tia x
sinh ra trong bng n khi th t tri qua phi, lc th t phi qua tri, gia c dng
li rt ngn, v th khin nh sng sinh ra nhp nhy, mt ngi ch c th nhn thy
tay khi n sng, khi n ti nhn khng thy. Cho nn khi hu tay, nhn thy bng
nh tay, nh sng ca n sng trng l do t nng m pht sng, nh sng lin tc,
cho nn khng c hin tng ny.
Hi: So snh gia n hunh quang v n sng trng ph thng c cng cng
sut th loi no chi mt?
p: So snh gia n hunh quang vi n sng trng ph thng th s cm
thy bng n sng trng ph thng chi mt hn. Bi v nh sng ca n sng trng
l pht ra t b mt dy tc: din tch pht sng ca mt n sng trng 40W l
khong 0.8cm2. cn nh sng ca n hunh quang pht ra t bt hunh quang, in
tch pht sng ca n hunh quang 40W l khong 1350cm2. Tuy hiu sut pht sng
ca n non ln hn n sng trng 4.5 ln, nhng din tch pht sng ln hn gn
1700 ln, kt qu nh sng pht ra trn mi n v din tch ch bng 1/100 n sng
trng, cho nn nhn thng vo n hunh quang khng cm thy chi mt.
Hi: Ti sao nh chp ca n hunh quang lm vic trong ngun in xoay
chiu tng i r rt, cn n sng trng ph thng khng c hin tng ny?
p: Ngun sng hot ng trong ngun in xoay chiu th dng in ca
n bin i theo chu k. i vi n hunh quang, bt hunh quang b kch thch pht
sng, v thi gian kch thch sng ca bt hunh quang rt ngn, cho nn s pht ra
ca nh sng thay i theo s thay i ca dng in, hin tng nh chp s rt r.
Tn s cng thp th nh chp cng r. i vi n sng trng, khi n sng, dy tc
tch tr nhit lng nht nh, trong thi gian rt ngn, nhit khng th h xung
- Trang 319 -
nhanh, nh vy s bin i chu k ca dng in nh hng rt nh n s pht

sng ca bng n. Cho nn bin thay i ca nh sng ca n sng trng tng
i nh, th gic ca ngi c bn khng pht hin c.
- Trang 320 -
13 - 3 Cc ngun sng khc

Hi: Hiu sut pht sng ca n thy ngn cao p cao, tui th di, tiu hao
in t, nhng ti sao ch s dng ni cng cng?
p: Bi v thi gian t sng ca n thy ngn cao p phi cn 5 10 pht,
sau khi tt li khng th lp tc sng tr li (trong trng thi nng, n i hi mch
xung cao p cng sut ln xc pht th mi c th sng, cho nn sau khi tt n, phi
ngui 5 - 10 pht ri mi bt in li). Ngoi ra, khi ng thp sng nhiu ln
s nh hng rt ln n tui th ca n. V th, n ch c th dng ni cng
cng sng thu m, ch khng th s dng gia nh.
Hi: n cao p thy ngn c loi phi lp thm chn lu bn ngoi v t
in ci thin h s cng sut, c loi li khng dng, ti sao?
p: n thy ngn cao p do c c tnh in tr m, u phi lp thm
chn lu mi c th lm vic n nh. Chn lu c 2 loi: chn lu in cm v
chn lu in tr. Chn lu c tnh cht in cm u bn ngoi, trnh lm
gim h s cng sut, li phi phi hp thm t in, gi l n thy ngn cao p
chn lu ngoi. Chn lu c tnh cht in tr l s dng dy tc in tr lp gia
v thy tinh trong ngoi ca bng n, h s cng sut ca n cao, cng khng cn
u thm t in, gi l n thy ngn cao p t chn lu, ch cn xoy vo ui n
phi hp l c th pht sng. Tuy lp rp s dng tin li, nhng tui th bng n
v hiu sut pht sng u khng c nh n thy ngn cao p chn lu ngoi c
cng cng sut.
Hi: n hunh quang dng trang tr ti sao phi lp bin p?
p: Trong bng n hunh quang c np kh tr khc nhau vi s lng nht
nh thng dng c cgn, non, h li, cripton, x non v.v...
Mun lm cho cc cht kh ny pht sng cn phi c cao p, thng thng l 6
- 15 kV (in p ny t l thun vi di, ng knh ca bng n) v th phi
phi hp bin p. Bin p n hunh quang l bin p tng p, u vo l 220V, u
ra cao nht l 15kV. in th tuy rt cao nhng dng in rt nh, ni chung ch c
18 - 30mA.
Hi: Bng n Natri cao p ti sao khng dng bng thy tinh chu nhit cao
trong sut m phi dng bng bng s na trong sut?
p: Bi v trong bng n Natri cao p np y kh kim loi Natri, tnh n
mn ca Natri di nhit cao p rt mnh, bt c loi thy tinh no u khng
chu ni. Do s dng ng s na trong sut ch to bng oxyt nhm va c th
chu c in p cao, nhit cao va c th chng n mn. Tuy khng hon ton
trong sut, nhng cng c th pht x nh sng c th nhn thy trn 90%.
- Trang 321 -

Hi: n chiu sng bn xe, bn tu, qung trng ti sao phi dng n
Natri cao p thay th n thy ngn cao p?
p: n Natri cao p v n thy ngn cao p u thuc n phng in qua
cht kh. Nhng n Natri cao p l ngun nh sng tin tin hin nay. c im ch
yu ca n c: (1) Hiu sut pht sng ca n Natri cao p cao hn 2 ln so vi n
thy ngn cao p dng cng sut, tui th ca n gp 8 ln n thy ngn cao p,
dng n Natri cao p c th tit kim ngun nng lng, chi ph v tiu hao bng
n, c hiu qu v li ch kinh t tng i ln. (2) Tnh xuyn qua sng m ca
n Natri cao p mnh, khong cch c th nhn thy xa, tia sng ha du, c mnh
danh l "n nh sng mt tri" khng dn d cn trng, c bit thch hp chiu
sng trn din tch ln nh bn xe, bn tu, sn bay, qung trng, ng ph.
Hi: n nh sng en ti sao c th dit cn trng?
p: Hnh dng bn ngoi n nh sng en ging nh n hunh quang n c
th pht ra mt t nh sng mt ngi c th nhn thy, cn li l pht ra tia t ngoi
c bc sng khong 3600 Angstron, v th sng ca loi n ny tng i ti,
nn gi l n nh sng en. Thn kinh th gic ca cn trng c hi rt nhy cm vi
tia t ngoi c bc sng 3300 - 4000 Angstron. Ban m bt n nh sng en, cn
trng c hi s ko n. Bn di n nh sng en c dng c cha nc tng i
ln, cho thuc dit trng va phi vo trong nc, cn trng ri xung nc s b
git cht. V th n nh sng mu en c th dit trng.
- Trang 322 -
13 - 4 Mch in chiu sng v vn hnh

Hi: S dng in p 380/220V lm in p chiu sng so vi 220/127V c
nhng u im g?
p: Trong li in ca thit b chiu sng, i b phn p dng in p
380/220V. N c cc u im: trn ng trc cng dung lng, tit kim c
lng ng s dng, din tch tit din ca dy dn 380/220V nh hn so vi
220/127V, do tit kim c ng, chi ph u t gim khong 5 - 10%, chiu sng
c th kt hp vi bin p v in lc, c th gim s lng bin th.
Hi: ng dy chiu sng trong x nghip, ti sao thng dng cch i ngoi
m khng dng cch i chm?
p: ng dy i ni d di chuyn. Mch in ca n v v tr n khng
nh hng ti kt cu xy dng, li d kim tra v sa cha, khi cn tng thm n
cng tin u ni. ng ni cn tit kim tin, tit kim dy hn ng chm.
Hi: Dng 2 cu dao 1 dao v cu dao 2
dao khng ch 1 bng n, yu cu mi cu dao
u c th m tt bng n , mch in ny
nn u ni nh th no?
p: u ni nh th hin hnh 13 - 4 3. Nu gim 2 cu dao 2 dao th s tr thnh
mch in 3 cng tc khng ch mt bng n. Nu gia tng thm 2 cu dao 2
dao th s tr thnh mch in 7 cng tc khng ch mt bng n. V th cch u
dy mch in ny c th tr thnh mch in c s cng tc bt k khng ch mt
bng n hoc thit b in pha no .
Hi: Trong ui n xoy si dy no phi u vi dy pha?
p: Khi lp ui n phi u dy tip t ln ming xoy ui n bi v
d9in tch ming xoy ln, c bit l khi lp bng n m c in, d chm b in
git Cho nn v im ny khi thi cng phi c bit ch .
Hi: Ti sao khi kim tra s c ngn mch ng dy chiu sng trong nh
c th lp song song mt bng n ln a, b ca cu ch dy vo
(nh hnh 13 - 4 - 5), nu bng n sng bnh thng, chng t c
s c ngn mch, nu bng n tt chng t s c ngn mch
c khc phc?
p: Khi ngn mch ng dy chiu sng trong nh (xem
hnh), im b thng vi dy O, lc ny in p gia a,b l: U ab =
220V cho nn bng n D sng bnh thng. Sau khi s c ngn
- Trang 323 -
mch c khc phc, im b khng ni vi dy O na, cho nn D tt. V th c th

dng D sng hay khng phn on s c ngn mch ng dy chiu sng trong
nh xem khc phc cha?
Hi: C lc bng n khng sng ly bng n ra dng bt th in o 2 chn
ui n ti sao u c in?
p: Nguyn nhn l t dy tip t. Nh th hin hnh
13 - 4 - 6 khi dy t b t im a, dng bt th in do dy la
r rng c in cn khi o dy t, do gia dy la vi dy t c
in dung phn b, c th thay th bng t in tng ng C, v
th sinh ra ci gi l "in cm ng" trn on dy t a, b khin
bt th in sng.
Hi: in tr ca bng n 100W, 110V ph thng, dng cng thc R = U/I =
U2
tnh ra bng 121, nhng khi dng ng h m o trc tip ch c vi m, ti
P
sao?
p: Nhit vn hnh ca n sng trng ph thng l 3400K hoc 3100oC,
lc ny in tr tng ng k theo s tng ln ca nhit , t ti khong 13 ln
nhit bnh thng, ng nhin chnh lch rt ln vi in tr khi dng ng h
m in p thp o c nhit thp vi dng in rt nh. Mun o mt cch
tng i chnh xc in tr ca bng n in phi tin hnh di dng in hoc
nhit nh sn.
Hi: n in ca 1 h s dng c 3 ng, khi vn hnh n ca ng
th 2 v th 3 t nhin cng ti li khi sa cha, em n ca ng th 2 tt tng
chic mt, cc n khc ca ng ny cng tt cng sng cn n ng th 3 th
cng ti. Nguyn nhn do u, lm sao sa cha?
p: Tnh hnh ny xy ra trong mch in u
tam gic, nh th hin hnh 13 - 4 - 8. Lc ny do cu
ch pha C b t, n ca ng th 2 v th 3 tr thnh
u ni tip gia A vi B, in p st thp, ng thi
nh sng n tr nn ti Nu em n ca ng th 2
tt tng chic mt, in tr ca ng ny tng ln,
in p cng tng, v th n ca ng th 2 dn dn
sng ln cn n ca ng th 3 do in tr ca ng th 2 tng ln nn dng
in gim, v th cng ti li. Pht hin hin tng ny ch cn kim tra cu ch,
thay dy ch b t l c th khi phc trng thi c.
Hi: Khong cch gia cc ct in trong th ti sao vo khong 30 - 40m?
- Trang 324 -
p: Khong cch gia cc ct in l xt trn 2 mt, kinh t v sng ca

n ng. Khong cch gia cc ct qu ln tuy tit kim ct in nhng vng
ca dy in rt ln, lng ph dy in, ng thi mi ct in lp 1 bng n,
sng khng t tiu chun. Ngc li nu khong cch qu nh, tuy sng rt ln,
vng rt nh nhng ct in v dng c n s dng rt nhiu cng khng kinh
t, v th ni chung gin cch gia cc ct in u khong 30 - 40m.
Hi: Khi dng b tip xc xoay chiu iu khin n sng trng, ti sao
ch c th s dng mt na dng in nh mc ca n?
p: B tip xc xoay chiu ch yu dng iu khin mt in xoay chiu,
u tip xc chnh ca n, ngoi vic c th thng qua dng in lm vic lu di,
cn c th chu c dng in xung kch khi mi u thng. Khi khi ng trc
tip do dng in khi ng gp 6 - 7 ln dng in nh mc nn dng in u
thng ca b tip xc ch to theo gp 6 - 7 ln dng in nh mc. in tr trng
thi ngui ca n sng trng bng mt phn mi my ca trng thi nhit, tc
dng in khi bt thng gp mi my ln dng in nh mc. Khi dng b tip
xc xoay chiu iu khin n sng trng, nu dng in nh mc ca 2 th bng
nhau th dng in xung kch khi u thng s vt gn 2 ln kh nng ca n nn
d gy s c. Cho nn dng in nh mc ca b tip xc xoay chiu phi l gp 2
ln dng in nh mc ca n sng trng do n iu khin.
Hi: H s cng sut ca ph ti chiu sng cao hn h s cng sut dng
in ca mt, nhng ti sao khi nh my in thu cc in, cc s dng chiu
sng li t hn cc in dng cho mt in?
p: C 2 nguyn nhn: (1) Mt in dng in 3 pha cn bng, hn na s
dng lin tc c ngy khi lng ln, cn 3 pha ca ph ti chiu sng cha chc
cn bng, hn na lng in s dng tng i t m cng ch c ban m mi
dng, khin mc li dng ca thit b pht in phn phi in tng i thp,
iu ny khng c li i vi nh my in. (2) thc y s pht trin cng
nghip. Bi v sau khi chi ph ngun in ng lc ca x nghip hm m gim
thp, c th h gi thnh sn phm ca nh my cng nghip.
- Trang 325 -
CHNG XIV
C QUI
14 - 1 B tr bn cc c qui

Hi: Ti sao bn cc c qui ch phi c rnh dc? Tm ngn gia bn cc
m v bn cc dng nn b tr ra sao?
p: phng nga ngn mch gia bn cc dng vi bn cc m ca c
qui phi dng tm ngn kp vo gia bn cc dng v bn cc m ngn cch
chng ra. Tm ngn c nhiu l, cho php dung dch in gii t do khuch tn, cn
c rnh dc c th nng cao cng c hc. Khi lp rp, phi mt trn
phng ca tm ngn v pha bn cc m, mt c rnh v pha bn cc dng. l
nhm gim thiu tip xc gia tm ngn vi bn cc dng, t lm tng lng
dung dch in gii gn bn cc dng, c li cho phn ng ha hc gia dung dch
in gii vi bn cc.
Hi: Thanh ni gia cc c qui ch, ti sao ch c th dng thanh ch?
p: Thanh ni gia cc c qui ch ch c th dng thanh ch ni, tuyt i
khng c s dng kim loi ph thng khc. l bi v ch khng b n mn bi
dung dch axt sunfuric, cn cc kim loi khc th b n mn, cho nn dng ch lm
thanh ni c th bo m s vn hnh tin cy ca c qui. Vic ni gia cc c qui
dung lng nh c gia c bng c, c ny cng phi dng c bng ch hoc c
bng thp m ch.
Hi: Ti sao bn cc m ca c qui nhiu hn bn cc dng mt tm?
p: Khi np, phng in, gia hai bn cc v dung dch in gii xy ra
nhng bin i ha hc, nng ln, khin bn cc n ra, nhng mc nng ca hai
bn cc khc nhau, nhit lng pht ra ca bn cc dng tng i ln, n mnh,
cn bn cc m li t hn. lm cho hai mt ca bn cc dng u xy ra thay
i ha hc nh nhau, mc n hai mt u, phng nga bn cc xy ra hin
tng cong hoc gp gy, cho nn phi tng thm mt tm bn cc m. Bn cc m
lp ngoi tuy ch xy ra bin i ha hc mt mt, nhng do lng pht nhit ca
n rt nh, khng n ni gy ra cong hoc t gy.
- Trang 326 -
14 - 2 Dung dch in gii

Hi: Dung dch axit funfuric ca c qui qu t hoc qu nhiu s c nhc
im g?
p: Khi np in n mc sunfat ch trn bn cc hu nh hon nguyn ton
b hoc l cn rt t, v hydro gii phng ra trn bn cc m khng tham gia phn
ng na m tr thnh ion hydro, bt u thot ra di dng bt kh, ng thi ion
gc axit sunfuric in ly ra trn bn cc dng v nc xy ra phn ng thay th,
kt qu gii phng xy, y chnh l lc c qui t ti trng thi si.
Nu dung dch axit sunfuric qu y th khi si c th xy ra hin tng
bn tc, s bt li cho nhn vin cng tc. Nu dung dch axit sunfuric qu t th khng
th lm cho bn cc ngm hn vo trong dung dch. Nh vy, mt phn trong s
khng th tham gia phng din, khin thi gian phng in rt ngn.
Hn na, do mt b phn khng tham d phn ng, khng sinh ra sunfat ch
m tnh nng ca sunfat ch khc vi ch thun cht v oxyt ch, bin dng cng
khng nh nhau, hnh thnh hin tng cong vnh, nh vy s gim thi hn s
dng bn cc. Nu khi dung dch axit sunfuric khng nn qu dy hoc qu t
Hi: T trng dung dch in gii (axit sunfuric long) trong c qui dng cho
xe hi l 1.280 - 1.300. Ti sao t trng dung dch in gii ca c qui c nh s
dng trong h thng in lc, in tn li qui nh 1.200 - 1.220?
p: c qui ch thuc ngun in ha hc, dung dch in gii l cht tc
dng ch yu ca c qui. T trng dung dch in gii thp s c cc u im: tui
th s dng di, gim tn tht t phng in, chnh lch t trng nh, phm vi thay
i in p nh. Di iu kin dung lng in nng nh nhau, khi s dng dung
dch in gii t trng thp phi tng thch hp khi lng dung dch in gii, do
c qui c nh s dng iu kin tnh ti, v th iu kin hay ch v th tch v
trng lng ca c qui yu cu tng i thp, cho nn khi thit k c th tng
dung tch c qui, t trng dung dch in gii c th la chn thp hn ti trng dung
dch in gii c qui t.
Hi: T trng dung dch in gii ca c qui c bit trong mt nhm c qui
ch nu b thp, khng c mo mui axit sunfuric long vo, ti sao?
p: T trng dung dch in gii ca c qui ch khng th xung thp mt
cch v c. Nguyn nhn gy nn t trng xung thp a phn l do bn cc b ngn
mch hoc nhm dung dch in gii khng tiu chun, khin lng t phng
in ln, dn n sunfat ha bn cc gy nn, s t l do dng c cha b nt gy r
r dung dch in gii. Nu thuc trng hp trn th phi kim tra r v khc phc
nguyn nhn t phng in, sau tin hnh np in c bit, t trng s c phc
hi. Nu thuc trng hp sau th phi thay dng c cha. thm axit sunfuric
long s tng nhanh sunfat ha bn cc c qui.
- Trang 327 -
14 - 3 Np - phng in ca c qui
Hi: c qui axit ch ca nh my pht in ti sao phi thng xuyn tin
hnh np in ni (m)?
p: c qui np in, sau mt thi gian nht nh s gim in lng,
hin tng ny gi l t phng in. Nguyn nhn ch yu gy nn hin tng ny
l do bn cc cha tp cht, hnh thnh pin nh cc b. Hai cc ca pin nh li hnh
thnh mch kn ngn mch, dn n c qui t phng in. Ngoi ra, do t trng trn
di ca dung dch in gii c qui khc nhau, khin in th trn di bn cc
khng bng nhau, iu ny cng dn n c qui t phng in. V th, phi dng
mt my np ni (m) cng sut rt nh hoc thit b chnh lu silic, thng xuyn
tin hnh np in ni (m) i vi c qui, nhm b tn hao t phng in.
Hi: c qui axit ch s dng c nh, ngoi thng xuyn thc hin np in
ni ra, ti sao cn phi nh k tin hnh np din cn bng?
p: c qui s sinh ra t phng in, b sung tn tht t phng in ca
c qui p dng np in ni, lm cho c qui lun duy tr dung lng m ph ti
yu cu, bo m c ngun in mt chiu tin cy. Nhng trong vn hnh lu di,
s t phng in ca mi c qui s khc nhau, cn dng in np ni bng nhau,
nh vy s xut hin mt b phn c qui vo trng thi thiu np in. V th,
ni chung c 1 - 3 thng tin hnh np in cn bng mt ln i vi c qui, tc lm
tng dng in np in ni, khin in p c qui duy tr 2.35 vn, thi gian lin
tc khng di 5 gi, ch cho t trng dung dch in gii ca c qui c dung dch
in gii tng i thp nng ln, l c th khi phc vn hnh vi hnh thc np
in ni bnh thng.
Hi: Ti sao dng in phng in ca c qui ch cng ln th tr s dung
lng a ra (ampe x gi) ca c qui cng nh?
p: Khi dng in phng in ca c qui cng ln, phn ng ha hc ca
hot cht trn bn cc dng, m trong c qui cng mnh, khe l ca hot cht b
mt bn cc s nhanh chng b ch sunfat sinh ra bt cht, hot cht lp trong ca
bn cc s khng th tham gia phn ng ha hc mt cch trit , hiu sut li
dng s thp, v th dung lng a ra thc t ca c qui s cng nh. Ly c qui
ch kiu GGF - 300 lm v d, theo qui nh, phng in vi dng in 30 ampe, c
th phng in lin tc trong 10 gi th tr s dung lng a ra l 30 ampe x 10 gi
= 300 ampe x gi. Nu phng in vi dng in 135 ampe th ch c th phng in
lin tc 1 gi, dung lng a ra l 135 ampe x 1 gi = 135 ampe/g ch bng 45%
dung lng khi phng in 30 ampe.
Hi: c qui np in xong, ti sao phi ct ngun in np trc sau mi
ly kp trn u c qui ra?
- Trang 328 -
p: Khi np in cho c qui n mc nht nh, c qui bt u ni bt

v dn dn tng mnh. l do tc dng in gii ca dng in i vi dung dch
in gii sinh ra hydro v xy. Khi hydro trong khng kh trong phng t ti khong
4%, gp phi la hoc tia la in th c th dn ti bc chy, n. V th, trong
phng np in phi c thit b thng gi tt, kp thi thot thi hai cht kh hydro
v xy trong phng ra ngoi. ng thi, nht thit phi tun th qui trnh thao tc, ct
ngun np trc ri mi tho kp trn u c qui ra. Nh vy c th trnh c tia
la in sinh ra khi ct mch c in, phng nga n kh hydro trong khng kh.
Hi: Dng thit b chnh lu thirixto, vi mc ra nh mc 30V, 300A np
in cho nhm c qui 24V, ti sao t in p n 26V m vn cha c dng in
np?
p: S dn thng ca thirixto phi c in p dng, xung xc pht, sau khi
dn thng cn phi c dng in duy tr nht nh mi c th tip tc dn thng. c
qui l ph ti c phn in th, trc khi cha np in c in p h mch
tng i cao. Khi c xung xc pht, thirixto tm thi dn thng, nhng sau khi xung
xc pht mt, do in tr trong c qui rt ln, dng in trong mch in thp hn
dng in duy tr, thirixto ngt, nn khng th np in. 26V m vn k ch bo l
in p h mch ca c qui. c th np in c th cn nng cao thch hp
in p u ra chnh lu hoc u song song in tr hai u c qui, sau khi c
dng in np, do in tr bn trong c qui gim, c th ct in tr v iu chnh
thng xuyn dng in np, khin n c bn t c dng in n nh.
- Trang 329 -
14 - 4 Vn hnh c qui
Hi: Ti sao trong cng mt khoang hoc trong cng mt phng, khng c
cng lc lp chung c qui axit v c qui kim?
p: Bi v hi axit c tc dng ph hoi i vi c qui kim, m hi ca
kim cng c tc dng ph hoi nh vy i vi c qui axit. c bit l c qui
kim, cho d ch c rt t axit vo trong c qui cng c th ph hy bn cc in l
rnh c qui V th c qui axit, kim lun lun lp tch ring.
Hi: Trong phng t c qui c th s dng dy ci bng nhm khng?
p: Khng c. Dy ci trong bung c qui phi dng dy ci bng ng
hoc dy ng trn ch khng th dng dy nhm. l v dy ci bng nhm tuy
khng b n mn trong khng kh nhng sc khng ca nhm i vi axit hoc
kim st yu. cho nn trong phng c qui d b axit hoc kim xm thc, nn khng
dng dy chnh bng nhm.
Hi: Phng c qui trong trm bin in thng duy tr nhit nht nh (10
o
- 25 C), ti sao?
p: Khi phng in, do nng ca dung dch trong bn cc gim thp, axit
sunfuric trong dng c cha khng ngng khuch tn vo trong bn cc. Nu nhit
trong phng gim thp th s chuyn ng phn t s gim yu, do gim s
khuch tn ca dung dch vo trong bn cc, tc suy gim in th ca c qui
tng nhanh, gim dung lng ca c qui. Nu khi nhit trong phng t ngt tng
cao s sinh ra hin tng t phng in gia bn cc. Nhit trong phng qu cao,
khin khi np in, bn cc ca c qui v vn hoc tm ngn chy en, dn n
hng. Do nhit trong phng tng cao hoc xung thp u khng c li cho s
vn hnh bnh thng ca c qui, do thng thng phi gi nhit trong phng
khong 10 ~ 25oC.
Hi: Pin mi, pin c c th s dng chung vi nhau c
khng?
p: C th dng mt cc pin mi v mt cc pin c
th, u ni tip pin mi vi pin c ri u vi mt in tr c
th iu chnh, nh th hin hnh 14 - 4 - 4. Tng bc gim
tr s in tr, sau ln lt o in p u U1 v U2 ca mi pin. Theo gim
ca in tr ph ti, dng in phng in s tng ln theo, in p U1 trn pin mi
thay i khng ln cn in p u U2 ca pin c nhanh chng gim. Khi in tr
ph ti R gim xung n tr s gii hn R1j no , dng din ph ti tng n
dng in gii hn I1J th in p u U2 ca pin c v cng sut a ra P2 u thnh
0. Khi dng in ph ti vt qu I1j th U2 v P2 u thnh tr s m. Cng sut P m
in tr ph ti thu c nh hn cng sut P1 do pin mi a ra, tc mt phn
- Trang 330 -
nng lng ca pin mi b tiu hao trn pin c. Cho nn, ch cn dng in ph ti
khng ln hn I1j th pin c s dng hn hp vi pin mi s c th a in ra m
khng tr thnh gnh nng ca pin mi.
ln?

Hi: Dy dn ca c qui trn t hoc my ko ti sao lun lun dng dy
p: Ph ti ca c qui trn t v my ko ngoi cc thit b in chiu

sng, ci, v.v... ra ch yu l ko mt khi ng khi ng ng c. Trong qu
trnh khi ng ngn ngi, dng in ca mt khi ng cao ti vi trm ampe.
Vic chn in tch tit din dy dn ti in t c qui n mt khi ng ngoi
vic phi xt n lng ti dng in ca dy dn ra cn phi xt ti bo m
mt in c m men lc khi ng, dng in khi ng phi nh khi st p
trn dy dn (khi thng qua dng in c mi 100 ampe th khng nn vt qu
0.1V), li phi cn c vo dng in khi ng v di dy dn xc nh tit
din ca dy dn c qui. Ni chung, tit din dy dn c qui ca t v my ko
u t 35mm2 tr ln.
- Trang 331 -
CHNG XV
BO V BNG RLE
V THIT B T NG
15 - 1 Bo v qu dng in

Hi: Rle hn ch qu dng hn gi John ca b khi ng tng hp u
vo mch in bn th cp p dng cch u vi sai ca b h cm dng in (xem
hnh 15 - 1 - 1 (a)) cng dng in c ng tc c xc nh nh th no?
p: Bn th cp ca b h cm dng in p dng cch u vi sai, dng
in hp thnh ca n Iac = 2Iao x cos30o= 3 Iao (Xem hnh (b)), tc dng in chy
qua rle l 3 ln dng in pha. Dng in pha c th trc tip tnh ra, cng c th
o c, sau cn c vo ln dng in pha x 1.73 xc nh rle qu dng. V
d, mt mt in khng ng b 6 kV, 500 kW, dng in nh mc l 60A, khi
khi ng trc tip th dng in khi ng l 60 x 7 : 420A, Iac : 420 x 1.73 = 726A,
t s dng in ca b h cm dng in l 150/5, vy th tr s dng in c ng
tc ca rle hn qu dng hn gi c xc nh l 726 x 5/150 = 24.2A

Hi: C mt s bo v qu dng ti sao phi lp thm phong ta in p
thp?
p: Tr s xc nh c ng tc bo v qu dng c la chn cn c vo
dng in ph ti ln nht c th trnh qua c, phng nga ng tc sai, tr s
xc nh phi p ng qu ti cho php. V d, khi hai my bin p u song song
vn hnh, sau khi mt my xy ra s c phi nhy cu dao, tt c ph ti u do
my kia m nhim, lc ny khng th v s c dn n qu ti m lm cho bin p
kia cng theo nhy cu dao. Nhng nu nng cao tr s xc nh qu dng th
nhy s kh m tha mn yu cu i vi mch in ph ti nng m dng in
ngn mch khng ln lm. V th, li dng c im khi ngn mch ng dy,
in p dy ci s st thp r rt, cn khi qu ti, in p dy ci h xung rt t,
p dng bo v qu dng bng cch phong ta in p thp. Nh vy va c th
phng nga bo v c ng tc nhm, va c th p ng tha mn yu cu v
nhy.
- Trang 332 -
Hi: Trong mch in in p thp 380V, b khi ng in t c rle

nhit bo v qu ti, ti sao cn phi u ni tip cu ch, cn cng tc t ng
li khng cn?
p: Trong mch in thp p, b khi ng in t c u ni tip rle
nhit. Khi dng in l nh mc, phin lng kim' khng bin dng, khi dng in
ph ti ca mch in vt qu dng in nh mc, phin lng kim s b cong,
khin tip im ngt ra, ct mch. Do nhit ca phin lng kim tng ln v s
n bin dng u phi c qu trnh thi gian, khng th c ng tc tc th nn rle
nhit ch c th lm bo v qu ti. V th, b khi ng in t cn phi u ni
tip cu ch lm bo v ngn mch. Cn cng tc t ng c lp b thot mc
qu dng. Khi mch in xy ra ngn mch, b thot mc qu dng c th thot mc
tm thi khin cng tc t ng tch cu dao, ct mch nn khng cn phi mc
ni tip cu ch lm bo v ngn mch.
- Trang 333 -
15 - 2 Bo v vi sai v bo v chiu
Hi: Ti sao c mt s rle vi sai c km theo b bin dng bo ha nhanh?
p: B bin dng bo ha nhanh c hai tc dng ch yu: (1) Trnh dng
in xit kch t (nh vo bin th khng ti) khi ng cu dao thng in tc th,
khin rle c ng tc. Bi v khi dng in xit kch t chy vo cun dy s cp,
li st nhanh chng bo ha, kt qu cm ng t cng tr nn nh, khin th in
ng ng m u cun dy s cp cm ng s gim, do dng in chy qua
cun dy rle cng nh. (2) Gim ng k dng in khng cn bng (th cp) xy
ra trong thi gian thay i tc th khi ngn mch bn ngoi.
Hi: Khi ngng in mt bn c bo v vi sai thay b h cm dng in,
nu thit b bn s cp v bo v vi sai khc vn ang vn hnh th phi ch g?
p: Phi ch dy dn bn th cp c bo v vi sai cn tho g phi phn
bit dng bng keo bao bc li, khng c n ngn mch, nu khng, khi xy ra
s c, bo v vi sai s khng c ng tc. ng thi phi ch kiu loi, t l bin
i v cc tnh ca b h cm dng in thay vo, phi qua chn la v kim
nghim t tiu chun, khi u dy tr li phi phn bit r cc tnh, ln lt u
vo, khng c u ngc. Khi c iu kin c th kim nghim bng cch o
in p khng cn bng.
Hi: Mt trm bin in cng lc c vi ng nhn dy nhn in t nh
my in n, ti sao trn ng dy phi lp bo v chiu?
p: Bi v, khi ng dy vn hnh song song, mt ng dy xy ra s c
ngn mch, dng in ca ton ng dy u nhanh chng tng ln, khc nhau ch
l dy c s c th dng in chy t dy ci ca trm bin in ra, cn cc dy khc
th dng in chy vo dy chnh, rle qu dng khng th nhn bit c dng in
chy ra hay chy vo, v th t s lm cho ton b ng dy nhy cu dao, m
rng s c, rle chiu c th nhn c dng in chy ra hay chy vo, t ct
ng dy s c mt cch chnh xc.
- Trang 334 -
15 - 3 Bo v th t khng
Hi: Hai mch in u song song phn phi in hoc u song song s
dng vi dy cp in vo mt mch in, lp t b h cm dng in th t
khng v rle nh hnh 15 - 3 - 1 (a) (b) (c), cch lp t no ng?
p: Phng php lp t nh hnh (a) l sai. Do tr khng ca cc pha khng
th hon ton ging nhau, khi bnh thng s c dng in vng th t 0 chy qua
mch kn, c th khin rle ng tc nhm. Khi xy ra s c tip t, do dng din
tip t trit tiu hoc lm tng dng in vng c th khin rle khng ng tc
hoc ng tc nhm.
Lp ng phi nh hnh (b), mch v song song cng cung cp cho mt ph
ti phi xuyn sut mt b h cm dng in th t 0 dng chung. Nu v ng
knh ngoi ca cp in qu ln hoc s si nhiu m khng th lm nh vy c
th c th dng cch lp nh hnh (c), b tr u song song hai b h cm th t 0,
bn th cp u song song mt rle dng in th t 0. Nh vy tuy c th loi tr
dng in vng th t 0, nhng do tr khng kch t ca b h cm th t 0 ni vi
rle l u song song nn nhy gim ng k. gim thiu nh hng ny, c
th p dng hnh thc nh hnh (d), tc hai b h cm dng in u ni tip theo
cc tnh, nh vy va c th gii quyt vn dng in vng th t 0, cng va
gii quyt c nhc im nhy b gim.

