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BAI TAP
DAI SO TUYEN TINH
doe:
Gicim
HUY CHU
DOAN 'MAN
NGOC QUYEN
NGOC ANH
Mon Dai s$ tuygn tinh dude dua vao giang day a hau hat
cac trUnng dai hoc va cao dang nhtt 1a mot mon hoc cd se; can
thigt d@ tigp thu nhUng mon hoc khan. Nham cung cap them
mot tai lieu tham khao phut vu cho sinh vien nganh Toan vi
cac nganh Ki thuat, chting Col Bien soan cugn "BM tap Dai so
tuygn tinh". Cugn each dude chia lam ba chudng bao g6m
nhUng van d6 Cd ban cna Dal so tuygn tinh: Dinh thfic va ma
trail - Khong gian tuygn tinh, anh xa tuygn tinh, he phticing
trinh tuygn tinh - Dang than phttdng.
Trong mOi chudng chung toi trinh bay phan torn tat lY
thuyat, cac vi du, cac hal tap W giai va cugi mOi chudng c6 phan
hudng dan (HD) hoac dap s6 (DS). Cac vi du va bai tap &roc
chon be a mac an to trung binh den kh6, c6 nhUng bai tap
mang tinh 1 thuygt va nhUng bai tap ran luyen ki nang nham
gain sinh vien higu sau them mon lice.
Chung toi xin cam on Ban bien tap nha xugt ban Dai hoc
Qugc gia Ha Nei da Lao digt, kien de cugn sach som dude ra mat
ban doe.
Mac du chting tea da sa dung 'Lai lieu nay nhigu narn cho
sinh vien Toan Dal hoc Su pham Ha NOi va da co nhieu co gang
khi bier, soon, nhUng chat than con c khigm khuygt. Cluing
toi rat mong nhan dude nhUng y kin clang gap cna dee gia.
Ha N0i, thcing 3 !Lam 2001
rvikic LUC
Chubhg .1: DINH THOC - MA TRA:N
1. Phep th6
2. Dinh thitc
3. Ma tram
10
B - Vi dn
12
C - Bei tap
35
43
57
57
57
61
64
67
B Vi dtt
71
C - Biti tap
96
96
104
106
110
5
11(
12';
12Z
Chtedng
134
134
139
135
142
B. Vi du
14E
C - Bai DM
174
179
192
Chuang 1
a2
Tap cac phep the bac n yeti phep nhan anh xa lap thanh
met nhom, goi la nh6m del xeing bac n, ki hieu S. S6 cac Olen
t3 cua nhom S bang n! = 1, 2... n.
Khi n > 1, cap s6 j} (khong thu tv) dude pi IA met nghich
the cem a n6u s6 - j) (a, a) am. Phep the a &foe goi la than
ndeM s6 nghich thg. cim a chan, a &toe goi la phep the le n6u s6
-
va sgna goi IA deu am, phep the a. Neu a vat la hai phOp the
= sgn(a) . sgn( ).
a(ic) = i1
xfch
2. DINH THUG
I. Gia sit K IA met trueng (trong cuan sich nay to din yau
zsgn(a)a mo)
E
Sn
a) Neu dgi cho hai dong (hoac hai cot) nao do cim ma tram
A, thi dinh auk cim no ddi da:u.
b) N6u them veo met dong (hoac met cot) cim ma tran A
met to hdp tuygn tinh cim nhUng thing (hoac nhung
khac,
thi dinh auk khong thay ddi.
8
phan tfch thanh tong, thi
c) Ngu mot Bong (hay mot
dinh thitc dU9c phan tfch thanh tong hai dinh thfic, cv th6:
f
an
de
= det
al;
a 21
21
a2
a,,, + ani
a n
a ll
an,
ail
a21 +alci
...a1,
+ de t
all
a21
a 1111/
d) Cho A = (Ito)
...a2 n
= b)
a do
= aij &toe
a) Cho ma tran A
ma trail alp (n-1) nhan dine bAng cach gach be clOng thU i, cot
thu j cut ma tram A vb. Aij = (-1)H M u clucic g9i la pha'n phu dai
s6cUa phgn to aii cna ma trait A. Ta c CAC tong thtic:
O ngu i k
det A ngu i = k
O
ngu i x k
det A ngu i = k
Nhu fly detA = EamAki (k = 1, 2, ... n)
1=1
heat detA = Z a ikAik
/=1
9
CUT thac tit throe goi la cang thdc khai trim dinh tilde
theo (long hay theo cot.
b) Dinh 1ST Laplace
Cho ma Iran A = (a, J) c Mat(n, K). Vo; rn6i bQ
;2., ix),
va Oh
ik),
n, 1 s k< n, dat A.
ik
11-11,
la
dinh thac caa ma tran vuong cap k nam d cae &nig i ik va cac
Si k+31+
A.
ik va cac cot
ik
10
A=
811
a19
aln
a, 1
a99
aon
amt
amt
arnn,
a do di; = a ij -
E At,
c) Neu
a do
e ik = Zaijbjk
5=1
Gig A
la cap cao nhgt cua dinh thric con khgc khong rut ra W ma tran
A. KM A E Mat(n, K) va hang A = n (ta cling dung ki hi3u hang
A la rang A) thi ma tran A goi la khong suy bign, khi do
detA * 0 va ton tai duy nhgt ma tran B thuOc M(n, K)
A.B = B.A = I; d do I. lit ma trail don vi. Ma tran B &roc goi 11
ma tran nghich dgo cna ma tran A va ki hi3u la A'.
Gig su A= (Au )la ma trail plw hpp cim ma tran A = (ad,
Ab la Olga Ow dal see mitt phgn ht aii ; A t la ma tran chuya'n
vi cua A . Khi do:
At .
detA
B- VI DTI
Vi cla 1.1. Xac dinh clgu rim cac phep th6 saw
a)
11
2
2
3
r1 2 3
b) 5= I
ll 4 7
12
3
5
4
4
5
1
n n+1 n+2
ai-2 2
5
211
2n+1
31
Lai gidi
2 3 4 5)
= (1 2 3 5) = (1, 5) (1, 3) (1, 2)
(1
2 3 5 4 1
(chi) 9 la pile)) nhtin cae chuydn tri dude thuc hign tii phai
sang trai nhu hap thanh cua the Anh xa).
Vay sgna = (-1) s = -1
Co the lam each khan: Cam nghich the cua a la (1, 5), (2, 5),
(3, 5), (4, 5), (3, 4).
Vay a c 5 nghich the nen sgna = -1.
b) Ta hay tinh sS nghich the cua boa)) vi (1, 4, 7... 3n-2, 2,
1 khong tham gia vao nghich the
4 tham gia yen 2 nghich the voi the s6 thing sau no.
13
Vay co tat ca 2 + 4 +
_ 1 2 3
Cho phep th'e' f 12
3
fn
en dgu la (-1) 1
fn-)
n)
Lift( gidi:
a) Vi sgn f. sgn
= sgn (f.
= sgn(Id) = 1 non
nj
1
thi g = f. a
Do gay sgn g = sgnf . sgn a.
Nhung sgn a = (-1)
14
n(n-1)
2 nen sgn g = (_])k+C;',
Vida 1.3
ChUng minh rang vier nhan mat phep th6 vdi ehuy6n trf
a clang
drah cna phep the.. Cling nhu vay, nhan mat phop th6 Nth ehuynn
trf (i, j) v6 been phai tunng during voi del eh?, I, j a dong tit 66a
phep th6.
Lo gidi
Gia sif a la phop th6 cho
Gitisi2 a=
_ (1
1 2
9 2
2a
ai
nj
n
)
ak,
b) Chling minh rang khOng tha giam bat s6 chuOn trf rah
trong cau a) titc la en the' chon f va g sao cho khong the dua f vd
15
La gicii
a) Xet phep the g o f', phan tich g o
xich dOc lap T 1 ,
Tp .
go
e' =
...
e'
T2 .T i
n-1:115n-1
Nhu vay g o f -1 = ak
TV do g = ak 0 ak.,, ... 0
0 f,
kn- 1
on f =
Oa
ri
0.
nj
2
...
23
. Ta se chUng to rang killing dua
1 2... n-1)
n
'
WA met phep the" h = 1
1 2
2
ta not rang la
n
Chung minh rang vdi mei so k (0 <k < C;) t6n tai met
phep thg a e S co dung k nghich thg.
1231. giai
nao
Nhan cot thu nhal ciia ma tran A vdi -k rdi cOng vac) cot
this k, ta dude:
1 -1 -2 ... -(n-1)
1 0 -1
- (n - 2)
det A = 1 0 0 .. - (n - 3)
1 0 0
Cdch 2.
Ta tha'y A= B. ca do
1
1
0
B=
t1
vi C=
1
11
cosa
1
1
2cosa
= 0
0
1
0
1
2cosa
0
2cosa
1
1
2cosa
21
Lai gidi:
17,1 _2
De thay D, = cosa.
1
= 2coi2a - 1 = cos2a.
2cosa,
cosa
Ta c
Dk,I =
2cosa .
Dk - Dk_ i
Hay Dull
A =
1
0
+ a-9
1
e" +e 1
1
0
0
N x0
1
1 eP + e -(1)
eq) +e -9 ; the phan tit tren hai &tong xien Win nhat \TM (Mang
the() chinh bang 1, con the phAn ta khac bang 0.
22
A2 =
((i
e ro
36 - -39
e (P -
e (1+1)6 - e -(lrv1),p
Girt sit
AR -
e (-0 -e
(P
k - 1, 2,
, n - 1.
Ta c6 An = (e c e -P)A n _ i -A n_,
=(eP +e w)e
Nhu v 6. }.:
An =
- e
(:+1)o - e -(n+1)4'
e q) -
e (n+1)p
- e
-(n+1),p
e 1 -e
Vi du 1.11
Tinh:
ll
D = dot 1
a1
a,
an
a l: +h i
a,
an
a1
a, +b.,
an
a1
a.9
...
a n +b n
23
Lai gidi:
Vi du 1.12
P(x +1)
P(x +1)
P(x + n)
...
P(x +n)
d=
P th-1) (x + n)
P (n) (x +n)
gidi:
0
0
0
1
RO rang det D = d
(x +n
Nhan dOng 1111 k cua ma trail D vdi
24
ok
n).
, (+1)"+1(x+n)ni ).
(n+1)!
Do do
P(x+n)
Pkx+1.)
d = del D -
(x+n)+i
(n+1)!
PTUx +1) .
PT+I kx+1)
P(n)(x+n)
PT+Ikx+n)
vay
i=0
ta co:
(Pw(x0), P("ax,),
al
(n+1)!
P(x 0 )
P(x] )
P (11-1) (x 0 ) Pth-e (x l )
(n+1)!x0 (n+1)!x 1
(n+1)!
(n+1)!
P (x i) )
PT-1) (x n )
(n+1)!x n
(n+1)!
(*)
25
xo ,
(n+1)!
(n +1) 6 9
Bang each bidn ct6i nhu vay vdi cac dong con lai, ta clan m
Dan ( '61) ve clang sau ma khang thay d6i clinh thfic caa no.
c = det = det
= (n+vn
x on
Xn
n-1
X0
x n1
(n+1)!
k=1
IC !
X0
n(n+1)
(-1)
.((n +1)!6'1
J k!
k=1
26
.D n .
k>i>0
1=0
k=1
1.
Vay
d = detD = (-1) 2 [(n +1)! i n .(x +n)n+1 .
Vi du 1.13
Gia sU A
2...,
con aij bang 1 hoac 2001 \Ted i t j. Chung to rang ne"u n chan,
thi det A # 0.
Lbi gidi:
Nhan xet rang neh to them vim mit phan to a jj nao do cha
ma tran vuemg A mot s6 than, thi dinh thfic cha ma tran nhan
dticic se sai khac vat dinh thiic cha ma tran A mot s6 than. Vi
the ne'u to hat di 2000 don vi a nhUng phan t,i bang 2001 cha A,
thi tinh than le cha dinh thfic cila A khong thay d6i, nghia la:
detA = detB (mod 2) a do B = (14
hi; = 0 n6u i= j va = 1 ngu it j.
