Landscape Graphics Grant W. Reid ASLA From concept sketch to presentation renderingContents Foreword 8 How to Use This Book 9 Graphic Language and the Design Process 10 Freehand Drawing 36 Concept Drawings 46 Dratting 64 Lettering 70 Presentation Plans 78 Section-elevations 112 Graphic Symbol File 128 Quick Perspectives 154 eorausene ‘Appendixes 182 | Use of the Vertical Measuring Line on Perspective Charts 183 Il Field of Vision Diagrams 186 I Nontraditional Perspective Techniques 189 WV Beercises 198 Bibliography 213 Metric Conversion 214 Index 215Graphic Language and the Design Process There are five gonoraly recognized stages, or phases, inthe dosign process, At each of thase stages, graphic products are ‘eneraied to record, extemalze, and communicate ideas or Information ‘These graphic products range from the simplest sketches to the ‘most detalleg drawings of cansitucton datals. They all hae one {quali in common, however They ae all products of graphic thinking visualizations of something that doos not yt exist. The relationship between the five majo design phases and thelr appropriate graphic products can be expressed as folons: Design Phase Graphie Product Program development Written program Inventory and anaysis ‘Site analysis drawings Conceptual design ‘Concept plans and sketches Design development Presentation drawings Fina’ design Implementation documents In practice, the design process i often a litte cisordey ‘Depending on the project, a stage may be repeated or even skipped. Also these "discrete stages sometimes overlap ot blend into one another. Tere is, however, logic fo folowing this specie sequence of Gesign phases, Inthe fllaving pages, we wil 1ook bratty a the purpose of each stage and how the graphic language appropriately expresses tne information that musi be Communicated at each stageProgram Development Content and Purpose Program davelopment isa research and information-gathering ‘Phase in which datas collected fm property owners, Administrators, and users. The socal, poltieal, financial, and Personal characteristics of a project are established at this stage ‘The locus son facts, atttudes, needs, constrains, and potential Graphic Character and Media {A program is offen comprised of notes, completed questionnaires, ‘and cher logically organized writen material, Drawings are seldom needed oF made, “LL Inventory and Analysis Content and Purpose Alte inventory and analysis stage. the landscape design professional gathers and rocords inlomation onthe physical ‘characterises ofa sie, such as let and butaing dimensions, vegelation, sol, climate, drainage, views, and other perinent afecting factors ‘The purely objective racoring of ste data is an Inventory, Interpretive manipulation ofthis data and subjective commonts Constitute a site analysis. This infomation, together wih he ‘written program, ae the basic guidelines for aesign, Graphic Character and Media ‘Sometimes the inventory and analysis ae separate graphic tem; sometimes they are combined. In all oases, they are accurate, Cleat, and comprehensive plan view drawings that expain ste specific conditions, constrains, and poeta For smal sites, he inventory and analysis may be done with pencil ‘on vellum or giaph paper and may ba heavy annotated. Felt ben on marker papor is also appropriate. Large sites may require @ Sefies of maps drawn with a combination of feehand and ating, techniques. They are usualy more ined, are oll used a2 transparent verays, and sometimes imoive color. Compurcr assisted ste analysis techniques are valuabe for large racis of land ‘The graphic maria: aw generally forthe designers use ony, but on regional-scale projects, ste analysis drawings may bo reviewes by the client. n any case, the graphics are an abstraction ofthe landscape features and do not need to be realistic. Ta aie ta ak ee ee‘Site AnalysisResor hess Abeten Blue River-Gore Pass Transmission LineREAL Blue River-Gore Pass Transmission Line a SSSConceptual Design Content and Purpose ‘The conceptual design phase is when early design ideas and {functional eatonships are expired. The graphic products at this stage ate sometimes called functional diagrams, concept plans, Cr schematic plans. Thay ao skoichos or skotchike drawings For small projects, they are usually made ony for the designers sel-communcaion record of ideas tha form the basi for further idea development. On larger and more comple projects, tha graphic products may be prosented to other designers and tho cient for eay feedback, All ae crawings that suggest more ‘rawings. Graphic Character and Media Concept plans and sketches should begin as honest, open, ugh freehand drawings that may be a series of creative scribbles and iumbled ciagrams. Infaly, they are loose and approximate and ‘Should look ke the decision-making, ea-development, confict. ‘esoluton drawings they ae. Simpl plan view ciagrams, quick Sections or thumbnail sketches and even cartcon-ike