Hi: H thng im trung tnh trc tip tip t, b h cm dng in th
t 0 ni chung u ni tip trn dy tip t ca im trung tnh. Ti sao h thng
im trung tnh khng tip t, ni chung lp trn u cp in?
p: Trong h thng im trung tnh trc tip tip t, khi dng in ba
pha i xng, trn dy trung tnh khng c dng in th t 0, do nguyn nhn xy
ra mt pha tip t, dng in th t 0 sinh ra u chy qua dy trung tnh, nu ni
tip b h cm dng in th t 0 vo dy trung tnh th bn th cp ca n c th
a ra dng in th t 0, dng o c hoc bo v.
i vi h thng im trung tnh khng tip t, do khng c dy trung tnh
tip t nn qun cun dy th cp ca b h cm dng in th t 0 ln li st
hnh vng, em dy dn ba pha cng xuyn vo trng vng li st, lm cun dy s
cp Trong tnh hnh i xng bnh thng, tng t thng sinh ra trong li st hnh
vng bng 0, cun dy th cp khng c dng in da ra. Nu xy ra nguyn nhn
nh mt pha tip t, khi dng in ba pha khng i xng, tng t thng trn vng
- Trang 335 -
li st khng bng 0, t thng th t 0 ny xuyn qua cun dy th cp, cm ng ra

dng in th t 0, do dy dn ba pha phi cng xuyn qua vng li st c cun dy
th cp, mun gii quyt cch in gia cc dy dn ba pha s tng i phin
phc, v th em vng li st c cun dy th cp lng ln u cp in l tin nht.
Hi: Ti sao mt in c ln lp b h cm dng in th t 0
phng nga dng in ba pha khng cn bng cn phi lp thm rle thi gian?
p: Bi v khi mt in khi ng, dng in ba pha c th khng cn
bng, trong th t 0 cng c dng in khng cn bng chy qua s lm cho mt
in nhy cu dao. Sau khi lp rle thi gian, khi mt in khi ng, dng in
khng cn bng khin cng tc khng xy ra ng tc nhm. Nu khi trong vn
hnh, mt in xy ra s c khng cn bng th trong thi gian qui nh s c th
nhy cu dao.
- Trang 336 -
15 - 4 Ngun in thao tc
Hi: Ti sao ngun in thao tc xoay chiu ca thit b bo v qu dng
thng thng khng s dng ly b h cm in p lm ngun?
p: Bi v bo v qu dng ch yu dng vi bo v qu ti v bo v
ngn mch. Cn khi thit b hoc ng dy trong phm vi c bo v xy ra s
c ngn mch, thng thng lm cho in p st gim nghim trng, theo s st
p nghim trng ca h thng, in p th cp ca b h cm in p cng st
gim, do thng thng lm cho cun dy thot mc thao tc khng th c ng
tc, mt tc dng bo v. Cho nn, thng thng thit b bo v bng rle s dng
b h cm dng in bo ha nhanh cung cp ngun in cho cun dy thot mc
xoay chiu.
Hi: Ti sao ngun in mt chiu dng iu khin trm bin in ca nh
my in khng c cho php tip t?
p: Bi v ngun in mt chiu ca trm bin in nh my in, iu
khin cun dy nhy cu dao ca b ngt mch dn, nu mng mt chiu c im
tip t th tip im iu khin ca cun dy nhy cu dao s c mt u tip
t, khi u cn li xy ra s c r in, s lm thng cun dy nhy cu dao, gy
ra ng tc nhm dn n s c nghim trng, cho nn khng c php tip t.
Hi: Mm chiu sng s c s dng trong nh my pht in, ti sao dy "
khng" khng c tip t?
p: Thit b ni vi mng mt chiu ca nh my in c rt nhiu, dy
dn phn b khp xng rt di, mt b phn dy dn phi lp t nhng ni c
tng i nhiu bi bm hoc m t: nh gia l hi, h thng vn chuyn than,
phng bm nc, v.v... Sau vi nm s dng, o b m hoc cc nguyn nhn khc,
cch in ca dy dn gim. Nu dy "khng" ca a chiu sng tip t, khi in
xoay chiu ngt in chuyn sang cung cp bng in mt chiu s khin cc m
ca c qui tip t, nu lc ny cch in ca dy dn mch iu khin i vi t
khng tt s rt d dn n thit b ca mch in chnh ng tc nhm.
phng nga xy ra hin tng cc m c qui tip t, trn a iu khin
lp ng h kim tra cch in ca mng v pht tn hiu tip t, nhn vin trc
ban sau khi pht hin c tnh hnh ny lp tc ct t ngun in, tin hnh
Hi: S dng b chnh lu selen lm ngun in ng cu dao cng tc du
c nhc im g?
p: B chnh lu selen d b m, m in p ngc chiu tng i thp.
Khi s dng b chnh lu selen lm ngun in ng cu dao cng tc u, nu
thng xuyn tip in, do phi chu in p tng i cao khi khng ti, phi tng
s phin selen ni tip v u song song ca b chnh lu. Nu thng xuyn ngt
- Trang 337 -
in (ch khi cng tc du yu cu ng cu ao mi t ng u vo ngun in),

trnh b m nh hng n tc dng chnh lu, cn phi lp ring thm in tr
nhit, nh k x l gia nhit.
- Trang 338 -
15 - 5 Thit b t ng
Hi: ng dy ti in cao p sau khi xy ra s c mi dn n nhy cu
dao cng tc du, nhng ti sao trm bin in cn phi lp nhm rle t ng
ng li cu dao lm cho cng tc du nhanh chng ng cu dao?
p: Kinh nghim thc dng v thit b in cho thy, s c ngn mch xy
ra trn ng dy, a s c c tnh l thi gian ngn nht, sau khi ngt ngun in
b phn hng, cch in ch ngn mch s nhanh chng khi phc, ng dy ti
in c th lp tc chuyn vo lm vic. nng cao tin cy cung cp in nn
lp thm bo v bng rle t ng ng li cu dao, khin ng dy nhanh chng
khi phc ti in.
Hi: Ti sao ni chung dy cao p mc trn khng u c lp thit b t ng
ng li cu dao, cn cp in cao p u khng lp?
p: Dy cao p mc trn khng trong vn hnh thng thng xy ra s c
tc th, nh st nh, chim gy hi, th diu hoc cc tp cht khc ri ln trn dy
ti in, cc s c ny sau khi cng tc nhy cu ao u c th t ng loi tr.
Nh mt nhnh cy ri trn dy ti in gy ngn mch, dng in ngn mch
mnh s thiu chy nhnh cy, s c c khc phc, lc ny nu c thit b t
ng ng cu dao li th vn tip tc ti in, c bn duy tr cp in lin tc.
ng dy cp in cao p th khng th xy ra s c tc th nh trn, nu xy ra s
c th thng l s c c tnh cht lu di v tng i nghim trng. Lc ny yu
cu cng tc nhy cu dao ct im s c, cho nn khng cn thit t ng ng li
cu dao.
Hi: Trn ng dy lp khe h bo v, ti sao phi lp phi hp cu dao
p: Lp khe h bo v trn ng y 6 kV ni sm st nhiu, s tng thm
tng i c hi ng dy ngt cu dao ngng in, nu khng lp thit b t
ng ng li cu dao th khi khe h c ng tc, ng dy s ngt cu dao ngng
in. Nu khng c cu ao t ng ng li th cng c th xt n cu dao ng
li c gii, nh vy c th gim s ln ngng in do s c.
Hi: nng cao tin cy cung cp in ca mt in xoay chiu cao p
c ln, liu c th lp thm cu dao t ng ng li ZCH hoc thit b t ng
a vo ca ngun in d b BZT vo ng dy ngun in c khng?
p: i vi mt in khng ng b cao p c ln ni chung l c th
c, nhng i vi mt in ng b cao p c ln th khng c. Bi v khi
thit b t ng ZCH, BZT c ng tc, thi gian ngt in 0.5 giy tr ln, m mt
ng b th ngt in 0.35 giy tr ln l mt ng b, lc ny my in vn c kch
t mt chiu, thi im ngun in cung cp khi phc tr li, my in s chu
xung kch ca dng in xung kch khng cng k v m men quay xung kch khng
- Trang 339 -
cng k, khi nghim trng c th lm ngn mch bn trong mt in. Nu trn mt

ng b phi hp thm thit b bo v mt ng b v t ng iu chnh li
nng cao tin cy cung cp in ca mt in ng b mi c th s dng phi
hp vi ZCH hoc BZT.
Hi: Ti sao cu dao t ng ng li ch c th s ng trn cng tc ra ca
ng y cp in m khng th s dng trn cng tc bin p mt in ni
chung?
p: Bi v s c c tnh tc th ca ng dy cp in tng i nhiu,
nh cc s c chim gy hi, st nh v.v... sau khi cng tc nhy cu dao th s c
cng mt. V th, nhanh chng cp in, c th s dng thit b t ng ng li
cu dao, nhng s c tc th ca b bin p mt in tng i t, nu s ng
cu dao t ng ng li c th lm cho s c m rng, v th ni chung khng
c s dng.
Hi: Cu dao t ng ng li, ti sao ch p dng ng li mt ln hoc
ng li hai ln m khng p dng ng li nhiu ln nh tm hoc mi ln?
p: Khi ng dy xy ra s c c tnh tm thi, m s c ny sau khi ngn
mch s nhanh chng t ng mt (nh chim gy hi, st nh v.v...), li dng cu
dao t ng ng li c th nhanh chng khi phc truyn in, gim thiu tn tht
ca ngi s dng. Nhng nu s c c tnh lu di th khng nn tip tc truyn
in. Bi v mt hai ln ng li khng c th khng c tip tc ng li, tip
tc ng li s c ngn mch c tnh lu di s gy nn xung kch ca dng in ln
i vi h thng in lc, lm cng tc chng hng, thm ch xy ra s c. V th
khng c ng li nhiu ln.
Hi: Sau khi sa cha dy cp in ra ca trm bin in, trc khi ng
cu dao truyn in, ti sao a bo v cu dao ng li ra khi vn hnh?
p: Ch yu l tnh n sau khi sa xong dy cp in, c kh nng v dy
t tm thi cha tho b m gy ra s c ngn mch, khin cho sau khi cng tc
du ng cu dao, hnh thnh dng in ngn mch nhiu ln che ct lm hng thit
b hoc m rng s c. V th, thit b cu dao ng li phi a ra khi vn hnh
trc khi truyn in.
Hi: Ti sao t ng ng ngun d b (BZT) va yu cu phi nhanh chng
va qui nh c thi hn nht nh?
p: Thi gian t lc dy ci ca ngun in lm vic mt in p n khi
ngun in p b t ng a vo gi l thi gian mt in i vi ni s dng thi
gian ny cng ngn, phanh hm ca mt cng nh, t khi ng cng d. Nhng
tnh n sau khi h quang im s c ngn mch khin ngun in lm vic nhy
cu dao tt, qu trnh kh ion ha i hi thi gian nht nh. Cho nn, ni chung
- Trang 340 -
qui nh thi gian mt in khong 1 - 1.5 giy. Thi hn thit b t ng ng cu

dao li ca ng dy ti in cng cng l do .
- Trang 341 -
CHNG XVII
K THUT IN T
17 - 1 Linh kin in t
Hi: Khi dng ng h vn nng o in tr chiu dng ca diode ti sao
in tr o c cc nc in tr khc nhau th tr s in tr khng nh nhau?
p: Diode l linh kin phi tuyn tnh, tr s in tr ca n thay i theo s
thay i ca in p a vo. Khi dng ng h vn nng o in tr cc dng
ca diode, tuy in p pin m cc nc in tr khc nhau (tr nc R x 10k), s dng
l ging nhau, nhng in tr trong tng ng khng ging nhau (in tr trong ca
nc R x 1 l nh nht, cng vi s tng ln h s nhn ca nc in tr, th in tr
trong ca n cng tng tng ng). V th in p a vo 2 u diode c o
khng nh nhau, kt qu lm cho in tr diode b o phn nh ra khc nhau.
Hi: C mt s diode hoc t in lm vic di in p tng i cao, pht
hin thy b nng nh thng, nhng sau khi tho ra, dng ng h vn nng o
tnh nng ca linh kin ny rt bnh thng, ti sao?
p: Hin tng ny gi l nh thng nhit. Mi cht ca diode hoc t
in, di tc dng ca in trng mnh, dng in r tng ln, nhit mi cht
nng cao, m nhit qu cao s lm cho in tr mi cht gim, thc y dng
in r tip tc tng. C th, tun hon xu dn khin mi cht b nh thng. Lc
ny nu lp tc ct ngun in khin linh kin c lm lnh kp thi, c khi vn
c th khi phc cng mi cht nht nh. Lc ny dng thang in tr ca
ng h vn nng o kim tra, o in p trong ng h vn nng rt thp, khi o,
mi cht nng ln khng nhiu thng thng khng th pht hin c linh kin
hng. Cho nn diode hoc t in pht hin b nh thng nhit, th phi thay kp
thi, khng c tip tc s dng.
Hi: Dng ng h vn nng o tr s in tr trong mch in bng bn dn
(transistor) ti sao phi nh mi hn 1 u ca in tr c o mi c th tin
hnh o?
p: Bi v trong mch in, thng tn ti mch r, nu khng nh mi
hn 1 u ca in tr m tin hnh o th tr s o c l tr s in tr tng
ng mch r ch khng phi tr s in tr ca in tr cn o. Ch c nh mi
hn 1 u ca in tr cn o sau tin hnh o th mi bo m kt qu o chnh
xc.
- Trang 342 -
Hi: Khi dng ng h vn nng o in p chiu dng ca diode ti sao

phi u u "+" ca ng h vo u "-" ca diode v u u "-" ca ng h
vi u "+" ca diode? Ti sao phi o nc R x 100?
p: Khi dng ng h vn nng o in tr l dng gn kh lm ngun in,
mch in nguyn l bn trong ca n nh hnh 17 - 1 - 4. Qua hnh c th bit u
"-" ca ng h u vi u "+" ca ngun in, u "+" ca ng h u vi u
"-" ca ngun in. V th khi dng ng h vn nng o in tr, chiu dng ca
diode phi u theo cch trn, nu khng s chuyn thnh o in tr ngc chiu.
Dng in ngn mch nc R x 1 ca ng h vn nng thng thng l 100 ~
200mA. Cn dng in chiu dng ca rt nhiu diode bn dn
u khng vt qua 100mA. Nu dng nc R x 1 o, khi in tr
chiu dng ca diode bn dn rt nh th dng in chy qua
diode gn bng vi tr s dng in ngn mch ca nc R x 1, c
th lm chy diode. Cn dng in ngn mch ca nc R x 10 v R
x 100 so vi nc R x 1 ln lt gim cn 1/10 v 1/100. Cho nn khi
dng nc R x 100 (hoc dng R x 1k) o in tr th dng in s
khng vt qua tr s cho php ca diode.
Hi: Ti sao cng tc tip cn (proximity switch) bn dn khng nn dng
trong my ci m bi phoi st gia cng rt nhiu?
p: Cng tc tip cn bn dn ni chung l mch in do b dao ng v b
khuch i to thnh. Khi phin kim loi dn t tip cn vi u cm ng ca cng
tc, mch in ngng dao ng, bng bn dn cp cui thng mch, rle iu khin
c dng in chy qua nn thc hin ng tc. Khi phin kim loi tch khi u cm
ng, dao ng khi phc, rle nh ra. Cng tc tip cn bn dn l thng qua s
chuyn dch v tr ca phin kim loi dn t v ng tc ca rle iu khin my
ci hot ng. Nu phoi st gia cng ca my qu nhiu, phoi st tip cn u cm
ng cng s dn ti s thay i trng thi ca cng tc, nh hng hot ng bnh
thng ca my ci. V th cng tc tip cn bn dn khng nn trc tip s dng
trong my ci m phoi st gia cng qu nhiu.
Hi: Bo mch t hp MOS ti sao dng giy thic ng gi bo qun?
p: Tr khng u vo ca loi linh kin t hp ny v cng ln, rt d b
nh hng bn ngoi m cm ng ra in p cm ng u vo, cho d linh kin
cha u vo mch in cng s b hng. Cho nn khi bo qun, phi dng giy
thic ng gi, che chn linh kin trnh nh hng bn ngoi, v lm cho cc chn
ca n ngn mch, trnh hng.
Hi: Trong mch transistor, khi rle lm ph ti u ni tip trong mch cc
gp transito cng sut, trnh cun dy ca rle sinh ra cao p lm hng transistor
khi transistor ngt mch, thng thng u du song song mt diode phng thch
hai u cun dy. Phng php ny s c nh hng g i vi tnh hnh hot ng
bnh thng ca rle?
- Trang 343 -
p: Khi transistor ngt mch, rle phng thch, do c diode mch cnh, nng
lng trong mch t rle s phng in qua mch kn do diode v cun dy to
thnh, tc phng in ca n do thng s thi gian ca mch phng in quyt
nh. V th, rle c u song song diode phng thch, khng lp tc phng thch m
ko di thi gian phng thch, tc dng ko di ny, c khi dn n h thng chu s
iu khin ca rle, hot ng khng bnh thng.
Hi: Bng hiu ng trng MOS ti sao d b nh thng? Khi s dng cn
lu g?
p: V kt cu, bng hiu ng trng MOS khc vi bng bn dn ph
thng, thu c tr khng u vo rt cao, in dung phn b gia cc li ca
n vi ngun, cc r v lt gc rt nh, in tr cch in rt cao, nn gi l bng
hiu ng trng kiu cch in. ng thi thu c dn vt cao, gia
cc li v lt gc ch c mt lp oxy ha rt mng, in p nh thng ca n ni
chung di 50 vn. Do in dung phn b ca cc li nh, in tr cch in cao,
v th m cho d tip xc ngun in p vi in tr trong rt cao nh in th cm
ng c th, cng dn n xuyn thng do in tch khng c ng phng thch. V
th khi s dng, khng c ty tin chm tay vo cc li, khi khng s dng (bo
qun hoc vn chuyn) phi ngn mch cc cc, nhm phng nga in th cm
ng bn ngoi nh thng cc li; trong s dng u vo tuyt i khng c
trng, khi hn ni phi tho m hn ra khi ngun in, li dng nhit cn li ca
n hn, khi thit k mch in khng c qun b tr mt s linh kin bo v
qu p cho mch in bng hiu ng trng MOS.
- Trang 344 -
17 - 2 Thirixto
Hi: Khi dng ng h vn nng o in tr gia cc ca vi cc m ca
thirixto, ti sao tr s in tr thun chiu, ngc chiu khc nhau? C phi tr s
in tr cng nh cng tt?
p: Cc ca i vi cc m ca linh kin thirixto l mt tip gip P - N, cho
nn tr s in tr thun chiu, ngc chiu khc nhau. Chnh lch c tnh vn
ampe ca cc ca linh kin cng nhn hiu cng rt ln. Cho nn khng th ly
ln tr s in tr cc ca xc nh c tnh tt xu. Nu tr s in tr o c
bng 0, hoc v cng ln, chng t gia cc ca v cc m ngn mch hoc h
mch, linh kin ny khng th s dng c na.
Hi: Lm sao phn on thirixto tt xu bng phng php n gin nht?
p: Mun phn on thirixto tt hay xu, ngoi dng
ng h vn nng o tr s in tr thun chiu ngc
chiu ca cc m v cc iu khin ca n ra, cn c th
phn on bng phng php sng, ti ca bng n. Nh
th hin hnh 17 - 2 - 2, u ni tip bng n dy tc vi
thirixto ri u vo mch bin th t ngu, t t iu chnh
in p ca bin p n in p nh mc ca thirixto, lc
ny bng n phi khng sng. Sau u pin kh E (1.5 - 9
vn, cc dng u vi cc iu khin) vo gia cc iu
khin v cc m ca linh kin thirixto, ri t t iu chnh
in p, bng n sng dn, iu ny chng t thirixto tt. Ngc li, thirixto
hng.
Hi: in p xc pht ca thirixto khong 3 - 10 vn, ti sao dng ng h
vn nng o khng ra?
p: Ni chung rng xung xc pht ca thirixto ch c vi phn nghn/giy,
tuy tr s nh ca in p xung c my vn n my chc vn, nhng do tr s bnh
qun ca n rt nh, cho nn dng ng h vn nng o khng ra. Mun phn on
c mch xung xc pht hay khng c th quan st bng my hin sng.
Hi: Cn c vo dng in nh mc ca thirixto xc nh dng in m n
s dng, ti sao phi cn c vo hnh sng chnh lu tnh?
p: thirixto cho php dng in ln hay nh chy qua l do nhit cho
php ca li quyt nh, cn mc pht nhit th do tr s hu hiu ca dng in
quyt nh. Tiu chun k thut qui nh, vi nhit mi trng l + 40oC v iu
kin lm mt qui nh, trong mch in na sng hnh sin, tn s lm vic mt pha,
ph ti c tnh in tr, thirixto hon ton dn thng, khi nhit tip gip n nh
khng vt qu tr s nh mc, th dng in bnh qun ]n nht cho php l dng
- Trang 345 -
in nh mc ca linh kin ny. Trong ng dng thc t, hnh thc dng in chnh
lu, loi ph ti, gc dn thng, hnh sng dng in u khc nhau, quan h gia tr
s bnh qun vi tr s hu hiu cng s khc nhau. Cho nn, khi xc nh tr s dng
in s dng cho php ca thirixto phi tnh theo hnh sng chnh lu. Di iu
kin tiu chun, quan h gia tr s hu hiu v tr s bnh qun ca dng in cho
php chy qua l I = 1.57 Id. Tc thirixto c dng in nh mc 100 ampe th tr s
hu hiu ca dng in cho php l 157 ampe. Nu l mch ton sng mt pha khi
dn thng hon ton th quan h gia tr s hu hiu vi tr s bnh qun l I' = 1.11
I'd. So vi tiu chun, khi I = I', I'd = 1.414Id, lc ny mt thirixto 100 ampe c th s
dng 140 ampe.
Hi: thirixto c in p nh mc l 300 vn, liu c th trc tip s dng
lm chnh lu trn in li 220 vn c khng?
p: in p in li 220 vn th in p tr s nh ca n l 310 vn. Do
in li c qu p, yu cu linh kin phi c d nht nh. Cho nn thirixto
mun chn ng phi chu p trn 500 vn. in p nh thng ca thirixto l in
p lm vic danh xng cng vi 100 vn. V th in p nh mc ca thirixto s
dng trn ngun in xoay chiu 220 vn phi chn 550 vn. in p nh thng
ca diode gp hai ln in p lm vic tiu chun, tc in p nh thng ca diode
300 vn l 600 vn, cho nn c th chn s dng diode c in p nh mc 300 vn.
Hi: Sau khi ngt ph ti ra (nh th hin hnh 17 - 2 6, ngt K ra) vn k khng hin th, c phi do thirixto hng?
p: Mun duy tr thirixto dn thng, ngoi vic phi c
in p cc dng chiu dng v tng in p xc pht i vi
cc iu khin ra, cn phi bo m dng in cc dng
khng nh hn dng in duy tr ca n (tc dng in nh nht cn thit thirixto
duy tr trng thi dn thng). in p trong ca vn k rt ln, sau khi ngt ph ti
ca mch in chnh lu thirixto th dng in chy qua vn k nh hn dng in
duy tr, thirixto khng th duy tr dn thng nn b ngt, vn k cng khng hin th.
V th, vn k khng hin th khng th hin thirixto hng. Khi sa cha phi o
xem thirixto c in p ra khng, phi u ph ti o.
Hi: Mch thirixto ph ti cm ng, ti sao c lc xy ra hin tng thirixto
sau khi dn thng li ngt?
p: thirixto khi chu in p cc dng chiu dng, sau khi cc iu khin
c thm xung xc pht, thng mch, xung xc pht mt, dng in cc dng nh
nht cn thit c th lm cho thirixto duy tr trng thi, gi l dng in nu gi.
Dng in nu gi khng cng l dng duy tr, thng thng, dng nu gi ca thirixto
phi ln hn my ln so vi dng in duy tr.
Khi trong mch thirixto c ph ti tnh cm ng th sau khi xc pht thirixto,
dng in trong mch in (tc dng in cc dng) s t 0 t t tng ln. in
cm cng ln th dng in tng ln cng chm. Lc ny, nu rng ca mch
- Trang 346 -
xung xc pht khng th c kh nng dng in cc dng cha ln ti dng in

nu gi, xung xc pht mt, nn thirixto khng th duy tr dn thng, nn b ngt.
- Trang 347 -
17 - 3 Vn hnh thit b thirixto

Hi: Ti sao c mt s thit b thirixto ma h c th hot ng bnh thng,
n ma ng th tr nn khng ng tin cy, hoc ma ng c th hot ng bnh
thng, ma h li tr nn khng ng tin cy?
p: thirixto l mt loi linh kin bn dn cng sut ln, c im ca n
ging nh cc linh kin bn dn khc, chu nh hng ca nhit tng i ln.
Ma ng, nhit xung thp, in p, dng in xc pht cn thit ca thirixto
tng ln. Khi cng sut xc pht m mch xc pht cung cp khng , c kh nng
dn n thirixto khng th xc pht. V th khi chnh th thit b thirixto cn ch
iu ny. Ma h nhit tng cao, in p chuyn chiu dng v in p nh
thng ngc chiu ca thirixto u gim thp, in p, dng in xc pht u
gim r rt, kh nng chng nhiu ca linh kin tr nn km, d gy nn xc pht
nhm, ng thi cng c th xy ra nh thng ngc chiu. V th khi iu chnh
thit b thirixto vo ma ng cn xem xt nhit hot ng ma h.
Hi: Ti sao thit b in t t gn b iu p khng nhit thirixto d b
nhiu?
p: B iu p khng nhit thirixto c cc u im: hiu sut cao, phn
ng nhanh, nhng do dng sng in p v dng in ca mch thirixto l sng sin
t bin nghim trng, tn sut bin i dng in tc th rt ln, v th s sinh ra
sng in t cao tn. Cho nn thit b in t gn n c kh nng b can nhiu,
thm ch xy ra ng tc nhm.
Hi: Thit b chnh lu thirixto lm mt bng nc, cn ch nhng vn
g?
p: Thit b chnh lu thirixto nu p dng lm mt bng nc th nn dng
nc ct nhm phng nga khi vn hnh lu ngy sinh ra cu bn gy tc ng
ng. in tr sut ca n yu cu ln hn 20 k.cm. Tr s pH l 6 ~ 8, v cn ch
l ra, vo nc ca ng nc phi c gng c in th bng nhau. Nu in th
khng bng nhau, bo m khng ngn mch gia cc pha, di ca ng nc
phi trn 400 mm. Ma ng cn cn ch gi m ng nc, kt nc, phng nga
ng bng nh hng hiu qu lm mt. Ma h do chnh lch nhit nc vi
nhit mi trng tng i ln, trn b mt b ta nhit lm mt bng nc c
th xut hin sng ng, lm gim chu p ca thit b, khi nghim trng c th
dn n ngn mch, v th phi tng cng bin php thng gi.
Hi: Khi lp rp thit b chnh lu thirixto, mch in chnh v mch iu
khin s nhiu ln nhau, cn ch g?
p: phng nga nhiu ln nhau gia mch in chnh vi mch iu
khin, phi b tr ng dy ca mch in chnh vi mch iu khin song song
- Trang 348 -
nhau v c gng xa nhau mt cht. phng nga nhiu cm ng in mnh, i

vi mch iu khin tng i di c th dng dy kim loi che chn ngoi hoc
dy bn c mng phi hp, cng c th qun lp che chn ln gia cun s cp, th
cp ca bin p. Nh vy c th hn ch mt cch hu hiu nhiu ln nhau gia
mch chnh vi mch iu khin.
- Trang 349 -
17 - 4 Thit b thirixto xc pht v bo v

Hi: im 0 ca mch in th hin hnh 17 - 4 - 1 (a) l im gia ca
cun dy bn th cp bin th, khi thay i tr s R, in p hai im a, b c thay i
g? Ti sao?
p: Mch in nh th hin hnh 17 - 4 - 1 (a) l mch chuyn pha R - C,

khi thay i tr s R, Uab khng thay i v ln, pha ca n bin ng trong 0 ~
180o. Bi v, khi in p (ngun in) bn s cp bin th l tr s c nh, th in
.
p U EF bn th cp cng c nh, m ph ti ca n l do R - C to thnh, nn dng
.
in I C trong cun dy th cp th hin tnh in dung, in p vt trc U EF , st

.
.
.
.
p U R trn in tr, cng chiu vi I C , U C s tr sau U R l 90o, m phi tha mn:
.
U R + U C = U EF, nn U R , U C , U EF to thnh hnh tam gic vung (hnh b). V Uab l

.
in p gia im gia U EF n R - C, khi thay i R, st p trn R, C lun lun tha

mn cng thc trn v thnh gc vung, nn qu tch ca im D l na ng trn
1
ly U EF lm ng knh, v th, R tuy thay i, nhng Uab lun lun bng U EF , m

2
chiu c th thay i trong 0 ~ 180o.
Hi: Ti sao gia ba chn ca transistor tip gip n khng b nh thng
hoc h mch, nhng trong mch in li khng th xc pht thirixto?
p: iu ny ch yu l do t l phn p ca transistor tip gip n c
chn qu nh gy nn. Nu t s phn p qu nh, khi mt s tham s ca mch in
v nhit mi trng thay i, in p nh im ca transistor tr nn nh s lm
cho bin tn hiu xung u ra qu nh nn khng th xc pht thirixto lm vic
c.
Hi: Trong mch xc pht thirixto ca transistor tip gip n (xem hnh 17 - 4
- 3) iu chnh nh bin tr Re, c th lm cho in p u ra dn dn tng ln, khi
Re t n tr s no , nu li tip tc gim nh, in p u ra t ngt st
xung. Ti sao?
p: iu chnh tr s in tr R s lm thay i thng s thi gian np in
ca ngun in i vi t C. Tr s in tr Re cng nh th tc np in ca
ngun in i vi C cng nhanh, khin in p uC trn C t n in p nh ca
- Trang 350 -
transistor tip gip n, tc thi gian pht ra xung u tin cng s cng sm, lm cho
gc m ca thirixto ln ln, in p u ra tng cao. Nhng sau khi transistor tip
gip n dn thng, khi tr s in tr Re nh hn mt tr s
no , do dng in ca ngun in thng qua Re a n
cc pht e ca transistor tip gip n vt qu dng in
im y ca n, gia e v cc gc b1 khng th khi phc
trng thi ngt, m vn thng, C np khng c in,
mch xc pht khng th pht xung na, t khin in p
chnh lu ca thirixto tt xung. phng nga xy ra hin
tng ny, cn cn c vo tr s in tr nh nht v ln
nht ca Re, dng mt in tr c nh v mt bin tr u
ni tip u vo mch in.
Hi: Ti sao phi dng cu ch tc nhanh bo v thirixto? C th thay
bng cu ch ni chung khng?
p: Kh nng dng in chu p ca thirixto tng i nh, cu ch tc
nhanh c bi s qu dng ging vi thirixto th c th t dy ch trc khi thirixto b
ph hoi. Cn thi gian t dy ch ca cu ch ni chung tng i di, khng th c
tc dng bo v. Cho nn, thirixto phi dng cu ch tc nhanh bo v.
Nu dng in nh mc ca thirixto tng i ln m dng in ph ti
tng i nh, khi c thit b hn ch dng in ngn mch, th c th dng cu ch
ni chung bo v.
Hi: thirixto u trong mch, ti sao thng u song song vo hai u n
mt mch nhnh mc ni tip in tr t in (nh hnh 17 - 4 - 5)?
p: l bin php bo v phng nga thirixto b ph hng
do qu p tc th. Bi v s thng, ngt ca h thng, in p dp ca
in li hoc s thng ngt ca chnh thirixto u c th dn n
thirixto b nh thng do chu qu p tc th. Sau khi u song song t
in C, nu xy ra qu p, do in p hai u t in ch c np in m dn dn
tng cao, khng th t bin. Sau khi thirixto c xc pht dn thng, t in s
phng in qua linh kin, t khin thirixto trnh c s tp kch ca qu p.
Nhng ch u song song mt t in l khng c, bi v nu in p np tng
i cao, khi phng in s c dng in rt ln chy qua thirixto c th lm chy
thirixto. V th phi u ni tip mt in tr na vo t in hn ch dng
in phng v tng thi gian phng in, ng thi gia in cm v in dung trong
mch in c th to thnh mch dao ng, lc ny R li c tc dng lm nht,
phng nga dao ng cao tn nh hng n hot ng bnh thng ca h thng.
- Trang 351 -

Hi: Ti sao diode cng quy cch khi s dng u ni tip phi u song
song mt in tr cng tr s (xem hnh (17 - 4 - 6 (a)), khi s dng u song song
phi u ni tip mt in tr cng tr s (xem hnh b)?
p: S sai bit ca in tr ngc chiu diode cng qui cch rt ln, cho
nn khi s dng u ni tip, in p ngc chiu m mi bng phi chu u khc
nhau xa, in p ngc chiu m diode c in tr ngc chiu ln phi chu s
tng i
cao, nn c kh nng b nh thng. Sau , cc bng khc, do phi chu
ton b in p, cng s ln lt b nh thng. Cho nn khi s dng u ni tip,
mi diode u phi u song song mt in tr cn bng in p cng tr s.
in tr chiu dng ca diode cng qui cch cng mi loi mt khc, khi s
dng u song song, diode in tr chiu dng nh s c dng in chy qua ln.
trnh dng in tp trung trn diode in tr chiu dng nh gy chy hng, v
th khi s dng u song song, mi diode u phi u ni tip mt in tr cn
bng dng in cng tr s.