Ta c:
01
det B =
10
1 1
nhan Bong ddu veli -1 fee cling vao cac dOng con lei ta dttuc:
detB =
1 0
Deng vao cot thu nhat
-1
detB =
02
C3
CI
C in+1
D = det q
C.,
C 241
2
Cn+2
...
c n-1
n+1
C.!;1-11- .)
C2-11
2n-1 >
'
c n-1
n
LtlL gill
Vi CI, +Clr = C74, nen hieu cUa moi phan tit vol phfin I
dUng b8n trai no thi bang phen td thing ngay tren n6. De tir
D, ta ldy cot thit n tr3 di del n-1, r6i ldy cot n-1 tie( di cot
2,..., ldy cot the] 2 trU di cot thU nhat, ta co:
28
C12
Cy
c?c,
C1
C 1 1
C 112
cn-2
2n-2
D = det
"
C 1,1, 12
011
C 2l-
C3
C13
D = det
n-3
2n-4
c^-3
sau n -1 budc nhit v'ay, to
1
0'
CI3
Lin-2
cn-3
D = det
cn-1
CI
= 1.
VEty D = 1.
1.71 du 1.15
cos9 - sin9
Cho A=
sin9
fray tinh A n .
cow ,
Lai gidi:
cosy -saw
cos9 -sine
cos2p -sin29
sine cost
sing cosy,
sin2c cos29
Ta co A 2
29
Ak
sink
n-1.
cosk(p
Ta ttnh
cos(n - lap - sin(n
cosy - situp
A" = A n-1 .A =
sin(n -1)9 cos(n -1)9 2 \ sing cosy ,
cos (n -1)9 cosy - sin(n -1)9 since -cos(n - lap since- sin(n -1 9 cosy
sin(n - lap cosy + cos(n - lap situp cos(n - lap cosy - sin(n -1)9 sirup
cosmp - sinmp
sinmp cosny
= cosny - sinny
Vay
vdi 11191. n E N.
sinny cosny ,
Vi (11..t 1.16
0
Cho A =
Lbi gidi:
-1
0 -1
-1
Ta c6 A 2 =
(1 0
Vi du 1.17
Ma Iran vuong A e Mat(n, K), A = (ad throe goi la Ina tran
phan del xang
30
n.
Hay chang minh: 'rich caa hai ma tran phan doi xang A va
la mat ma tran phan doi 'ding khi va chi khi AB = -BA.
Lai gidi:
=0
Dat C = A. B = (c,);
=1
= Ib ija jk
id]
Ta ca.: c,k = Za ji b ik - Eb kia ji D = B. A = (c1,0
d ki
V i k.
,
Vi chi 1.18
minh
gidi:
C=
0
bth
..
0
a n11
ant
-
0 0
b21
b2n
0
31
D=
-1
a do
= ia
r ik b ki , nghia la (dij) = A. B.
k=1
(2)
Lari gidi:
Ni111u X =
a thing io
cotj,imAXla0.Trd6uken=XAsyraO.Nhu
y X co dang:
kr 0
X=
0 k
Vi vay:
X= 7. I,,.
Vi du 1.20
ba
b
a) Chung minh detA = (a-b) (a + (n-1)b).
b) Trong trudng hOp detA s 0. Hay Huh ma trdn nghich dao
A+ oda ma tran A.
33
Lai giai:
...
b a ... b
detA = (a + (n-1)b) x
b ... a
Lay dOng chin aria (Anil th.fie tit nhan voi -b r6i Ong vao
the dong sau, ta e:
1
detA = (a + (n-1)b) x
...
0 a - b ...
0
0
detA = (a + (n-1)b) . (a-b)" -i .
... a - b
trong ma tran A.
a b
a
b b
Vay b -
A
a+(n-2)1(
det A (a 1- (n -1)1).(a - b)
= (-1)H
, d do kl la chub thue e6p n-1,
Vol i # j
co dupe ba' lig each x6a &Ong thu i va cat tha j eila ma tran A. Do
= Gia sU rang i < j, khi do cot thfi i va
A dovi ming nen
dung thu j-1 cua Mo gain town nhang phan t& b. N6u d6i eh 6.
Bong j - 1 len tren Ming dau (Mu nguyen cac dung khac), rei lai
MS( nit i len 6;4 thu nhai (va van gib nguyen the cat khac), thi
to (Moe:
m=
Nha v(6y b
= (-1)'34 b.(a-b)" -2 .
-b
dot A (a +(n -1)b)(a - b)
Do do
a +(n -2)b
-b
-11
a +(n -2)b
1
(a +(n -1)b)(a -b)
BAI TAP
(n 2 2) lh
35
1
a)
b)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
'
8 1 3 6 7 5 4 2 )
(1 2 3 4 5 6
6 5 1 2 4 3
1.3 Tim s6 tat ca the phep the a e S sao oho a(i) x i vol
mm i = 1, 2, ...n. Cluing t8 rang khi n chan, so" one phep th6
clang tren la m54 3616.
1.4. Ki hi8u (n, k) la secac hoan vj rim 1, 2
nghich the. . Chiing minh cong thile truy 146i sau:
n ce dung k
1.5. Ta goi 45 giam ena phdp the f Ia hi5u cna s6 the phan
tic khting bat dog (nghia la s6 the pilau tit i ma f(i) i) va s6
clic Yong xich <IQ dai ion him 1 trong phan tich cua f thanh tich
car yang xich 458 lap.
a) Chung minh f cotang tinh chat chan la vOi do giam cua no.
h) Chling minh rang s6 161 thidu one nhan tic trong phan
tich cna f thanh tich the chuydri tri bgng 45 giAm cua f.
1.6. DM \h hai s6 x va n nguyen, n x 0, to ki hi5u r(x, n) IA
s6 chi khi chia x cho n : 0 r(x, n) < n. Chiang minh rang nal
n > 2 va a la so? nguyen, nguytin to' d61 vdi n, thi tthing Ung
ki>r(ak, n) la mot phan tit cua S,, k e 11, , n-1}.
1.7. Cluing minh rang moi phep th6 cap k > 1, dou phan
tich dupe thanh tich nhiing chuydn tri dang (1, i) vdi i = 1,
36
k.
n +1
a) I 1
43 6 ... 3n
b)
n + 2 ...
3n
3n-2
2n
2n-1,
2 1 ... 2n
2n +1
n+1 n+2
1 2
2n
dO
vai i= j
yen i + j= 2n +1
i=j vet i+j 42n+1
1<i, j S 2n.
cosa
cosa
costa cos3a
-b1 a1 - b2
a l -b n
a, -b a
a, -b1 a2-b2
h)
; n > 2.
a n -b 1 a n -b.,-b
n
n
5 11 1
I, B. A J1 25 )
14
4y
Hay tam x, y va A, B.
1.14. Hay khai tridn dinh thiic va chilng minh:
1
c+-
2
a)
1
c+c
1
a+
a
2
b + 1 a+ 1
b
a
(abc -1)
(a+b)2
b)
1
b+-
b 2
a =
a2
b 2
(b+c) 29
cc =
(a + c) 2
= 2(ab be + ca)2 .
1
0
-1 -1 -1
38
b)
0 1
-1 0
= -1 -1
1
1
0
a) D=
1+x'2
x
0
x
1+x 2
x
0
0
0
x
1+x 2
1+x 2
b)
2 1 0
1 2 1
0 1 2
.. 0
.. 0
0
1
0 0 0 1 2
(x - a).
a d6 a, la cac so thvc dot mot phan biet. Hay tinh climb thde sau:
P(x)
P(x)
P(x)
x-a 1 x-a,
1
1
a,
a l
an-2
x-a n
1
an
a;
a n-2
an -2
1 1 1
va J= 1 j
v 1 j-
. 2n
2n
dO j = e = cos +. sm- =
3
3
'
1
2
.
39
Way chang minh det J # 0. Hay tinh ma tr'nn AJ. tit do suv
ra gin tri detA. Hay nen hal Loan Wong to kin A ya J cite ma
1.rn cap n.
(A.13
a+11
a.{3
a+ ^
14 =
...
0
0
a+ 0
1)) Chung to rang dinh tithe sal' khong plat thuhe vao y,, )
Ynt
(x
g1+ Yl
x 2 + y1
(x n +y 1 )
(x +y 1 )(x 1 +y2)
D=
n-1
n-I
11 (X1 + Yi )
Fl(x.) +y i )
1=1
n(xn +)'i)
i=1
va rang A = 1.
1.21. (ha si:t ma trgn A e Mat(m, n,
Jhisng minh rang cac ma trgn B e M(m, 1, K) va C e Mat(1,
1g A= B. C.
( a bd)thOa man
1.22. Chung minh rang ma trap A =
pIntong trinh:
X2 - (a + d)X + (ad - bc) = 0,
0 do 1 2 la ma Iran don vi cap hai.
1.23. Cho ma trgn
9.
A=
1
41
0v
vOi 4 x 0. Hay tinh A - '.
90
1.24. Cho ma tran vuong c5p 4.
sina
cosa
cosa sincx
cns2a :;in2a 2cos2a 2sin2a
cos3o. sin3a 3cos3a 3sin3a
cos4a sin1a 4cos4a 4sin4a
Chung minh rang A khg nghich khi va chi khi a kg (Ice Z).
1.25. Cho ma trgn A = (a) e Mat (n, 1H) ma the phan tit
doge cho bai tong that:
(-1)H- CV
yin
vOi i = j
0
6 do Chi.,'
vai i>j
- . Chung minh rang A2 =1,1 .
kHrn-k)!
a do x ii 4- (-1)")!
1-1
01- 4,
Gia
goi ]a ma tran Jacobi cua phdp bi6n din, con Binh thud dm
no duck goi la Jacobien dm phep biers den do.
Bay gin /cot m6i quan hq gilla n 2 ham vii va n 2 bien xii dune
cho Isdi ding thiic:
Y= A.X.B,
a do Y= (yi ) , X = (xi),
i + 1,
j-1
i =1,n la n!
E (- 0
k0
=
kl
1.4. Xet tap A gam at ce eke Minn vj (Ma 1, 2, ..., 14, n+1 co
thing k nghich the. Ki hieu A i la b phkn eaa A gdm cac imam NO
n +1 . NMI yky A, (i =1, 2,..., n-F1)
a n , a n+1 ) ma ai =
la nhang tap con rot nhau caa A va A = A, U A2 U U... U AnA.
43
= n +1}
NMI 0y so cac nghich the cna a bAng se cac nghich the cue
1
9
nghia la bling 1+ Dieu do cheng to so ea(
U Ch 2
va chi khi i thuoc met trong cac yang xich do. Vay do giam coal
IA d,+1.2 M6i vOng xich dai d k phan tich dude thanh
dk -1 chuydn trf. Do vay f phan tick deck thhnh d 1 +... + (.16-1n
chuyen trf. Do do kha'ng dinh a) driec chting mink.
b) Goi / a di) giam can. f. Theo a) f phan tich (kw thanh /
chuydn trf. N5u c phfin tich f thanh h chuyen tri nao do, ta
phai chring minh h 2 1. Ta c bd de sau: Neu a, 13 tham gia van
met yang ;rich cas phep the f, thi khi nhAn f vdi chuydn trf (a, f3)
(ve ben trai hay ben phai) yang xich dji not phan thimh hai
\Tong xich d'ec lap. Con neu a, tham gia vao hai vOng xich cua
44
Thep the f, thi khi nhan viii chuyen tri (a, (i), hai yang xich se
Thep lai lam met (136 de nay a thing chfing minh). Tr/ do neu g
a phop the. va T la met chuyen tri tin dp Mem cua g o T khong
vire); qua do giam cfia g ceng them 1. Vi the nen f phAn tich
luec thanh h chuyen tri thi do giam cUa f khong \wet qua h.
