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U NG H
A H
C
HI
HI
H
H
u ng in t )
( Hi
Hi
+
Y > C
C > X
+I
-I
I=0
CH3
-CH3 < -CH2-CH3 <
CH
CH3
<
CH3
CH3
CH3
I- HI
U NG C
M NG:
HI
C
1- nh ngh
ngha: Xt 2 phn t:
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH2
CH2
Cl
CH3
CH2
CH2
OH
Khi th 1H bng clo, tnh axit tng 92 ln, th 1H tng 6 ln, cn khi
th H tnh axit ch tng 2 ln so vi axit khng c nhm th clo:
CH 3CH 2CH2 COOH CH 2Cl
Cl CH 2COOH CH 3CH2 CHCl
Cl COOH
ClCH 2CH2COOH CH 3 CHCl
Ka :
1,5.10-5
3.10-5
9.10-5
138.10-5
II- HI
U NG LI
N H
P
HI
LI
H
n lo
i: 2 lo
i
2- Ph
Ph
lo
lo
1- inh ngh
ngha:
H lin hp l h thng bao gm cc lin kt i lun
phin vi cc lin kt n ( lin hp , ), hoc h
thng c nguyn t cn cp electron t do ni vi mt
lin kt i ( lin hp p, ):
p
C
C H2
C H2
CH
CH
CH
CH
Y
CH 2
CH 2
CH 2
CH
CH
Cl
OC H 3
NH 2
He lie n hp ,
H e lien h p p,
Xt phn t:
CH2
CH
CH
CH
CH
C
C
C
Y
Trong C=Y l: -NO2, -COOH, -COOR, -CHO, CO,
Chiu dch chuyn electron t pha lin kt i ti nhm
C=Y
3- c tnh
nh:: Hiu ng lin hp lan truyn trong cc h lin
hp v mnh hu nh khng thay i khi ko di
mch carbon.
Ch : Mt s nhm c th gy ra 2 loi hiu ng c tc
dng ngc chiu ( +C, -I ), trong trng hp ny hiu
ng lin hp s thng th.
V d:
-I: Lm gim mt electron trong vng
: OH
Do hiu ng lin hp u th hn nn mt
electron trong vng benzen ca phenol vn cao
hn ca benzen
III- HI
U NG SI
U LI
N H
P
HI
SI
LI
H
Hiu ng siu lin hp l hiu ng gy nn bi h thng
cc lin kt C-H v tr so vi lin kt i, lin kt ba hay
vng benzen.
H
H
H
C
CH
CH 2
CH 3
H
C
TH GIN 1
TH GIN 2