Hi: u u dy vo xoay chiu ca thit b chnh lu sau khi ni vo b
hp thu tr dung, ti sao phi u vo mt phin selen phi tuyn tnh (nh th hin
hnh 17 - 4 - 7)?
p: B hp thu bng tr dung RC c th c ch qu p thao tc trong phm
vi cho php. Nhng khi li in b st nh s sinh ra qu p thi gian ngn, tr s
nh cao, mch hp thu RC c thng s thi gian c nh, c kh nng s phng in
khng kp hoc t in b nh thng nn khng th c ch cc loi in p ny.
Phin selen c c tnh phi tuyn tnh ngc chiu tng i dc. V phin
selen ni i, khi in p bnh thng, lun c mt nhm vo trng thi ngc
chiu, dng in r rt nh. Khi qu p gn bng tr s cho
php, c tnh ngc chiu xut hin chuyn ngot, dng
in r tng ln, in p li c bn khng i (ni chung
chn l tr s nh qu p thao tc do b tr dung hn ch),
li do din tch phin selen tng i ln, c th tiu hao
cng sut tc th tng i ln nn khng b ph hoi. Cho
nn, phin selen c th ng vai tr hn ch in p v
phng thch nng lng.
- Trang 352 -
17 - 5 Mch Chnh lu
Hi: Trong mch chnh lu na sng nh th hin hnh 17 - 5 - 1 (a), khi
u song song t lc sng C, ti sao diode D thng c hin tng hng t ngt?
p: Khi mch in cha u song song t C, dng in bnh qun chy qua
diode D l
U Z 0.45U 2
=
, sau khi u song song C, ngun in i vi C s c dng
RZ
RZ
in np in ban u rt ln chy qua D. Ngoi ra, khi cha u song song C, in

p ngc chiu ln nht m D chu ng l 2 U2; sau khi u song song C, khi
ngun in np bn chu k dng, in p hai u C gn bng 2 U2; khi bn chu k
m li cng ni tip vi in p ngun 2 U2, khin in p ngc chiu ln nht
m hai u D chu ng tng n 2 2 U2 nh th hin hnh (a), (c). Cho nn, khi
chn s dng diode D, nu trong mch in chnh lu na sng, trc v sau khi u
song song t C, th dng in chy qua D v in p ngc chiu ln nht m n
chu ng c s chnh lch tng i ln, th nn diode D c kh nng b chy hoc
nh thng.
Hi: in p u vo xoay chiu ca mch in chnh lu kiu cu nh th
hin hnh 17 - 5 - 2 (a) l 36 vn, in p u ra mt chiu khng ti l 32 vn, sau
khi tng thm t in 50F (nh hnh (b)), o li in p u ra, c th t khong
50 vn. Ti sao?
p: Bi v, trc khi tng thm t in, in p m vn k mt chiu kiu
in t o c l in p mt chiu mch xung, kim ng h hin th l tr s bnh
qun ca in p mch xung ny.
Ubnh qun =
U huhieu 36
=
32V .
1.11 1.11
Sau khi tng thm t in, t in s np in vi tr s nh in xoay

chiu, sau khi np y, in p u ra t tr s nh, do in tr trong ca vn k
- Trang 353 -
kiu in t v cng ln, dng in rt nh, cho nn tr s hin th gn bng in p

tr s nh.
Utr s nh= 1.41 x Uhu hiu= 1.41 x 36 = 50V.
Hi: Mch chnh lu kiu cu mt pha (nh th hin hnh 17 - 5 - 3 (a)) do
4 diode kiu 2CZ13D to thnh, trong s dng, nu xy ra s c, lun lun hng c
hai diode m t khi hng mt. Ti sao?
p: l do din tch tip gip PN ca diode h 2CZ tng i ln, kh b
chy t m d b nh thng gy ra. Bn diode chia thnh hai nhm u song song
trn ngun in xoay chiu, khi mt chic trong , nh D1 do qu p (hoc qu

dng) b nh thng, n s mt tnh nng dn in, c th coi gn nh l mt dy
dn. Lc ny D2 s tng ng nh trc tip u song song vo ngun in, v
dng in khng chy qua in tr ph ti, cho nn dng in chy qua n s vt
xa dng in cho php ln nht ca n, nn cng b nh thng. Nu bn pha xoay
chiu u vo cu ch (xem hnh (b)) th cu ch s t trc khi cha c dng in
cho php ln nht chy qua diode, t m bo v c diode.
Hi: Mch chnh lu kiu cu ton sng diode nh th hin hnh 17 - 5 - 4.
khi D2 h mch hoc ngn mch, dng in, in p u ra c thay i g?
p: Nu D2 h mch, khi ngun in bn chu k dng, gi thit cc tnh
ca e2 l trn dng di m th Dl, D3 thng mch ph ti RL c c in p chnh
lu na sng. Khi ngun in bn chu k m, cc
tnh ca e2 l trn m di dng, do D2 h mch,
nn khng c dng in chy qua RL, do trn RL
khng c in p. C th thy, D2 h mch, mch
chnh lu ton sng bin thnh mch chnh lu na
sng, dng in u ra IL v in p u ra UL u
gim 1/2 so vi mch chnh lu ton sng.
Nu D2 ngn mch. Khi ngun in bn
chu k dng, gi thit cc tnh e2 l trn dng di m, ton b e2 a n hai
u D3 dn thng chiu dng nn b ngn mch, dng in ngn mch rt ln c
kh nng lm chy D3 gy h mch, cui cng khin in p u ra v dng in
u ra bng 0. Khi ngun in bn chu k m th cc tnh ca e 2 l trn m di
dng, do D3 h mch cho nn D4 vn c th lm vic, lc ny trn RL c c
- Trang 354 -
in p chnh lu na sng. C th thy D2 ngn mch c th lm chy c D3, khin

mch in chnh lu c sng kiu cu bin thnh mch chnh lu na sng.
Hi: Mt b chnh lu (na sng, khng lc sng v n p) np in cho c
qui, nhng in p u ra li tng cao hn so vi khi khng ti. Ti sao?
p: Hnh sng in p u ra khi khng ti l na sng, c mt na thi gian
in p bng 0, tr s bnh qun ca n bng 0.32 ln tr s nh. Sau khi u c qui
vo, ch cn in p c qui thp hn tr s nh l c th np in, nhng in p
u ra khng st ti 0, cho nn tr s bnh qun tng ln.
Hi: Lm sao li dng hai phin chnh lu kiu cu b ngn mch mt nhnh
(nh th hin hnh 17 - 5 - 6 (a)) to thnh mt b chnh lu kiu cu hon
chnh? Tham s dng in, in p nh th no?
p: Phin chnh lu kiu cu l mt th hon chnh, bt k mt nhnh no

b ngn mch u mt chc nng chnh lu nn khng th s dng. Li dng hai
phin chnh lu v dng ny c th lm li thnh mt b chnh lu kiu cu c ch.
Cch u dy ca n nh th hin hnh (b). u song song u ra "+","-" ca hai
phin chnh lu c lm u ra "+","-" ca cu chnh lu mi. u vo ca ngun
in xoay chiu u u vo xoay chiu bn linh kin hon ton tt ca hai phin
cu, u vo xoay chiu ca hai phin cu c nhnh b ngn mch trng, nh
vy s lm thnh b chnh lu kiu cu hon chnh.
B chnh lu kiu cu mi to thnh, tham s dng in, in p u c th
theo tham s ca b chnh lu kiu cu c, ch c th tch l gp hai ln so vi
trc.
Hi: Hin c 3 my np in m mi mch chnh lu c th iu chnh l
mt pha na sng, mt pha ton sng v ba pha na sng, mi loi mt my. Tr s
bnh qun ca dng in np u ra u l 15 vn. Cu ch u ra liu c th chn
ln bng nhau? Ti sao?
p: Khng th chn ln bng nhau. Bi v chn cu ch l cn c vo tr s
hu hiu ca dng in, cn dao ng hnh sng ca dng in u ra my np
tng i ln, tr s hu hiu ln hn nhiu tr s bnh qun, cho nn dy cu ch
phi chn ln hn nhiu tr s bnh qun ca dng in np u ra. Hin c tr s
bnh qun ca dng in u ra l 15 ampe, nhng mch chnh lu na sng mt pha
- Trang 355 -
c mi chu k dn in mt ln, tr s nh dng in ca n rt ln, do tr s

hu hiu cng ln nht, dy cu ch cng phi chn ln nht (khong 50 ampe);
mch chnh lu ton sng mt pha mi chu k dn in hai ln, do tr s nh v
tr s hu hiu ca dng in nh hn na sng mt pha, nn dy cu ch cng chn
nh hn mt cht (khong 40 ampe). Tr s nh v tr s hu hiu ca dng in
mch chnh lu na sng ba pha l nh nht, cho nn dy cu ch cng chn nh nht
(khong 30 ampe).
Hi: B phn mt chiu ca mch chnh lu cu, trc tip dng in li
220 vn, ti sao khng th tip t?
p: Trong h thng cung cp in h 4 dy ba pha, in xoay chiu 220 vn

l do mt si dy pha v dy t to thnh. Sau khi tip t mt cc ca b phn
mt chiu, diode b lin b ngn mch (xem hnh (a)). Khi b phn xoay chiu lm
vic bn chu k dng ca ngun in, dng in thng qua diode d, ph ti R tr
v dy t ca ngun in, khi lm vic bn chu k m ca ngun in th dng
in khng qua diode c v R m trc tip ngn mch qua diode a, nn a chy. Cho
nn, trong mch chnh lu cu trc tip dng in li 220 vn th b phn mt
chiu khng th tip t. Nu lp thm bin th ngn cch vo b phn xoay chiu
(xem hnh (b)) th c th phng nga diode b chy hng khi xy ra s c tip t ca
R hoc mch in.
Hi: Trong mch chnh lu c th iu khin na sng mt pha, nh th hin
hnh 17 - 5 - 9, v sao cho d l ph ti in tr thun, h s cng sut ca ngun
in cng nh hn 1, m gc iu khin cng ln th h s cng sut cng thp?
p: Trong mch chnh lu c th iu khin na sng mt pha, in p
ngun in l sng sin, in p t c trn ph ti l dng sng ca sng sin sau
khi b ct b mt phn, m gc iu khin cng ln th phn b ct cng cng nhiu.
T s gia tr hu hiu ca in p trn ph ti v tr hu hiu ca in p ngun
nh hn 1, m gc iu khin cng ln th t s cng nh, cng sut c ch do ngun
in cung cp (b qua tn hao thirixto) bng tch gia tr hu hiu ca in p trn
ph ti v tr hu hiu ca dng in ph ti, cn cng sut thc t do ngun in
cung cp bng tch gia tr hu hiu ca in p ngun v tr hu hiu ca dng
in ph ti. Cho nn, cho d l ph ti in tr thun, t s gia cng sut c ch v
cng sut thc t do ngun in cung cp, tc h s cng sut ca ngun in cng
nh hn 1, m gc iu khin cng ln th h s cng sut cng thp.
- Trang 356 -
- Trang 357 -

Hi: Khi mch chnh th nh hnh 17 - 5 - 10 (a), nu rle J 1, Jg ht, J2 cha
ht, dng vn k o c in p im K2 i vi t c tr s gn bng ngun + Ea.
Ti sao?
p: ng thi vi vic t in p dng vo gia cc dng, cc m ca
thirixto KG, cho cc cng ca n thng vi dng xc pht , th KG t trng thi
ng chn chuyn sang trng thi dn thng. Khi J1, Jg ht, KG1 do tha mn iu
kin thng mch nn dn thng. Hnh (b) l mch in tng ng ca hnh (a).
Qua hnh c th bit: do trc tip ni thng nhau nn 1P2 ca KG1 v 2P2 ca KG2
vo in th bng nhau. V th, 1P2 - 2P2 - 2N2 tng ng vi 1 diode chiu
dng, do , sau khi KG1 dn thng, + Ea thng qua 1P1 - 1N1 - 1P2 (2P2) - 2N2 ging
ln im K2. cho nn dng vn k c th o c in p gia K2 vi t c tr s
gn bng +Ea (khong tr s st p ca KG nh). Do in p xc pht Eg < Ea, v th
sau khi KG1 dn thng, in p 2P2 i vi t ln hn tr s E , t lm cho diode
D chn ngt, tc Eg s khng ging ln im K2. Tuy in th cc m ca KG2 i
vi t tng i cao, nhng do tr s in tr ca KG2 tng i ln s khng ko
ni ph ti. Nu tng thm mt diode b phn xc pht (hnh (c)) th K 2 i vi
t khng tn ti in p tng i cao na.
Hi: Trong mch chnh ca chnh lu thirixto hnh 17 - 5 - 11, diode D c tc
dng g? Cc tnh ca n nu u nhm s c hu qu g?
p: c im ca ph ti c tnh cm ng l s thay i ca dng in i
sau thay i ca in p. thi im in p cc dng thirixto vt qua im 0,
mun t ng ngt, th hai u ph ti c tnh cm ng s sinh ra th in ng
cm ng; cn c nh lut Lenx, chiu ca in th t cm lun lun cn tr s
thay i ca dng in, tc u b l dng, u a l m. Nu khng c diode D th
in th cm ng ny s thng qua diode D1, D2 hoc D3, D4
a n hai u cc dng v cc m ca thirixto 3CT. Do
lc ny 3CT cn cha kp hon ton khi phc kh nng cn
chn cho nn s dn thng khi khng c tn hiu xc pht, t
lm mt tc dng iu khin ca thirixto. Sau khi u
diode D vo, in th cm ng ni trn s thng qua diode D
nhanh chng ngn mch, bo m s hot ng bnh thng
ca thirixto. Diode D c th lm dng in ca ph ti c tnh cm ng tip tc
thng mch, thng gi l "diode tip dng". Nu u nhm cc tnh, s tr thnh
ngn mch i vi ngun in chnh lu (D1 - D4), s gy ra s c ngn mch.
- Trang 358 -

Hi: Hnh 17 - 5 - 12 (a), (b) l hai loi mch chnh lu cu na iu khin
mt pha ph ti in cm, c th u hot ng bnh thng khng?
p: Trong mch in hnh (a), khi in p ngun qu 0 th diode i dng,
khi xc pht th thirixto i dng. Nu t ngt
gim gc dn thng xung bng 0 hoc ct
mch iu khin, th do dng in ph ti c
tnh in cm duy tr dng in lin tc chy
qua diode khi thirixto bn chu k m ca
ngun in, hnh thnh mch kn, cn khi bn
chu k dng th thirixto tip tc dn thng, t
xy ra hin tng khc thng l mt
thirixto lun dn thng, cn hai diode lun lu
thng mch. Cho d xung xc pht ngng xc pht, nhng thirixto ng chn
khng c, trn ph ti vn gi li in p u ra tng ng vi chnh lu na
sng mt pha, ch khng th st p ph ti xung n 0. V th, mch in hnh (a)
do cha u song song diode tip dng vo hai u ph ti in cm nn khng th
hot ng bnh thng, gi l "mt tc dng iu khin".
Dng in ph ti in cm ca hnh (b) c th thng qua D 1 - D2 hnh thnh
mch kn dng in lin tc, khi bn chu k m ca ngun in th thirixto t ng
ngt, cho nn c th hot ng bnh thng. Nhng cn ch : nu c hai thirixto
dng chung mt mch in xc pht th bin th mch xung phi c hai cun dy
u ra, v phng nghim ngt u nhm dy hoc ngn mch ln nhau.
Hi: Trong mch chnh lu cu c th iu khin mt pha, dng in p 220
vn trc tip chnh lu (nh hnh 17 - 5 - 13) ti sao in p nh mc ca linh kin
chnh lu 1D, 2D thp hn in p nh mc ca thirixto IKG, 2KG?
p: Trong mch chnh lu nh hnh th hin, in p thun chiu ln nht,
in p ngc chiu ln nht m thirixto chu ng v in p ngc chiu ln nht
m diode chu ng u l tr s nh ca in p u vo; tc 2 x 220 = 311V. Xt
ti in li c qu p, do in p nh mc ca
thirixto thng chn bng 1.5 ~ 2 ln tr ln tr s nh
ca in p lm vic thc t; ni chung chn 500 vn tr
ln. in p chuyn ngot chiu dng ca thirixto tr
i 100 vn gi l in p chn cn chiu dng. in p
nh thng mt chiu tr i 100 vn gi l in p tr s
nh ngc chiu; tr s tng i nh trong in p tr
s nh ngc chiu v in p chn cn chiu dng l
in p nh mc ca linh kin ny. Cho nn, din p
chuyn ngot chiu dng hoc in p nh thng
ngc chiu ca 1KG, 2KG c in p nh mc 500 vn
l 600 vn. Cn in p lm vic ngc chiu cao nht ca diode bng mt na in
p nh thng ngc chiu, do khi chn in p lm vic ngc chiu ca l, 2D
trong mch in ny l 300 vn th tr s in p nh thng ngc chiu ca n
- Trang 359 -
cng ] 600 vn. Do in p nh mc ca diode c lng d tng i ln, cho

nn cho php in p nh mc ca n chn thp hn thirixto. Nhng trong thc t,
gim nh qui cch ca linh kin thng chn tr s in p nh mc ca diode
ging nh thirixto.
Hi: Gia c qui cn np in vi thit b chnh lu
Silic c lp mt on cp in bc kim. Cn c vo lng ti
dng in th tit din cp in . Nhng sau khi dng li
nng gh gm. V sau em dy cp ny dng vo mch t
trng kch t chnh lu thirixto ca my in xoay chiu, tuy
dng in ln hn nhng li khng nng. Ti sao?
p: in p u ra ca b chnh lu Silic nh th
hin bng ng nt lin trong hnh 17 - 5 14 (a) (khi chnh lu 3 pha). Khi u
(dy cp bc kim) ln c qui vi in th ngc Eb nh th hin bng nt t, di
tc dng ca hiu in p chnh lu v in th ngc uz - Eb, nu in tr trong
ca c qui l ra th dng in sinh ra l i = (uz - Eb)/rb , hnh sng ca n nh th hin
hnh (b), c th thy phn lng xoay chiu ca dng in rt ln. Dng in ny
chy qua cp bc kim s cm ng ra dng in trn v ngoi ca n, khin cp in
nng ln. Nhng cng mt cp in ny, khi s dng trong mch kch t, do nhm
cun dy kch t ca mt ng b l ph ti in cm ln, dng in chy qua n
khng th nhanh chng thay i, b lc sng thnh gn nh mt chiu, nn khng
cm ng ra dng in v ngoi, ch cn cp in c tit din s khng pht
nhit.
Hi: Ti sao chnh lu thirixto khng dng t in lc sng?
p: Nu mch chnh lu thirixto dng t in lc sng th khi thirixto qua
xc pht dn thng s c dng in np cho t in chy qua thirixto. ln ca
dng in ny do hiu in p ngun v in p t in cng vi tr khng ca
mch kn c to thnh bi ngun in v t in quyt nh. Khi hiu gia in
p ngun v in p ca t in tng i ln m tr khng ca mch kn li rt
nh s lm cho dng in xung kch khi thirixto va dn thng s rt ln. S tng ln
ca dng in m khi thirixto dn thng cho php l c hn. Nu s tng ln vt qu
tr s cho php ca thirixto s lm chy thirixto do b nng cc b. V th mch chnh
lu thirixto khng nn dng t in lc sng.
Hi: Ti sao trong mch chnh lu kiu 0 ba pha, khng th dng b h cm
xoay chiu o kim dng in chnh lu?
p: Phng php li dng b h cm xoay chiu o kim dng in
chnh lu bn pha xoay chiu ch c th s dng trong mch chnh lu m pha xoay
chiu khng c phn lng mt chiu. Cn mch chnh lu kiu 0 ba pha, trong tnh
hnh dng in lin tc, trong mt chu k ch c 1/3 thi gian dng in chy qua
cun dy bn th cp bin th chnh lu, v th bn th cp bin th l dng in
dao ng mt chiu. Thnh phn mt chiu trong dng in dao ng ny khng th
- Trang 360 -
t bn th cp phn nh n bn s cp, ch c thnh phn xoay chiu mi c th t

bn th cp phn nh bn s cp, cho nn dng b h cm xoay chiu khng th o
chnh xc dng in chnh lu. i vi mch in chnh lu nh th ny phi trc
tip o bn pha mt chiu.
Hi: Mt bin th chnh lu ko hai my chnh lu vn hnh song song (hnh
17 - 5 - 17 (a)), by gi mun ci tin thnh vn hnh ni tip (hnh 17 - 5 - 17 (b))
c khng?
p: nng cao in p mt chiu, ci tin thnh cch u ni tip nh

hnh (b) l ht sc sai lm. Bi v khi mt my bin th chnh lu ko hai b chnh
lu vn hnh th im A, C trn mch in cng in th, im B, D cng in th,
nu ni B vi C li mt ch s xy ra ngn mch mt chiu nghim trng, hnh
thnh dng in ngn mch rt ln, chy hng linh kin. Cho nn khng th i
thnh vn hnh ni tip nh hnh (b).
- Trang 361 -
17 - 6 Linh kin v thit b chnh lu khc

Hi: Khi th nghim chu p mt chiu, bng chnh lu chn khng c in p
nh mc l 110kV ch cho php s dng trn mch chnh lu 55kV. Ti sao?
p: in p nh mc (in p nh mt chiu) ca bng chnh lu chn
khng l ch in p ln nht m gia cc dng v cc m c th chu ng c
khng n mc dn n phng in nhp nhy. Tin hnh th nghim chu p mt
chiu ni chung p dng chnh lu na sng. Nu vt c th nghim np in khi
na sng dng xoay chiu, th khi na sng m, bng chnh lu ngng hot ng.
Khi xoay chiu l tr s nh th in p ngc ln nht gia hai cc bng chnh lu
t ti gp hai ln tr s nh xoay chiu, cho nn bng chnh lu chn khng 110kV
ch cho php s dng trn mch chnh lu 55kV.
Hi: in p dy tc diode cc m nng np thy ngn, ti sao ni chung
di 5 vn, cn in p dy tc bng chn khng li tng i cao?
p: Bi v in th in ly ca thy ngn tng i thp, ch c 10.4 vn.
Nu in p dy tc tng i cao th gia hai u ca dy tc s sinh ra phng in
h quang do in p tng i cao, ph hoi s hot ng ca diode cn trong bng
chn khng khng c vn ny, cho nn in p dy tc c th tng i cao.
Hi: Tt c linh kin trong ng trn b chnh lu thy ngn, ti sao ton b
u lm bng st m khng th bng ng?
p: Trong ng trn b chnh lu thy ngn, tt c cc linh kin, tr graphit,
v s ra, u ch c th s dng loi lm bng st, ngay c que dn in cc dng
cng vy, tuyt i khng c dng ng, bi v ng s ha tan trong thy ngn.
Nu s dng linh kin ng, chng bao lu trong thy ngn c ng, khin thy
ngn khng sch, ng thi s lu li trn b mt v s cch in, cng s ph hoi
cch in.
Hi: Dng ng h m o th b chnh lu selen kiu cu, pht hin in tr
chiu dng ca mi phin l 10, qui cch ca b chnh lu l 110V, 2A, mi
nhnh 8 phin, tnh ra ton b in tr bn trong l 160 (2 x 8 x 10) st p khi
chy qua dng in nh mc chy qua l 320V, vt qu in p nh mc, v th
cho rng in tr bn trong ca b chnh lu ny qu ln, mt tc dng. Tnh nh
vy c ng khng?
p: Tr s in tr o c bng ng h m khc vi tnh hnh thc t, bi
v in p ca ng h m rt thp (khong l.5V) in tr trong rt ln, in p
in n hai u phin chnh lu rt nh, khi in p chiu dng ca phin chnh
lu selen tng ln, th in tr ca n s t t gim, in p khi hot ng thc t
tng i cao, in tr trong ca mi phin nh hn 10 nhiu.
- Trang 362 -