1.6. H.D. Do a va n nguyen t6 vfii nhau, nen a k khong chic
het cho n vdi mm k = 1, 2.... n-1. do de r(ak, n) la nhfing so
phan hied.
1.7. Vi moi phep the phan tich due() thanh tich cat ghee
chuyOn tri, nen chi can chfing minh bai town cho phep chuyen
tri(1,j)e Sk vei 1, j # 1. Ta ce (i. j) = (1, i) . (1, ) . (1, i).
1.8. Xem
a) DS:
vi du 1.1
- 1-1(n+D
(-1) 2 .
r(1121)
h) DS: (-1)
D2 =
1.11.
-13.2 nen
D 2n =
A = (ai d , detA =
2_
"
" --1
2n-2
(a 2
E sgna
ai,(1)
ana(N
E S..
a ngfrik , tong
la sir than; nen re met se cliSn the thfia so ak.,0.;) ma tong k+G(k)
nen i + j 1e, thi cfic tich
ha;
le. VI Vey khi thay
a nc(k) khong dei, do do detA khOng del
45
1.12. a) COng dOng thu nhat vdi (long the./ ba, ta dude don
{x = 20
= 200
{x =10
hoar
{y=10
{y=20
20 14 \
a) x = 20 va y = 10 o BA=
14 10
Ta co ABA = A
20 14'
11
14 10 ,
11
25 2
5k
-14X
-11k
A.
AE
11
11 25,
b) x = 10 va y = 20
10 14
BA=
:14 20,
ABA = A
10 14
14 20
5
4
11
11 25,
1.15. a) D i, = 1.
b) A n = -A. 1 + 4,1 =
Tit do suy ra A 2p = 1, A 2p+, = 0
46
-3 5 l
A= P.
1.
55 32
Tct
_ D1). x 21
do Dn = Dn _1 + x 2
P(x)
D(a 9 ,... a n )
x - a l
-
+ ( 1)"7
P(x)
I3(x)
x -a n
a 46 D(a 2 ,
Fr
x (a 1 -a.).
ISIS
47
D = (a +
Ta co: D, = a +
a0D-s.
13, 1/2 = az + an + 13 2,
Ta co
= (a +p)
a ir
-1-i
- an Ia'0 2-2-I
i=o
i=o
n-1
a i+lpn-i-
1.0
n-1
or
k ira .2
i=0
r3 n
i=1
=E
=o
48
n-1).
n-2
a al n n-i-1
i=0
n-1
n-1
]=1
ct
i v _i
n = 2 o D2 =
I,
= x2 - x, kheng phi thuec y,.
+ y i x, +y i
n = 3
Gia stir
Dk
n-1.
i Si <MX
Ta chting minh ding thim tren dung voi
Khai triL 1) 1, theo clang flu./ nhal, r6i rut cac thira soi chung
6 die cot ye sit (King gia thiel qui nap, La cc):
n(
D i, = (- 1) "
k=1
Yi)
n(X j -
(1);
X1)
151<n
/=k
i,j #1:
n (xi +
44
D T, =
1
11(x, -x k ) Fl(x k
i<g nI
(-D kjjl
11(x 2 +y 1 )
ixk
lxk
Net 14(y 1 )
k=1
-x j )
j>k
_ x,
n (x k
k=1
(x / +y 1 )
(x j -x k )
jxk
P(y,) 13 da thvc bUc < n - 1 doi vdi y,. Vbi y, = -x ; win moi
i = 1, 2, Ta co P(-x,) = 1, do de P(y,) = 1. Tiido ding thirc
quy nap three chiing minh
.
49
B=
0 - 2 1'
-1 0 0 , t3do
-2 0 0
B2 =
\
0 0 0\
0 2 -1 ; W = 0
0 4 -2
+100.B+
13
-200
100;99
2
100
A -1 =
+ Vdi i > j, 13 ;; = 0 vi
50
+ VOi i <j
bli = Za ik a ki
i(
k=i
(j-k)!i1
k=i
(J -1 )
0-0!
(i -1)!(j - i)!
(k - i)!(j- k)!
_ z ( 1) )+1;
k=i
(j-1)!
(- 01 ,c = 0 -
=- 0 .
1 -0
+ Vert = j, ta co b ii = Ea ik
ki =1
k=i
NhLt vi,ty A7 = I.
1.26. Triloc h6t to c nhan xet sau: Cho a, b,
e N, c 2 b
Khi do:
7(2.-1,'
b
E(-1) k
kzo
a.,
- a,
Cong thtic tam co the thong minh guy nal theo a = 0, 1, 2, ...
va hiu y la
= 0 voi k > a.
flat X- =(3.7 .5 )
th
y] , = [_,x lk x kj
k=1
=
k=r
n-k,
(do dp dung nhan
3-i ,
xot tren).
51
Gia sit
= (20, to ed za = Zy ik x kj
kst
kbl
k=1
in-i
Ora
Tr -1,
iEnn+1+1+k n- i
ki=1
k -1
n - j,
k
n
Neui<j
Neu i= j
Ngu i > j
zu =0
=1
z,i =
E Enh-Ft
aXt<l)
day
t = k -1. a = n - b = n - j).
b!
a<t<b
t!
b!
a!(t-a)!
t!(b-t)!
_ i ) 1)-0
(b - t)! (t -a)!
a
1)+1 t-a
Cb 1)
C b_ik
t=a
Ixa
= (-1) am
s=0
a ik x kj .
k=1
52
Tif
a ik n6u / = j
do
nau / j
(1)
Ta coi ma tran J(Z, X) E Mat(n 2 . 1K) vdi can dOng va can cot
duct danh s6bai can cap c6 thit Lu (i, j) , 1 < i , j n. Thii ti cac
thing clang nhu cac ctit la (1, 1), (2, 1)... , (n, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2),...
azi
(n, 2), (1, 3)... (n, n). Phgn t& a clang (i, j), cot (k, /) la 3 . Tn
ax k/
0
va nhn vay det(J(Z, X)) = (detA)".
Turing to n6u Y = Z. B thi ta clang ce):
' det J(Y, Z) = (detB) . Xet Y = A .X. B = Z. B.
Ta co: J(Y, X) = J(Y, Z) . J(Z, X). Mut vay
det(J(Y, X)) = det(J(Y, Z)) . det (J(Z, X))
= (detB)n . (det(A))n .
1.28. Gin s>1 X = (xi ) e Mat(n, K); x,, = 0
vdi i < j. Ta c Y = X. Xt = (Y,)
Y;i = x i (x k
Exik
jk
k=1
ngu i=j,r=j
x is
Ta c
ay
'J
ngu r = = j, j
(*)
2/c i, neat r = i = j
4
13
o rs
Ta nhan tha'y vdi (i, j) < (r, s) (nghia Itt i < r ngu j = s hotic
dy
j < s) thi
- 0.
Mt n;
Nhu vay J(Y, X) la ma tran tam gitic &RR
Xet
13 . Do (*) to c
ax ,j
2X 11vat
OY
i=j
aX
X JJ
aXij _
'J=1 jX j1
=1l fl
n(2xn)=JJ
j1
Ta co A41 = 1
A t - A l e Mat(n, Z).
det A
Ta co B = SI1 . A. S
Brn = S4 .
Do do AP =
Tit do:
= +(detS).C.(Aql . that m = p - q.
1 A"'S=1 +detS.S -1 .C.A -4 S;
Rhi do: I -
a ll a l p
a21
=a n a 22 -a 21 a t2 .
22
a de?
55
Chuang 2
p)+ y= a+(p+ y
V sao cho:
a + (-a) = 0
e) k(a + is) = ka +103.
g) (k + /)a = ka + la.
h) (k. / )a = It (/ a)
k) 1. a = a, 1 la phan
CO
vac
thee. Khi K = C, kh8ng gian vac to dude goi la kh8ng gian vecto
phiie.
2 - Sit crOc 15p tuygn tinh vit phu thqe tuye'n tinh
Vec
Ta
1=1
ka
he
pha
thuec tuy6n tinh nen c6 met vec Lo nac
am)
he (st
de cim he bleu thi tuyen tinh qua cac vec to can lai oda he.
Met he cac vec to kh8ng phu thueic tuy6n tinh doge goi
am} la he dOc lar
he doe lap tuyen tinh. Nhu \ray, he {a
tuyen tinh ned.1 moi t6 hop tuy6n tinh
k i a i =0 to suy ra
k, = = km = 0.
Cho he 14
aid cac vec to doe lap tuygn tinh caa kh8ng
gian vec to V ma m6i vec to caa no la t6 hop tuyeIn tinh caa ca(
thi k < 1.
vec td cim he ([3
. Cho he vec to {di } ; e trong kheng gian vac to V, I la tap chi
so gfim huu han phan tit He con (a3) jedcI goi la he con de(
58
lap tuyen tinh t6i dai cim he da cho neu n6 la he dec lap tuyen
tinh, va nen them bet kST vec td ak nao (k E I \J) thi ta dude met
he phu thuec tuyen tinh.
Cho he hau han vec td {a, , , am} trong khong gian vec td
V, thi s6 phain tit cim moi he con dee lap tuyen tinh t6i dal ciia
he tren deal bang nhau, so/ do duoc goi la hang cim he vec td
{ao ...,
3-
Cd sd
, E} ciaa V, ma si =
]=1
va c6 toe
, n.
va ma trail X = (x), X' = (x')
59
vec
11
ZW; .
Neu
moi
dang a = a, + + a , a,
W2
thi t8ng
td
con
=1
W2
la hai
td,
durie got la kitting gian vec to thtfong (ciia V chia cho W):
dimV = n, dimW = in (0 m n), thi dim V/W = n - m.
Anh xa it : V -> V/W ma a(a) = [al (Inge goi la phdp chi6u
tdc.
2. ANH XA TUYEN TINH
1. Dinh nghia. Cho V va W lh cac khong gian vec to tram
itIng ca'u tuy6n tinh, hay toan tit tuyan tinh) n6u no bao
phop toan cua khong gian vec to, cu the' la: veil moi a. p
1119i k e IK, to ce:
e V.
P) = f(a) f(P)
f(k a) = k . f(a).
Anh xa tuy6n tinh dude goi la don din nett ne la don anh,
:oan can n6u n6 la than anh, va dang 6.'11 n6u n6 la song anh.
61
Hai khong gian vac td V va W chive goi la clang cdu vol nhau
nAu ce met ding cau f tla V len W.
2 - Cac phep than tren cac anh xa tuy6n tinh
Ta ki hieu tap cac anh xa tuy6n tinh tit khong gian vac to V
dAn khong gian vac to W la Hom(V, W) hay Hom K(V,W) de chi
rd K la tniang co sir.
HomK (V,W) la met khong gian vec to tit truong K vbi hai
phep town nhtt sau:
Vai f, g
E, =
tan dm anh xa tuy6n tinh f dOi vOi co sa {e,) va {EJ. Nhg vay
16u cho cd sa E cua W va co sa e cua V, thi dinh 19 tren chring to
:Ang co mOt song anh girla tap Hom K(V, W) va tap 1),E#t(m, n, K).
FlOp thanh cua hai anh xa tuy6n tinh la mot anh xa tuy6n
rhh, nghia la nOu f: V > W va g: W > Z la the anh 'ea tuygn
thi g f: V --> Z cling la mot anh xa tuygn tinh.
E, = /Cijej , t ron
i=1
= Eb ii
i=1
C = (co) chide goi la ma tren chuyen co sa. Ta ca:
Ma trar
B=C' AC
Ea ki xi = b k (k = 1: 2, ... ,
i=1
K cho trUoc, k = 1,
, m; it= 1,
, n.
xi la cac en, dude goi la h0 phudng trinh tuyen tinh (hay 14(
phudng trinh dai s6 tuygn tinh) g6m m phudng trinh, n an so
Khi K la truang s6 (nhu R hoac C), thi cac a to goi la the he 66,
hQ se" to do.