Hi: Th cp ca bin th my chnh lu thy ngn ti sao nht nh phi
u hnh sao?
p: Khi th cp ca bin th my chnh lu thy ngn u theo hnh sao,
dy gia lm mch v ca in mt chiu, nu i sang cch u hnh tam gic th
bn mt chiu khng c mch kn na.
Hi: My chnh lu selen d b ti sao phi nh k a vo s dng? Cn
my chnh lu oxyt ng li khng cn nh k a vo s dng?
p: My chnh lu oxyt ng kh ht m, kh thay i tnh nng, cn my
chnh lu selen rt d ht m, thay i c tnh. Khi my chnh lu selen lu
khng s dng s c c tnh "phn ha". Khi my chnh lu nh vy a vo hot
ng, dng in ngc chiu s tng ln r rt dn n qu nng, gim thp hiu
sut. Cho nn my chnh lu selen d b phi nh k a vo vn hnh, cho d khng
ti cng c. Nhng khng c khng ti, bi v di in p tng i cao
th dng in ngc chiu tng ln, c th gy nng, xuyn thng.
Hi: Dng thang m ca ng h vn nng o my phin silic cao p chu p
130kV th in tr thun ngc chiu ca n u v cng ln, c phi cc phin
silic ny u hng?
p: Bi v phin silic cao p l ni tip rt nhiu diode silic thnh khi thng
nht, tng ng vi ni tip rt nhiu in tr chiu dng tip gip PN li vi
nhau, hn na in p trong ca ng h vn nng li rt thp khng t n in
p ban u ca phin silic, cho nn in tr chiu dng ca phin silic cao p s
rt ln, cho d khi dng nc R x 10k ca ng h vn nng o th kim ca ng
h cng khng ng y. in tr ngc ca n cng ln hn. V th s c u v
cng ln. Cho nn khng th dng ng h vn nng phn on phin silic cao p
tt hay xu.
Hi: Ti sao khi lp b chnh lu selen, lun phi lp phin ca n thnh
dng thng ng m khng phi nm ngang?
p: Khi my chnh lu selen hot ng phi ta nhit. Khi lp thng ng,
khng kh gia cc phin khi b nng s bc ln trn, cn khng kh lnh t pha di
ht vo, hnh thnh i lu t nhin, c li cho vic ta nhit.
Hi: Ti sao my chnh lu bn dn sau mt thi gian s dng phi nng cao
in p u vo xoay chiu?
p: Thng thng my chnh lu bn dn (nh oxyt ng, selen) trong qu
trnh vn hnh c hin tng lo ha, hin tng ny s lm cho in tr chiu
dng ca my chnh lu tng bc tng ln, tn hao cng tng theo, cng lm cho
nhit ca my chnh lu tng ln (phin selen s lo ha trong khi vn hnh
- Trang 363 -
1000~2000 gi, v sau s n nh). bo m in p sau khi chnh lu khng b

st thp, th phi nng cao in p u vo xoay chiu.
Hi: My chnh lu selen kiu cu tng i lu khng dng, khi th
nghim s b khng pht hin vn . Ti sao sau khi cho ph ti vo, mt phn
phin chnh lu lin b chy hng?
p: Phin chnh lu selen 2 - 3 tun khng dng th phi tin hnh x l "to
hnh" li, nu khng s b chy hng. l bi v phin chnh lu selen lu khng s
dng mt tc dng bn dn. Phng php x l "to hnh" l: Trc tin cho dng
in, in p bng 50 - 70% vo my chnh lu, th cp khng cho ph ti, vn hnh
lin tc 3 - 4 gi, sau cho dng in ph ti bng 50%, vn hnh lin tc mt gi.
Tip cho in p v u u dy ph ti s khng xy ra s c na.
- Trang 364 -
17 - 7 n p ngun in
Hi: Trong thit b n p ngun in bng bng bn dn (transistor), m dng
in u ra nh khng c khu bo v qu dng, ti sao c lc xut hin hin tng
khi va u thng ngun in xoay chiu th bng iu chnh lp tc hng?
p: Bng iu chnh b hng l do dng in np cho t lc sng u song
song vi u ra ca thit b n p ngun in transistor qu ln gy nn. Tnh hnh
ny thng xy ra nhiu trong trng hp in p u ra tng i cao m t lc
sng u ra li tng i ln.
Hi: u ra ca b n p xoay chiu in t c cho php tip t khng?
p: u ra ca b n p xoay chiu in t khng cho
php tip t. Bi v b n p xoay chiu in t l sau khi ni
tip b khuch i t T2 v bin th t ngu T1 ri u vt
gia ngun in u vo vi u ra, (xem hnh 17 - 7 - 2) thng
qua dng in bo ha 1 chiu ca cun dy th cp T2 iu
khin b khuch i t thay i tr khng ca n nhm
iu chnh in p ra. Trong u vo A, B nu A l y pha, B l
dy "khng" th u ra C i vi t l 220V, u D i vi t
l "khng", nu hon i A v B th D i vi C l 220V, C i
vi t c th l vi chc vn, tc in p gia cun dy nng p 2 v 3 ca T1.
Nu du ra ca b n p in tr tip t th khng th hot ng bnh
thng. Bi v sau khi tip t u C, khi A l dy pha th 220V s a n gia ca
cun dy nng p 2 v 3 T1 to ra qu ti. Khi B l dy pha th A v C l cng in
th, cun dy nng p b ngn mch. Nu em u D tip t th khi B l dy pha
ngun in 220V b ngn mch, ch c khi A l dy pha th mi c th hot ng
bnh thng.
Hi: B n p 1 chiu 2000V, p dng phng php phn p nh th hin
hnh 17 - 7 - 3 (a) lm cao p mt chiu 1000 V cung cp in. Trc khi u vo
cc chi tit, dng vn k tnh in o c in p trn R2 l 1000V, chng t b
phn p khng c sai st. Nhng sau khi u vo linh kin li khng th hot ng
c do in p qu thp. Ti sao?
- Trang 365 -
p: Sau khi u b phn p vo cc linh kin, do in tr u vo ca cc

linh kin u song song vi R2 (xem hnh 17 - 7 - 3 (a)), lm thay i t l phn p
c khin in p st thp. Nu in tr u vo ca cc linh kin l 10M sau khi
u song song vi R2 bin thnh 5M, li phn p vi Ri th in p trn linh kin ch

c khong 660V. V th phi coi in tr u vo ca linh kin l b phn hp
thnh ca ton b b phn p thit k. Nu in tr u vo ca linh kin l
10M mun t c in p lm vic 1kV trn ngun in 2kV th c th u dy
theo hnh (b) hoc hnh (c). Dng in trong hnh (b) nh hn mt na so vi hnh (c),
v th cng sut cng nh hn mt na.
Hi: Ngun in ca mt s my tnh in t, ti sao s dng ngun in
n p chnh lu 400 Hz m khng s dng ngun in tn s chung?
p: Bi v my tnh in t c yu cu tng i cao i vi cht lng
ca in p ngun in mt chiu, cn c h s vn sng nh, nu h s qu ln s
lm cho hot ng ca ton b my tnh in t khng n nh. Trong ngun in n
p mt chiu do ngun c tn s chung cung cp tuy c th s dng cc hnh thc
lc sng, nhng h s vn sng vn khng th t c yu cu, nht l i vi cc
loi nhiu n t ngun in tn s chung cng kh lc b. Do ngun in n p
mt chiu ca my tnh in t ni chung u dng ngun in 400 Hz 3 pha (hoc 6
pha) cung cp in.
- Trang 366 -
CHNG XVIII
NG H IN
18 - 1 Kt cu v nguyn l ca ng h in
Hi: chnh xc ca cc loi ng h, my o in th hin ngha g?
p: Th hin s phn trm sai s ln nht ca ng h, my o y. Nh
cp 0.5, sai s o ln nht ca n khng vt qu 0.5% tr s tiu chun; ng
h, my o cp 1 th sai s o ln nht ca n khng vt qu 1%. Nu tm o ln
nht l 100 ampe th sai s ln nht l 1 ampe.
Hi: Th no l sai s tuyt i, tng i, chit hp ca ng h o in?
p: Hiu gia tr s ch th ca ng h th vi tr s ch th ca ng h
chun l "sai s tuyt i"; t s phn trm so snh gia "sai s tuyt i" vi tr s
ch th ca ng h chun l "sai s tng i". Cn "sai s chit hp" l s phn
trm gia tr s tuyt i so vi tr s ln nht trn bng chia ng h o.
Hi: Trn ng h in thng nhn thy cc k hiu , , 45o, chng th
hin ngha g?
p: th hin khi s dng ng h, mt ny phi thng ng; th
hin khi s dng ng h, mt ng h phi ngang; 45o th hin khi dng
ng h, mt ng h phi to mt gc 45o so vi ng ngang bng. Nu s
dng ng h m khng t ng theo cc phng php ny qui nh th sai s ca
ng h s rt ln, c th vt qu tr s cho php.
Hi: Cc k hiu
, , , ~ , ~ ghi r trn a ng h, mi loi th
hin ngha g?
p: K hiu
th hin khi lm vic phi t ng h theo v tr ngang
bng; th hin phi t thng ng; th hin ch dng vi in mt chiu; ~
th hin ch dng vi in xoay chiu; ~ th hin dng c hai loi xoay chiu, mt
chiu.
Hi: ch cch v tr 0 khng xa pha di ng chia ca mt s ng
h in xoay chiu c mt im en, hoc ch cch v tr 0 v tr s y khng
xa c mt im en, th hin g?
p: Bi v ng chia ca ng h in xoay chiu khng u, ni
chung chia ca on bt u v on cui rt nh, khin sai s c c vt
- Trang 367 -
ra ngoi chnh xc m ng h in qui nh. V th, khi s dng phi b b

phn ny. im en di ng chia l dng th hin ny. Nu ch c mt
im en cch v tr 0 khng xa th t im en n tr s y l b phn lm
vic ca ng chia , s c trong phm vi ny chnh xc, on t v tr 0 n
im en khng chnh xc. Nu di ng chia c hai im en th th hin
on gia hai im l b phn lm vic ca ng chia .
Hi: Trn a chia mt s ng h, lp mt mnh gng, ti sao?
p: Bi v gia kim ch v b mt bng chia c khe h, khe h cng ln
th cng d xy ra nhn nhm. Nu trn a chia lp mt mnh gng, khi kim v
hnh chiu ca kim trong gng trng nhau, ly s c, c th gim thiu nhn sai.
V th tc dng ca mnh gng l gim sai khi nhn s o.
Hi: Trong ampe k xoay mt chiu (kiu in t), vn k, ng h pha
(kiu in ng), ng h mgam, ng h tn s kiu kim ch, mi loi c my
l xo phn khng? Ti sao?
p: Tc dng ca l xo phn khng trong ng h, my o in l: (1)
cn bng mmen phn khng vi mmen chuyn ng, khin mi v tr kim ch phn
nh lng o nht nh. (2) Dn dng in vo cun dy ng. dn ngun in
vo v dn ra, cn c 2 l xo, ampe k mt chiu v vn k l thuc loi ny. Trong
ng h xoay chiu khng c cun dy ng, cng khng cn dn dng in vo, v
th ch cn 1 l xo l . ng h pha, ng h mgam, ng h tn s kiu kim
ch, do s dng nguyn l so snh dng, li dng 1 cun dy khc thng dng in
sinh ra mmen phn khng, cho nn bn trong khng c l xo phn khng, khi khng
c dng in chy qua th kim ch cng khng nht thit ch s 0.
Hi: Vch chia ca ng h kiu in t ti sao u nhau, cn vch chia
ca ng h kiu t in li khng u nhau?
p: ng h kiu in t l do nam chm vnh cu v do cun dy ng to
thnh. Bi v t trng ca nam chm vnh cu c nh, gc chuyn lch ca kim ch
t l thun vi dng in chy qua cun dy, cho nn vch chia t l thun vi dng
in cho nn u nhau.
ng h kiu t in l do cun dy bt ng v phin li st ng ni trn
trc kim to thnh. Gc chuyn lch ca kim t l thun vi bnh phng ca dng
in, v th a vch chia ca ng h khng u nhau.
Hi: Ti sao mt in k kiu mi u lm thnh hnh nh th hin hnh
18 - 1 - 9 (a) m khng lm thnh hnh nh hnh (b)?
p: Bi v phm vi di ng ca kim trong ng h ln
nh nhau th hnh (a) tng i ln hn hnh (b), tc lng di
- Trang 368 -
chuyn ca kim tng i ln hn trn n v in lng lm cho kim chuyn ng,

v th ng h tng i nhy v nhn tng i r .
Hi: ng h kiu in t ch c th dng o in mt chiu, ti sao c
loi ng h in t cn chia - 0 +?
p: ng h kiu in t l mt loi ng h dng o in mt chiu. C
loi ng h kiu in t c chia "-", "0", "+", nhng l o in mt chiu
bin hng, v d khi o phn bit nhm u dy ca my bin th th yu cu v tr
0 chnh gia, lc ny ng h o phi khc theo "-", "0", "+". Tuy dng khc
"-", "0", "+" nhng vn l o mt chiu, iu ny khng c ngha loi ng h ny c
tnh dng m m c th dng o in xoay chiu.
Hi: Ti sao kim ca mt s ng h in phi lm thnh dng x ngang
(xem hnh 18 - 1 - 11)?
p: ng h h in ng ni chung khng nhng dng o in mt chiu
m cng dng o in xoay chiu. Khi tn s vn c ca bn thn c cu o gn
bng tn s ca dng in xoay chiu c o, s dn ti dao ng ca b phn
ng ng h.
Chu k dao ng t do ca bt c vt th no u l K = C / m , trong cng
thc, C l bn ca vt th, m l khi lng
ca vt th.
Ch to kim trong ng h in ng
thnh dng x ngang c th nng cao bn C
ca n, nh vy c th tng chu k dao ng
t do cc b phn ng ca c cu o, khin
n khng dn n sinh ra cng hng trong phm vi tn s tng i rng.
Hi: Ti sao u mt ca kim ng h c nhy tng i cao phi s
dng hnh mi thng, cn ng h trn mm phn phi in li p dng dng li
dao?
p: Bi v rng ca kim hnh thng nh, c th khng vt qua
mnh ca ng nt chia , nh vy c th c c mt cch tng i chnh
xc tr s kim ch, cn s hin th ca ng h trn mm phn phi in phi cch
xa mt khong cch (0.5 - 1m) c, ng thi cng khng yu cu qu cao i vi
chnh xc ca s c, v th p dng u mt ca kim c dng li dao tng
i d nhn thy l thch hp.
Hi: Trn trc quay ca ng h kiu in t c lp 2 l xo xon cng sinh
ra m men lc phn khng, ti sao chiu xon ca 2 l xo xon ngc nhau?
p: Bi v vt th c hin tng nng n lnh co, sau khi lp ngc chiu 2
l xo xon, khi nhit tng cao hoc gim thp, m men ph m 2 l xo ny sinh ra
- Trang 369 -
ngc chiu nhau, c tc dng b. Ngoi ra cn c th gim mc lo ha do mi

ca l xo?
Hi: Ti sao rt nhiu c cu o ca ng h kiu in ng, kiu t in
li chia thnh 2 b phn (c nh v di ng)?
p: l nhm nng cao chnh xc ca ng h. i vi ngoi gii, t
trng 2 b phn ca ng h c ln nh bng nhau, ngc chiu nhau, nh
vy s c th trit tiu nh hng ca t trng u ca ngoi gii i vi ng
h, cng c tc dng phng trnh mc nht nh i vi t trng khng u
ca bn ngoi.
Hi: Ti sao khi c nh hng ca t trng bn
ngoi th kt cu ca ng h phi p dng kt cu khng
nh hng?
p: T trng ca bn thn ng h kiu in t
tng i yu khi c t trng bn ngoi s nh hng
nghim trng n chnh xc o ca n. Cn ng h
khng nh hng l dng 2 h thng t in ngc chiu
nhau to thnh (xem hnh 18 - 1 - 15), trong 2 cun dy u ni tip ngc chiu
nhau. T trng do chng sinh ra ngc chiu nhau, nh vy nh hng ca t
trng bn ngoi i vi 2 t trng l ngc nhau, tc dng ca n va vn trit
tiu. Cho nn s c ca ng h khng b nh hng ca t trng bn ngoi.
Hi: Ti sao trn khung nhm cun dy ng ca ng h kiu in t li
t mt s l trn?
p: Nguyn nhn ch yu t mt s l trn trn khung cun dy ng l (1)
C th tng in tr dng xoy, gim thiu h s cn tr bo m thi gian lm
nht ca ng h trong phm vi qui nh. (2) Gim nh trng lng ca b phn
ng, ko di tui th trc.
Hi: Cun dy ng ca ng h o kiu in t, ti sao qun trn li nhm,
m khng qun trn gi li lm bng st hoc giy cng?
p: i vi vt liu ca khung cun dy ng cn xem xt 3 im: (1)
trng lng nh, qun tnh i ng nh. (2) Phi l vt liu phi t tnh, nu khng s
b nam chm ht. (3) Phi l vt dn in. Khi khung quay theo cun dy c th di
ng trong t trng s cm ng ra dng xoy v c tc dng lm cn tr s vn
ng, khin kim ch nhanh chng n nh v tr cn bng. Da vo 3 im trn th
nhm l thch hp nht.
Hi: Ti sao vch trong ca v mt s ng h c lt 1 lp hoc 2 lp mng
mng kim loi?
- Trang 370 -
p: Bi v t trng ca bn thn ng h kiu in ng v in t tng

i yu, cho nn chun xc ca ng h b nh hng nghim trng ca t
trng bn ngoi; khi vch trong ca v ng h gn lp mng mng kim loi dn
t th c th lm cho t trng bn ngoi chy qua bn trong mng mng kim loi c
nng sut dn t rt cao, ch khng vo bn trong ng h, nh th bo m
chnh xc ca ng h. gi l tc dng che chn. gim thiu chnh lch ph
do dng xoy v tn hao t tr gy nn, vt liu che chn phi s dng vt liu c
sut dn t cao, lc un vnh thp nh phin silic, hp kim.
- Trang 371 -

Hi: Cho dng in mt chiu c ln bng nhau vo ng h kiu in t
ti sao khi v ng h c che chn t v khng c che chn t th s c khc nhau?
p: T trng ca ng h kiu in t l do nam chm vnh cu sinh ra,
che chn thng lm bng vt liu dn t. Sau khi v ngoi c che chn t, v lp
che chn c tc dng phn t, s lm gim cng t trng trong khe h lm
vic ca ng h, v vy sau khi cho vo dng in c ln bng nhau, m men
quay sinh ra s khc nhau. Do m men quay c che chn s nh hn so vi khng che
chn, v th tr s hin th ca n cng nh. Nu trn che chn tr mt l trn dt,
th khi di chuyn l ny, do khong cch tng i ca n i vi cc thay i,
khin t thng lm vic trong khe h lm vic cng thay i, t lm cho. s c
ca ng h cng thay i theo. Trn cng trng thng li dng phng php ny
iu chnh s c ca ng h.
Hi: L xo trong ng h ti sao khng s dng vt liu thp m s dng vt
liu ng photpho?
p: L xo trong ng h phi c th duy tr tnh n hi vn c v sau khi
chu lc duy tr ln ca lc phn tc dng khng thay i. Do trong ng h in
c dng in, nn c t trng, di tc dng ca t trng s lm gim tnh n
hi ca l xo thp, cho nn phi s dng vt liu ng en photpho khng t tnh.
Hi: Cun dy hot ng trong ng h kiu in ng ti sao thng qun
bng dy nhm?
p: S dng dy nhm qun cun dy hot ng ca ng h kiu in
ng mc ch l nhm gim trng lng b phn hot ng ca ng h, gim
m men lc ma st v sai s ma st trong b ca n, t nng cao chnh xc
ca ng h.
Hi: ng h mt chiu c b phn dng, ti sao thng km theo hai si
dy dn chuyn dng, cn cc ng h khc khng c?
p: ng h in mt chiu c b phn dng, trn thc t l mt chic
ng h mV, dng in mt chiu b o khi chy qua b phn dng sinh ra st p vi
tr s rt nh (mV), st p ny t l thun vi dng in c o, st p o c ny
qua tnh ton s c dng in cn o. Do st p ny rt nh, nu hai dy dn gia
b phn dng vi ampe k (tc ng h mV) qu di hoc qu nh th in tr dy
dn tng i ln, st p trn dy dn cng tng i ln, in p o c trn
ampe k s nh hn nhiu so vi st p trn b phn dng, khin kt qu o khng
chnh xc. V th, khi xut xng, nh my ch to km theo hai dy dn chuyn
dng. Khi kim tra sai s ca ng h, xem xt st p trn hai dy dn ny. Khi s
dng ng h, dng hai dy dn ny ni ng h vi b phn dng, sai s o ca
ng h s khng vt qu tr s qui nh. Nu ty tin s dng dy dn khc th
kt qu o s khng chnh xc.
- Trang 372 -

Hi: Ti sao ampe k mt chiu phi xt n b nhit , cn vn k mt
chiu khng cn xt n b nhit ?
p: Ampe k mt chiu thng dng l do c cu o l kiu in t cng
vi b phn dng to thnh. B phn dng lm bng vt liu ng mangan, h s
nhit in tr ca n rt nh. Cun dy di ng ca c cu o qun bng dy
ng, h s nhit in tr ca n tng i ln. Cn in tr ca cun dy di ng
ln hn nhiu in tr phn dng, cho nn s thay i ca nhit s lm thay i
t l phn dng, gy nn sai s o ca ng h, iu ny i hi phi xt n b
nhit .
Vn k mt chiu do c cu o l kiu in t ni tip vi in tr ph
qun bng ng mangan m thnh. Tr s in tr ca in tr ph ln hn nhiu
in tr cun dy di ng, cho nn khi nhit thay i, th s thay i ca tng tr
s in tr rt nh; c th khng xt ti b nhit .
Hi: Ampe k kiu li st di ng ti sao khng c b phn dng? Lm sao
thay i tm o ca ng h ny?
p: Ampe k kiu li st di ng ch yu dng o dng in ln, s vng
khng nhiu, khng cn lm thnh ng h tiu chun ri mi b tr phi hp b
phn dng, m c th trc tip qun thnh s vng khc nhau. Ngoi ra, khng c b
phn dng c th trnh c sai s do nhit thay i gy nn. Sau khi ng h c
b phn dng thng in, nhit tng ln khc nhau ca ng h v b phn dng
lm cho s phn phi dng in cng thay i theo, gy ra sai s.
thay i tm o, ng h kiu li st di ng thng qun cun dy thnh
hai b phn, c th s dng ni tip hoc song song. Khi ni tip l mt tm o, khi
u song song s vng gim mt na, tm o c th m rng gp i.
Hi: B phn lm nht ca ng h kiu in t lp ch no? N c tc
dng lm nht nh th no?
p: C cu o kiu in t khng c b lm nht bn ngoi, bn thn n
c lm nht t tnh, cun dy ca c cu o c qun trn khung nhm, bn thn
khung nhm l mt mch kn, cho nn khi b phn c th chuyn ng quay chuyn,
t thng chy qua khung nhm s thay i, trong khung nhm s sinh ra dng in
cm ng, dng in ny tc dng vi t trng nam chm sinh ra m men quay.
Chiu ca m men quay ny ngc vi chiu vn ng ca khung nhm, sinh ra tc
dng lm nht r rt.
Hi: Trong ng h h in t thng thy mch
in nh hnh 18 - 1 - 26, rt v rs c tc dng g?
p: rt l in tr b nhit, dng b sai lch do
nhit thay i khin in tr ca cun dy ng thay
i gy nn. rs l in tr phn dng, c tc dng m rng
- Trang 373 -
tm o. Ngoi ra, rt v rs cn c tc dng lm in tr gii hn ngoi, nu em r t, rs

u vi in tr trong u ng h ro thnh in tr gii hn ca mch ng h th
c th lm cho c tnh trng thi ng ca ng h ny vo trng thi lm nht
gii hn.
Hi: Ti sao in tr ph ca ng h mt chiu u qun bng dy ng
mangan, cn in tr ph trong ng h xoay chiu li qun bng dy ng
constantan (hp kim ng - niken)?
p: Yu cu ch yu ca in tr ph ca ng h in l h s nhit ca
in tr phi nh, tc tr s in tr chu nh hng ca nhit phi nh, nh
vy mi c th bo m chnh xc ca ng h. H s nhit ca dy ng
constantan tuy rt nh (5 x 10-6 /oC) nhng in th tip xc gia dy constantan
vi ng qu ln cng s nh hng n chnh xc o. Trong ng h xoay
chiu, do cc tnh ca in p khng ngng thay i, c th trit tiu nh hng ca
in th tip xc sinh ra trong bn chu k dng, m. V th, dy ng constantan l
vt liu in tr ph ca ng h in xoay chiu tng i l tng. Nhng trong
dng in mt chiu, do in th tip xc qu ln nn khng th s dng. in th
tip xc gia dy ng mangan vi ng rt nh, hn na h s nhit ca n
cng ch c 2 x 10-5 /oC, tuy ln hn dy ng constantan mt cht, nhng do khng
c vt liu l tng hn, v th u dng n lm in tr ph.
Hi: in tr chun s dng trong phng thc nghim ni chung u dng
dy ng mangan cch in qun ln ng ng, ti sao cn phi ngm trong du cch
in?
p: Khi nhit thay i, th tr s in tr cng thay i. in tr chun
s dng trong o chnh xc. gim thiu nh hng ca s thay i nhit khi
o i vi s c, lm cho s c n nh, cho nn dng dy ng mangan cch in
qun trn ng ng v ngm trong du cch in, khin nhit lng pht ra trn in
tr nhanh chng ta i, nhit thay i tng i nh.
Hi: Ti sao in tr phn dng ca ampe k mt chiu phi c bn u u
dy (nh hnh 18 - 1 - 29)?
p: Hai u tip xc ca A gi l u tip xc dng
in, hai u tip xc ca B gi l u tip xc in th. Khi s
dng, mch in chnh ni vi A, mch in ng h o ni vi
B. Nh vy c th lm cho in tr tip xc khng nh hng
chnh xc o.
Hi: Ti sao trc khi s dng my so dng tin hnh o (tc khi khng
hot ng) kim lun lun di ng ch khng ch 0?
p: Loi ng h in kt cu ny khng dng dy chuyn ng sinh ra m
men lc phn khng c hc m dng cun dy m men lc phn tc dng, khi o, cn
- Trang 374 -
c vo nguyn l tc dng t in, sinh ra m men lc cn bng, cho nn khi ng h

khng hot ng th c trc v kim ca n u khng c tc dng ca m men lc c
hc m thnh trng thi di ng t do.
Hi: Khi ng h kiu in ng s dng vi in mt chiu thng phi
o i cc tnh "dng" "m", ly s c bnh qun hai ln, ti sao?
p: Bi v t trng bn thn ca ng h din ng yu hn nhiu ng
h kiu in t, rt d b nh hng bi a t gy nn sai s, cho nn phi i cc
"dng" "m", ly s bnh qun hai ln, nh vy loi tr nh hng ca a t, mi
c th t c chnh xc cn thit.
Hi: Kim ng h kiu t in sau khi b nh hng ca nhit kh quyn,
vic ch th c g thay i?
p: Khi tri nng, ch th lch cao, khi tri lnh lch thp. Khi nhit
thp, cng cm ng t ca li st s gim yu mt t, m men quay gim,
khin kim ch lch thp. Cn do nhit cao, khin l xo nng n ra, lc n hi
gim, m men thng hm gim nh. Hai ci tng hp li, nhn t sau tng i
mnh, nn khi tri nng hin th lch cao, khi tri lnh lch thp.
Hi: Ti sao hin nay ampe k, vn k h in ng cp 0.5 ang c xu th
tng bc c thay bng ng h h t in?
p: ng h h t in l mt loi ng h t in: mt chiu v xoay
chiu. N c cc u im nh kt cu n gin, kh nng qu ti mnh, n nh tin
cy, gi thnh tng i thp, d ch to v.v... My nm gn y, cp chnh xc ca
ng h h t in tng bc c nng cao, tiu hao cng sut tng bc gim,
c bit l sau khi b phn hot ng p dng bng si cng v quang tiu, gim
thp vic tiu hao cng sut, nng cao nhy v chnh xc. Cn ng h h
in ng, ly ampe k, vn k so vi ng h h t in, n c cc nhc im
v mt kt cu ca bn thn: tiu hao cng sut ln, kh nng qu ti km. Kt cu
phc tp, gi thnh cao, chu nh hng ca t trng bn ngoi cng ln. V th,
ng h h t in c xu th thay th ampe k, vn k h in ng.
Hi: Ti sao vn k mt chiu ni chung khng th o in p xoay chiu,
cn vn k xoay chiu thng dng li c th o in p mt chiu mt cch gn
ng?
p: Vn k mt chiu ni chung u l kiu in t. N c hai t cc do
nam chm vnh cu to thnh. Khi in mt chiu chy qua cun dy, n v t cc
tc dng ln nhau sinh ra m men quay, kim quay lch v mt bn, nu in xoay
chiu chy qua cun dy, m men quay sinh ra s thay i m dng th kim ch rung
ch khng th quay. V th, ng h kiu in t khng th trc tip o in xoay
chiu.
- Trang 375 -
Vn k xoay chiu thng dng l kiu t in, khi dng in mt chiu

chy qua cun dy ca n, phin st ca b phn chuyn ng b t ha, phin st
b ht sinh ra m men quay, khin kim quay lch. Khi dng in xoay chiu chy qua
cun dy, t cc sinh ra trong cun dy v t cc ca phin st cng lc thay i,
kt qu chiu m men quay tc dng ln nhau khng thay i, kim vn quay lch.
Cho nn, ng h kiu t in c th o mt chiu hoc xoay chiu (s c in p
mt chiu hi ln hn khi o bng vn k mt chiu).
Hi: Ti sao ng h kiu in t mt chiu khng chu c qu ti, cn
ng h xoay chiu chu c qu ti?
p: B phn c th chuyn ng ca ng h kiu in t mt chiu l
cun dy qun bng dy dn nh. Khi o, dng in lm vic ca ng h phi
thng qua dy chuyn ng mi c th cng lc chy qua cun dy c th di ng
khin ng h quay bnh thng. Khi ng h qu ti, dng in chy qua dy
chuyn ng s vt qu mt s ln tr s bnh thng, lm t dy chuyn ng,
hoc lm mt tnh n hi ca dy chuyn ng do qu nng. C lc cng c th lm
chy hng cun dy ng. ng h s dng cho xoay chiu u l ng h kiu t
in, b phn c th di ng ca n khng c dng in chy qua, v th dy chuyn
ng khng b chy t. Cho nn, c khi qu ti thi gian ngn th cun dy c nh
ca n cng c th chu c.
Hi: Ti sao phi u song song mt t in trn ng h in trong thit b
cao tn?
p: l nhm phng nga tc dng gy nhiu ca dng in cao tn i
vi ng h u song song t in vo c th lm cho dng in cao tn thot qua t
in loi tr nhiu
- Trang 376 -
18 - 2 S dng ng h in thng dng

Hi: Sau khi s dng xong ampe k, micron ampe k v mili vn k, ti sao
thng dng mt si dy ng ni cc tr u dy ca chng?
p: Bi v cc loi ng h o ny l kiu in t, cun dy, trc v kim
ca chng u ht sc nh, gin yu, cho nn khi di chuyn ng h c th khin
chng dao ng mnh, gy hng. Nhng sau khi dng si dy ng ni tr u dy
ca chng li, nu khi cun dy do tc dng ca lc c gii bn ngoi m chuyn
ng th trong cun dy s sinh ra dng in (tng ng vi mt my pht in
mt chiu), t sinh ra lc hm, khin cun dy khng th dao ng nhanh, nh
vy c th phng nga hng ng h.
cnh?

Hi: Khi t xp ng h in kiu xch tay, ti sao phi ng mt
p: ng h kiu xch tay tng i tinh vi, u t nm ngang s

dng, do trc c lp thng ng. Nu khi khng dng m cng ngang s
khin u nhn trc pha di p lu di ln trc khin u nhn trc v trc
u hng. Nu ng mt cnh, trc ch gc ln trc lm cho ng h c th
duy tr nhy v chnh xc, v ko di thi gian s dng.
Hi: Ti sao khi s dng kim dng k (kim lu k), nht nh phi iu
chnh n n v tr nm ngang bng?
p: Kim dng k ni chung u dng dy cng hoc dy treo b
phn hot ng. Nu khng iu chnh n v tr nm ngang th cun dy hot ng
ca kim dng k s ri khi v tr thng ng, sinh ra b nghing. Nh vy cun
dy quay trong khe h lm vic ca t trng s kh khn. Cho nn trc tin phi
iu chnh n v tr ngang bng.
Hi: Ti sao khi hiu chnh ng h in phi cn c vo s c ca im
cn kim tra trn ng h cn hiu chnh iu chnh ln cn o m khng
iu chnh theo s c ca ng h chun?
p: Khi hiu chnh ng h, iu chnh ln cn o n vch chia im
cn hiu chnh trn ng h cn hiu chnh (ni chung u l vch chia c ch s
hoc ch c vch di trn thc chia ), lc ny kim ca ng h chun cha chc
ng vch chia, lm nh vy ch yu l xt n s tin li ca c s. Bi v,
nu trc tin cn c vo ch s trn thc chia ca ng h chun iu
chnh cn o, th rt c th kim ca ng h chun ch trn vch chia, cn kim ca
ng h cn hiu chnh li gia vch chia. Do cp ca ng h chun nht nh
cao hn ng h cn hiu chnh, chia phi nhiu hn, cho nn kim ca ng h
cn hiu chnh trn vch chia, cn kim ca ng h chun gia vch chia, nh
vy c s tng i thun li.
- Trang 377 -

Hi: Ti sao khi hiu chnh ng h in, gia ng h chun vi ng h
cn hiu chnh ti thiu phi cch 1 mt? Hn na tt nht b tr hai ng h theo
hng ng - ty?
p: Khi hiu chnh ng h, t trng ca hai ng h s nh hng ln
nhau. V bn cht th nh hng ny cng ging nh t trng bn ngoi. Nu
xa ra mt cht, nh hng s nh. Hai ng h theo chiu ng - ty, ch yu l
xt n gim thiu nh hng a t chiu nam bc.
Hi: Ti sao khi dng ng h kiu in t lm ng h chun hiu
chnh
ng h hai tc dng: xoay chiu, mt chiu kiu in ng, khng th dng ngun
in chnh lu thng thng?
p: ng h kiu in t phn nh l tr s bnh qun cn o, cn ng h
kiu in ng phn nh l tr s hu hiu. Trong dng in u ra ca my chnh
lu ph thng bn trn th trng lun lun l thnh phn mch ng. V th, trong
tnh hnh ny, ch th ca ng h kiu in ng lun ln hn kiu in t.
Hi: Ch dng mt si dy ng trn lm sao xc nh cun dy ca mV k
mt chiu c b t hay khng?
p: Trc tin lc ng h mt ci, ch kim ng h dao ng qua tri
qua phi, sau dng dy ng trn ni lin hai tr u dy "+" ,"-" ca mV k, li
lc nh va ri ln na, ch tnh hnh dao ng ca kim ng h. Nu sau khi u
y ng vo, kim ng h dao ng chm hn, chng t cun dy thng mch, nu
hai ln lc, dao ng nh nhau, th cun dy t. Nguyn l l th ny: mV k
mt chiu u l ng h kiu in t. Khi kim ng h dao ng, cun dy trong
ng h ct t trng ca nam chm vnh cu, sinh ra th in ng, nu cun dy
hnh thnh mt mch in khp kn th c th sinh ra dng in trong cun dy, cn
chiu ca lc do tc dng ln nhau vi t trng sinh ra va vn ngc vi chiu
vn ng, th l gim c s dao ng ca kim ng h.
Hi: Ti sao tay t cm hai s dy dn bng vt liu khc nhau trn kim
dng k hoc mA k s c th kim nghim c cun dy ca ng h ny cn
hon ton tt khng?
p: t hai ming kim loi cng vi nhau s c th to thnh nhit ngu
nhng phi bo m c chnh lch nhit nht nh v phn u ca hai ming
kim loi phi tip xc tt. Khi tay t cm vo chng, nhit lng trn tay s truyn
n kim loi. Hn na, do nguyn nhn m t, tip xc s tt, th l sinh ra in
th nhit, khin kim kim dng k hoc mA k quay lch, nh vy c th phn
on cun dy c hon ton tt khng.
- Trang 378 -
Hi: Khi o in p, lm sao loi tr sai s o do in tr bn trong vn k

gy ra?
p: Khi o in p, c th chn s ng vn k c in tr trong rt cao
o hoc c th dng hai vn k c in tr trong ln lt l RVl, RV2 mi ci do
mt ln trong mch tuyn tnh, c in p Ul, U2, sau cn c vo cng thc:
U=
U1 U 2 (R V1 R V 2 )
R V1 U 2 R V 2 U1
Tnh ra in p thc t U, nh vy s c th loi tr c sai s o do in

tr bn trong vn k gy ra.
Hi: Ti sao khi hiu chnh my n p kiu bo ha t, tt nht khng s
dng vn k kiu li st ng lm ng h ch th?
p: ng h in kiu li st ng hot ng da vo tc dng ht ca t
trng do cun dy thng in sinh ra i vi phin st. T trng do cun dy sinh
ra phn ln trong khng kh, nh hng ca t trng bn ngoi i vi n rt
ln. T thng r do my n p bo ha t sinh ra nh hng n s hot ng
bnh thng ca ng h kiu li st di ng, khin ch th khng chnh xc gy nn
sai s o. Trong trng hp ny, tt nht khng dng ng h kiu ny. Nu buc
phi s dng th nn n cch xa my n p t 2 - 3m th nh hng ca t trng
i vi ng h mi nh n mc c th b qua.
Hi: Cc loi ng h nh ampe k, vn k, ng h do cng sut v.v... i
hi phi ht sc nhy, linh hot. Liu c th dng du bi trn trc?
p: Cc loi ng h li dng mt im ca u nhn trc . Sau khi
cho du vo, du s lm tng lc cn, mt khc ngy cng lu s bm thm bi, t,
tng thm lc cn, lm gim nhy ca ng h. Cho nn khng dc dng du
bi trn.
Hi: Ti sao khi chn ng h o, phi lm sao tr s cn o vo khong 1/3
thang o ca ng h tr ln l tng i tt?
p: Gia trc v ca ng h tn ti m men lc ma st nht nh.
Chiu ca m men lc ma st ny ngc vi chiu m men quay do ng h sinh ra.
Khi o tham s tng i nh (dng in, in p v.v...) mmen quay in tng
i nh, b phn b mmen lc ma st trit tiu tng i ln, do lm cho sai s
tng i ln. Khi o tham s tng i ln, mmen quay in tng i ln, b
phn b mmen quay ma st trit tiu tng i nh, v th sai s nh. Khi tham s
c o ca ng h ni chung 1/3 thang o ca ng h tr ln th mmen quay
in ln, b phn mmen lc ma st b trit tiu s nh, c th b qua khng
tnh. Do , c bn duy tr c chnh xc cn c ca n.
- Trang 379 -
Hi: Dng vn k cp 0.5 - 100 vn v cp 1.5 - 10 vn ln lt o in p 9

vn, kt qu o ca ng h no chnh xc?
p: Dng vn k cp 1.5 - 10 vn o in p 9 vn tng i chnh xc. Bi
v ni cp sai s ca ng h l ni s phn trm i vi tm o ca n. Nu vn k
cp 0.5 - 100 vn th sai s mi vch chia ca n u cho php trong 0.5% ca 100
vn, tc sai s ch cc vch chia u cho php trong 0.5 vn, cng nh vy, sai s
ch cc vch chia ca vn k cp 1.5 - 10 vn cho php trong 0.15 vn. V th khi
dng vn k cp 0.5 vn - 100 vn o in p 9 vn th sai s ln nht ca n c th
t 0.5 vn. Cn khi dng vn k cp 1.5 vn - 10 vn o th sai s ln nht ca
n l 0.15 vn. Cho nn khi chn ng h in, ngoi vic phi ch cp ca n ra
cn phi cn c vo ln cn o chn tm o thch hp. Khi lng cn o gn
vi y thang o in p th sai s cng nh. Ni chung, ly kim c th quay n trn
1/2 y thang o ca in p l tt.
Hi: in tr trong ca vn k bng chn khng rt ln, dng n o in
p tn s chung liu c chnh xc hn vn k cp 2.5 ph thng khng?
p: in tr trong ca vn k bng chn khng rt ln, khi o c th gim
thiu nh hng i vi s hot ng ca mch in, cho nn c bit thch hp
vi o mch in bng in t, m cng thch hp vi o in p tn hiu cao tn.
Nhng khi dng n o in p tn s chung, do tnh n nh ca n km, dn n sai
s tng i ln. Sai s ca n ngoi sai s c bn ca ng h ra cn c cc sai s
ph nh bng bn dn, tn s, ngun in v nhit mi trng bin ng v.v...
Tng sai s c th t ti 5%. Cn vn k cp 2.5 th sai s ch 2.5%. Cho nn
khi s dng vn k bng chn khng o in p tn s chung th chnh xc ca
n, ngc li, thp hn vn k cp 2.5 ph thng.
Hi: Hai vn k 150 vn ni tip vi nhau, c th o in p 300 vn c
khng?
p: Nu hai vn k ny c in tr bng nhau th c th dng c. Nu
khng, s c ca vn k c in tr tng i ln s vt qu 150 vn, cn mt
s c khc s nh hn 150 vn.
Hi: Khi o in p ca mch in mt chiu in
cm cao, vn k nn u dy theo ng nt t hay theo
ng nt lin trong hnh 18 - 2 - 16?
p: Nu vn k u dy theo ng nt t th khi
cng tc ct ngun in, do trong mch in cm c in th
t cm rt cao s lm hng vn k. Nn vn k phi u bn tri cng tc ng
in.
Hi: Trong mch chnh lu th hin hnh 18
- 2 - 17. V1 l vn k h in t, V2 l vn k h in
- Trang 380 -
ng (in tr trong hai vn k gn bng nhau). K ngt ra, tr s hai ng h c bn

ging nhau. K ng li s c ca hai ng h khc nhau. Ti sao?
p: ng h h in t ch c th o in mt chiu, ng h h in
ng c th o in xoay chiu, mt chiu. Khi K ngt ra, do tc dng lc sng ca
t C, khin xung ca in p UAB gia hai im A, B rt nh (in tr trong ca
ng h tng i ln), c bn l in p mt chiu, nn hai ng h ch th i th
ging nhau. Khi K ng, ph. ti Rfz u vo, tham s thi gian phng in ca C
gim, mch ng ca UAB tng ln, khin thnh phn xoay chiu tng. Lc ny V1
phn nh l tr s bnh qun ca in p mch ng ny, V2 phn nh l tr s hu
hiu ca in p mch ng ny. Nn s c ca hai ng h khc nhau, m s c
ca V2 ln hn s c ca V1.
Hi: Dng hai vn k A, B ln lt o in p. Khi vn k A o in p
300V th sai s l 3 vn. Khi vn k B o in p 50 vn th sai s l 2.5 vn.
chnh xc o ca ng h no cao hn?
p: Xt t sai s tuyt i th sai s ca vn k A ln hn, nhng chnh
xc o phi xt t sai s tng i, sai s tng i o ca vn k A l 1%, sai s
tng i o ca vn k B l 5%. Qua c th thy chnh xc o ca vn k A
cao hn.
Hi: p dng hnh 18 - 2 - 19 hiu chnh n nh ca in p xoay
chiu u ra my n p xoay chiu in t,
u ra ca n dng mt ng h xoay chiu
kiu kim c chnh xc tng i cao v
mt vn k ch s xoay chiu gim st.
Kt qu s c ca vn k xoay chiu kiu
kim v vn k ch s xoay chiu chnh lch
nhau rt ln. Ti sao?
p: chnh xc o ca vn k ch
s xoay chiu cao, c s trc quan tin li
nhng nguyn l hot ng ca n l p dng tr s bnh qun, tc s c ca n l
tr s bnh qun ca in p xoay chiu. V th, ch khi tn hiu cn o l sng sin
thun mi c th c dc chnh xc tr s hu hiu, hn na loi ng h ch s
xoay chiu ny ht sc nhy vi hnh sng tn hiu cn o. i vi sng sin m ni,
mo cng ln th sai s. c cng cng ln. Cn s c ca vn k xoay chiu
kiu kim l tr s hu hiu. Bi v hnh sng u ra ca my n p xoay chiu in
t mo nghim trng (khng phi l sng hnh sin nghim chnh), cho nn chnh lch
s c ca hai ci tt nhin rt ln. Nu dng hai loi ng h trn y o in
li, v hnh sng ca in li c bn l sng sin, cho nn s khng xy ra vn
ni trn.
- Trang 381 -
Hi: Khi dng vn k o in p, hy vng in tr trong ng h rv cng ln

cng tt. Nu u dy dn rt di trn vn k, sau mi o in p, liu c th o
dc chnh xc hn khng?
p: p dng phng php ny o in p, khng nhng khng nng cao c
chnh xc, ngc li khin in p o c khng ph hp vi tnh hnh thc t.
l do khi dy dn u ngoi ca ng h rt di, trn dy dn s sinh ra st p rt
ln, th l in p m ng h o c s tng i nh, so vi in p thc t s
chnh lch st p trn dy dn.
Hi: Cn c vo hnh 18 - 2 - 21 (a) dng vn k v ampe k o in tr mt
chiu cun dy ca mt in (hoc bin th) c khng?

p: Khng c. Trong cun dy mt in hoc bin th c li st, l mt
in cm tng i ln. Khi cng tc t thng n ngt, in cm lun lun mun
duy tr dng in vn c ca n khng thay i. Sau khi ngt cng tc, dng in ny
ch c th thng qua vn k mi to thnh thng mch, hn na, li ln hn tr s
dng in lm vic bnh thng ca vn k rt nhiu, mc d dng in ny s
nhanh chng suy gim theo thi gian xung n 0, nhng cng lm chy hng vn
k.
Tr s in tr mt chiu ca cun dy mt in hoc bin th in tng
i nh, gn bng in tr trong ampe k, gim thiu si s o do in tr trong
ampe k, in tr dy dn v in tr tip xc gy ra, cn u song song vn k vo
hai u cun dy.
V th, khi dng ampe k v vn k o in tr cun dy, nn p dng mch
in hnh (b), (c); trong hnh (c) trc khi ngt cng tc K1 phi ngt K2; trong hnh
(b) diode D c tc dng lin tc dng in.
Hi: Ln lt dng phng php ampe k, vn k nh th hin hnh 18 -2
- 22 (a), (b) o tr s in tr ph ti R hoc cng sut tiu hao th sai s o ci no
nh hn?
p: Do in tr trong ca ampe k
ni chung khng th lm c n mc v
cng nh, in tr trong ca vn k khng
th lm c v cng ln, i vi R m ni
th in tr trong : trong hnh (a), ampe k
c tc dng phn p; trong hnh (b) vn k c
- Trang 382 -
tc dng phn dng, nn hai phng php ny u tn ti sai s nht nh. c

gng gim thiu nh hng ca in tr trong ng h i vi chnh xc o, khi
tr s in tr ph ti R tng i ln th nn dng phng php hnh (a). Ngc
li, th dng phng php hnh (b). Nhng khi vn k s dng l vn k tnh in
hoc vn k bng in t, do in tr trong rt ln, tc dng phn dng i vi R
khng ln, nn dng mch in hnh (b).
Hi: Khi p dng phng php vn k, ampe k o
in tr cng mt u ni ca ng dy mc trn khng, ti
sao c lc i u cc dng, cc m ca ngun in mt
chiu s c c tr s in tr khc nhau? (xem hnh 8 - 2 23)?
p: l do ng dy mc trn khng nm trong
khng kh ngoi tri lu ngy, b xm thc bi nng, ma, dn
n. u tip xc dn dn b oxy ha n mn, s hnh thnh
lp mng mng oxyt ng trn mt tip xc gia cc dy. Do
mng mng oxyt ng c c tnh chnh lu dn in mt
chiu, khi in p mt chiu khng cao tc dng vo n, in tr chiu dng nh,
in tr ngc chiu ln. Khi o, do in p c qui khng thay i, cho
nn sau khi i u cc tnh dng m ca c qui, chiu dng in thay i, dng
in chy qua s khng bng nhau. Gp phi trng hp ny nn o li nhiu ln,
v nn ly tr s in tr tng i ln lm kt qu o.
Hi: Dng ampe k v vn k o in tr c ba cch u dy (xem hnh 18 - 2
- 24), chng c g khc nhau. Nn chn th no?
p: Cch u dy theo hnh (a) thch hp vi o in tr c tr s in tr

tng i ln, v st p ca vn k nh hn nhiu st p ca in tr cn o, nn
s c ca vn k gn bng vi st p ca in tr. Cch u theo hnh (b) thch
hp vi o in tr nh, v dng in ca vn k nh hn nhiu dng in ca in
tr, s c ca ampe k gn bng dng in ca in tr. Nu in tr cn o
di 1 theo cch u dy hnh (a), (b) do tr s in tr tip xc gia dy dn vi
ch ni in tr gn bng tr s in tr cn o, nh vy tr s in tr o c
bng tng ca hai ci, sai s o s rt ln, lc ny cn u dy theo hnh (c), dng
in o thng qua u ni dng in chy vo in tr cn o, st p trn in tr
tip xc s khng tnh vo trong in p m vn k o c, cn trn in tr tip
- Trang 383 -
xc gia vn k vi in tr cn o ch c dng in ca vn k chy qua, st p rt

nh, c th b qua nh hng i vi s c in p.
Hi: Liu c th dng mt vn k bit in tr bn trong
o in tr?
p: C th s dng mt vn k bit in tr trong o
in tr. Cch u dy ca n nh th hin hnh 18 - 2 - 25.
Khi K ng vo 1 c th c s c Ul ca vn k, khi K
ng vo 2 c th c c U2. Bi v U2=Ivrv =Ulrv/ (rx + rv). Th l c th c: rx =
rv (U1/U2-1).
Hi: Khng dng ng h o no khc, chi dng mt bin tr, lm sao o
c din tr trong ca mA k?
p: C th li dng "phng php quay gim na" o. Cch lm l: u
ni tip bin tr vi mA k, trc tin iu chnh bin tr n 0, cho mt in p
no ngoi vo ma k quay. Sau gi nguyn in p, tng in tr khin
quay lch ca mA k gim cn mt na so vi c. Lc ny, tr s in tr ca bin
tr s bng in tr bn trong mA k.
Hi: Ni t my mc, ng h chnh xc o lng ti sao khng s dng
rm ca bng nha hoc nilon?
p: Bi v rm ca bng nha hoc nilon d sinh tnh in, t gy nhiu
i vi vic o dn n sai s o, cho nn ni chung khng nn s dng.
- Trang 384 -
18 - 3 ng h vn nng
Hi: Ti sao trong ng h vn nng, vch chia xoay chiu v mt chiu khi
cng mt tm o hu nh khng trng nhau, c bit l khi vch chia mc thp th
chnh lch cng ln (xem hnh 18 - 3 - l)?
p: Trong ng h vn nng, in xoay chiu l
da vo b chnh lu bin thnh mt chiu a vo ng
h o. Bi v tnh phi tuyn ca c tnh b chnh lu
(trong ng h vn nng ni chung s dng oxit ng),
in tr ca n thay i theo in p a vo, khi in p
thp th in tr ln, v th khi o in p thp, dng in chy qua khng hon ton
t l thun vi tr s in p a vo, m hi nh hn tr s cn c. Trong phm vi
ton b thang chia , s c ca in xoay chiu, mt chiu ch u mt thang
chia thit k rt trng hp, vch chia xoay chiu cc im khc u tng i
nh.
Hi: Nc (thang) in p xoay chiu mt s ng h vn nng s dng mch
in chnh lu nh th hin hnh 18 - 3 - 2. Tc dng ca diode D1, D2 l g?
p: u ca ng h vn nng ny l kiu in t, ch c
dng in mt chiu chy qua mi lm n quay. o in p
xoay chiu, phi chuyn n thnh in p mt chiu. Trong hnh,
th hin dng diode D1, D2 to thnh mch chnh lu na sng. Khi
bn chu k dng ca in p xoay chiu cn o, D1 thng
mch, u ng h quay chiu dng. Khi bn chu k m, D 2
thng mch, dng in khng chy qua du ng h. D1, D2 c tc
dng bo v ngc chiu ln nhau, khin hai bn u khng chu
in p ngc chiu cao. Ngoi ra D1, D2 cn c tc dng r thot dng in ngc
chiu, khin cc mch in. cn o c ni tip t in 0 v np in mt chiu ca
t in gy tc nghn khi o.
Hi: Hin th ca ng h vn nng s c nh (D.M.M) c hai hnh thc:
hin th mng tinh th lng v hin th bng diode pht quang. Mi loi c u khuyt
im g?
p: Hin th mng tinh th lng (LCD) t tiu hao in, mt cc pin c th
s dng khong 1000 gi nhng gc nhn hin th nh, tc hng ng nhit
thp chm. Hin th bng diode pht quang (LED) tuy tiu hao in tng i nhiu,
nhng hin th r rng, tc hng ng nhanh. Do s dng hin th bng LED
tng i nhiu.
Hi: Ti sao khi s dng ng h vn nng o in tr,
trc tin phi dng bin tr iu chnh kim n v tr O?
- Trang 385 -
p: l bi v ngun in ca ng h vn nng, in p ca pin khng

th n nh lu, li dng in tr iu chnh duy tr in p ca hai im a, b c
nh (xem hnh 18 - 3 - 4), sau cn c vo s c ca ng h (li dng nh lut
m) l c th c ln chnh xc ca in tr cn o.
Hi: Khi dng ng h vn nng o in p xoay chiu hoc mt chiu, ti
sao thng cn c vo tr s hi ln hn lng o chn tm o?
p: o nh vy c th khin kim ng h quay lch tng i ln, thng
thng ly lch kim ln hn 2/3 tr ln ton b chiu di thang o l l tng nht.
V d, khi dng ng h vn nng o in p xoay chiu 220 vn th nn chn thang
o 250 vn, ch khng dng thang o 500 vn. Bi v sai s tng i ca ton thang
o ging nhau, nhng sai s tuyt i u khc nhau. S dng thang o 250 vn c
th gim sai s o.
Hi: Khi dng thang in p xoay chiu ca ng h vn nng o in p
mt chiu, tr s in p o c s lch thp hay lch cao?
p: Lch cao. Bi v u ng h vn nng l kiu in t. Kim quay lch
phn nh tr s bnh qun ca in p, li v thang xoay chiu p dng mch in
chnh lu na sng, cho nn tr s bnh phn in p u ra ca n ch l 45% tr s
hu hiu ca in p xoay chiu hnh sin. V th, s dc hin th ca u ng h
phi cn c vo t l ny hiu chnh thnh tr s hu hiu sng hnh sin. Nu s
c ca thang xoay chiu l 1 vn thc t ch tng ng 0.45 vn in p mt
chiu n nh, tc in p mt chiu n nh 1 vn khi o bng thang xoay chiu
ca ng h vn nng s c s c 2.2 vn.
Hi: Dng ng h vn nng o in p mt chiu 12 vn, kt qu o c
bng 0, i u bt, o li, pht hin s c in p l 26.6 vn. Tr s o c u
khng ng. Nguyn nhn ti sao?
p: Dt khot do nhm ln ly thang in p xoay chiu s
dng lm thang in p mt chiu. Khi dng ng h vn nng o
in p xoay chiu, u dy bn trong nh th hin hnh 18 - 3 - 7.
N l do hai diode D1 v D2 to thnh hnh thc chinh lu na sng.
By gi dng o in p mt chiu, khi bt (-) (mu en) chm vo
cc dng in p mt chiu th dng in I1 nh th hin bng mi
tn nt lin trong hnh, b D1 phn mch khng chy qua u ng h,
nn kt qu o ln u bng 0. Khi i u bt ng h o li, dng
in I2 nh mi tn nt t th hin, qua R, D2 v u ng h M tr
v u .Bi v mch chnh lu na sng ny khi o in p xoay chiu, dng in
mt chiu bnh qun chy qua u ng h ch bng 0.45 ln tr s hu hiu xoay
chiu u vo, cho nn vch chia u ng h phi thm
1
ln, tc 2.22 ln.
0.45
Dng vch chia m rng ny o in p mt chiu, kim ng h s chi ch

- Trang 386 -
2.22 ln tr s thc t cn o, ch trch khi o in p mt chiu 12 vn, kim ng

h ch 26.6 vn.
- Trang 387 -

Hi: Trong mch in hnh 18 - 3 - 8, ngun in E l 20V, R o (bao gm
in tr trong ngun in) l 20k in tr ph ti R l 20k in p U hai u R
phi l 10V. Nhng khi dng nc 10V mt chiu ca ng h vn nng kiu MF -14
o, s c ch c 5V. Ti sao?
p: in tr trong RV ca nc mt chiu 10V ng
h vn nng MF - 14 tng i thp (10k) khi u song song
hai u R o th sai s o rt ln. Bi v khi khng u vi
ng h vn nng th:
U=E-
E
R o = 10V .
Ro + R
Sau khi u ng h vn nng vo mch in th:

E
R o = 5V
U' = E - R R R V
.
o
R + RV
Cho nn khi o in p mt chiu in tr trong tng i cao th nn chn s

dng ng h in c in tr trong tng i ln gim sai s do in tr trong
ca ng h in gy ra.
Hi: Vch chia trn b mt ca ng h m (ng h in tr hoc b phn
o in tr ca ng h vn nng) ti sao ngc vi ng h in ni chung, tr s
0 tn cng bn phi, cn tn cng bn tri l ?
p: ng h m gm ngun in (thng thng l pin kh) ni tip vi mt
bin tr v micronampe k (hoc milianlpe k) to thnh, ri u vi in tr cn
o thnh mch ln. Gi thit in p ngun in l U, in tr trong ampe k l R i,
in tr iu chnh l Rr, in tr cn o l Rx, th gc quay lch ca kim ampe k:
U
=A x i = R + R + R
i
r
x
Trong cng thc:
A - Thng s ng h
i - Dng in chy qua ng h
Khi Rx = 0, tc khi ngn mch bn ngoi, iu chnh Rr khin s quay lch
ca kim t tr s ln nht, nn vch chia u tn cng bn phi l 0, tr s Rx cng
ln th gc quay lch cng nh, khi Rx : th = 0, cho nn u tn cng bn tri l
. T cng thc c th thy, vch chia ca ng h khng u, cng gn bn tri
cng dy, gn nh vch chia ca ng hyperbol.
Hi: Dng hai t in 20F, 50V ni tip thay t
in. 10F, 100V (nh hnh 18 - 3 - 10) dng thang 100V
mt chiu ca ng h vn nng u vo hai u C1 o
in p hai u C1. Va u vo, in p gn 50V, nhng
tip lin st xung dn ti 0, nhng sau mt lc li t
ngt vt ln gn 100V, qua mt lc th t cu ch. Ti sao?
- Trang 388 -
p: Cu ch t, khng nh do hai t in b nh thng, ngn mch gy ra.

Qu trnh ca n nh sau: Do lng in dung ca C1 v C2 bng nhau, nn in p
u ca mi t phi l 50V, nn khi ng h vn nng va u vo C 2, in p do
c gn bng in p u 50V ca C1, Sau , do in tr trong ca ng h vn
nng u song song vi C1, in p ngu, n qua R np in cho C2, in p u ca
C2 t 50V bt u tng ln, cho n khi gn bng 100V, cn in p ca C1 st
tng ng xung gn bng 0. Lc ny in p trn C2 vt qua 2 ln chu p ca n,
lp tc b nh thng ngn mch. Do in p ngun ton b dn ln C1 cng s vt
qu chu p ca n nn b nh thng, kt qu gy ngn mch u ra, chy cu ch.
V th, phng php o ny khng ng.
Hi: Khi dng thang in tr R x 1 ca ng h vn nng kiu MF - 30 o
bin tr nhy nhit, tr s in tr chun l 68, kim ng h t t quay lch sang
phi, s c sau khi n nh khng n 60 Ti sao?
p: l hin tng bnh thng, khng ngoi in tr hoc ng h
khng chnh xc gy nn. Bi v in tr nhy nhit l linh kin h s nhit in tr
m, tc khi nhit ca bin tr tng ln, tr s in tr gim. Thang do in tr R
x 1 ca ng h vn nng MF - 30 th in tr trong ch c khong 20. Sau khi u
in tr nhy nhit 68 vo ng h, s c dng in gn 20mA chy qua in tr
cn o. Nu cng sut tiu chun ca bin tr khng ln s v th m nng ln. Nn
tr s in tr o c s nh hn tr s chun.
Hi: Ti sao khi dng thang m ca ng h vn nng o in tr phi ct
ngun in ca mch in cn o?
p: Nguyn l hot ng o in tr ca thang m
ng h vn nng xem hnh 18 - 3 - 12. Trong mch in o
ny, bn thn c ngun in, khng cn bt c ngun in
no bn ngoi. Nu tin hnh o i vi in tr c in s
tng ng vi tng thm mt in p bn ngoi vo
mch ng h. Nh vy khng nhng khin tr s do
khng chnh xc m cn rt c th chy ng h. Cho nn
khi dng thang m ng h vn nng o in tr trong
cc loi mch in, u tin phi ct ngun in ca
mch in cn o nhm bo m chnh xc ca tr s in tr o c v an
ton ca ng h.
Hi: Khi s dng ng h vn nng o in tr tng i ln, ti sao hai tay
khng c tip xc b phn dn in ca bt th?
p: Bi v c th ngi c tnh nng dn in. Nu khi o mt in tr no
hai tay cng lc tip xc b phn dn in ca hai bt th th tr s o c l
tr s song song gia in tr cn o vi in tr gia hai tay ngi, sai lch vi tr
s thc t ca in tr cn o. Hin tng ny tng i r rt thang in tr cao
R x 100 tr ln. Cho nn, khi o cn ch .
- Trang 389 -
- Trang 390 -

Hi: Ti sao khng th dng ng h m o th cun dy ca mA k v
A k?
p: Dng in cho php chy qua ma k rt nh, dng in cho php chy
qua A k cng nh hn, cn ng h m ni chung nc R x 1 c th a ra dng
in 50mA tr ln, ln hn rt nhiu dng in cho php chy qua ma k v A k,
cho d ng h cn o vn vn tt, cng c th do dng ng h m o, gy
chy. V th, khng c dng ng h m o.
Hi: C loi ng h vn nng o t in v o in p xoay chiu trn cng
mt nc. Lc ny lm sao o tr s t in?
p: Trc tin cng tc la chn trn nc ny, ri u mt u ca t
in vo mt u o, mt u khc ca t in v mt u o khc cho vo in p
y thang chia ca nc ny, l c th c c tr s t in
C cn o trn vch chia tr s t in ca ng h (nh th hin
hnh 18 - 3 - 15). Nhng trong khi o cn ch chu p ca
t in xem c th chu c in p y thang chia khng,
nu khng th chu c th phi i sang nc in p nu nh
hn (phi hp vi chu p ca t in). Ngoi ra, nu in p
a vo khng phi l in p y thang chia th tr s c in dung phi nhn
vi t s gia in p thc t vi in p y thang chia .
Hi: Lm sao dng ng h vn nng phn on t in tt, xu?
p: in tr cch in cao l ch tiu quan trng ca t in tt. Dng ng
h vn nng c th kim tra ra in tr cch in cao hay thp. Khi bt th ln u
tin chm vo hai cc ca t in, do t in np in, kim s nhy. Sau khi ko bt
th ra, sau 5 giy li chm vo ln na, nu kim khng nhy r rt, chng t do in
tr cch in cao, in tch d ca t in ch r cht t, loi t in ny tt. Nu
kim vn nhy, chng t in np 5 giy trc r ht, cch in ca t in
hng.
Hi: Khi dng ng h vn nng o mc in m tn, ti sao ch c khi in
tr ph ti 600 mi c th cn c vo vch chia do trn mt ng h vn nng
c trc tip?
p: Bi v vch chia xiben (dB) trn ng h vn nng c phn nh
di iu kin tn hiu m tn hnh sin v in tr ph ti l 600, cho nn ch c
khi p ng iu kin trn, mi c th trc tip c theo vch chia . Nu khi in
tr ph ti cn o R khng phi 600 th khng th trc tip c c s dB trn
ng h vn nng m phi cng thm 10 log
tnh i.
- Trang 391 -
600
vo s c ca ng h vn nng
R

Hi: Ti sao khi li dng ng h vn nng o in tr ca my chnh lu
bng oxt ng, nm xoay cc nc bi s khc nhau th s c ca n khc
nhau?
p: Dng ng h vn nng o in tr, khi nm xoay v tr khc
nhau, th in tr trong ca n khc nhau. Bi s cng nh th in tr trong cng
cng nh, lc ny dng in chy qua s cng ln. Do oxyt ng u l linh kin phi
tuyn tnh, khi dng in chy qua n thay i th tr s in tr phn ng cng khc
nhau. V th s c khng ging nhau.
Hi: Ti sao khi dng thang in tr ng h vn nng o
in tr chiu dng ca diode bn dn, tr s in tr o c
bng thang tr s thp th nh, cn tr s in tr o c bng thang
tr s cao th ln?
p: c tnh vn - ampe chiu dng ca diode bn dn nh
th hin hnh 18 - 3 - 19 khi dng in chiu dng chy qua diode khc nhau th
in tr chiu dng m diode hin ra khng phi l s c nh. Cn in tr trong
ca thang in tr ng h vn nng khi thang o khc nhau s chnh lch nhau rt
ln. Nh ng h vn nng kiu MF - 30, nc R x 1 dng in t vi ngn ma, nc
R x 10k, ch vi A (u chi khi bt ng h ngn mch). Do , din tr chiu
dng ca diode o c bng ng h vn nng s khc nhau rt ln. in tr
trong ca nc in tr thp rt nh, dng in chy qua diode ln, tr s in tr
chiu dng ca diode o c s nh. Ngc li, tr s in tr chiu dng o
c s ln.
Hi: Ti sao khi sa cha ng h vn nng, in tr trong ca n khng th
trc tip dng thang in tr ca ng h vn nng o, cn phn on cun dy
u ng h c thng hay khng li c th dng thang in tr ca ng h vn
nng o?
p: Cun dy u ng h vn nng c qun bng dy dn rt nh, tr
s dng din cho php ca n ch cp A, cn tr s dng in ca nc in tr
ng h vn nng l ma, cho nn nu o trc tip, thi gian hi lu c th khin
cun dy qu ti gy chy hng. Nhng, tng nhit lm chy hng cun dy cn
c thi gian nht nh, cn nh phn bit cun dy ng h c thng mch hay
khng ch dng nc R x 1k ca ng h vn nng chm nhanh mt ci, cn c vo
kim ng h c ng y hay khng phn on, thi gian rt ngn, s khng lm
cun dy u ng h qu ti.
- Trang 392 -
18 - 4 ng h m ga m
Hi: Ti sao phi cn c vo in p ca thit b in cao hay thp chn
ng h m ga m in p khc nhau o in tr cch in ca n?
p: Nu dng ng h m ga m in p thp o in tr cch in ca
thit b cao p th do cch in tng i dy, in p phn b trn chiu di n v
tng i nh, khng th hnh thnh cc ha mi cht, tc dng in gii i vi
hi m cng yu, s liu o c khng th phn nh tnh hnh chn thc. Ngc
li dng ng h m ga m cao p o in tr cch in ca thit b in p thp
th rt d nh thng cch in. V th, khi o in tr cch in ca thit b in,
ni chung qui nh di 1000V th dng ng h M 500V hoc 1000V, trn 1000V
th dng ng h M 1000V hoc 2500V.
Hi: Trn ng h m ga m c 3 tr u dy: mt ci u "dy pha", mt ci
u "dy t" mt ci na dng lm g?
p: Dng u ni dy chn. Khi u u dy ca vt cn o th, do bn,
m t sinh ra dng in r b mt, u dy chn vo c th gim sai s o, o
c tr s in tr cch in chnh xc.
Hi: Dng ng h m ga m o in tr cch in, nu u nhm u tip
t E vi u dy pha L, s sinh ra hu qu g?
p: B phn ni tip vi u dy pha ca ng h m ga m u c chn
tt, nhm phng nga dng in r ca ng h m ga gy nn sai s o. Cn u E
vo in th t, khng xt ti chn. Khi o bnh thng, dng in r ca ng
h s khng gy nn sai s, nhng nu u nhm u E, L do E khng c chn, dng
in chy qua vt th s nhiu thm dng in r ca ng h m ga m, ni chung
in tr cch in o c s lch thp so vi tr s thc t. Cho nn khng c
u sai u E, L.
Hi: Khi dng ng h m ga m o in tr cch in ca cao p i vi
thp p ca bin th, ti sao phi u cc chn ca ng h m ga m vi v bin
th? Cn khi o cao p i vi t hoc thp p i vi t c th khng cn cc
che chn?
p: Khi o in tr cch in ca cao p i vi thp p bin th, dng
in chy qua gia cun dy cao p thp p ca bin th c hai b phn, mt b
phn l dng in chy qua bn trong cch in gia cun dy cao p, thp p .Dng
in ny phn nh in tr cch in. Mt b phn khc l dng in t b mt ng
lng cao p qua v ri n ng lng thp p, l dng in r b mt. Nu hai b
phn dng in ny u chy qua cun dy dng in ca ng h m ga m th
in tr cch in o c s thp hn tr s thc. Nu u in cc chn ca
ng h m ga m ln v bin th th dng in r b mt s thng qua cc chn
- Trang 393 -
ca ng h m ga m cp in, khng qua cun dy dng in ca ng h m

ga m, s c th loi tr nh hng ca dng in r b mt, o c tr s thc.
o in tr cch in cao p i vi t, thp p i vi t, ch cn u
cun dy cn o ln u "ng dy", cun dy khng cn o u vi v ri cng
u vi u "t" ca ng h m ga m. Lc ny, dng in r b mt v dng
in r ca cun dy khng cn o u khng i qua cun dy ng h m ga m, v
th c th o c tr s thc ca in tr cch in. V th tiu chun B c kh
"Phng php th nghim bin th in" qui nh dng phng php ny o.
Hi: Khi dng ng h m ga m lm th nghim cch in, ti sao phi dng
dy ng h megger c dy chn?
p: Khi o in tr cch in, dng in r b mt ca vt cn th c th
dng vng chn bng kim loi bc b mt vt th v dn vng ny n u che bo
v ca ng h m ga m. Nh vy, r b mt s khng thng qua ng h m ga
m, nhng lc ny s c ca ng h m ga m vn chu nh hng ca r bn
trong ng h. Nu dng dy chn, em mt u u vo u che bo v, dn dng
in chy t t n u u vi dy dn ca ng h m ga m thot i, khin n
khng chy qua trong ng h, nh vy in tr cch din o c mi tht s l
in tr ca bn thn mi cht.
Hi: Khi dng ng h m ga m o in tr cch in ca thit b in, ti
sao dy o khng c xon qun vo nhau?
p: Nu hai si dy o xon qun vo nhau, khi cch in ca dy dn
khng tt s tng ng vi u song song mt in tr thp (cch in) vo thit
b in cn o, khin o khng chnh xc. ng thi, cn lm thay i in dung ca
mch in cn o, s khng chnh xc khi th nghim.
sut?