Ma tram A = (ak;) goi la ma tram cac he sg.
64
Ma trail Abs =
a ln
a 2n
a 12
a ll
a 21
a 22
b2
goi la ma tran
b6 sung, no c ducic tii ma tran A bang each them cot cac he so'
tti do vac, cat thu (n + 1).
b
la ma tran cot,
va B =
Neu ki hieu X =
bini
xni
va b(b
clang
dude bang each thay cat thit i cda ma trdn A bat cot cac he si6 tp
ado D la Binh thiic cim ma tran A.
do, thi x =
D
I
65
(2)
(1)
66
h ip
131
p+i
m-p
phan t>i
b'm
n-13
Cho V la khong gian vec to tren truong K (1K bang K hoac C).
Wit anh xa tuy6n tfnh to V d6n chinh no dude goi la mat to
dOng calu tuy6n tinh. Tap ode tv ding cOu tuyeyn tinh eau V kY
f e End K(V), W la
hieu la Hom K(V, V) hay End K(V). Gia
khOng gian con ena V; W chick goi la khOng gian con bkt bi6n
elia V n6u f(W) c W.
67
EndK(V)
met chigu sinh bai vec to a Et met kh8ng gian vec con bgt bign
cim f.
Val A
con cim V, gam vec to khong va tat ca cac vec to rieng caa f ling
vdi gia tri rieng X. Kitting gian nay goi la khong gian rieng cim f
v6i gia tri rieng A, ki hieu
Gia sit ta cl6ng eau f e End(V) trong met co sa Mao do cim V
co ma tran A, thi det(A - XI n) IA met da fink bac n dovi v6i bign X,
khong phu thuec vao vice, e chon co sa, va &lac goi la da thitc (lac
trang caa ta (tang eau f (ta cling nOi do IA da that da, e trang caa
ma tran A), ki hieu M.(x) = det I A - X I n I . Nha vay A la met gia
tri rieng cim f khi va chi khi X11 nghiem &la da that dac trang
eim f.
GM sit
Px
Pik la cac khong gian rieng Wang ling via ale gia tri
rieng do, thi t6ng Pr + Px 2
Pxk la tong true tigp.
2 -Ong gian rieng suy Ong
GM sit V la khong gian vec to tren (Wong K, f e End K(V).
Vdi mei A e K, xot tap {a e VI co s6 nguyen m > 0 de1
(f-XIcl,)m(a) = 6). DO la met khong gian con caa V, khi khac {0}
no &arc goi IA khong gian Hong suy rang cua f ling vdi A va ki
hieu IA
Ta thgy rang:
68
3 k
7r
rieng cim f va Y, c R s .
+ V6i X IA gia tri rieng cua f, dim2h x bAng bei cern nghiem 7.
cua
+ Gia sf1
\ {0}
va u, e
"f.k
# 0 va
k hin
, e n} sao cho
0 0
1 0
0 1
0'
0
1
..
0 0
1 0
69
tang trip tiEp cua cac khong gian vec to con xyclic doi vdi f. Vdi
mdi so nguyen s 2 1, sE cac khong gian vac to con s chiEu xyclic
doi vdi f trong moi each phan tich dEu bdng nhau va bAng:
ran g(f 8 ') - 2rang(f s) rang(f
(f -
d) N'Eu 9 ) IA khong gian rung suy rang cua f dng vdi A, thi
A.Ick) la td d6ng eau Iuy linh cern V.
4 - Ma tran clang chutha lac Jordan caa tat d6ng eau
GiA sei V IA khong gian vec td hisiu han chigu tren truang K,
f e Endx (V) ma da that ddc trung 94(X) cd dang:
i (X)
= (>1
(X -X)`2 ...
,
-X)sk
(cac &Ai mat phAn biet, i = 1, 2, ..., k), khi do V la King true tiEp
tha cac khong gian riAng suy rang V =
x G3.? X2 e
Xk
70
nam doe (Wang cheo chfnh so khung jordan cAp s vai phan
eh& X, bang:
- 2rang(f - kildv)s + rang(f -
rang(f -
Ma tram clang tren cua f xac dinh duy nhAt sai khae each
sap xap cac khung Jordan. Ma tran do dude goi la ma trail dang
chuan tac Jordan cila tp (tang eau f.
B- VI DV
Vi d4 2.1: Xet R", R!" la the khOng gian vec td tren R. Cho
dimE - dim(E
phtlong trinh:
E ti ., =0
(a do t i ,
i=1
Lai gidi
a do u(t,,
t,) =
n N).
71
khong gian tuy6n tinh V. Gia sit c6 Oleg bi6n d6i f e End V sao
cho f(x1) = x1 , f(xk) = xk + vdi moi k = 2, ... , n.
Chung L6 rang he {x 1 , , xj la doe lap tuy6n tinh.
Lb gidi:
xki; k < n - 1. Ta
ECiX i = 0 .
(1)
i=1
Khi do:
) = CIX ]
i=1
1=2
= ZeiXi
i=1
Ec ix, =
i=2
=e2 =
n-1
= 0.
i=1
(2)
i=2
= cn = 0.
72
ak} cac
vec to doe lap tuygn tinh ma m8i vec to dm no la t6 hop tuyen
Hay ehung minh k < 1.
tinh cua cac vec to cim he 113 ,
Vi du 2.3. Trong khong gian vec to V cho he
(1)
k)
; 0 =1
a ;
p, nen
ak phty thuec
i=1
j=1
<=>
/Xiai
1=1
I
(k
=0
pi =o
j=1 .i=1
<=> EauXi
=0
(2)
j=1
vdi j =
1 do he
1) a) X&
E2 =
b) Ta en Kerh = E, r1 Kern = E,
E2
E2;
F F/E2 va k = 1-1/E,
E2
E2.
Er>p(q).
as.
Kerp n Kerq.
trulang K; Horn (E, F) IA tap cac anh xa tuyeal tinh tit F Mn ]F;
Ft la khong gian vec to con cna F.
a) Chiang to rang =
2.
gia'i:
la khdng gian
y = h(x) =
E yi , yi e F1
id
Xet
76
E -, K,
Eh; (x)
i=1
Do 05 h=
, e
) (x) =
1=1
h i (x) = 0, h,(x) e F,
1=1
a 7.
e V va co n dim x xE Ca
sao cho
k(x,) =
ingui=j
..
ej=1,n
Ongui#j
thi he 10, , f,,} dOe lkp tnyen tinh.
77
g thuec V va n diem x
x ciaa
Lai gidi:
1)
EXi f,
= 0,
c Q.
1-1
Khi do vdi moi x E cam
Chon x= x thi
LW; (x) = 0;
(xi) = 7.j = 0 ( = 1,2,
n)
Dat ha =g - h, eV
thi h2(xj) = g(xj)-112(xj) = 0 vdi moi j = 1
78
n.
thi (x,) = 1.
n.
h2
)t
hi
= g -
thi vdi j = 1,
n to co gi (xj )=
Nty
:0304 vdi
Lo gidi:
Ccieh 1. \TM m6i x e R, xet vec to dx (1, x, x2,
dPe ld
).
d f
la co so cua R".
Do hop &dm Mtge eac tap bop hfiu han phan to 1a mat to
ma g(d x
hap kh8ng qua deM dude, nen sod cle vee to d x e
e g3(a x ) le killing qua d6m dude. Digo nay trai vdi gia thie
80
gi d
E t
gnin metric).
de" f(a) = g(a). nhu
der f e
thi f g x O. do vay
e). i(e,)=
apie
Ta co Imf n Kerf = {0), that Gay, gia sit p e Imf Kerf, thi
co a e R" d f(a) = p va do 13 E Kerf nen f(0)= 0 suy ra:
f(p) = 12(a) = f(a) = p = 0, vay Imf n Kerf = {0). Nhu vay R"
Imf O Kern dim Imf = r va f I Imf = id, Chon ed sa s Rua R" sac)
cho {E,, ,.} c Imf, {E, E)
cie'n
so' a +,...,+ a
twang K, f
Xet anh xa f:
Kerr
Gil"
ianh xa f lh sac dinh, khong phu thuR vao dai dien. That way,
vdi [al =
thi a - a' e Kerf, W do f(a) = f(a") hay II- al = f
thd thay f la Maya tinh va Imf =Imf.Ta chung to f la ddn cau.
That Ray RR [a] # [a'] thi a - a Kerf f(a -
= f(a) - f(a) # 0
do do f(a) # f(a) suy ra f [a] # f
Nhu way f don cau va do
do f la clang cau tit cliKerf len Imf.
82
dim tillierf = dim Imf say ra dim "P= dim Kerf + dim Imf.
du 2.11. Giei he phudng trtnh
+2x 2 +3x 3 +4x 4 =30
-x i +2x., - 3x 3 + 4x 4 -10
x, - X3 +x 4 = 3
x i +
+x3 + X 4 =10
gthi:
1 2 3 4
-1 2 - 3 4
D=
= -4
0 1 -1 1
1
80 2 3 4
3 4
3 1 -1 1
10 1 1 I
1 2 30 4
- -1 2 10 4
Da =
0 1 3 1
1 1 10 1
1), =
10
1 30 3 4
D,=
-1 10 -3 4
0
3 -1 1
= -8
1 10 1 1
1 2 3 30
-12 D'=
-1 2 -3 10
= -16
0
10
NMI vey , = 1, x 2 = 2, x 3 = 3, x 4 = 4.
83
x, + x
Xx, + x.
2,
+ 4x 3
I) =
it +1
X +2
1
, x 2, + 2
+2
=1
2x, + x 3 g - 2
+ x, - 2x 3
84
)(5
xt + 3x, + x 3 + 2x 1
=2
(I)
2x 1 + 9x + Sx 3 + 8)41 + 10)( 5 = 2
2x 1 + 8x, + 6x 3 + 9x + 12x 5 = 1
Lm giai:
Nhan hai ye aim phtiong trinh (tau vdi Inning so/ thich hop,
I.()) acing vac) eac phtaing trinh khae, ta clia; he pinning trinh
()rang throng vdi he (I):
x + :3x 2 + x,, + 2x
X9 + 2X3
x4
X5 -
+ 2x5 =
2x, + 4x 3 + 4x 4 + 8x 5 = -2
(II)
-3 (5)
85
Car phtfting trinh thit (3), (4). (5) trong he (III) la tudng
during. Vi 04 he (III) tudng during vol. he
x i
+ 3x 2
y 2
+ 2x 4
+ 2x 3
x- I
+ 2x 5
x4
+ 2x 3
= -1
(IV)
= 1 2x 5
X2
2x.
x i
+ 5x i
a do x4. x
Inv 31
+ 3x 5
A = (ad, B = 09.
Khi do A + B =(a i +1)0 (bloc goi la tang hai ma tren A va B.
Chang minh rang:
1) I rang A -rang B l < rang (A + B) a rang A + rang B.
2) rang A + rang B -n a rang (A B) a min (rang A, rang B)
3) Nan A' = E, tin rang (E + A) + rang (E - A) = n. (3 do E
la ma tran don vi cap n).
dimlmg.
ningA -
, g:
XE
tinh. Vi
dimKer(f o g) = dimKerg + dim(Kerf fl Img).
Tit do dim Im (f 0 g) = n - dim Ker(f o g)
= dim Img - dim(Kerf Img).
87
Nhu vay:
rang(AB) = rangB - dim(Kerf (I Iing) je rangB - dimKerf
rang(AB) -e rangB+rangA- n.
3) Vi A 2 = E (E la ma (ran den vi), nen:
(A - E) (A + = 0
Vt vay, then phan 2), to co:
rangA -E) + rang(A + E) - n <0
hay rang(A - E) t- rang(A + E) n.
M3t khac , then phfin 1)
rang(A+E) + rang(A-E) 2 rang(A = rangA = n
Do vay rang(A + + rang(A - E) = n.
V( du 2.15
Cho ma tran A e Mat(n, R), cac phan to (ran duang cheo
chinh bang 0, con cac phan to khac hang 1 hoac bang p, d (16 p
)(et ma tran II = (h ij )
e Mat(n, 1R),
do rangB =1.
va A + B = (CO, vdi C,, = -1, con thc phfin to khOng thuOc during
cheo chinh bang 0 hofic bang p - 1.
Nhu vay det(A+B) = (-1)" (mod(p-1)).
88
Gui sit (p la 1-1101, L1.1 long cau run khang gian vac td phis n
chieh V. Ching (Dinh rang tan tai (ig khong gian vec td con 9 hat bin k chieu Vk:
0= V V, c c V = V.
gidi:
(5
V,
11611
Vk
VITA.
e h 8: dimVk =k.
>.... Vk = Vect
\wk.
yvk
[U.
H>
[(P(
)]
89
cam sinh bai clang cau p. Do tir k IA ta clang can caa khong gian
vac to
V/Vk
Ubl
ei = 0 .
i=1
Neu ?L k+ ,
0 thi
chon{ a k ,, I la vac
=
12
lei
ek,i
[ ek+1
=0 nen
iat
0 do he {a ; ...6 k doe lap tuyan tinh. Nha way he
= k + 1.
, eki doe lap tuyan tinh
td
Ta chUng minh
Vkk i lap
{14
Ta
e Vk
Vik*I-
` T
p (e +, ) - X e k+,
kk = `
e Vk C Vk+l,
tit do suy ra
`- k+1
1
k
6 k+1 )
e Vk-kik
1 , ... e }
)(ay clang a tran c6 clang tam giac tren. Dung ngan ngil ma [ran,
ta c6 the phat hie: moi ma tran phew vuong cap n dgu d6ng
Bang vOl mat ma tran tam gile tren.
90
End(V); 9 c6 ma
') .
+ a n_i x + a). I.
B0 A = a n . I.
- Bo = and In
B2 A - B, = an-2 In.
91
B-,A - 13,12, = a, 1.
-B., = a,,T.
NhAn vg voi vacua the clang their trcn Bin Met vdi I n , A. XA" rOi enng Jai, to (kith
a n A n
Chu
+ + a, A+a n I,= 0.
^
ua ne.
Vi rig 2.18. GiA s t B la ma trap ley linh, la ma tran giro
k=1
k=1
o
10
V I la phep chi&
V2 -)
x2 1 1 (x2) = nx2).
-I 0 Pi 0 f(g2)=
Do vgy (10 h + h
f((2)=
-1 ?(x) = x.2-
(x) = x l + x2 = x.
Do do foh+hoN Id o .
Tu gia thing Imf = Kerf suy ra f 2 = O.
Vi du 2.2a GiA si V la khong gian vac to tit' truong 1K. v?
94
Pf
1) Gia sia V I la kh8ng gian con oda V bar bin do=i vdi f va
f, = f I V, la clYng au cam sinh. Chung to rang da thfic to)
tiaai
p to c6
I)
= Q . P, tit c16 vdi moi x c V, x = Ix ; , I'(f)(x) = LP(f)(x,) =
1
=1
1 =1
r=-1
i.
95
C - BAT TAP
1 KHONG GIAN VEC TO VA ANH XA TUYEN TINH
2.1. Cho ma tran X E
7 0,
X = (a,), A 1
)1 9Ha
B,, B.,.
, B
in. ]K)
la cot tha j ca
1)
ma tran X, =1,2,
Chang minh rang cite khong gian con rim R" sinh
A va
Al,
sinh
bai
13 1 ,
boa
rangX = rang(X.
2.2. Chang minh rang mei ma ran hang r d ou
duai
via
dude
va
u e
2.3. Cho E
19
la
y, la
nhang
2) B(y,),
3)
K r ,
la cd sa
can Ecru.
u(ydl la
cd sa cUa Imu.
y s}
la
ed so ciia E.
96
td
Mat(n,
97
2.8. Gia sil A
tu citing cdu u, v
'Ir 0
0 0
.P
a do
I, 0
00
E - u la
1K
a u2 =
clang mill.
End (V).
Chdng minh rang en sdN nguyen ding sao cho rang (fk) =
rang (F`') vol moi k 2 N.
2.17. Cho ma tran A e Mat (n, K), A = (a id ma a ii = 0 vol
n. Chimg minh rang t6n tai ma trail B, C e Mat
moi i = 1, 2,
(n, R) de A = BC CB.
99
End(V)
tinh e V* bait
j
Qej) = Sij =
1i=j
a) Chling minh rang u la phep Men dot tuyen tinh cua V*,
u* chive goi la phep Bien d6i tuyen tinh lien hop vdi u.
co sa{e..., en} (1) cila V va cd sa{f i , , in} (2) cua V*
lien hdp vdi ed sa (1). Chung minh rang ma tran (l u), cua u*
b)
sa
n.
2.25. Cho V* la khong gian lien hop vdi khong gian vac td
V, S la be phan dm V. RI hie, u 8 la tap tal
ca the phan to f
101
n VID =
ier
Biel
.0
1, ( fl y;
IET
= I Vi
/
ki
Chung minh:
a) ETi I = nrE
iE=.1
\ iel
b)
ieL
c) NC, u
can T,
N.2
(T,11T,r,
Ti
r12.
E la phep
End(V).
103
- 7x 2 + 4x3 + 2x 4
-0
2x 1
5x 1 - 9x 2
7X9
-3x1
2x3
7x4 = 0
X3 + 4x 4 = 0
6X2 + X3 - kX4 = 0
4x1
ca -ab +bc
xl +
X 2 4-
X3
x2
X3 + X
x 4
X9 + X3 + x4
X1 + X2 + X3 + x4
3x + y
z = a
z
mz = c
105
la
L Auxi
1=1
+
'Prong do ck
PTO,) = (-2,)" + c,(-2,)"1 + +
Yang cua tat ca the dinh thew con chin)) cap k cua ma Han A,
)inh thew eon chinh la dinh thfic con lap nen tit the (long va
re c.0t vdi chi s6giang nhau).
2.45. Gia sa ( la to deng Ha.' cua khong gian yen to V n
nen trru trtfong K.
Gni
0 -1
1 0 -1
1
1
2.47. Tim da the dac bung cua ma tran vuong cap n.
0
1
0
A=
a va a
an
Tit do suy ra m6; da thin; bac n yea he t>i cao nhat (-1)" den
a da their dac Hung cua met ma trdn valuing cap n nao do.
107
2.48. GM
cp E
Z) = (74,), ...,
Hay tim da thfic dac trung va the gia tri rieng ctia tu clemg
tau u.
2.50. Cho f e End (R"), trong co se, to nhien {o ..., e n} co
ma tran A=(a d),tldoa1 = a vOi moi i va a d = b yen ix j; a # b.
Hay tim mOt ccI so cem R"
Bang
2.51. Cho A, B e Mat (n, C).
a) Chung minh rang the ma train AB va BA co cling tap hdp
the gia tri rieng
b) HOi AB va BA co clang da thne dac trung hay killing?
2.52. Gia sU V la khOng gian vec td phito him han chieu, f e
End (V) ma co se N, nguyen during dg fN = Id. Chtng minh rang
trong V co co s gom nhfing vec td rieng cua f.
2.53. GM sif ma tran S
ma tran A
108
Mat (n, 1K), to Mon viet duye mot each duy nhfit
va t6n tai s6 m
109
Chung minh rang ton tai met co so dm V de trong do r
tran cern f c6 dang:
'a 0 .
'
0 0 .
0 0
hoac
0
to p
0 0
\ 0 0 ... 0
Tit d6 suy ra rang khong the t6n tai the tp dgng cit'u tiv
man he theic (1).
2.60. Chung minh rang, d6i yeti ho bat kY CAC torn to tuy
tinh giao hoan vdi nhau Ding doi mgt trong khong gian vac
hem han chigu- tren trang so" Ode, tan tai yen to rieng chui
cho tat cA the Loan to tuyen tinh cria ho do.
t)
H Y. XX' = 0
= 0o Y . X. X' .
= (Y.X) . (Y.X)' = 0
A2, ...,
thi
111
{1
auo =
(j)
0 voi # a (j)
b) Gia sii B =
e Mat (n, C)
E bijecro) = Ebi,wei =
in
i=1
De dang.
d6ng eau v
cd
so nao do dm I
112
ant
ann / n
Vn
=0=
i=
ul
B.
=[B .A].
Aun j
..
0
Tie do to co:
01
ul
u2
l 0
Lon)
1
=
6 21
bin
b2n
bn
bnn
v2
v
ni
Hay u ; = ybi,v;
Theo gig thigt, eac vi giao &ban voi nhau, nen suy ra the u,
thing giao honn voi nhau.
2.8. a) Vi A khOng suy bign nen mei cot ena no cling co
dung met phAn to klthe khong.
Gig set A = (a n),
A t = fa t) a t _ a ,,
ij
b ii = L a ik -a ki = L a ikaik=sij
k=1
Vi vgy A.AL = In
= A-1 .
113
f e End(R")
c6 ma trait A trong co sa {e l ,
enL Ta e6 f(e,) = no) 6 d6 a la
phep thg bac n. Vdi m61 i = 1, 2,
n xet a(i), a 2(i),
tai
k,deg ak'(i)=i, khi do f(e,) = ea p o = e, PLi(6) = e,
Dat k = 2 . k, kn thi gc(e) = e, V ; = 1,
= In, ldy m = k 1 to c6
= AL-1 = At.
n hay f" = Id
Ak
2.10. GM sit f.g Id khong la clang cdu claa V, khi do t6n tai
x E V, x # 0 a (fog id) (x) = 0. Hay fog (x) = x. Dant g(x) = y e V,
to co f(y) = xz 0= yx 0.
Xet (Id gof) (y) = y g (fly)) = y g(x) = y y = 0. Digu nay
chfing to rang c6 y x 0 dO (Id gof) y = 0, trai vdi gia thief Id
gof la (fang cdu.
2.11. a) D6 thdy u, v Wong ding thi co gang hang. Ngudc
lai, n6u hang u = hang v = r, theo bai 2.3, trong V c6 cac cd sd
{6, ..., en}, (e),, e'1
t(ei) = e't = 1, r), u(u) = 0 > r), va
c6 cac cc' sa
e},
e'}
v(e) = e,' vdi i = 1,
r, v(el)
= 0, j > r. Xgt p E End (V) p (e,) = e; voi moi i= 1,
n; Xet q e
End (V) sao cho q(s) = e', (i = 1,
n) thi uop = qov.
b) Suy ra tit a)
114
Tit do u.v Id E =
# 1, tim
71
x_1
.14.y
1
u.
1-X
115
b i - bi
Chon C = (au)
a b'
2.19. GM X =
d1
xy
e Mat (2, K), det P
z t
0 de XP = P.Xt.
bz = by
(a-d)y= cx - bt
-d)z = cx - bt
cy= cz , xt zy
b
-z
a -d
116
(1)
f(x)
.
g(x{,)
n.
f=
ifJ=Eaifi
i=1
(ai = 0)
117
n Ker fi Ker
j#i
+ + a f.
xn} la
ki
f} is co so cfm
TU do dim S = n - m.
2.26. a) Hidn nhien
b) Theo bai 2.25, S IA khOng gian con cent V*, (S) la khong
gian con dm V. Vdi x e S, fin, F e S , to co f(x) = 0 x e
De cluing minh
sinh hal S. Ta gia su W la khong gian con
cna V, S c W. Ta ehling to (S ) c W. Vdi x EW3f c V* de
f(w) = 0 va f(x) x 0; Khi do vi S c W nen f(S) = 0
f c S.