Hi: Ti sao ng h m ga m (ng h megger) p dng kt cu ng h t
p: c im ch yu ca ng h t sut l b phn hot ng ca ng

h b tr hai cun dy (cun dy m men quay, cun dy phn tc dng) m khng c
dy l xo cn bng. M men phn tc dng do cun dy phn tc dng sinh ra. Do ,
khi khng thng in, b phn hot ng vo trng thi cn bng, sau khi thng
in, gc quay lch ca b phn hot ng ca n ph thuc vo t sut dng in
ca hai cun dy hot ng, cho nn gi l ng h t sut. Khi dng ng h m ga
m o in tr cch in, yu cu tr s o khng b nh hng bi s thay i ca
in p my pht in quay tay, dng ng h kiu t sut c th tha mn yu cu
ny.
Hi: S phin c chnh lu ca my pht in tay quay trong ng h m ga
m nhiu tt hay t tt?
- Trang 394 -
p: o chnh xc tr s in tr cch in, yu cu in p mt chiu do

ng h m ga m pht ra phi gn nh n nh, dao ng cng nh cng tt. Nu
in p c dao ng, th c th coi nh trong in p tn ti thnh phn xoay chiu.
Thnh phn xoay chiu in p ny c th thng qua t in sinh ra dng in r
ph, khin tr s in tr cch in o c lch thp. S phin chnh lu ca ng
h m ga m cng nhiu th dao ng in p sinh ra cng nh, ngc li th dao
ng in p ln. Cho nn, s phin ca c chnh lu my pht in nhiu mt cht
th tt.
Hi: C mt s ng h m ga m cao p (nh in p 2500 vn, gii hn o
10000 triu m) ti sao trn thy tinh v ng h c on dy dn bng ng?
p: Tc dng ca si dy dn bng ng ny l loi tr sc ht ca in
tch tnh i vi kim ng h, khi sa cha cn c bit lu , khng c ty
tho b.
Hi: ng h m ga m 1000 vn, khi lc, ly hai tay nm cht hai u dy
ra ca n, ti sao ch cm gic t tay m khng nguy him n tnh mng?
p: in p nh mc ca my pht in trong ng h m ga m tuy rt
cao, nhng trong mch u ra ca n u ni tip tr s in tr trong rt ln, ln
gp nhiu ln in tr c th ngi. V th khi nm cht hai u dy ra ca hm
quay, dng in chy qua c th b hn ch n tr s rt nh, cho nn ch cm gic
t tay m khng nguy him n tnh mng. Cn ngun in 220 vn ni chung, in
tr trong rt nh, v th khi tip xc vi ngi s nguy him n tnh mng.
Hi: Khi ng h m ga m o in tr cch in ca t in mch cao p,
sau khi o xong, ti sao ng h m ga m khng c t ngt ngt m phi t t
gim tc , ch khi tho dy o ca ng h m ga m ra khi t in mi ngt?
p: Trong qu trnh o, t in dn dn np in, m khi sp o xong, t
in tch tr in nng, nu ng h m ga m ngt y, th t in tt phi
phng in qua ng h m ga m, c kh nng chy hng ng h.
Hi: Lm sao dng ng h m ga m phn on t in tt, xu?
p: Dng ng h m ga m quay o in tr cch in ca t in (nu
in p tiu chun ca ng h m ga m s dng cao hn in p th nghim mt
chiu ca t cn o th phi gim tng ng tc quay), sau nhanh chng ct
mch quay o, khng cho in tch d tha r qua ng h m ga m, ri mi t
in ngn mch phng in. Lc ny c th xy ra ba trng hp:
(1) s c ca ng h m ga m t 0 bt u tng dn ln, khi ngn mch c
tia la phng in. iu ny chng t cch in v tnh nng tch in ca t in
tt.
- Trang 395 -
(2) S c ca ng h m ga m ngng ch v tr 0, th hin cch in ca

t in b nh thng.
(3) ng h m ga m c s c, khi ngn mch khng c tia la, th hin
t dy ni gia tr u dy vi bn cc. Hai trng hp sau th hin t in
hng, khng th s dng.
- Trang 396 -

Hi: Dng ng h m ga m o in tr cch in ca thit b in, trong
hai cch u dy hnh 18 - 4 - 13 (a) v (b) tr s o ca cch no chnh xc?
p: Mc ch o in tr cch in ca thit b in l nhm phn on
cch in bn trong cht cch in ca thit b tt hay xu. V th, phi c gng
loi tr nh hng ca r b mt thit b i vi ng h m ga m.
Hnh (a) ni vng bo v G ca ng h m ga
m vi ng s, nh vy dng in r do b mt ng s
b bn hoc m t gy nn s khng chy qua cun
dy bn trong ng h m ga m loi tr c nh
hng ca r b mt i vi ng h m ga m. V th
cch u dy ca hnh (a) hp l hn hnh (b), in tr
cch in m ci trc o c cng chnh xc hn.
ln?

Hi: Ti sao sau khi ng h m ga m ngng, kim thng vt qu v cng
p: Khi o in tr cch in, vt b o vo trng thi np in. Sau khi

ng h m ga m ngng, vt b o vo trng thi phng in, dng in chy qua
kim ng h ngc vi trc, kim s quay lch v pha v cng ln. i vi thit
b in p cng cao, dung lng cng ln th thng quay lch qu mc, v th khi o
xong phi mt mt h thp tc quay, mt khc tho dy u tip t, khin kim
khng quay lch qu mc gy hng.
Hi: Ti sao khi dng ng h m ga m o in tr cch in mt s thit b
in no (nh bin th, my h cm v.v...) s pht hin dng in c hnh
thnh bi ion sau khi tc quay n nh, nu tip tc quay th s ch th s tng
ln r rt?
p: V di tc dng ca in p bn ngoi, cht in mi, ngoi dng in
c hnh thnh bi ion rng buc rt yu v mt t ion t do ra, s chuyn ng ca
i cc bn trong n, s dch chuyn c tnh n hi ca ion rng buc tng i
mnh v s dch chuyn ca in tch rng buc cng hnh thnh dng in. Nh vy
tr s in tr cch in s tng i thp. Sau mt khong thi gian, khi s chuyn
ng ca i cc, s dch chuyn ca in tch rng buc t c cn bng vi
in trng bn ngoi, s ngt. Lc ny, bn trong mi cht s ch c dng in
truyn dn chy qua, cho nn tr s in tr cch in s tng ln r rt.
Ni chung, khi dng ng h m ga m o thit b in no u phi yu
cu tin hnh o mt pht hoc o cho n khi tr s ch th khng cn tng ln r
na.
Hi: Khi dng ng h m ga m kim tra cch in ca t in, sau khi
quay, pht hin kim quay ngc. l nguyn nhn g?
p: ng h m ga m sau khi quay, a ra in p mt chiu khin t in
np in. Sau khi quay xong, t in np in cho ng h m ga m, chiu ca
- Trang 397 -
dng in ny ngc vi chiu ca dng in u ra ng h m ga m, cho nn lm

cho kim quay lch ngc chiu.
Hi: Khi dng ng h m ga m khng p dng bin php chn b mt
quay o in tr cch in, trong qu trnh quay ti sao khng th dng vi hoc tay
lau knh b mt?
p: Nu dng vi hoc tay lau knh b mt s ma st sinh in to ra
in tch tnh, nh hng n quay lch ca kim, khin kt qu o khng chnh xc,
m nh hng ca in tch tnh i vi kim cn ph thuc vo v tr ca kim, v th
dng tay hoc vi lau knh mt ng h m ga m khng p dng bin php che chn
s c kt qu o phn tn rt ln.
Hi: Ti sao khi dng ng h m ga m o in tr cch in cc vt th
nghim c tnh in dung nh t in, cp in lc v.v..., kim ng h s dao ng
qua li? Nn gii quyt th no?
p: ng h m ga m do my pht in mt
chiu quay tay v t sut k kiu in t to thnh. Khi o,
in p u ra s thay i theo s thay i tc quay. S
bin ng nh ca in p u ra, nh hng khng ln
n vt th nghim tnh in dung, khi tc quay cao,
in p u ra cng cao, in p ny np in cho vt th
nghim cn o khi tc quay thp, vt th nghim cn
o phng din qua u ng h. Nh vy, dn n lm
ng h dao ng, nh hng s c.
Bin php gii quyt nh th hin hnh 18 - 4 18, u ni tip diode chinh lu cao p 2DL vo gia "u ng dy" vi vt th
cn o ca ng h m ga m, dng ngn chn s phng in ca vt th i vi
ng h m ga m, s c th loi tr dao ng ca kim ng h, li khng nh
hng n chnh xc o.
Hi: Khi s dng ng h m ga m o in tr cch in ca ng dy
ti in, c khi s c bng 0, c phi nht nh c s c?
p: S c bng 0 cha chc mch in c s c. Nguyn nhn c th ca
n l:
(1) ng dy ti in ngoi tri ma m, v s m t, r in tng
i ln.
(2) ng dy ti in di, v s nhiu, do cc v s dnh bi t nn tr s
r in tch t li s ln.
(3) ng dy ti in di, khi o phi qua thi gian nht nh np in,
trc khi cha np in, s c ca n bng 0, nu khi quay ng h thi gian ko
di trn 3 pht tc s c hin th.
- Trang 398 -
(4) S c ca ng h m ga m l triu m, tr s nh c khng ra.

Hi: Khi m tng i ln, in tr cch in ca bin th o c
bng ng h m ga m tng i thp, nu u u chn ca ng h m ga m
vo gia ng lng (nh hnh 18 - 4 - 20) ti sao in tr cch in ca n li tng
ln?
p: Khi m mi trng chung quanh tng
i ln, trn ng lng dy ra ca kt du bin th dnh
nhng ht nc nh li ti hoc lp mng nc mng, lm
tng r rt s dn in b mt ng lng, m in tr
cch in o c bng ng h m ga m l tng hp
ca in tr th tch v in tr b mt, s dn in b
mt ng lng tng ln, khin in tr cch in o c gim xung, nhng khng
th phn nh trong bin th c khim khuyt.
u u chn ca ng h m ga m vo gia ng lng th dng in dn
in ca b mt ng lng s khng chy qua cun dy dng in ca ng h m
ga m m chy qua u chn ri tip t, ci m ng h phn nh l in tr th
tch, loi tr nh hng dn in b mt khi m tng i ln, nn in tr
cch in tng ln.
- Trang 399 -
18 - 5 Cng t in v ng h cng sut
ng?

Hi: a nhm ca cng t in ti sao khng th dng vt liu bng st,
p: Sau khi u cng t in vo mch in, t thng do cun dy dng

in v cun dy in p sinh ra, hnh thnh t trng dch tin. T trng ny cm
ng ra dng xoy trn a nhm, do tc dng ca dng xoy v t thng, khin a
nhm sinh ra m men lc quay theo chiu nht nh. Nu dng a st th do tnh dn
in ca st km, dng xoy cm ng nh, m men quay cng nh. ng thi, do
hiu ng t tr khin chuyn ng ca a st khng th thay i kp thi vi
ln ca ph ti. Hn na, t trng ca st ln hn nhm, s tng nhanh mn hng
u trc. Cho nn khng th dng a st thay th a nhm. a ng dn in,
khng dn t, tnh nng tuy tng t vi nhm, nhng t trng ca n ln hn nhm,
s tng nhanh mn hng u trc, nn cng khng dng a ng thay a nhm.
Hi: Trong cng t in chng ta thng nhn thy phin ng mc song
song trong mch nhnh st t in, v cun dy ngn mch mc ni tip trn nam
chm st t in. Chng c tc dng g?
p: T thng do cun dy u song song v cun dy u ni tip ca cng
t in phi lch nhau 90o mi c th o chnh xc lng in ny ca ph ti,
nhng trn thc t chng thng khng phi lch nhau 90o, v th phi iu chnh.
Khi iu chnh, u cng t in vo ph ti c h s cng sut = 0, nu a trn
bng nhm ca cng t in vn quay, chng t gia hai t thng khng phi lch
nhau 90o. Nh vy phi iu chnh v tr ca phin ng u song song trong mch
nhnh st t in v di ca cun dy ngn mch u ni tip trn nam chm
in, iu chnh pha ca hai t thng. Khi iu chnh n mt mc nht nh,
a trn cng t in khng quay, th lch pha ca hai t thng va ng 90o.
Hi: Cng t in h ba pha bn dy liu c th s dng trong mch in h
ba pha, ba dy?
p: c Cng t in h ba pha bn dy c ba nhm linh kin, khi s dng
trong mch in h ba dy ba pha, ch cn li dng hai nhm linh kin trong l
c cch u dy ging nh cng t in hai nhm linh kin kiu ba dy ba pha.
Hi: Ti sao trc di ca mt s cng t in s dng
hai lp qu?
p: c im trc ca cng t in trc s dng hai
lp qu l gia lp qu c th di ng 1 v lp qu c nh
3 gn pha di trc ca chi tit chuyn ng c bi thp 2 c th
xoay t do (nh hnh 18 - 5 - 4), khi chi tit chuyn ng quay, vin bi 2 khng ngng
thay i mt ma st, c th ko di tui th ca trc. Cng t in tng i chnh
- Trang 400 -
xc a s p dng trc hai lp qu, cn mt in ph thng th dng trc mt

lp qu.
Hi: Ti sao mt ngoi nam chm vnh cu trong mt s cng t in xoay
chiu phi m ng?
p: Do khong cch t nam chm vnh cu trong cng t in cch nam
chm in tng i gn, khi h thng xy ra ngn mch, phn ln dng in ngn
mch thng qua cun dy nam chm in sinh ra t trng mnh, t trng ny s
nh hng n nam chm vnh cu, khin n b kh t. bo m chnh xc
ca cng t in, cn phi loi b nh hng ny. Nn m mt lp ng mt
ngoi nam chm vnh cu c th c tc dng che chn. T trng mnh s sinh ra
dng xoy trn lp ng ny, trit tiu t thng, t lm yu tc dng kh t ca
t trng mnh i vi nam chm vnh cu.
Hi: Khi lp cng t in hoc cc loi ng h in khc, ti sao phi duy
tr khong cch nht nh i vi my in ln v dy dn c dng in ln?
p: My in ln v dy dn c dng in ln, quanh n tn ti t trng
mnh. Do nh hng ca cc t trng phn tn ny s dn n rung hoc sai lch
i vi ng h in ln cn. V th phi cch mt khong nht nh.
Hi: Ti sao cng t in c lc c hin tng t quay khng ti? Lm sao
khc phc hin tng ny?
p: Trong cng t in do tn ti ma st thng dn n sai s o. V th
thng lp b b ma st trong cng t in. B b ma st thng do trc vt ng di
cm ni song song vo nam chm in hoc phin ng t u song song di nam
chm in to thnh. Khi iu chnh vi tr ca chng, s xut hin lc ph, iu
chinh lc ph bng hoc hi ln hn lc ma st, nh vy lc ma st s c b, v
th bt k ti nh hoc y ti u c th vn hnh chnh xc.
Lc ph do b b ma st sinh ra c th lm cho cng t in sinh ra hin
tng t quay khng ti. khc phc nhc im ny, c th lp mc hm trong
cng t in. Mc hm l phin ng t ha lp trn trc quay. Phin ng quay
n ch nam chm in song song s sinh ra lc ht, hm li, iu chnh di ca
mc hm s c th khc phc hin tng t quay khng ti.
Ngoi ra, cng c p dng khoan l nh trn a nhm hoc qut cht cha st
ln a nhm khc phc hin tng t quay khng ti.
Hi: Mt cng t in cung cp in cho hn hai mi bng n. Ngi s
dng tt ht tt c n, nhng c lc cng t in vn quay. Nguyn nhn do u?
p: ng dy chiu sng s dng qu lu, nc ma vo nh, trong phng
qu m t hoc bi bm qu nhiu u c th lm hng cch in ca dy in,
dn n r in. Cho d khng m n cng s c dng in chy qua, cho nn cng
t in vn chy.
- Trang 401 -
Nu pht hin hin tng ny, nht thit phi kim tra lm r v trit
khc phc s c, nhm trnh gy chy hoc s c in git.
- Trang 402 -

Hi: Lm sao dng bin php n gin phn on vic u dy ca cng
t in ba pha hai nguyn kin (nh hnh 18 - 5 - 9) c chnh xc khng?
p: Khi ph ti khng thay i, c th ct ngun in pha c im u
chung (pha B) ca cun dy in p, nu s vng quay ca a trn cng t in
chm mt na so vi trc khi ngt th cch u dy ng. V khi cch u dy ng,
sau khi ngt pha B, cun dy in p ca hai nguyn kin
Wh1 ,Wh2 bin thnh ni tip, tr s in p hai u u
st mt na, lch pha gia in p v dng in trong hai
nguyn kin va vn i nhau, tc cng sut m nguyn
kin Wh1 phn nh l mt na cng sut c ca nguyn
kin Wh2, cng sut m nguyn kin Wh2 phn nh l mt
na cng sut c ca nguyn kin Wh1 ,cng sut tng
hp bng mt na cng sut tng hp ca hai nguyn kin c, cho nn s vng quay
chm mt na.
Hi: Cng t in hu cng ba dy ba pha, cun dy
dng in u chnh xc, cn hai pha A, C ca cun dy in
p u sai (ng l phi u vi pha A li u vi pha C),
liu cng t in c quay ngc khng?
p: Trong tnh hnh ny, cng t in khng quay
thun cng khng quay ngc, m ng yn.
Sau khi u ngc cun dy in p, t s vc t
c th thy: cng sut ghi ca hai nguyn kin o ca cng
t in l:
Pl = UCBIAcos(90o + ) = ULILcos(90o + )
P2 = UABICcos (90o - ) = ULILcos(90o - )
Trong cng thc: UL l in p dy.
IL l dng in dy.
Tng cng sut m cng t in o c l:
P = P1 + P2 = ULIL[cos(90o + ) + cos(90o - )] = ULIL2cos90ocos= 0
Cho nn cng t in khng chy.
Hi: Phn xng x l nhit c rt nhiu thit b dng in mt pha. Cung
cp in bng h bn dy ba pha, hin chi c mt cng t in ba dy ba pha ln
v mt cng t in mt pha tng i nh. Lm sao o lng in s dng?
p: Cng t in ba dy ba pha vn ch c
th do lng in s dng ca ph ti h ba dy, ba
pha. Nu dng o h bn dy th s sinh ra sai s
khng cho php, by gi dng cng t in mt pha
b sai s ca n. Cch u dy l: Cng t in
ba pha u theo cch bnh thng vo trong ba dy
pha, cun dy dng in ca cng t in mt pha
ni tip ln dy gia, u cun dy in p u
- Trang 403 -
dy gia, u cui u trn dy pha ch u cui cun dy din p cng t in

ba pha, nh th hin hnh 18 - 5 - 11, ch khng c u sai u tng ng c
du "*". Lc ny tng lng in s dng l tng i s ca s c hai cng t
in.
W = W3 + W1
Nguyn l o th ny: Cng sut (biu th bng tr s tc th) phn ng ca
cng t in ba pha l:
P3 = PA + PC = UABiA + UCBiC =(UA - UB)iA + (UC-UB)iC = UAiA = UCiC -UB(iA+iC)
Bi v:
i A + iB + iC = iO
Tc:
iA + iC = - iB + iO
Thay vo cng thc trn s c:
P3 = UAiA + UCiC + UBiB - UBiO
M cng sut tng phi l:
P = UAiA + UBiB + UCiC = P3 + UBiO= P3 + P1
Cng th c th c tng lng hao in:
W= W3 + W1
Lu cng t in mt pha c th quay ngc, tc W1 l m. Lc ny phi
l:
W= W3 - W1
Hi: n v s dng in nng thn ni chung khng c ng h o cng
sut, ch c cng t in. Lc ny c th dng bin php g o cng sut s dng
in nhm nm c tnh hnh vn hnh?
p: Cng sut s dng in c th tm ra c bng cch tnh ton t o
tc quay ca a cng t in. Trn mp ca a quay cng t in ni chung
u c k hiu mu hoc mu en. Nu k thm mt ng thng trn knh
ch a quay th c th cn c vo s ln gp nhau gia k hiu a quay vi ng
thng trn knh tnh ra s vng quay. Thi gian tnh c th ba giy. Khi o, nu
tc quay ca cng t in tng i nhanh th nn o thm vi vng, nu tc
quay ca a quay tng i chm th c th o t i vi vng. Khi thi gian cn thit
o c n vng ca a ng h l T giy th c th tnh c cng sut P chy
qua cng t in (ngn ot) bng cng thc sau y:
P=
3600n
K
CT
Trong cng thc: C - thng s ca cng t in (s vng quay ca a/kW) c

th tra c t trn nhn hiu cng t in.
K - T l bin i ca b h cm dng in, c th tra c
t trn nhn hiu ca b h cm (khi khng c b h cm dng in, l 1).
Cng sut o c bng bin php ny, thc t l cng sut bnh qun trong
thi gian o.
- Trang 404 -
Hi: Ti sao khi khng c ph ti m ng dy li khng c hin tng b

m, r in, cng t in kiu h cm vn c th chuyn ng?
p: l do lp mt c cu c bit to ra m men quay ph nhm b p
m men quay ma st m a quay chu ng. Di in p bnh thng, chng ta iu
chnh m men quay ph ca n va ng bng vi m men quay ma st. Khi in p
tng cao, th m men quay ph ny s tng cao theo s tng ln ca in p vt qu
m men quay ma st. Lc ny, cng t in tuy khng c ph ti vn t chy, ni
chung gi l "chy ngm".
Hi: Khi o cng sut trong mch in xoay chiu, c lc s c trn ng
h cha ti tr s ht thang m cun dy ng h chy. Nguyn nhn do u?
p: Tnh hnh ny c th xy ra trong mch h s cng sut thp. Cng sut
trong mch in xoay chiu P = UIcos . Nu h s cng sut cos qu nh th khi
cng sut P tng i nh, dng in ph ti I c th rt ln, lm chy ng h
o cng sut. Cho nn khi o cng sut trong mch in h s cng sut thp nn s
dng ng h o cng sut c h s cng sut c bit.
Hi: Khi im gia ca ph ti u hnh sao ba pha cn bng khng th ly
dy dn ra hoc cc pha ca ph ti u hnh tam gic khng th ngt tch ra, lm
sao dng ot k mt pha o cng sut tc dng ca chng?
p: Nu ch c mt ot k kiu in ng, th dng hai in tr R bng tng
cun dy in p v in tr ph ca n, ba ci u li
theo hnh sao nh th hin hnh 18 - 5 - 15. Do ph ti
cn bng, cho nn in th im O' bng in th im
O, s c ca ot k l cng sut ca mt pha ph ti,
tng cng sut ca ph ti bng ba ln tr s ch th ca
ot k. Nu c mt ot k kiu cm ng th dng hai
tr khng phc s Z bng tr khng c tnh cm ng
ca cun dy in p thay i in tr R trong hnh.
Hi: Dng ng h o cng sut o cng sut in, p dng cch u dy
nh th hin hnh 18 - 5 - 16 (a) (b) c khng?
- Trang 405 -
p: Nu u ngc cun dy in p (xem hnh a) th chnh lch in th

gia cun dy in p vi cun dy dng in s rt cao, c th lm hng cch in
gia cc cun dy. Nu u u ( ) ca cun dy in p ln u ph ti, xem hnh
(b) th dng in ca cun dy dng in bng tng ca dng din ph ti vi dng
in ca cun dy in p, s c ca ng h o cng sut l tng ca cng sut
ph ti vi cng sut tiu hao ca cun dy in p v in tr phn p RD, nn khi
o cng sut nh th sai s tng i ln.
Hnh (c) v phng php u dy ng. Khi o, s c ca ng h o cng
sut l tng ca cng sut ph ti vi tiu hao ca cun dy dng in, do in tr
ca cun dy dng in rt nh nn sai s o tng i nh.
- Trang 406 -
18 - 6 ng h kp (dng gng km)

Hi: Khi dng ampe k kp o dng in ph ti cn bng
ba pha, sau khi t dy mt pha, hai pha hoc ba pha vo trong
ming kp, s c ca ng h c g khc nhau? Ti sao?
p: Khi cho bt c dy ca pha no vo trong ming kp
th s c ca ng h l dng in dy ca pha . Kh t vo
hai dy pha th s c ca ng h tuy ging vi khi t dy mt
pha, nhng trn thc t, s c ny l tng vc t ca dng din
hai pha vo ming kp. Cn khi cho c ba dy pha vo ming
kp th s c bng 0, v lc ny tng vc t ca dng in ba pha bng 0, (xem hnh
18 - 6 - 1)
Hi: Ti sao ampe k kp khng dng dy ni vi ngun in, ti sao c th
o c dng in trong dy dn?
p: Kt cu ca ampe k kp nh th hin hnh 18 - 6 2. N c mt cun dy ph v b h cm dng in c li st chia
thnh hai b phn, v th khi dng o dng in chy qua bt
k dy dn no, c th khng cn ngt dy dn, ch cn dng km
kp cht dy dn l c Bi v dy dn thng in s sinh ra t
thng, t thng chy qua li st, s cm ng ra in th trong cun dy ph, do
c th c c s trong ampe k. Nhng sai s o th ny tng i ln.
Hi: Khi dng ampe k kp o dng in cn ch g?
p: Khi dng ampe k kp o dng in cn ch :
(1) Khng nn o dy dn trn, phng nga in git v ngn mch.
(2) Tm o phi chn nc ln, phng nga chy ng h.
(3) Dy dn cn o phi xuyn qua gia li st, nhm gim sai lch.
(4) Phi s dng ring bit ng h in mt chiu, xoay chiu.
(5) Khi o dy dn cao p c cch in (nh 3 ngn vn) phi eo gng tay
cch in.
Hi: Khi dng ampe k kp o dng in ca dy dn thp p, ch gn b
h cm dng in, ti sao kim ng h s ch cao?
p: Bi v ch gn b h cm dng in, c t thng r, li st ca ampe
k kp b nh hng ca t r, dng in cm ng ca cun dy th cp ampe k
tng ln, cho nn kim ch cao.
- Trang 407 -