118
x (S) tit
Nhung f(x) 0 nen x e (5 ) . Nhit vay vdi x e W
do (S) c W va nbut vay (S) la khong gian sinh bai S.
c) Ta cd (TY la khOng gian con cim V* va T c (T).
Gia sa W* la khong gian con cim V* va W* = T.
Ta hang to (r) c W.
f,} la co sa cim W. Neu f e V* \ W* thi f
Gia sit (fi ,
LI. Do do, theo hal
hong la t8 hop tuyen tinh cim cac
(x) = 0(i= 1, ..., m) nhung f(x)t O. Vi {f} la co
21, cO x V
(x) = 0 vdi moi i = 1, 2, ... m nen g(x) = 0 vdi moi
V1?'"
via do do, vdi moi g c T (vi T c W*). Tit do x e T,
g e
Nhung f(x)# 0 f e (T) .
Chiang minh tren chiing to (T ) c W*, nghia la (T)' ) la
khong gian con cim V*, sinh bai T.
d) HD. Gia sit (x i) c i la co sa cim khong gian V, I tap vo
ban; vdi i e I, Kat f, e V*: f i(xj) = S i (Su ki hieu Kronecker).
X6t T la khong gian con cim V*, sinh bai (fJ ; c 1.
Hay chUng minh (T ) = V* nhung T x V. (vi (In f
f(x) = 1 Niel moi i f 0 T).
E V*
ma
v,0
V2 C VI, V2
c (NT,
VI
V2
c or,
v2)"
v2).
V2)
119
Chon g, h
= W2 $ (V, n V2)
V2 ) e W. Khi do V la teng trip tip gun. V, n V2,
e V* the
lb nab x E Vt
g(x).
V2
dinh bat:
n V2 hoitc X E WI
.if(x)ngu x e W2 boas x e W
h(x)c
Taco
ieI
n vir = v*.
Trong khi do V i F {f E
120
I f(e) = 0 V,
COD
Do do Vic' la khong gian con sinh bai f, (NhAc lai f, (e) = 6,j
'hi 2.26) ma EV? x V* (bai 2.26).
idl
I la ed so vo han dm V; f,
V* sao cho
lei
(Id
p).
121
2.34.
1 -7 4 2 0'
2 -5 3 2 1
, rang A = 2.
5 -8 5 4 3
4 -1 1 2 3,
A=
2x 1
7x 2 + 4x 3 + 2x4
=
5x2 + 3x 3 + 2x 4 + x 5 = 0
1
9
xi
X2 =
5
9 '
4
X 4
9
97 x5.
9 '
X5 + X4 Xr .
122
- 1,
0, 0, 9)
(1, 5, 9, 0, 0)
1,
a +b+c+
4
1
x2 =- (a-b+c+d)
4
1
x4 =
4
-1
1 m
2
2.38.
A=
+ b + c -d)
, det A = 2m (2-m).
-m
a) v6i m* 0 va m # 2 a He la he Cramer.
b) m = 0 rang A = 2 vi 2 1 # 0 .
10
123
2 1 a
Digu kien c nghi5m la 1 0 b =a+ b - c = 0 .
3 1 c
x=b-z
Khi do
{,y ,=a-2b+3z,
z my
c) m = 2 =4 rang A = 0.
Digu kien c nghiem: -5a + b + 3c = 0
x -z +
Khi do
2a -b
3
y- z+
2b
3
Yt
2.39. PS:
x 22
2 +y 2
2
2
X 3 + Y3
2
2
x4 +Y4
x2
x3
y2
323
x4
Y4
1
1
=0.
1
1
Tito: a = 2 b = -5, c = 0 , d = 7
f(x) 2x3 - 5x2 + 7
2.41. Ta c A = (a 4), nen Za dA ii = 0 (1) (i = 1, 2, ..., n)
1=1
124
0. An,
Et_i =(-Alloo,o,
0)
A)
125
cl
= I A - (p+X, D)I I =
Cdch 2. Dat B = A - kJ. Khi d6
A - XI I , voi A = + X. Nhd vay A = Xo la nghiem bet p cua
IA - XI I = 0 thi = 0 la nghiem bei p cna. IB-II = 0. Theo
bid 2.44, I B -II = (-0" + C1( - 0" 1 + + C k (-11) "a C, a
do Ck 11 tong cga cac Binh tilde con chinh cap k dia. B. Do rang
Ck
B = r nen cac dinh there con chinh cap k > r dgu triet lieu
= 0 voi moi k> r.
Vey I B - I = (-P)"+
C. (-1,)" 5, s < r.
Doclop=n-s?.n-r.
2 i cos
2.46. DS. Ak = 21
k
n +1
an-2
o'
0'
P(A)=(-1)""a2,2det :v 1
1,
f
- k
1)
127
Nhu v0y:
P(X) = (-1)' (a._, + a. 2 X +
sa mdi cua C". sap thanh P nhom, m6i nh6m g6m m a vet t
(mk bang de dai T k), k = 1,
p. Chang han nhom thit nhat gen
fe' l ,
e', 1} thl u (e';) = e't+1,
u(e'nil) = e' I . Tuong t>i cho ca
nho khac. v0y. Da flak cl0c trung cua u co clang
I A - kin I= D I ... D
x 0
1 -X
0
1 -X
Dk
= E lrk ()Lin k
a do Dk la da thile bc m k dang:
0
0
1
0
=( OnI k+I-P ( Ark
-
1-1.
Nhu vay
-1)
128
(XIn - AB
AIn i
'In 0'
[ In
B 0
B . In,
In
)Lin
XIn - BA,
(2`k
1 Xk
Ak =
1 '
, cap Gila Ak
bang dim/Kt)
1 X i<
(Rtk -khong gian rieng suy rang Ung yea gil tri rieng
VI
la khung gian con bit bie-n cua f, nen theo gie thiet to co
Ak =I nk (Ik la ma trMa thin vi can dim Rkk = Ilk. Ta co Ak =
'0
(Xki n
r r_-
EN
cN x nNk i , a do
ika
i=0
J nk = 1 0
1
0
0'
129
kien:
A l =j-k+S -1 .AS)
A2 =
(A -51 AS)
VOi
S'
in (xem vi du 1.19); A # 0
P = xk +
va p(s) = sk aisk- , =
+ + ak 2 x + a k , k21,
S k22 + at.; - 1 0= 0
+ ad1 1-1 +
, I # 0, to co SM = MS = 0.
2.54. a) DO (ang
b) Nhan they V. n Wm = {0}. That vay, gia se x e V, n vv,
[moo = 0 va co y E E de fth(y) = x, tit do el(y) = 0 yeV2m= V,
l'"(y)= x = 0.
Nhu vay dim (V, 1V) = dim V, + dim W n, = dim E 'E_
V, W.
c) Re rang V, va W m tim clime trong a) la nhiing khOng gian
con bM bien dila \ril f. Vi f" (V) = 0 nen f lhy link tren V. De
chung minh f kha nghich tre.n W gia su x e W m va. f(x) = 0, IV
do co y e E c/6 f"(y) = x elt(y) = 0o y e V,,
y e Vm
131
2.56.
Ccich 1: Da the da'c trting cua W co dang P,p(a.) = (-I)n . A".
ta suy ra
e-,
f) g = 2k.gk .
gk-'
= (k-1)
g k2 nen: fel
133
Ch uang III
DANG TOAN PHUONG - KHONG GIAN VEC TO
OCLIT VA KHONG GIAN VEC TO UNITA
(x, y + z) =
0 (X x. y)
0 (x, y) + 0 (x. z)
0 (x, y)
0 ( x, y) = 0 (x. y)
0 (x, y)
= 0 (y, x)
dth
Ngu vdi moi x
xung.
134
, y=
y e,
,
xi Y1
i=1
.A.Y,
hay yiet dual (bong ma tran 0(x, y) =
neat cac tya dO cua x, y trong co sa (e i).
ma trran
Gia s& e = (E,), j = 1, 2,
do X, Y la
the
Rang song tuy6n tinh B la do'i xi:mg khi va chi khi trong co
sa 0 = (e) nao do, 0 co ma tran del xiing.
3. Dang -than pinning
N6u B: V x V > R la dang song tuyeh tinh del xung, thi
H: V R, H (x) = B (x, x) dude goi la clang loan phudng le6t hop
voi 0, con B dude goi la dang eqe vim H. Trong mot cd sa da
chon, ma tran cua B cling dude goi la ma tran cua dang toan
phudng H ling voi nO. N6u bi6t dang toan phudng H, thi clang
cue 0 dm H hoan Wan dude the dinh, Cu thO:
135
H(4= Za ii x i yi a do (x
y Wong
khang gian vec to thuc n chigu V thi trong V luon ton tai mot ea
sa a =
trong co stl do, H co dang chinh tac.
(0
Chu $': TR. cling c dinh nghia dang toan phudng tren killing
gian vec td V tren tthang K tuy s', gan viii dang song tuy6n Huh
d6i /ding the chi -1h tren V.
4. Rang va hach caa dang toan phudng
W
5. Dinh lY chi se quail tinh va dinh Hi Sylvester
hiving tren V thi V la tong true 061) true giao (doi v6i H) clia
a khong gian Vo, V,, Vs
V = V. CS V. ff) Vo ma HIV, la xac (huh during, HI V_ la xac
inh am, H I V0 = 0. Cach phan tich tren khong duy nhal nhvng
o luon ]a hod) cem H, dim V. = p, dim V. = q khong (16i; p, q
leo OM to goi la chi s6 dtiong van 'al-1h, chi s6 am (man tinh
Oa H (hay ens clang eve 0 cim no).
Dinh 19 tren dude goi IA dinh 19 chi s6 quan tinh.
137
Dinh ly Sylvester
Ak %
Khong gian vec td E cling vdi mot tich va hung xac dii
tren E dnpc goi la nEat khong gian vec Ed (Mit.
2. Mc). t so tinh chat
a) Ta goi
x, >
138
s6 thcic khong
Ta c halt clang theic sau, goi la bat clang these Cos Bunhiacopski:
<, >2 < N2 MYM 2
b) Hai vec td x, y &tee goi IA true giao vol nhau n6u <x, y> = 0.
Khi do to co:
)1 2 = D1M 2 M2
1i=j
0i#j
co =
co
ME2M
e 3 =
a do = et, - <cti ,
vei e2 =
i.
e > e l -
e9> e2
Mg3 M
139
n-1
=
,d
a do a n =a n -I< a n ,e k >e k .
en ka
k=1
Thutit Loan chi ra a day &talc goi la qua trinh Hate chuA'
hoa Gram - Schmidt co so {a
a}. 1-56 thky khong gian sin
bai {e l ,
, ek} trimg vat khong gian sinh bai vat (a l ,
ak} vi
moi k = 1, ..., n.
Gia s& F la khfing gian vac to con eim khong gian yea t
Oclit E. We to a E E goi lk true giao vdi F neru <a, p> = 0 vt
moi 13 E F. Hai khong gian con F, va F2 ena E goi la trip gia
netu moi vec to cua F, trip giao vdi F1. WO khong gian con F ei
E, t*p Fi = E I a _L thanh khong gian con cam E v
n6u dim E = n, dim F = m , thi dim F' = n - m. Khi do (F')' =
va E = F F1 .
4. TV ding cau trip giao va tti ding eau dal xiing
140
+) N6u f la to d6ng ciu del xeing cua khong gian vac to gclii
luau han chiOu E thi trong E co nail co sa true chufin goer
nhilng vec td rieng eim f.
+) Cac Mating gian con rieng ung via cae gia tri rieng phar,
biet ena mot to d6ng c5u dal 'ding la true giao vdi nhau.
3 KHONG GIAN VEC TO UNITA
Trong rule nay to xet cac kliling gian vec td tren twang se
ph& C.
I Dinh nghia
E U; C
C to cd:
Hecmit the dinh dating tren U dtidc goi la kh8ng gian vac to
Unita.