Hi: Lm sao li dng bin php n gin nht phn on u c t
thng r xoay chiu, v nh gi s b ln ca n?
p: M ming kp ca ampe k kp ra vo trong t trng xoay chiu,
kim s xy ra quay lch, m t trng cng mnh th kim quay lch cng ln. l
do hai cng ca ampe k kp lm bng cht st t, t vo trong t trng thnh
ng thng ca t thng, khin cun dy ca ampe k cm ng ra in th nht
nh, lm cho kim quay lch. Li dng phng php ny c th phn on ch no c
t thng r xoay chiu.
Hi: Ampe k kp liu c th o c dng in rto ca mt in khng
ng b kiu qun dy?
p: Tn s ca dng in rto mt in khng ng b kiu qun dy l
tch gia tn s ngun in vi sai sut quay, sai sut quay nh mc l 2 ~ 15%, khi
quay bnh thng, tn s ca dng in rto l 1 ~ 7.5 Hz.
Ampe k kp xoay chiu thng dng gm b h cm dng in v u
ng h h t in kiu chnh lu to thnh. u ng h nhn c in p t
trn in tr u trong nhm cun dy bn th cp ca b h cm. Bi v in p
cm ng ca nhm cun dy t l thun vi tn s, khi o dng in tn s thp
nh dng in rto, in p t c trn u ng h s nh hn nhiu so vi khi
o dng in tn s cng cng c tr s cng nh nhau, c lc cn khng lm
thng mch diode chnh lu, v th ng h khng th lm vic bnh thng.
Ampe k kp lng dng mt chiu, xoay chiu khng c cun dy bn th
cp m cho t thng trong li st trc tip thng qua u ng h h t in, cho
nn tn s cao, thp khng nh hng n n. V th, loi ampe k kp lng dng
xoay chiu, mt chiu ny c th o dng in rto.
Hi: Hin ch c mt ampe k kp, tm o thp nht ca n l 25 ampe, s
c mi vch chia l 1 ampe. Lm sao li dng n o tr s dng in nh?
p: C th dng mt si dy mm cch in qun vi vng ch ming
km, v d cn o mt dng in nh cha bit th qun 50 vng dy mm ch
ming km, sau u ni tip trong mch dng in, nu c s c 5 ampe k
th dng in thc t l 5/50 = 0.1 ampe.
- Trang 408 -
18 - 7 Cu in
Hi: Ti sao khi dng cu in Wheatstone o in tr mt chiu ca cun
dy in cm cao, in tr ca nhnh cu tuy iu chnh n xu th cn bng,
nhng khi bm nm pin, kim ng h vn dao ng rt gh?
p: Khi va bm nm pin, mch cu in vo trong qu trnh tc th lc
ny, in cm ca cun dy ch o pht huy tc dng, khin s cn bng ca cu
in b ph hoi, v th kim dao ng.
Hi: Trn bin p 35000/6000 vn, dng cu in Kelvin o in tr mt
chiu bn thp p. Khi o, ngi chm phi u dy ra 35 ngn vn s cm thy
t .Ti sao?
p: Bi v thi im va nhn hoc t ngt bung nm n cu in, do
tc dng thay i tc th ca dng in mt chiu, s cm ng ra in p bn pha
th cp bin th, cn ln ca in p ph thuc vo t l thay i ca t thng,
tuy in p a vo ch 1.5 vn nhng do tc thay i nhanh cng sinh ra in p
cao.
Hi: Ti sao khi o in tr thp di 1 khng dng cu in Wheatstone
m dng cu in Kelvin?
p: Khi dng cu in W o in tr thp, do nh hng ca in tr dy
dn u ni v in tr tip xc ch ni vi cu in nn sai s tng i ln.
Cn cu in K khi thit k xt ti c gng loi b cc nh hng ny, cho nn
khi o in tr thp tng i chnh xc.
- Trang 409 -
CHNG XIX
O TH IN
19 - 1 o in

Hi: Khi tnh cng sut ph ti ba pha cn bng, P = 3 ULILcos, trong cng
thc UL, IL ln lt l in p dy, dng in dy. Gc l lch pha gia in p dy
vi dng in dy hay l lch pha gia in p pha vi dng in pha?
p: Cng sut ca ph ti ba pha cn bng l gp ba cng sut mt pha, P =
3U I cos, trong cng thc U , I ln lt l in p pha v dng in pha, l lch
pha gia in p pha vi dng in pha.
Khi ph ti l cch u sao, UL = 3 U , IL = I ; khi ph ti l cch u tam
gic, UL : U , IL = 3 I . tin tnh ton v o, trong cng thc dng in p dy v
dng in dy th hin, tc P : 3 ULILcos .V th, gc trong cng thc l lch
pha gia in p pha vi dng in pha.
Hi: Thit b phn phi in cao p, ti sao trn ng dy ba pha ch lp b
h cm dng in trn hai pha, cn trn mch th cp li lp ba ampe k o dng
in (xem hnh 19 - 1 - 2)?
p: Bi v trong mch in h ba dy ba pha, tng
.
.
.
vc t ca dng din ba pha ca n bng 0, tc I A + I B + I C
.
.
.
= 0. V th, I A + I C = - I B , cng tc l vc t hp in pha B
m. Nu cng lp ni tip mt ampe k trn hai im I, II
mch chung ca dng in IA v dng in th cp IC, th
dng in m n ch th l IB, nhn n vi t s bin dng ca
b h cm dng in, tc l tr s dng in thc t ca pha B bn cao p. Cho nn,
ch cn dng hai b h cm dng in l c th o c tr s dng in ba pha.
Hi: Trong mch in xoay chiu ba pha lp hai b h cm dng in v mt
ampe k o dng in ba pha, cch u dy nh hnh 19 - 1 - 3 (a), (b), cch u dy
no ng?
p: Trong hnh, ZK l cng tc chuyn i khi tay gt chuyn n ba v tr
khc nhau "Tri", "0", "Phi" c th ln lt o dng in ba pha A, B, C. im en
"." th hin tip im thng mch, khng c im en th hin tip im ngt.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Trong mch in, ba dy ba pha, I a + I b + I c = 0, hoc I b = - ( I a + I c ). Trong tnh
hnh dng hai b h cm dng in v mt ampe k o dng in ba pha, yu cu
khi o dng in ca pha khng lp b h cm dng in phi bo m dng in
chy qua ampe k l tng dng in ca hai pha. Khi u dy theo hnh (a), cc tnh
ca b h cm hai pha A, C ging nhau. Khi cng tc chuyn i sang v tr "0", th
- Trang 410 -
dng in chy qua ampe k l I a + I c , cho nn ampe k ch th chnh xc tr s ca

.
I b . S vc t ca dng in cch u dy ny nh hnh (c). Nu u dy theo
hnh (b) th cc tnh ca b h cm hai pha A, C ngc nhau. Khi tay gt chuyn n
.
.
v tr "0", dng in chy qua ampe k l I c + (- I a ), s vc t ca n nh hnh
.
(d), chiu ca Ia ngc vi chiu ca I a trong hnh (c), I b t c khng phi l

dng in thc t chy qua trong pha B, cho nn ch th trong ampe k khng phn
nh dng in thc t ca pha B. Cho nn cch u dy ca hnh (b) chnh xc.

Hi: Khi dng my hin sng o hnh sng ca mt s mch thirixto, ti sao
phi tho dy tip t trong u cm ca my hin sng ra trc?
p: Bi v mt u ca ph ti thirixto ca rt nhiu thit b l tip t.
Nu khng tho dy tip t trong dy ngun ba li ca my hin sng th khi o s
gy ngn mch linh kin thirixto qua u tip t ca bt th my hin sng, dy
tip t ca ngun in v du tip t ca ph ti, lm chy linh kin thirixto. Cho
nn, dng my hin sng o hnh sng mt s mch in thirixto, trc tin phi tho
dy t trong cm ngun in ca my hin sng. Nhng trc khi tho dy t
ngun in ca my hin sng, cn kim tra v ngoi my hin sng xem c r in,
nhm trnh s c in git trong s dng.
- Trang 411 -

Hi: Ti sao khi tin hnh o in tr mt chiu ca nhm cun dy bin p,
dng in chy qua cun dy khng nn vt qu 20% dng in nh mc, cn khi
tin hnh o in tr tip xc ca cng tc du, dng in cng ln cng tt, nh
nht khng c di 100 ampe?
p: Khi o in tr mt chiu ca cun dy bin p, do cun dy c in
cm L v in tr R, khi o c thi gian np in tng i lu (theo To=L/R thng
s thi gian gim). Khi trong cun dy thng qua dng in tng i ln (ln hn
20% dng in nh mc) s lm nng cun dy, nhit tng cao th tr s in tr
mt chiu o c s lch ln, sai s ca n thm ch vt qu tiu chun qui nh.
Cho nn, ni chung qui nh dng in chy qua cun dy khng ln hn 20% dng
in nh mc ca bin p.
Khi o in tr tip xc ca cng tc du, in cm L 0, cn in tr R
cng nh hn nhiu in tr mt chiu ca cun dy bin p, cho nn khng cn
thi gian np in. Cn khi dng in cng ln, tnh hnh tip xc ca u tip xc
cng tt, cng cng gn vi tnh hnh vn hnh ni chung. Cn khi dng in qu nh,
u tip xc tip xc khng tt s xut hin kt qu th nghim lch ln. bo
m chnh xc o, ni chung trong qui trnh qui nh dng in khi o khng nn
nh hn 100 ampe.
Hi: Khi p dng phng php vn k v ampe k o in tr tip t
ca thit b tip t, ti sao phi u thm bin p cch ly?
p: bo m chnh xc tr s
o ca in tr tip t, qui nh khi o phi
s dng ngun in xoay chiu. Nhng
ngun in 220, 380V thng dng, ni chung
u p dng hnh thc u ni dy trung tnh
trc tip tip t. Nu trc tip dng o
in tr tip t s gy nn ngn mch tip
t, sinh ra dng in ngn mch, v do nh
hng phn dng khin tr s dng in o
c khng phi l tr s thc t chy qua
thit b tip t.
Sau khi u thm bin p cch ly nh hnh 19 - 1 - 6, do gia s cp, th cp
ch c lin h v t m khng c lin h v in, cho nn khng gy ra ngn mch
tip t ngun in, khin tr s dng in do c l tr s thc t chy qua thit
b tip t.
Hi: Ti sao my hin sng phi s dng u d? C phi khng dng u
d th khng th o c?
p: Tr khng u vo ca my hin sng v cng cao, nu dy o khng
che chn th t trng mnh 50Hz ca khng gian s sinh ra in p hng trm vn
trn u vo khin khng th o c. u d u ni bng cp in ng trc vi
- Trang 412 -
my hin sng, c th che chn nhiu ca t trng in khng gian. Hn na u

d c mc th tch nh, c th phng nga chm vi cc im khng o chung quanh,
gy ngn mch. Nhng u d ni chung u lm cho tn hiu suy gim 10 ln.
Mun lm cho tn hiu khng suy gim, c th ng dy o lm bng cp in ng
trc, u cui ca dy dng kp mang c c ng cch in dn n im o th.
Hi: Trong t cu dao ch lp mt b h cm in p v hai b h cm dng
in, nh dng mt ng h in mt pha o in nng tiu hao ca ba pha, lm
sao u dy?
p: Trong rt nhiu t cng tc cao p ch lp mt b h cm in p v hai
b h cm dng in, khi chng ta mun tnh tiu hao nng lng, nu phi hp vi
b h cm in p, dng cng t in 1 pha, trong tnh hnh ny chng ta c th ch
dng mt cng t in mt pha, ch cn u cho dy ra th cp ca b h cm
dng in ri u vo cng t in l c.
l do sau khi u cho dy th cp ca b h cm dng in lm thay
i pha ca dng in hai pha, khin dng in a vo ng h in bng 3 ln
dng in mi pha, nn s c ghi trn ng h in mt pha bng in nng tiu
hao ca ba pha.
Hi: Ti sao khng nn dng cng tc i pha o dng in ba pha?
p: Kt cu ca cng tc ba pha khng c l tng, khi i pha dng
in s xy ra ngt bn th cp b h cm dng in. iu khng cho php. Bi
v khi ngt bn th cp b h cm dng in s sinh ra in p cao, khng nhng
nh thng cch in m cn uy hip s an ton ca con ngi. Cho nn, thit b s
dng in ph ti ba pha cn bng ni chung ch lp mt ampe k, ch o mt pha
trong ba pha, cn khi cn o dng in ba pha th phi dng ba ampe k.
Hi: C ba phng php o nhit ca thit b in: phng php nhit
k, phng php in tr, v phng php nhit ngu. C th ty chn la khng?
p: Nhit ngu v nhit k ni chung dng o nhit mt im no
ca thit b in. Phng php in tr ch c th o nhit bnh qun, cho nn o
nhit bnh qun ca cun dy thng dng phng php in tr, cn khi o
nhit b mt ni chung dng phng php nhit k hoc phng php nhit
ngu.
Hi: Ti sao tr s nhit hin th trn nhit k nhit ngu khng bng
nhit thc t ca vt c o?
p: Tr s nhit trn nhit k nhit ngu trn thc t l hiu nhit
gia u vt c o (u nng) vi u ng h (u ngui) (tc tng nhit
). Cn nhit thc t ca vt c o phi bng tng ca s c trn ng h
cng vi tr s nhit mi trng chung quanh.
- Trang 413 -

Hi: Linh kin cm ng nhit ca in
tr nhit ti sao phi dng h ba dy u vo cu
in?
p: Khi dng in tr nhit Rt o
nhit t xa i hi phi s dng dy dn
tng i di u ni vo mch cu, in tr
ca dy dn s gy ra sai s ph khng th b qua,
khong cch cng ln th sai s cng ln. Nu
dng h 3 dy nh hnh (a) u vo th dy dn ln lt u vo hai bn cu
khin cu in cn bng, nh th hin hnh (b), loi tr c sai s ph. V th
khi dng in tr nhit lm linh kin cm ng nhit o hoc iu khin nhit
t xa, phi dng h ba dy u vo cu in, di v quy cch ca dy dn phi
bng nhau.
Hi: Lm sao dng phng php n gin o c cng sut b chn lu
n hunh quang?
p: C th u b chn lu theo hnh 19 - 1 - 13.
Sau khi ng cng tc K, o tr s in p hai im A, B;
sau cn c vo s liu bng km theo l c th bit
c tr s cng sut ca b chn lu.
Cng sut b chn lu (ot)
8
20
30
40
in o gia hai im A, B (vn)

160
115
97
72
Nu l chn lu t qun, khi tr s in p gia hai im A, B o thc t khc

vi cng sut tng ng trong bng th c th iu chnh khe h li st chn lu
(in p cao th m rng khe h li st, in p thp th thu hp khe h li st).
Hi: Trn mm phi in thng lp ba ampe k, mi pha mt ci, cn vn
k ch c mt ci, lp thm mt cng tc i pha thay th vn k, ti sao?
p: Bi v a s s c u phn nh ln trn s c ca dng in thng
lm cho dng in ba pha khng cn bng. gip ngi trc ban tin nm vng,
d pht hin, nhm trnh xy ra s c, cho nn phi mi pha mt ampe k. Cn tnh
hnh ba pha khng cn bng v in p t xy ra, cho nn ch s dng mt vn k v
mt cng tc i pha.
- Trang 414 -
Hi: Khi s dng ng h tn s kiu b bin i 1L2 - H2 o tn s

in p u my pht in, trong qu trnh my pht in tng in p kch thch hoc
dng my gim p, ti sao ng h tn s thng xy ra hin tng s c ch th
khng ng?
p: Mch in ca ng h tn s kiu b bin i 1L2 - H2 nh th hin
hnh 19 - 1 - 15. N l mt loi my o kiu mi, mt loi mch in, mch chnh
lu v mch phn cc chuyn dng in xoay chiu thnh dng in mt chiu t l
thun vi tn s ca n, li thng qua ng h ch th (ng h mA mt chiu M)
trc tip hin th ra s c tn s.
My pht in s dng ng h tn s ny,
trong qu trnh tng in p kch thch hoc dng
my gim p, do tr s in p xoay chiu hnh sin
u vo ng h cha t ti tr s in p m
ng h cn thit, cho nn mch ct sng n p
trong mch in ng h khng c tc dng, in
p u vo ca mch vi phn RC khng phi sng
vung m l sng sin. V th, in p u ra ca n cng l in p sng sin. Tr s
bnh qun ca dng in chy qua M sau khi chnh lu ln hn nhiu so vi tr s
bnh qun ca dng in mch xung nh nhn thit k chy qua M khi tn s ging
nhau, do ch th ca ng h thng vt ln trn, dn n s c khng chnh xc.
Hi: Ti sao c lc u ni tip thun chiu cun dy th cp ca hai b h
cm dng in s dng?
p: B h cm dng in c cp chnh xc khc nhau. Mi cp qui nh sai
s tr s v sai s gc ca n (gi tt l sai s). Nu ph ti th cp ca b h cm
dng in khng vt qu tr s qui nh th sai s sinh ra c th trong phm vi qui
nh ca cp chnh xc tng ng. Nu ph ti th cp vt qu tr s qui nh, s
c s tng, cp chnh xc s gim. Nu u ni tip thun chiu cun dy th cp
ca hai b h cm dng in s dng, th t s bin i dng in khng thay
i, tr khng ph ti u vo khng thay i, in p trn u tr khng ph ti
cng khng thay i, nhng in p trn cun dy th cp ca mi b h cm dng
in ch bng mt na so vi trc, ph ti thc t tng ng ca n cng gim
mt na, t sai s ca n cng gim, d p ng yu cu cp chnh xc qui nh.
Hi: Dng b h cm dng in LH em tn hiu dng in ngu hp n
th cp a n hai u in tr R1 nhm thu c tn hiu in p t l thun vi
dng in (xem hnh 19 - 1 - 17). Ti sao phi u thm in tr
R2 v t C th cp LH?
p: R2 v C dng b lch pha cn d ca b h cm
dng in. Dng in bn s cp v dng in bn th cp ca
b h cm dng in do nh hng ca dng in kch t
khng ti Io (bao gm thnh phn hu cng, v cng) nn khng
hn va ng ngc pha (tc lch pha 180o). Khi dng in ph
ti tng i ln, nh hng ca Io khng r rt, I2 vi I1 gn
- Trang 415 -
ngc nhau; khi dng in ph ti tng i nh, do nh hng ca Io, lch pha
gia I2 vi I1 s lch 180o tng i r, dng in ph ti cng nh th lch xa cng
ln. T sinh ra lch pha. Nu chn tham s R2 v C hp l th c th gim thiu
sai s ny.
Hi: Ti sao o in tr mt chiu di 1 phi dng cu in hai nhnh?
p: Khi o in tr mt chiu di 1 nu dng cu in mt nhnh, do
nh hng ca in tr dy dn v in tr tip xc ch dy ni vi cu in s
sinh ra sai s rt ln. Nu dng cu in hai nhnh o, v trong cu s dng mch
in c bit c th loi tr sai s trn, khin o chnh xc. Cho nn o in tr mt
chiu di 1 nht thit phi dng cu in hai nhnh.
Hi: Khi o in tr cch in, ti sao phi qui nh thi gian cho in p?
p: Sau khi cho in p mt chiu vo th dng in chy qua cch in s
gim theo s tng ln ca thi gian cho in p. l v khi va cho in p mt
chiu vo, dng in hp thu chy qua cch in lm cho mi cht cc ha. Dng
in hp thu ny s suy gim theo thi gian. in tr sut mt chiu ca cch in
c xc nh da vo dng in d. Cch in khc nhau th thi gian mt i dng
in hp thu khc nhau. Nhng a s cc vt liu trong mt pht, dng in
n nh, v th qui nh ly dng in sau mt pht cho in p tnh in tr
sut. Nh vy l c tnh c th so snh.
Hi: T s hp thu cch in ca b bin th in tr cch in thp, thp
hn ti s hp thu cch in ca b bin th in tr cch in cao phi khng?
p: Cha chc. in tr cch in ca b bin th m cch in b m
nghim trng s thp m t s hp thu cng tng i nh. Nhng in tr cch
in l tr s o c m ng h m ga m quay o mt pht, cn t s hp thu l t
s ca in tr cch in gia mt pht v 15 giy, m t s hp thu cn ph thuc
vo dung lng ca b bin th. Cho nn trong tnh hnh chung, in tr cch in
thp, t s hp thu cha chc thp. Nht l i vi bin th ln, dung lng ca n
ln, dng in hp thu ln. V th t s hp thu tng i cao. Cn bin th c nh,
dung lng ca n nh, thng thng in tr cch in cao, nhng t s hp thu
li tng i nh.
Hi: Khi dng thang din p khc nhau ca ng h vn nng o in p
"in cm ng" i vi t, ti sao chnh lch kt qu o rt
r?
p: Thc cht "in cm ng" l do tn ti in dung
phn b gia cun dy vi li st thng in ca thit b in
gy ra. V d, mt bin th m li st khng tip t (Xem hnh
19 - 1 - 21), in dung phn b gia cun dy s cp v li st c
th dng t in tng ng C thay th. Khi dng thang
- Trang 416 -
in p ca ng h vn nng o in p ca "in cm ng" i vi t tng

ng vi in p ngun in U (220 vn) n n mch in ni tip do C v
in tr trong R ca thang in p ca ng h vn nng to thnh, tr s in p m
ng h vn nng th hin chnh l phn p UR t c trn R.
U R = IR =
U
R 2 + X C2
R=
U
1 + (X C + R ) 2
Do U v C l tr s c nh, tc dung khng tng ng XC cng l tr s c

nh, nhng tm o ca thang in p cng nh th R cng nh, tr s in p o
c cng cng nh, cho nn kt qu o khc nhau.
Hi: Khi o in tr cch in ca thit b, ti sao phi ghi li nhit khi
o?
p: Vt liu cch in ca thit b u cha nc v cc tp cht ha tan
trong nc (nh cc loi mui, vt cht c tnh axit v.v...) vi mc khc nhau, to
thnh dng in dn. Nhit tng cao s tng nhanh s vn ng ca phn t v
ion trong mi cht, nc v tp cht phn b di theo chiu hai cc ca din
trng ,tng thm tnh nng in dn, v th nhit tng cao, in tr cch in s
gim r rt theo hm s m. V d nhit tng cao 10oC th in tr cch in B
ca my pht in gim 1/1.9 ~ 1/2.8, in tr cch in cp A ca bin th gim
1/1.7 ~ 1/1.8. Thit b b m nghim trng th s thay i theo nhit ca in tr
cch in cng ln. V th, khi quay o in tr cch in phi ghi li nhit mi
trng. Nu thit b ang vn hnh dng li, cch din cha ngui hn th cn phi
ghi li nhit thc s trong cch in chuyn i in tr cch in n cng
nhit nhm tin hnh so snh v phn tch.
- Trang 417 -
19 - 2 Th nghim in
Hi: Khi tin hnh th nghim chu p thit b in, ti sao yu cu tr s
chu p cao hn tr s in p nh mc?
p: Thit b in trc khi lp t u phi tin hnh mt ln th nghim
chu p, m tr s chu p ca n phi cao hn tr s in p nh mc ca thit b.
l v:
(1) bo m thit b vn hnh an ton bnh thng, tr s chu p ca n
phi c h s an ton.
(2) Thit b s dng di tn s cng cng xoay chiu th tr s in p nh
mc l ch tr s hu hiu, cn tr s ln nht bng 1.414 tr s hu hiu.
(3) Xt n tr s qu p thao tc v qu p kh quyn s rt cao. V th, khi
th nghim chu p, tr s chu p ca n phi cao hn in p nh mc ca thit b.
Hi: Khi thit b thc hin th nghim r r mt chiu, ly chnh lu na
sng thu c in p mt chiu, nu khng lp t lc sng, ln lt dng khe
h hnh cu ,vn k tnh in v vn k nam chm vnh cu o, tr s o c c
bng nhau khng?
p: Khi mch chnh lu na sng khng lp t lc sng
(tc ph ti thun in tr) th mi chu k hnh sng u ra ca
in p ch c na sng, nh th hin hnh 19 - 1 - 2. Khi dng
khe h hnh cu o in p, khe h hnh cu s b nh thng khi
cng t trng tr s nh ln nht, in p o c l tr
s nh na sng u ra ca dng in. M men quay ca vn k tnh in t l
thun vi bnh phng tr s hu hiu ca in p a n gia hai in cc. o
c l tr s hu hiu ca na sng u ra. Tr s o c bng vn k kiu nam
chm vnh cu l tr s bnh qun trong mt chu k in p u ra mt chiu. Kt
qu l: in p o c bng khe h hnh cu ln nht, in p o c bng vn
k kiu nam chm vnh cu nh nht.
Hi: Khi chuyn i dng in r o c di in p nh mc ca thit
b thnh in tr cch in, tng i gn vi tr s o c bng ng h m ga
m, nhng khi cao hn in p nh mc tng i nhiu th thng thng khng
thng nht na. Ti sao?
p: Cch in ca thit b cao p trng thi kh ro v di in p lm
vic nh mc th tr s dng in r ca n t l thun vi in p, v in tr cch
in lc ny l hng s, nn di iu kin phng php th nghim v my do chnh
xc, th dng in r o dc i thnh in tr cch in tng i gn vi tr s
o c bng ng h m ga m. Nhng khi din p th nghim cao hn tng i
nhiu so vi in p nh mc ca sn phm th nghim, do b mt cch in th
rp v dnh bn khin r in, phn u tng ln r rt theo tng ca in p;
- Trang 418 -
in tr cch in lc ny khng cn l hng s na, nn tr s in tr cch in

i t dng in r ra s thp hn tr s o c bng ng h m ga m.
- Trang 419 -

Hi: Ti sao ng bc t in khi tin hnh th nghim in p ring l th
u tt nhng khi my ci cng tin hnh th nghim th thng xy ra nh la?
p: Sau khi my bin p th nghim mang ph ti tnh cht in dung, t s
bin i ca n s thay i, in p bn cao p s cao hn tr s chuyn i, m ph
ti in dung cng ln th sai s thay i cng cng ln.
Khi th nghim ng bc ring l, do ph ti in dung rt nh, s bin i t
s thay i rt nh hoc khng thay i. Khi nhiu ng bc cng th nghim, do
ph ti in dung tng ln, in p bn cao p s cao hn nhiu tr s chuyn i.
Nu vn cho in p ging nhau vo bn thp p th bn o cao p vt qu tr s
in p mun cho vo, do xy ra nh la.
Hi: Thit b in khi tin hnh th nghim chu p ti sao khng cho php
cho in p mt ln, m khi ko cu dao cng khng cho php ct mch in khi
y in p?
p: Thit b in lm th nghim in p l th nghim in p xoay chiu
tn s cng cng (50Hz). N khc vi th nghim chu p xung kch. N yu cu khi
cho in p khng c t ngt cho in p, ch cho php tng p t t, mt mt
phng nga lm hng cng cch in vt th do b xung kch, mt khc trnh
cho thit b hoc ng h khng b xung kch.
Khi ngt in p, phng nga nng lng tch tr ca vt th phn hi
gy hng thit b th nghim v tai nn v ngi, cho nn cng khng cho php t
ngt ct ngun in trong tnh hnh y p, m nn gim p xung cn 1/3 tr xung
mi ct mch in.
Hi: Trong ngun in th nghim
chu p mt chiu nh th hin hnh 19 - 2
- 6, dng ng h A c nhy in p
mt chiu t 40000/V v ng h B vi
nhy in p mt chiu l 1000/V ln
lt o in p khng ti ca n, kt qu
t c khc nhau, in p m ng h A
o c gn bng ba ln ca ng h B, nhng in p m hai ng h u song
song o c li ging nhau. Ti sao?
p: Dng in khi khng ti ca mch in ny l dng in chy qua vn
k. Do t lc sng ch c 5100p, khi ln ca ph ti khc nhau, s nh hng rt
ln n in p u ra sau khi lc sng ca n. in p u ra mt chiu c th thay
i trong (0.45 ~ 1.41)U2. Dng din ph ti cng nh th in p u ra cng cao.
Dng in tiu hao ca ng h l A bng 1/40 ng h B, tc ng h A o c
l tr s nh (1.41U2) gn bng in p chnh lu na sng - ng h B o c l
gn bng tr s bnh qun (0.45U2) ca in p chnh lu na sng. Nu hai ng h
u song song o th dng in ph ti l tng dng in tiu hao ca hai ng
h nn kt qu o c ging vi kt qu o c ca ring ng h B.
- Trang 420 -

Hi: Ti sao in cc th nghim in p nh thng du cch in, ni
chung u s dng in cc hnh trn tm phng? Liu c th s dng in cc
hnh cu hoc hnh kim?
p: in trng sinh ra gia in cc hnh trn tm phng l in trng
u. Di tc dng ca in trng u c th pht hin mt cch rt nhy s tn
ti ca nc, si v cc ht nh khc trong du, v th in p nh thng do c
tng i thp, tc cng d pht hin khim khuyt ca du cch in, in p
nh thng o c cng tng i chnh xc. in cc hnh cu v hnh kim to ra
khng phi l in trng u, khng c u im trn, do ngoi c quan nghin
cu th nghim ra, hin trng ni chung khng p dng.
Hi: Dng mt my bin th tng p dung lng tng i nh tin hnh th
nghim chu p i vi bin th dung lng tng i ln, nu khi do dung lng
khng nn nng khng ln c in p th phi p dng bin php g?
p: C th u song song mt cun dy in khng vo gia dy cao p vi
t trong mch th nghim. Ni chung s dng cun dy cao p ca mt bin th
khc, dng in cm ca n trit tiu mt phn dng in in dung lm gim
dng in u ra ca b nng p, nhm tip tc nng cao in p th nghim, nhng
phi ch cch in ca cun dy u song song phi khng thp hn cp cch in
ca bin th th nghim.
Hi: Khi thc hin th nghim chu p thit b in, ti sao khng th thay
th ln nhau gia th nghim chu p xoay chiu vi th nghim chu p mt chiu?
p: Bi v s phn b ca in p xoay chiu, mt chiu trong thit b in
khng ging nhau. Khi th nghim chu p mt chiu, s phn b ca in p mt
chiu trong lp cch in t l thun vi in tr cch in, cn khi tin hnh th
nghim chu p xoay chiu th in p xoay chiu t l nghch vi in dung phn b
cng tn ti vi in tr cch in. Cho nn, th nghim chu p xoay chiu, mt
chiu khng th thay th ln nhau, nhng th nghim xoay chiu cng gn vi tnh
hnh thc t thit b chu qu p trong vn hnh, cng c th pht hin mt cch hu
hiu nhc im ca cch in.
Hi: Ti sao khi tin hnh th nghim chu p mt chiu i vi cp in, li
cp phi u vi cc m?
p: Khi tin hnh th nghim chu p i vi cp in, nu li cp u
cc dng th dng in s t li cp chy v cch in v bc ch, khi cch in
ca cp in b m, c nc, do tc dng c tnh thm thu ca in, nc s di
chuyn t trong cch in ra bc ch theo chiu dng in r, iu s lm cho tr
s dng in r th nghim thu c lch nh, kh m thng qua th nghim pht
hin ra khim khuyt. Li cp u cc m s c th trnh c nc t trong cch
in di chuyn n bc ch, lm cho kt qu th nghim chnh xc, c khim khuyt
l pht hin c.
- Trang 421 -