2 Tinh chift am khong gian vec td Unita
Cd sa {e,, e 9,
1 i= j
c,,e, >=8- =
1}
0 i
Ta c kgt qua: Vdi moi kheng gian vec td Unita dgu ton tai
ed so true chufin.
b) Ta goi chuan cua \Tee td x trong }cluing gian vec td Unita
H X, y
EU
(1)
Bra clang
<y, y>
(3)
<x, x> .
Tit do suy ra
<y, y>. Ta co dieu phai chting minh.
f* + g*
g*
4) (f*)* = f
5) (gf)* = r . g*
144
Chiing minh:
f f
Wit f
2
=-i(f-f*)
Khi do
= , = fa va f = f, + if,
g) Dinh
Cdc gia
dell tilde.
GM sd U la khong gian vec to Unita, f e End(U)
la tq doing cdu td lien hop cua U, x e U la mat vec to riling cda f
nng vdi gia tri rintralt
Chung minh:
Ta c6 f(x) = Xx,
<x, f(x)> = <x, Xx> = X <x, x> =
= <f(x), x> = <Xx, x> = 1r <x, x>
145
Tit do: - X) <x, x> = 0. Do <x, x> > 0 nen I = X hay X thee.
i) Dinh 0: Cae vec td rieng Ung vat ode gia tri rieng phan
biet caa met to deng au tai lien hdp la true giao vdi nhau.
ding minh:
f(y) = X2y
<f(x), y> = <X ix, y> = X i<x, y> =
= <x, f(y)> = <x, X2y) = X2<x, y>
Li
gidi
y(y, x))
y) - 9(Y, 9)
kv(x, y) = - 41(3',
= - W(x,
n(n +1)
.
n(n -1)
, dim A =
2
trueing se" that K. Dang song tuy6n tinh f tren E x IF (Woe g9i la
suy bi6n trai (phai) netu c x e E, x # 0 (Wong ung y e ]F, y x 0)
sao cho f(x, y) = 0 van moi y e ]F (Wong ung f(x, y) = 0 vdi moi
147
x e E). f &roc g9i la kheng suy bign ngu n6 khong suy bin trai
va khong suy bign phai.
Oiling minh rang:
Lo
gidi:
1) Ta chang minh Wang phan chetng. Gia sit f kheng suy bign
trai, (yo yz,
yo} la met cd set cua F va dim E > n. Khi do trong
E et) he doe lap tuy6n anh gem n + 1 vac to {x x o ,
xo, xozz}.
Dat ao =
He thuan nhal:
n+1
=0
11111611g
(C
E ma f(xo,
C+1 ).
nen ax y) = 0 vdi Inca y e F. Digu nay trai vdi gia thigt f kheng
suy bign trai.
148
xting.
Ldi
Gia sii g khOng phan dal xang, khi do co x 0 e E [le g(xo, x0) # 0.
Ta hay hung minh g doi x3ng. Vin m6i x
E. do g (xo, xo) # 0
Bang song toyan tinh dal xung xac dinh throng teen E. Gra sit
x,, x2, xk la nhung vec td mia 1E. Dal a id = xi), 1 j s k.
Ta goi dinh Ulric det (a 1 ) la dinh thuc Cram (Ma cac vac td x,,
xk va ki hiOu la Gr
xk).
Chang minh rang Gr (x i,
xk) 0 va Gr (x 1 , . xk) = 0 khi
va chi khi xl ,
xk phu tha0c tuyeln tinh.
Lidi brick
Gia su x,,
xk phu thul)c tuy6n tinh, th6 thi co vac. td
(2 < r 5 k) bigu thi tuygn tinh qua x,,
xj+ : x = a x i + +
cc,
.
150
xac dinh
during nen theo Binh lY Sylvester, to co det (a, i)k > 0 nghia la
> 0.
Gr{x l ,
Vi du 3.5: Cho A la ma tran yang del xiing dip n tren R.
(
xi
, trong do x i e It; u
Xet khong gian R" cac vac to cot X =
n
2) Gia sit X + in la nghtem dac trung cim A. The thi ten tai
vee td cot (phitc) X + iY trong do X. Y la nhUng vac to cot that
khong dong that bang khong
151
(1)
AY = XY + p X.
(2)
A"- ')C
LaPi
AX,
Ak 'X. Khi
Khi
0 = (Ak + bk., Ak - ' + + bo I) X = (A -
hay (A -
... (A - ukI) X
Nhtt vay AY =
suy ra g, la nghigm dac trung cim A.
'heo vi du 3.5, to co p, e R. 'Nang to g o , ..., g k dgu thuc. Do do
lh vec to rieng cUa u va Y thnOc khong gian sinh bat X, AX,
Ak- `X.
Vi du 3.7: Gia su ,\ is ma trail vuong thuc dal xiing cal-) n, u
Gia X,,
s < n la mot hg trot giao gam nhung vec
igng cua u. HO nhtt thg vdi s = 1 lam tan tai theo vi du 3.5.
td
153
(WIC) = 0.
X thi he Y1 ,
Ya
.X,
. A. Y;
..., X. Vi P =
-
Pu do suy ra
cUa A, Ire ca bOi. ,
I = (X, - X) -
Cugi clang, do p AP =
va chi khi A xac dinh duong (am) ngl a. IA khi va chi khi 3 1 ,
dtiOng (am).
154
Lel gidi:
a) GM sei X la nghiem dac trting &la A, khi do c6 ma tran
AX = XX, tit de (AX)* = X*.A* = 7r X*. Nhan vg vat
eet X # 0
v6 hai clang thtic tren, to co X*A* A X =
X* X. Vi X x 0,
nen X* X x 0, vi A* A = In nen:
X*X =
ar z _
ctsr_fri _
_ coo_s.
De thdy he {vi ), 1 < i < n gem nhiing vec to clang hung cua
1. Ta chfing minh he NJ la
cd
e j ), + Ek te t = 0
Ta co ZA.,(e, e i.+1 ) +
t=r+s+1
j=r+1
r
r+s
( )'.1 +
EX j, ei + EX ,e,
1=2
j=r+1 r
=1
yi
X r+1 er+1
r+s
Excet = 0
E Aiei
j=r+1
t>r+s
Do he ted, 1 <i < n doe lap tuydn tinh nen = 0 vdi moi i =
Nhu vay he (v,) la cd s i eida E, gem nhung vec
td
clang
tudng.
Vi du 3.11. Ta goi non ding hung cna clang Loan phudng f
a tap K tdt ca cac vac td dang hUdng. Chung minh rang non
Vang hudng cita clang than phudng f tren khong gian n chieu E
A khong gian con cud E khi va chi khi f khong ddi clgu, nghia
A f(x) 0 vdi mm x
1,64 gidi:
Dieu kien
td
dang hudng. Digu do mau thuan vat anti Witi clAu cita E Do vay
khong
dau vi digu kiln can chn}c cluing minh.
Dieu kik
td
{n}
Ta goi hop thanh cua hai dang toan Oath:Mg f, g la clang toan
phudng (h g) = b ij x i x i .
Chung minh rang:
a) Neu cac dang f, g khong am, thi dang (f, g) cling khong am.
b) Neu cac dang f, g xac dinh during, thi dang (f, g) cling xac
dinh chidng.
Ld gidi:
EZ(37?' 4)
= X g ? E lf = i=lj=1
i
do y2 = Ea k a / xk x is z2
Ebk b i xk xi , va
k=1
(2 z 2) =
k,1=1
ai b k b / x k x / = Eakb kx k
i=1
dude chUng minh.
k =1
E y3
i =1
)=E (f,
i=1
Nhung
\
2
= Ecniq ik x 3x k , nen (f,y3 )= Eaik kq u x i lkk xk ),
0. Neu X
j,k=1
qi; # 0 n8n ci n xy x 0, va
0, thi co; a x; # 0, tea do do c i
o f xac dinh dudng nen (f, 37,2 ) > 0. Do \Tay (f, g) > 0.
(xi)
159
va x -
U2 .
Ldi
X? 1 Xi
Tit do co 21 = X, +=
2 ' 2 2 + A2
Va vi Al + x.22 + 4 + Xi X2 = 1
1
A1 X2 - 3 .
X 3 = + IF
2
3
.;.
n-1 va u,12 = 1, to
n +1N hit vay to da
2n
+1
IA dang tuyen tinh rued tren V, nghia la B tuyen tinh dot vdi
Men thil nhet, Ong tinh dei vdi Mon th>Y hai va B (x, ky) =
(x, y) vdi moi x, y e V va e C. Khi do tan tai duy nhet met
del tuy6n tinh A cim V sao cho B(x, y) = <x, Ay> yin
phop
moi x, ye V.
gidi:
ta xet bit
Truisc
sau:
BS de: Gia sit f la dang tuygn tinh tren khong gian vec to
Unita V, khi do tan tai duy nhet met phdn tit h E V, sao cho vdi
moi x e V, ta co f(x) = < x, h>.
Ghiing minh
V, Ta co f(x)=
x= EXic ek e
n
< Ix k e k ,
X=1
Exk k
k=1
k =1
= xk hk =
k=1
161
V. Do v'OY
xiing xac
Lai gicii:
Try& Mt ta giai bai toan trong twang hop rieng, A = In la
ma tran ddn vi. Vi B la ma tran doi 'ding xac climb during nen
162
ton tai ma trail truc giao C sao cho C 4 B C c6 clang cheo ma cac
phan tii tren duang cheo chinh la cac gia tri
cna B.
Vi vay det (I + B) = det C - ' (I + B). C= det (I + C-1 B C)
= (1 +
... (1 +
de A + B = D2 + B D (I + D - ' B D- ') D
B D-1 ).
del sung the dinh dming nen set dung k6t qua
,
al as j
as 4
do {XI ,
= a, X, + a2 X2 + a3 X3 + ai X4.
X4} la cd so to nhien dm M.
A=
2
0
2
0 -1 0 0
2
1
0
0 0
2
1
det A = 0, vay clang 'Loan phtidng f co hang 4.
24
b) Vi p khac khong nen co X e M de? p(X) x 0. Theo gia thiet
to co p(X) = p(X . I) = y(X) . 9(I). Do 9(X) x 0 nen p (I) = 1. Neu
det X x 0, thi co . = I. Vi \Tay
'0 1`
,0
Tit de cp (X) = w(13) . W(A) . (p(Q) = 0,
vi cp(A) = 0, do A ley linh.
L2
4
3
2 3-i -2 0
1
-2 - i
3
1
2
i
0
4
165
Zd gidi:
Ta co A = A, -
2 3 4
1 12 3 -2 0
a do Al =
3 -2 0 1
4 0 1 2
'
sa
02, e3}:
'
A= 0 2 0
1 -1 3
Hay kie7 m tra rang A la den xiing doi yea cu trot delft
trong phan a) (nghia la f la tv dang ca2u del xi:Mg)
Ldi gidi:
Taco H, = 1, H
1
det H = > 0. Vi H la ma trail xac dinh during nen Q
2
dang
town
phudng
xac dinh during. Mut vay Q xac dinh mot
la
Lich vo hudng tren Ra (do chinh la clang cip tudng ting vdi Q).
Bay gia to tim mot cd so tn.tc chuAn del vo . Q. Neu x = (x,,
1
2
12, x3) thi Q(x)=(x, -- x2 ) + (1 x3 - X 3 ) 2 +
2
1
x l =
' 1- 2
Hat
1
x3
x2 =
1
x3 = --)r2
X =
KM do
x3
x2
+ x 3
2
Tit do, xet cd sa {e' 1 ,
0' 2 ,
e'a} ma
167
el
ez =
e3
e 3
e + .ne 2 +
2 '
'
x,, x 3 )- x 12 + x'; +
e2, e2),
(3 0
That Vey At H =
-1 2 -1
1
-2
1 :`
-2
-2
-2
1'
3 i
2
2
1
0 -- 1
2
= H . A.
a) Chung to rang ngu H , la xac dinh (Wong, thi ten tai met
cd so de trong co so do ca H, ve. H 2 dgu co clang chinh tilt.
b) Neu vi du chUng to rang kheng phai bao gio cling clang
thai dua &toe hai dang toan phudng da cho vg clang chinh tat.
c) Cho hai dang than phudng tren R2 3 trong cd so chinh
tat
c clang:
2
\
H i (X)= Xj. +54 +144 -F2XI X9+2XIX3+10X2X3
sa trong do ea
tac.
L.& gidi
the H2(X)=-
<x, x> =
Vi co ca hai
i=1
clang toan phudng da cho dgu co clang chinh tilt.
b) Kid ca hai dang dgu khong xac dinh &king, thi co th6
khong ton tai mot cd so de? ca hai dang toan phudng dgu co
vdi cat toa clO (x, y)
dang chinh the. Chang han xOt trong
trong co so chinh
tae
H2 (x,
y) = xy. GM a co mot co so te l. ,
dg' trong cd s do H, va
GM ad:
62 rc
).
Khi do
+ C22 62
IX --c'Cii11+ Cl2
r'
Cu Ti12
suy hign.
C 21
C 22
{YI = X I + x 2 + x 3
xl = Y1
Y3 =
X3 =
2 Y2
1
Y3
3 y3
H1 = + Y2 + y3
(2)
213373
(3)
'o 0 1'
Ma tran maa
H2 CO
(4)
dang A = 0 1 0
,1 0 0
Bay gia ta (Ilia ma tran (A) vg dang the() bai ma tran tryc
;iao. B&ng phnang pho.p quen thu0c, ta tim &No
1
1
0
-1
0'
n&
1
. A. T =
0
0 1 116
T=
(5)
1
1
0
1.
0
yl
Dung phep
toa (.10
=-
1
1
r zi +
z2
V2
a/2
Y2 =
(6)
Y3="'
22
x
Tii (1) va (6) ta co
x a
HS {el, e2, C31 7a
+ z3
(7)
2
2
+22 +22
(8)
1
1/2 '
= --,z,
x2
1
3.h z1
1
.5 z2
2
1
1
z2
1 +
3-,,&
3,5
2 z3
+ lz
2z 3
H2
(9)
ce dang
1
el
1 $
1
"
2
-
+ 1
e2
ea
1 ,a
1 i)
3-,N -2 + 3I_ -3
1
+,7, 02
Chu if: Da dila dang thai hai clang town phydng H H2 trong
d6 H, xac dinh diking v6 dang chinh tal c, ta lam cac btafic eau:
Lo gidi:
Trude 116t ta nhan thay, neu F c E lh khong gian con cila ]E
ma f I F xac dinh diving (tticing tang xac dinh am) thi dim F < p,
(tticing tang dim F < q). That vay, gia s 1 f/F xac dinh &icing va
dim F > p. Xet co sa (e r , e crib e+fri, .., eI ma
f(e,) = 1, laiap
172
1> p+q.
Tit de
q -1
IP P =
k r = '11
I P r = P -1
kir= q -1
ep, e p+ 2,
to co
le1 = P
q = q-1
c) neat p > 1, chon E, sinh bai
q'=q.
173
e2 ,
e,,
C - BAI TAP
3.1. Gia sii H la clang than phuong tren khong gian vec tc
R3 . Dang chuan titc cua dang toan phtiong H la dang chinh rac
a) Q(x l ,
Q(x 1 ,
<n
du 3.10 va 3.11). Chung minh rang khong gian con t6i did &la
E nam trong non clang hueing K c chigu la n - max (p,q). Ngu f
khOng suy bign thi s6 ehigu do la min (p, q).
3.5. Cho E la khong gian vac to (Debt, fo
e} la co so trUc
chuan cua e. Vol {a,,
a} la he n vac to tny y ena E, goi A la
dinh fink dm he ta n ..., an} dgi yea co sa trite chuan fe n ,
nghia la A = det (N)
do ai = Za ijei (j = 1,
Grier,
an } la dinh thile Gram cna {a
minh Gr {ct
ct} = A2 .
n). K1 hieu
aj. Hay chUng
3.6. Gia
phudng e6 ma trAn A - Xth the dinh &tong vdi moi Xo < a va xac
dinh am vdi moi Xo > b.
3.12. Gia sit A
la vec to rieng (cot) eim A vdi gia tri rieng X,. DM B 1 = A - a I UI .Ut
a) Chung 6) rang c6 the chon dttOc U, de B,. U, = 0.
b) Xet met cd sa true chua'n Up U9,
rieng dm A, ting veil the gia tri rieng 4
A=
.
3.13. Cho E la kh6ng gian vec td tren truang s6 thtic R, f lII
Bang song tuy6n tinh del )(ling tren E. Gia sit ton tai vec tc
khac khong a e E sao cho f (a, = 0 va to clang that f(x, = (
suy ra x ding phudng vdi a hoac f(x, x) < 0.
Chung minh rang n6u x * 0 va n6u co y de? f(x,y) = 0 Nq'
f(y, y) > 0 thi f(x, x) < 0.
3.14. Cho ma tran A
C.
d) (CI)* = f
f*og*.
e) (
or =
XkPk
k=1
Pat Q(f) = iC
r i r e End (U); f' = Id
]=4
Chiang minh rang Q(f) = Q
(4)Pk
k=1
177
ma tran A =
2
010
10 0
3.24. Trong khong gian vec to R3, cho hai clang town
phttong:
SO
32
1-
1 x 3 ) -(a33
3.1. a) H = (3, + x2 + 2302 - [ 3-x2 + 73
y i = +x 2 +2x3
fat
2 =-
Y3
3x3
179
32
Taco H=
b) H
-37F2
-3 1
_2 2
32 Y3
c) H =
3.2.
c) A> 13.
3.3.
a)
1
That \ray, dat y, = x, + (x2 +
2
x), thi
2
-3-x,x ) ;2
Dat y2 = x2 + 1 (x3 + + xn), tu do
f
= 671) +
adO(p.4i<j)
180
)2 +
p+1(_ ,
p+2
VP! 2p + 22p
i xj j ,
E xVE P 2 2Ex
i<j
i=p+1
1
(xl,2 + + x) ta dude tong thiic tren,
p+2
dng voi p+ I_ Do do sau (hsj) buoc ta co ket qua. Ta ce the' viet
gon quy tacd6i bie'n nhu sau:
1 / 9
1 --1 1
YI
x1
2 2
2
X9
1
1
y2
0 1
3
3
Da, t
= x,,, , +
(Yu,
0 0 0
i=3
= (x, + x s + + xs
1
Q =4
) (
i<j
xs + x, + + x s
+ x s + 2Z
>3
x,1
1
4
.1
3.5+=j
-6,7)2 L
k -1 (Y1J2
1(23 (k
2 2)
s
1
= kx, + x 2 ),- Lx,
2
=3
181
1
Y2=2 1 + x9)
1
2
Y3 = x3 + --kx 1 +
'
1/
Y4 = X4 +
2
xi
xn
yfi =
3.5 Gr (a l ,
an ) =
1=1
Dat A= (ao).
= 1,
n). Xet
[a, hi la khong gian cac ham lien tuc (co the trii mat s6 frau
han diem) tren loan [a, N. WI* [a, 131 la kheing gian vec to vo
han chiau Den truang sathac K.
Goi bla,b1= C a,b
182
[a, b].
> va det A = Gr (R I
Thl
x;
%^) >_ o.
X2
0
tri rieng caa ma tran A.
1
xt
Ta c: 131 =
la citc gia
1
=
12
A-1 C.
0
1
1
NMI vay A- ' c cac gia tr rieng ,...,
ki
n
E-
i=1
n 1
E-
LI Xi)
183
(vdi tich ye
U2};
va thu hep cita B2 tren khong gian con true giao vdi Vect(IJ I , U2)
trong vdi thu hep cila A tren do (coi ma trait A la ma trail cua
to clang eau trong khong gian vec to dclit R5. Sau n bade ta nhan
dude B,1=A - EX
i=1
U0)= an.
M:11.
(n,
PA W
+ a ?)
{0 vain >2k
Do do det A = PA (0)
= k
II ot i nefun=2k
jo t '
185
tuygn tinh. Gia sit X la mgt gia tri rieng thkic, am cua u 2 , khi do
X la nghiem bOi than cim da thfic dac trung Put .
Chung mink be, dg: De thy u 2 e End (V). Gin). six 11 mg
gia tri rieng time < 0 cim u 2 va a x 0 la vec td rieng cua u2
vdi u2 (a) = Aa. Khi do u(a) va a la dec lap tuygn tinh trong V
That vay n'elk u(a) = -4 a, 4 e C thi u2 (a) = u(4a) = 4 u(a) = 141 2
a=X.
-
Ta co Pu2 (t) =
let (A A - t In) = det k -t In) (xem bat 2.51). Nhu \Tay Pu 2 (t)
a da dine vol he so' thve.
Pu2(t) =(%14)a' 0.2 - 0'2
muyen during,
..., Irk e R;
Gin)
- oak x
dO sn ,sk
Nhu vay <x, f(x)> thole hay <f(x), x> thitc \TM moi x e U.
Node lai n6u moi x e U, to c <f(x), x> thoc, to cheini
minh f to lien hOp. Than Lich f thanh tting can hai to deing cM
to lien hop:
f = ft + i . ft,, khi do
<f(x), x> = <f,(x), x> + i <ft,(x), x>.
Nhung ft, 1, la nhang to thing chin to lien hop nen <Ii(x), xi
va <f,(x), x> thoc. Vi vay <fa (x), x> = Im <f(x), x>. N'eal <1(x), xi
thitc thi <fa (x), x> = 0 yen moi x, ta do If = 0 va f, = 0. Do vay
= f1 nghia la f la to lien hqp.
3.18. Gia sa y la gia tri rieng c>ia f e End (U), ado f la tit
long din to lien hop caa khong gian vec in Unita U. Khi do co
e U, z # 0 d' f(z) = Az.
D4t x
=GI4=X.
3.19. a) va b) hir3n nhi'en
ek > e k = E< x, f(e k )>e k
c) 1(x) =
k=1
k=1
n
= Ex], <
k=1
\ray f = Ek kPk .
k=1
188
ek > ek =
Xk Pk
k=1
(X)
Pk,
do vgy f 2 =
k=1
Is = E
n Ask
14 pk va
t=1
Pk
k=1
3.20. Gia sit f e End (C") la titan tit tit lien hdp trong kh8ng
;Mit vec to Unita C" vdi tfch vo hthing Hecmit tti nhien, f c6 ma
rdn A trong c6 so chinh tag cria C. Gia sit X la cac gid
ri Hong (thtic) cua f, tfic 2., la nghiem mad da thitc dgc trung det
A -
= P(X). Goi (et ,
co so trite chugn gam nhiing vec
0 Hong ring voi cac gid tri rieng f(g) = ).1 e1 (i = 1, n).
P (f
Hat
Pk: C"
)= IP (21
k) Pk
Nhung P(1.k) =0
171c
k=1
.F3
2
2
1
2
=0
c5i
1 = 0 <=> = -1
189
(2
- X)X
=0
2x2
'
1
2
e E2
1
.2
\TM X = -1 to co x 2
X2=
1/3
JJ
o -1
3.23. HD. Nghi'em dac trong cim ma tran B la: X = -1, =
(INN 2)
1
V2
190
0
1
td
6 hai vec
td
'0
va
X3 =
'
Pat C =
1
42
0
1
V2
0 1
1 0
.%&
0`
-1
1
BC=
0
191
Nge TInie Lanh. Dai s6 tuy'en tinh. NXB Dai hoc va Trur
hoc chuyen nghiep. Ha net 1970.
2.
Doan Quynh
Bien). Giao trinh Dal s6 tuyeln tinh
hinh hoc giai Bch. NXB Dai hoc Qu6c gia Ha NOi, 1998.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
192