Hi: Khi tin hnh th nghim dng in r mt chiu i vi cp in lc,
ti sao trong khi o, kim ca ng h A k c lc dao ng c tnh chu k?
p: ng h A k mt chiu sinh ra dao ng c tnh chu k nu khng
phi do cc nhn t u cui ca cp in b bn hoc ngun in th nghim khng
n nh th chng t trong cch in ca cp in th nghim c khim khuyt c
tnh cht khe l cc b. V di in p c nh, khe h ca khe l b nh thng,
dng in r s tng, in dung ca cp in s phng in qua khe h b nh
thng, khi in p np ca cp in gim n cch in khe h c khi phc,
dng in r s gim theo, in p np ca cp din li dn dn ln cao, khin khe
h li b nh thng phng in; sau cch in khe h li c khi phc. C th
lp i lp li khin A k trong khi o sinh ra hin tng dao ng c tnh chu k.
Hi: i vi kt du mi tin hnh th nghim chu p du cch in, ti sao
phi qua vi ln x l phng in mi c th o th chnh thc? in cc ca n ti
sao cn phi m crm?
p: i vi kt du mi tin hnh th nghim chu p du cch in, ni
chung u phi qua vi ln x l phng in, t chy cc x bavia nh trn b mt
in cc, ng thi mc ch ca vic nh bng m crm b mt in cc l duy
tr bng b mt. Nh vy c th lm cho in trng gia in cc tng i
u, nng cao in p nh thng khin tr s o th tng i chnh xc.
Hi: Dng qu cu bng ng o chu p, thng mt qu cu tip t, mt
qu cu u cao p. Khi qu cu cao p l dng hoc l m, th in p nh thng
no cao? Khi o chu p tn s cng cng, ti sao ni chung u b nh thng khi
bn chu k m?
p: Khi s dng qu cu bng ng o cao p, in p nh thng ca qu
cu i vi qu cu c hiu ng cc tnh. Bi v khi cho in p vo qu cu cao p,
pha trc qu cu ng cao p s sinh ra ion ha rt yu, khin in tch tch ly
khng gian trc qu cu, lm thay i in trng vn c, sinh ra hiu ng cc
tnh. Khi qu cu cao p l m, in tch khng gian s lm cho in trng trc
qu cu m tng mnh, kt qu in p nh thng gim; khi qu cu cao p l cc
dng, in tch khng gian s lm yu in trng st pha trc qu cu dng,
kt qu in p nh thng cao. Nn khi qu cu cao p l dng th in p nh
thng s cao hn khi qu cu cao p l m. V th, khi o chu p tn s cng cng,
ni chung u b nh thng bn chu k m tn s cng cng.
Hi: Trong "tiu chun th nghim c tnh cht d phng thit b in" do B
thy in ban hnh, ti sao phi tng cng o in tr cch in ca ng bc nh
ng tr kiu cao p in dung i vi mt bch (t)?
p: ng bc kiu cao p in dung l do nhiu lp linh kin t in ni tip
m thnh, lp cui ca lp t in c dy dn qua ng bc nh dn n mt bch
- Trang 422 -
(t). Sau khi vn hnh b m, do t trng ca nc ln hn du cch in, nn nc

chm xung y hay lp ngoi. V th o tnh trng cch in ca ng bc nh i
vi mt bch (t) d pht hin s vo nc, b m ca n. ng thi, mc cch
in ca ng bc nh tng i thp, khng th tin hnh th nghim dng in r
v tn hao mi cht vi in p th nghim cao hn. Cho nn tng cng o th
nghim in tr cch in ca ng bc nh i vi mt bch c th gim st s vo
nc ht m ca n, in tr cch in qui nh ca n khng nh hn 1000M (s
dng ng h 2,5KV-M)
Hi: Khi dng cu in cao p in dung kiu QS - 1 o tang gc tn hao mi
cht tg ca b h cm in p kiu chui trn 110kV, nu tr s tg tng i ln,
liu c th hin cch in bn trong b h cm c khim khuyt?
p: Khng phi. Bi v trn b h cm in p kiu chui trn 110 kV c
tm u dy thp p hoc ng bc nh, v th khi dng cu in cao p in dung
kiu QS - 1 o tg theo qui nh thng thng, tc a vo tn tht cht mi
ca tm u dy hoc ng bc nh, khin ta s tg tng i ln.
Nu p dng "phng php t kch", "phng php che chn u cui " o
hoc tho b tm u dy hoc ng bc nh ri tin hnh o, nh vy s c th
phn bit ra l nh hng do tm u dy hoc ng bc nh gy nn, hay l cch
in bn trong b h cm c khim khuyt.
Hi: Ti sao khi o tn hao cht mi ca ng bc kiu in dung cao p
110kV tr ln, v tr t ca ng bc khc nhau, thng thng kt qu o c s sai
lch tng i ln?
p: Khi o tn hao mi cht ca ng bc kiu in dung cao p, do in
dung ca vt th nh, khi v tr t ng bc khc nhau, do nh hng ca in cc
cao p v in cc o i vi tr khng phn b ri rc ca khung gi, vt th, vch
tng quanh khng hon ton tip t s c nh hng rt ln i vi kt qu o
thc t ng bc. V tr t khc nhau, th cc nh hng ny cng khc nhau, cho nn
thng thng xut hin kt qu o c tnh phn tn ln. Do o tn hao mi cht
ca ng bc kiu in dung cao p yu cu phi t thng ng trn gi ng bc c
tip t thch hp o, ch khng nn t ng bc ngang bng hoc dng dy cch
in treo bt c gc no o.
Hi: Ti sao khi th nghim tg ca kt cu cch in cao p in dung (ng
bc, t ghp, b h cm) nu iu kin cho php, ni chung l o ng cong quan
h gia tg vi in p th nghim U, ch khng phi o tr s tg di mt in
p?
p: ng cong quan h gia tg vi in p th nghim ca kt cu cch
in cao p in dung tg = f(U), khi khim khuyt cch in khc nhau, ng cong
ca n khc nhau. Khi c s c mang tnh phng in v b m, cng vi U tng ln,
tr s tg ni chung cng tng ln; cn khi c tp cht c tnh ion, cng vi s tng ln
ca U, tr s tg li gim xung. V th, o ng cong tg = f(U) c th phn nh
- Trang 423 -
mt cch ton din khim khuyt cch in ca n. Nu ch o tg di mt in p

(cao p hoc thp p) th khng th gim st c ton din khim khuyt cch in
ca n.
- Trang 424 -

Hi: Ti sao khi np in cho t in in gii dung lng ln, khng th
trc tip dng dy ng th nghim phng in ngn mch?
p: T in gii gm mng nhm cc dng, mng xt mi cht, dung
dch in gii, m lt, phin mng dn ra v dy dn to thnh. Li lm vic ca
n lm bng phng php cun, cho nn c lng in cm nht nh. in dung
ln th s vng cun s tng i nhiu, in cm cng tng i ln. Khi trc
tip dng dy ng tin hnh th nghim phng in ngn mch i vi t in
dung lng ln s sinh ra th in ng t cm EL trn in cm ca chnh t in.
V th, ln ca EL ph thuc vo lng in cm ca cun dy L v t s bin
i ca dng in (I/t); tc EL. : L.(I/t). Cho nn, lc ny t in s c hin
tng d b nh thng. Ni chung dng mt in tr 50 ~ 100 phng thot
khin n phng in t t.
Hi: Khi b mt s ng bc t in 110kV tr ln b m, c th tng vng
che chn tin hnh th nghim in tr cch in, nhng khi dng cu in kiu
QS-1 o tiu hao in mi (tg) li khng cho php tng thm vng che chn
loi tr nh hng b m b mt. Ti sao?
p: Sau khi b mt ng bc bng s b m m tin hnh th nghim in
tr cch in th tng vng che chn c th loi b c nh hng ca dng in
r b mt. Khi dng cu in kiu QS - 1 o tg nu tng thm vng che chn, do
b mt b m khin in p th nghim phn b bt buc theo din tr b mt ng
bc bng s, hnh thnh in p khc nhau ch cng tit din ngang trong li ng
bc t in v b mt ng bc bng s v lm cho trong c dng in in dung
chy qua in tr b mt ng bc bng s v vng che chn chy vo mch che
chn ca cu in. Nh vy khi th nghim dng in chy vo nhnh o ca cu
in b phn dng, khin tr s o tr nn nh, thm ch xut hin tr s m. V th
khng th tiu biu cho tnh hnh cch in thc t ca ng bc th nghim. Cho nn
khng th lp vng che chn. Nn p dng phng php bi du Silic v xt nn
gii quyt m b mt.
Hi: Ti sao khi o dy u ngc ca cu in Schering kiu QS1, in p
th nghim khng c vt qu 10kV, cn khi o dy u thun chiu th khng c
hn ch ny?
p: Khi o dy u ngc ca cu in Schering kiu QS1, in p nhnh
cu in i vi t l in p th nghim. Cn in p lm vic ca nhnh cu khi
thit k ch to l 10kV, cho nn khi o dy u ngc, in p th nghim khng
c vt qu 10kV. Khi o dy u thun, in p ca nhnh cu in i vi t
l st p ca nhnh cu, tr s ln nht ca n khng vt qu 100V. V th, ch khi
c t in tiu chun vi in p tng ng th in p th nghim c th a n
in p th nghim m vt th c th chu c, ni chung khng vt qu in p
lm vic cho php ln nht ca thit b in cao p.
- Trang 425 -

Hi: Khi tin hnh th nghim chu p xoay chiu i vi l cch in bng
s ti sao phi xu vo mt vng s nh cch in gia dy dn cp in p ca
mi s cch in?
p: l nhm trc quan, nhanh chng kim tra ra cch in b nh thng.
Do in dung ca vng s nh tng i nh, khong cch khng kh ca n cng
rt nh, di tc dng ca in p cao tn lm vic, khe h khng kh ca vng s
s nhanh chng ion ha, hnh thnh ct h quang, thng qua ct h quang dn cao p
n tng ci cch in. Khi cch in th u tt, khe h trng bn trong vng s l
ct h quang ion ha ca dng in nh, c mu trng xanh; khi mt cch in no
b nh thng, khe h trng trong vng s s c dng in ngn mch tng i
ln chy qua. nh sng ca h quang trong vng s cng bin theo thnh mu , nh
vy s c th cn c vo mu sc ca h quang trong vng s kim tra ra mt
cch nhanh chng, tin li s cch in khng tiu chun.
Hi: Khi cch in kiu treo mt phin cho in p th nghim tn s cng
cng ln lt trng thi kh v trng thi ma t, loi no in p nh la
thp? Nu cho in p th nghim xung kch th s ra sao?
p: Di tc dng ca in p tn s cng cng, th in p nh la ca
cch in khi ma t s thp hn khi kh ro. l do dng in r tng i ln
ca mng nc b mt cch in lm nng b mt m, ch mt dng in r
cc b ln khin mng nc nng ln, hong kh, st p ch ny tng ln, t dn
n phng in cc b, dn n nh la ton b b mt, khin in p nh la
st gim. Do qu trnh ny pht trin chm, m thi gian tc dng ca in p xung
kch sm st ngn, cho nn nh hng ca ma t i vi in p nh la ca
cch in l rt nh, do di tc dng ca in p xung kch, s chnh lch gia
in p nh la m t vi in p nh la ca cch in khng ln.
Hi: Khi o dng in r ca b thu li (b trnh st), ti sao khng th cn
c vo tr s in p bn thp p ca bin th th nghim tnh ra cao p u ra
mt chiu m phi nht thit trc tip o hai u vt th nghim bn cao p?
p: Bi v cao p dn ra mt chiu thu c sau khi qua chnh lu na sng,
lc sng bng t in; ng thi dng in r cn sinh ra st p trn in tr bo
v. Cho nn dng tr s in p bn thp p ca bin th th nghim tnh ra cao
p dn ra mt chiu s sinh ra sai s tng i ln. Ngoi ra, i vi b thu li c
in tr song song, do c tnh phi tuyn ca in tr song song, tr s in p a
n b thu li ch cn chnh lch mt t s c nh hng rt ln i vi dng in
r, nu in p chnh lch 10% th dng in r c th chnh lch 30%. V th tr s
in p cao mt chiu phi o trc tip hai u vt th nghim bn cao p.
Hi: Ti sao trong tiu chun nh nc mi li ly sai s m ca in dung
t ghp t -10% trc y ln -5%?
- Trang 426 -
p: Bi v t ghp l do nhiu linh kin ni tip thnh. Nguyn nhn ch

yu sai s m in dung khi o l do du thm thu lm cho phn trn khng du.
Khi lng du gim, u cao p bn trn d phng in gy ra s c n, ng thi
khi lng in dung gim 5%, lng du ca n gim xung khng phi bng 5%
tng lng du m l nhiu hn. V th, nng cao tnh hu hiu ca vic gim st
phi nng sai s m ca lng in dung t -10% ca tiu chun b c kh s mt
trc y ln -5% tiu chun quc gia mi.
Hi: Hai cch u dy (a), (b) trong hnh 19 - 2 - 25 o dng din r ca
vt th CX cch in i vi t, trong Ro l in tr nc bo v. Hi phng
php o no chnh xc?
p: o theo cch u dy hnh (a) chnh xc. Bi v trong th nghim, dng
in r ca dy dn cao p, b chnh lu v gi cch in ca in tr bo v
cng dng in r ca bn thn bin th u trc tip chy vo u tip t ca
bin th th nghim. A k o c ch l dng in r ca vt th nghim, do
tng i chun xc. Nu u dy theo hnh (b) th trong A k ngoi dng in r
chy qua vt th nghim ra, cc loi dng in r ca u cao p cng chy qua A
k, khin c ca ng h lch ln, nn khng chnh xc.
- Trang 427 -
CHNG XX
NHNG VN KHC
20 - 1 S b in kh
Hi: Ti sao tn s ca ngun in xoay chiu trn my bay thng s dng
400 - 500 Hz?
p: Trong iu kin dung lng bng nhau, tn s ngun in cng cao th
trng lng v kch thc ca thit b in, my in s dng s cng nh, m tn
hao nng lng v st p li cng ln. Trn my bay yu cu trng lng ca thit
b nh, do cng sut nh, mch in ngn, tn hao v st p ln mt cht th vn
khng ln, cho nn thng s dng ngun in xoay chiu 400 ~ 500 Hz?
Hi: Ti sao mt s cng tc hnh trnh c lp thit b hot ng tc th, cn
mt s khc li khng c?
p: Cng tc hnh trnh c lp thit b hot ng tc th l nhm tng nhanh
tc ngt v ng ca u tip xc, t ct mch in mt cch tin cy. Loi
cng tc hnh trnh ny thch hp s dng trng hp tc ca c chn rt
chm. C nhng trng hp tc vn ng ca c chn rt nhanh (1500 mm/pht
tr ln) cho d cng tc hnh trnh khng lp thit b hot ng tc th vn c th
ngt mch in mt cch tin cy. V th, c th s dng cng tc hnh trnh khng
lp thit b hot ng tc th. Gi thnh ca loi cng tc ny tng i r.
Hi: Ti sao cng tc t hp thp p khng th dng vi mch in cos <
0.3 tr xung?
p: Kt cu ca cng tc t hp nh gn, dung lng tip im nh,
khong cch ca cng tc cng khng ln. Nu h s cng sut ca mch in
cos < 0.3, do in cm ca ph ti tng i ln, khi ngt, mch in s sinh ra
qu p tng i ln (tc in th t cm) dn ti kh dp h quang gia cc tip
im, lm chy cng tc. Cho nn mch in cos < 0.3 khng s dng cng tc
t hp thp p.
Hi: Ti sao in tr nc s dng sodium cacbonat m khng dng mui n
cho vo nc?
p: Bi v thnh phn ha hc ca mui n l sodium clorua (NaCl), nc
mui khi dn in s phn gii thnh mt phn kh Clo, c hi cho sc khe con
ngi, hn na d n mn thit b. Nu s dng sodium cacbonat th khng c
nhc im ny. V th, in tr nc ni chung khng dng mui n m dng
sodium cacbonat.
- Trang 428 -

Hi: Trong mt in kiu qun dy, in tr khi ng s dng bin tr
cht lng. Ti sao trong mt in mt chiu khng dng bin tr cht lng?
p: Bi v cht lng dng trong bin tr cht lng l nc kim, nu cho
vo in mt chiu s sinh ra tc dng in gii mnh, khin in cc ca bin tr
hng nhanh, thnh phn cht lng cng b ph hoi, cho nn bin tr cht lng khng
c dng trong in mt chiu.
Hi: Bin th ni chung u dng phin mng thp silic lm li st, ti sao
trong bin tr nhy tn s li dng thp tm dy hoc thp ng lm li st?
p: Li st ca bin th ni chung dng dn t, cho nn phin mng thp
silic c tnh dn t tt, tn hao t tr v dng xoy u tng i nh lm li st
Nhng li st ca bin tr nhy tn s l li dng t tr v tn hao dng xoy ca
n c tc dng lm in tr t l thun vi tn s, cho nn s dng thp tm dy,
thp ng c t tr tn hao dng xoy u tng i ln lm li st.
- Trang 429 -
20 - 2 u ni, hn ni v nhit in
Hi: Di inh c u dy phi c m lt lm g?
p: Phin m di inh c u dy dng phng nga dy dn trt
theo inh c khi sit cht, tng tnh n hi, phng nga tut dy dn, tng din tch
tip xc gia dy dn vi inh c v tng din tch ta nhit, gim in tr tip xc.
Hi: Sut dn in ca ng cao hn thic, ti sao trn u dy ng m
mt lp thic.
p: Trong khng kh m t ng d b oxy ha sinh ra "g ng". N l cht
dn khng tt. Nu trn mt tip xc sinh ra y "g ng" th tip xc s khng tt,
do s nng, gy ra s c, nhng b mt ca thic sau khi oxy ha mt lp mng,
va bm cht b mt phng nga bn trong tip tc oxy ha, nng sut dn in ca
cht oxyt thic li tng i tt, khng dn n s c tip xc khng tt, cho nn
thng m mt lp thic ln u dy ng.
Hi: Liu c th dng thic hn ni ch t dy ca linh kin in tr
kiu qun dy?
p: Nu xy ra t dy ch no ca linh kin in tr kiu qun dy,
cn cc ch khc vn tt hon ton th c th khi phc bng phng php hn ni.
Nhng do linh kin in tr thng s dng nhit khong 300oC, nn khng
cho php hn ni bng thic m phi hn ni bng vt liu hn cng (ng thau, bc
hoc ng photpho) hoc hn bng phng php in tr.
Hi: Khi hn thic, s dng cao hn thic hay nha thng (tng hng) tt?
p: Ph thic u dy dn v u ni u dng cao du hn thic lm thuc
hn. Nhng trong cao du ny c cha cht c tnh axit, dy dn hn xong d b
en, lu ngy sinh g xanh, c tc dng n mn i vi li v cch in ca dy dn,
thm ch gy ra s c t u dy. Nu i sang dng nha thng cc lm thuc hn,
th u dy hn bng, u, khng c hin tng n mn i vi li v cch in ca
dy dn, bo m cht lng hn.
Hi: Khi thit b cao p mt chiu hot ng, ti sao quanh cc cao p bm
rt nhiu bi, cn thit b cao p xoay chiu khng c hin tng ny?
p: Trong bi c rt nhiu ht nh mang in, bnh thng sp xp khng
theo qui tc, khng th hin cc tnh ra ngoi, nhng di tc dng ca in trng
cao p mt chiu, cc tnh ca n s thc hin sp xp nh hng ngc vi chiu
in trng, v cn c vo nguyn l in khc du ht nhau s vn ng n cc
cao p c in th cao nht, bm chung quanh cc cao p. Cn khi xoay chiu, do cc
tnh dng, m ca in trng thay i, cc vt cht mang in ny trong in
- Trang 430 -
trng xoay chiu s bin i cc tnh c tnh chu k, khng sinh ra vn ng nh

hng, nn khi thit b cao p xoay chiu hot ng, khng c hin tng ht bi r
rt.
Hi: Ti sao dy dn u vi in tr hnh ng thng phi bc i mt on
cch in ri lng vo vi vng s?
p: Do nhit s dng ca in tr hnh ng l 300oC (khi s dng trn
a iu khin cng khong 150oC), cn nhit s dng ca dy dn cch in
dng u ni ch c 150oC, trnh dy dn b nh hng bi nhit qu cao,
v th bc bt mt on cch in dy dn gn in tr hnh ng ri lng vo vi
vng s c th chu nhit cao cch in.
Hi: M hn qu nng (gi l t cht) ti sao khng lm chy c thic
hn?
p: M hn t qu nng, khin u m hn oxy ha mnh, b mt hnh
thnh lp oxyt rt dy, cn tr truyn dn nhit. Nh vy, nhit lng trn u m
hn khng th truyn nhanh n thic hn, nn khng lm nng chy c thic. Do
lp oxy ha khng truyn nhit, nhit lng bn trong m hn ta ra, nhit tng
cao, thi gian lu c th lm t dy nng, thm ch ph hy cch in.
Hi: Khi hn bng h quang trong kh tr thng d b mt my dao ng cao
tn, c tc dng g?
p: Trong cht kh kh in ly, khi hn tm kim loi mng bng h quang
hoc dng in nh s kh dn h quang, cho d thnh thong c th dn h quang,
nhng tnh n nh ca h quang cng rt km, c thm my dao ng tn s cao s
gii quyt c vn trn, v my dao ng c th chuyn i dng in thp p
v tn s lm vic 50 Hz thnh dng in cao p 2500 vn v tn s cao 200 ~ 250
Hz. Dng in cao tn, cao p ny sau khi cng vi dng in hn tn s lm vic
khin dn h quang d dng v h quang hn n nh. T bo m cht lng
chi tit hn.
Hi: L in dy nhit in mt pha sau khi thng in, c ni nng trc.
C phi do ln ca dng in khng bng nhau?
p: Do khong cch gia cc vng ca dy nhit in l in khng bng
nhau, c tha c dy, ch dy kh ta nhit, nng trc. ln ca dng in trong
cng mt mch in lun lun bng nhau.
Hi: L in trong s dng thng pht hin chy t ch u ni gia dy
nhit in l in vi dy dn mm, i sang dng dy ng mt li ni vi dy
l in th t b chy t, ti sao?
- Trang 431 -
p: Dy nhit in l in bin in nng thnh nhit nng, sinh ra nhit

cao. Ch ni gia dy dn mm vi dy l in, nhit rt cao. D sinh ra tc
dng xy ha. Dy dn mm gm nhiu dy ng nh to thnh; s dng cha lu,
b mt dy dn b xy ha thnh lp cht xy ha, khin tit din dn in tr
nn nh, in tr tng, ch ni cng nng d di, khi t ti im nng chy ca
ng th ch ni s b chy t. Nu s dng dy ng mt li di 8 - 10 cm, tit
din ln mt cht ni vi dy l in, mt u khc ca dy ng li ni vi dy
dn mm th mt mt do dy ng mt si tng i ln, mt khc mt xy ha
chung s nh hn dy dn mm do nhiu si dy dn nh hp thnh, nn kh b t.
Ch ni gia u kia ca dy ng mt si vi dy dn mm do cch dy l in
nhit cao mt on, chu nh hng xy ha nhit cao tng i nh nn dy
dn mm kh b chy t. cho an ton thng lun dy ng mt li vo trong
ng s nh.
Hi: Ti sao dy dn li nhm sau khi hn ni bng phng php in tr,
quy nh phi sn ln mt lp sn cch in bng nha ng chng kh?
p: Trong qu trnh hn, lm nng chy oxyt nhm, ni chung s dng
thuc hn cha kalium clorua, sodium clorua, cryolite to thnh, nhng n c tc dng
n mn nhm; sau khi hn xong kh lm sch vt thuc. Cho nn, qui nh sau khi hn
phi sn mt lp sn cch in bng nha ng chng kh dng mang thuc
hn kh lm mt.
- Trang 432 -
20 - 3 Xe in
Hi: Xe in c ray s dng thnh ph ch c mt cn nhn in, cn xe
kiu dy treo s dng di hm l ni chung u c hai cn nhn in?
p: T nguyn l ca h thng in m ni th mt cn nhn in l c
ri. Nhng do xt ti iu kin di hm l khng tt, nn ng v dy treo khng
th lun lun gi c thng. Xe in chy di hm l chn ng tng i ln,
nu ch c mt cn nhn in, trong khi chy, c th do chn ng khin cn nhn
in tut khi dy dn, nh vy s sinh ra tia la rt ln, lm chy hng dy dn, c
kh nng dn n n hm l. Do tng thm mt cn nhn in, di iu kin
tng i xu cng c th bo m c mt cn nhn in tip xc vi dy dn.
Hi: Pha di ca st ca xe in khng ray lp mt si dy xch st lm
g?
p: Gia thn xe in khng ray vi t b cch in bi bnh xe, nu thit
b in mt chiu 550V trong xe xy ra s c r in th gia thn xe vi t s c
hiu in th (ni chung khong 200 ~ 550V), ngi ng di t chm phi thn
xe s b in git. Nu lp si xch st ni vi thn xe vo di ca st lm tip
t th khi xe ga, ca st m, xch st ri xung t, khin thn xe ni vi mt
t, lm gim hiu in th gia thn xe vi t. Nhng khi bnh thng, mt t
kh, in tr tip t rt ln, mt tc dng bo m an ton. Cn khi tri ma, mt
t m t, in tr tip t ca dy xch tr nn rt nh, nu cch in ca xe
in khng tt, th do thn xe ni lin vi t, hiu in th gia thn xe vi t rt
nh, do tuy ngi ng trn mt t chm phi phn thn xe cng khng b t.
Hi: Ti sao b phn tip xc ca xe in thnh ph vi dy tri dng ch
phm than, cn di hm l li dng que nhm?
p: Ch phm than c th lm gim mn hng dy tri, st p tip xc ca
n cng khng ln. V th, tng i l tng. Nhng di hm l th rt m t,
nu s dng ch phm than do mi trng km gy st p tip xc qu ln dn n
nng khng th dng c. V th xe in di hm l s dng thanh nhm.
Hi: Phin in tr ca bin tr iu chnh tc dng trn xe in ti sao
u ch to bng gang?
p: Vt liu phin in tr bng gang r tin, nu dng vt liu khc th
gi thnh s tng mnh. Ch to in tr bng phin gang n gin, cn c vo yu
cu iu chnh tc khc nhau, c th ty tng gim phin gang t c tr
s in tr va . Cho nn ni chung in tr iu chnh tc cng sut ln u
ch to bng gang. Do phm vi cn iu chnh ca xe in ln, cng sut ca bin
tr iu chnh tc s yu cu ln, cho nn s dng phin in tr bng gang.
- Trang 433 -

Hi: Ti sao b tip xc trn tm chn iu khin
ca xe din khng ray u b tr theo chiu hnh (a) trong
hnh 20 - 3 - 5 m khng b tr theo chiu hnh (b)?
p: Mi tn di hnh th hin chiu tin ln ca xe
in. Khi xe in khng ray phanh gp trong lc chy, nu
b tr b tip xc theo chiu ca hnh (a), th chiu lc qun
tnh m u tip xc ng chu s thng nht vi chiu lc
phn tc dng ca l xo khin u tip xc duy tr v tr ngt,
nu b tr b tip xc theo chiu hnh (b) th lc qun tnh
m u tip xc ng chu s khc phc lc phn tc dng ca l xo, khin u
tip xc t ng ng, u thng mch in ng lc, xe s khi ng li, xy ra
s c nghim trng. Cho nn, khng cho php b tr theo chiu hnh (b).
- Trang 434 -
20 - 4 Linh tinh
Hi: Ti sao im dng chung ca mt in u hnh sao ba pha ph thng
khng bc cch in th khng c vn g, cn im dng chung ca mt in
trn my ti khng bc cch in th im gia c lc in git?
p: Khi mt thng in ba pha, tng vect ca in p ba pha bng 0, cho
nn khi ph ti ba pha cn bng, in th ca im dng chung bng 0, khng bc
cch in, vn khng ln. Cn mt in trn my ti a phn iu khin bng
cng tc in t hoc b iu khin hnh trng. Khi cng tc in t thng in,
ngun in mt pha thng thng n mt in, v th in th ca im dng
chung l in th ca dy ngun in i vi t, cho nn chm phi l s t tay.
Ngay khi quay bnh thng, do bin tr ca rto kiu qun dy u p dng phng
php ct khng cn bng ba pha, dng in ba pha ca rto v stato khng cn bng
th im dng chung i vi t vn c in th, cho nn im dng chung nht
thit phi bc cch in tt.
Hi: Ti sao qui nh trn thit b in ca my cu khng c dng dy
dn nhm m ch c th dng dy dn bng ng?
p: Cng c hc ca dy dn bng nhm km, d gy t. Nht l
trong phn xng gia cng nhit, dy dn nhm cng d b n mn ca cc cht kh
c tnh n mn dn n t gy ch ni. Do t dy dn ng dy thit b in ca
my cu s dn n nguy him rt ln, v th mi qui nh dng dy ng, khng
c dng dy nhm.
Hi: Ca ca trm bin in ti sao phi m ra ngoi v khng c c kha
t ng?
p: l nhm phng nga khi trm bin in xy ra s c chy du hoc
n, nhn vin lm vic c th nhanh chng thot ra khi ni s c mt cch an ton.
- Trang 435 -
- Trang 436 -

1500 Cau Hoi Ve Dien HTC

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1500 Cau Hoi Ve Dien HTC

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MC LC

Chng 1 : Kin thc c bn in

Chng 2 : Nhng vn c bn ca h thng cp in

6 - 4 Khi ng v phanh hm mt in kiu lng

Chng 8 : Kt cu, cng ngh v nhng vn khc ca my in

Chng 10 : Tip t v an ton in

Chng 11 : K thut chng st

Chng 12 : H s cng sut

Chng 13 : Chiu sng

13 - 4 Mch in chiu sng v vn hnh

Chng 15 : Bo v bng rle v thit b t ng

Chng 20 : Nhng vn khc

1 - 1 Nhng khi nim c bn trong mch in

p: Vi s u dy th hin hnh 1 - 1 - 4, nu cn 3 pha th dung

Khi t 1 pha (pha C), lc :

Cho nn khi t mt pha, dung lng gim xung cn mt na so vi 3

sut ton phn biu kin, tc S = UI.

in p (tc h s cng sut) l cng sut tc dng (cng sut hu cng),

p gi l cng sut phn khng (v cng), tc Q = UIsin.

1 - 1 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

1- 1 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

in nh mc ca bng 25W, do bng n ny s b chy (lc , in p hai

1 - 1 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

in lng trn cc t in: Q = CU = C2U2

Qua c th thy, t in c in dung nh th in p nhn c ln hn

1 - 2 Dng bt th in kim tra mch in

1 - 2 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

F l I1, st p gia FG l VFC = I1.R2 =

nn c th lm cho bng n neon sng. Nhng in tr ca vn k ph thng nh

1 - 2 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

d, khi R 2 = R 1 th UF = U = 55V; khi R 2 = R 1 th UF = U = 44V

, cho nn bt in vn c th pht sng. im G trc tip ni vi t, in th ca

V dng in ny ch yu l dng in kch t, phn in th m t thng

dng quan trng na, l tng tr nng lng. i vi t in tm phng th in

2 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

cao, th ph ti lu di ca ng dy khng , lng ph u t, chn qu thp th

cng dng in ph ti ca phn xng l I 2 . Quan h

= 4002, gii ra. ta c U 2 = 380V.

p: Ngi ta thng dng ba ci mt pha m khng dng mt ci ba pha l

p: Khng c. Nguyn nhn l:

2 - 1 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

tnh c lc y m pha gia nhn c ln hn 1/4 so vi mi pha hai bn.

2 - 2 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

p: Dy ci trn c cc u im sau y: iu kin ta nhit tt, dng in

Hi: Dy ci dng ai s dng trong thit b phn phi in, khi lp t c

2 - 2 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

2 - 2 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

p: Ly Hydro lm chun, cc kim loi u c th t in ha khc nhau.

Hi: Dy ci phn phi in t trong phng ni chung nn sn mu, ti sao

2 - 2 - 24 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)

2 - 3 Vng quang in (phng in vng quang)

in p ti hn ca phng in qung tn. in qung khng ch lm tn tht mt

2 - 4 Vn tip t im trung tnh

p. Trong h thng h ba pha bn dy, im O ca bin p cp in in p

tip t) xy ra t dy mt pha, nhng cha ri xung t, mt ca trm ti tiu

p: l hin tng do s cng hng nam chm in vi tn s lm vic

trn in cm vt trc I 90o, nh hnh (d). U C , U L ngc chiu v U C - U L = E'A

nn chiu ca U L ngc vi E A c. Lc ny, th t pha bn cao p ca my bin p

khng cn bng, ch gn bng nhau, l bnh thng. Do im trung tnh ca my

bng tng vct in p pha A U A vi in p in dung ca pha A i vi t U AD

cn in p mt pha gim r rt l thuc s c cu ch in p thp mt pha chy

dp h quang ca trm bin in s ra khi vn hnh. Bi vy, khng nn p dng

2 - 4 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)