a4 JOURNAL OF THE i] INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTSSHA Is REFEREED JOURNAL JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS \OL-80/1SSUE-01 JANUARY 2015 06 Guest Editorial - Ar Harveen Bhandari | 08 President's Message - Ar Prakash Deshmukh 10 Solar Passive Techniques in Vernacular Dwellings Dr Mayarani Praharaj 16 Single and Double Glazing Systems. ‘Ar Ashok Kumar, Dr Rajesh Deoliya & Dr PS Chani 23° Low-rise Residences in Kolkata ‘Ar Somen Sarkar, Ar Sutapa Das & Dr Shivashish Bose 26 News & Events Newsletter - Editor 32 Thermal Comfort in Moderate Climate of India Ar Betty Lala & Dr PS Chani 35. Global Energy Efficiency Benchmarks for Buildings Ar Bandana Jha 43 Energy Efficiency of an Old Office Building, Kolkata Ar Arpan Dasgupta & Dr Madhumita Roy 48 Green Building Rating Systems Through the Lens of Vernacular Architecture Dr Madhura Yadav & Joanna Lemka 53 School of Mechafiical Engineering, BVBCET, Hubli ‘Ar Prakash M Karennavar & Ar Shobha P Karennavar ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 2006, No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any A OFFICE BEARERS 2022-2024 form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, photocopying, recording or any information storage -—ArPrakashDeshmukh President orretrieval system without permission in writing rom THE INDIANINSTITUTEOF ARCHITECTS, fas pratt erthurts ova rast pase Only materials accompanied by stamped and self-addressed envelopes can be retuned. No ArDivyakush Vice President responsibility is taken for damage or safe return by the Editor of JIA. The Editor ofthe THE INDIAN INSTITUTEOFARCHITECTS takes noresponsibltyforauthor'sopinionexpressedinthesignedartiles, AY DilpChandra Chatterjee - JrVice President ae ee ee Te G Attlement RKalghato) = Hon Treasurer Printed & Published by Ar Surinder Bahga on behalf of The Indian Institute of Architects and prints : tee bby Foto Copy Design Studio, M-2,SaiVihar, 22, Mint BackRoad, Fort, Mumbaigaoacs andPublshed ‘Files Avachat selon secretary at The Indian Institute of Architects, Prospect Chambers Annexe, sth Floor, Dr © N Road, For, Ar Paresh Kapadia JtHon Secretary Mumbai ~4o000. PUBLICATION BOARD “el:sg1 22.22046972/22838453/22884805 Fax:+g1.22.22832536 ‘ArSurinderBahga ——_- Chaieman & Editor Email: iapublication@gmailcom iighoa224@gmailcom eaeae hea eet Website:ia-india.org Editor:Ar Surinder Bahga RIN. No.9469/57 ee sae Nie Email ia.chdpb@gmailcorn/bahgasurinder@gmail.com ‘ArSarojini Sharma ArAnau Garg, Ar Aarti Grover ArDinesh Bhagat “Cover Page : Graphics designed by: Ar Prabhjat Bhandari”SOLAR PASSIVE TECHNIQUES IN VERNACULAR DWELLINGS Journalsandconferences ‘mayapraharaj@gmallcom Dr Mayarant Prahara) Abstract, Al sttlements behave Iie ving organisms. They grow with ‘ime, evolve and respond a diflerent acts. The growth of vernacular settlement Is 2 response toa particular type of religion, social valve, cimate and avaabity of bulding Imateials ‘This fe Because vernacular settlements vary In nature in iferent egonsof the word The bling forms and indigenous technology used to achieve thermal comfort also vary diferent geographisl areas, Study of diferent forms Indicates the traditional techniques by local masons, Cratsmen an sled arta. This aves a smboe meaning tothepartcalarregion, The papers based on the case studies of settlements inthe Coastal region of Odsha with special reference to ual communities in Pipi and Puri tounehips, The vernacular Srchtectare of Coastal Odeha evolved over generations with the avaiable buling materials and local craftsmanship. Nowadays bling material and method ef construction have changed. However, examples of vernacuar architecture are stl found all ver the coastal region wth the Fist examples being concentrated in the histor town Pur ana te nearby town Ppl. These vernacular dwelings provided with various passive soar techniques ining natural cooingsystem and fre more comfortable computed to the contemporary bulingsintoday'scontext Thispaper discusses varouspasivetechiquesthathavebeen employed in the vemacular buildings and thei role in providing comfort particulary uring summer Varioustypesof ‘vernacular and contemporary buldings ae surveyed in terms * of thermal performance and thir response to climate. has ben observed that vernacular houses are energy efficient and perform beter than the contemporary house in providing ‘omlortabeinternalcoritions Keywords: Veracular setiements climate responsive desig, vwemmaclar and eontemporary house, Attu (md roe, Kad 'Baragaroof, Therma perormanceevaluation Introduction The termvernaclar derived fromthe Latin word vermaculs, meaning. "domestic, native, and indigenous"; Vernacular architecture Is a term used to categorise methods of Eonstuction which use locally avaiable resources and lwadtionsto addres local needs tends toevelve over tine to reflec the envconmenta, cultural ond historical context in ‘whic it ests and is influenced bya great range of etferent {aspects of human behaviour and ervironment, leading 19 “dierencbuiding forms. ‘Complete her Masters in Town and Regional Panning (203) and PRO in Architecture (2020) frm nian Insitute of nginering Science and Technology She spresenty teaching nthe Departmentef Architecture, (Er, Bhubaneswar She I eciplent ofthe University Medal and SM alder Memorial est Post Graduate ‘ThasisawardbyT, West Benga Chapter She hos published number of papersinnational and iterations ‘Our ancestors have survived, sheltering themes in the vernacular buildings which have been experimented though the ages. Allover the world there san enquiry nt vernacular bling in search of passive techniques for thermal comfort. Some clmates, massive buldings mae of tone, mony and mud have been uiied asone ofthe siplest andmeostetectve ways of reducing bulding heating tnd cooling loads wth 8 relately low cst technique. Such dedine in bulding envelope heat gain combined with optimised material configuration and proper amount of thermal insulation inthe bulng envelope ouldhelpto decrease the buldingscoolagand heatingeneray demands and bulding related carbon iaxde emission into Coastal Odsha comes under warm humid ciate zone. The people in this mate have well tized the air corer for rnimisng the affect of heat and humiity by using the loc bling materials and designing appropriate buldig form. In vernacular architecture, not ony the climatic problems were solved, but also the aesthetics, physi and socal fencvonay Were considered. For generations, these celings have provided comfortable fe condtions and mierocimate at 3 resultofthegreatarchtecturalexperence. \Vernacalar versus Contemporary Architecture Vernacular architecture s an amalgamated resut of sever locally important factors Ike climate, socio-cultural peo 3s wel 35 Serthetic tarts, Vernacular architecture ithe evelopment of the indigenous architecture of 2 reson. Dilferent regions of India have diferent types of vernacular buildings which display a lot of complexity and variety. They have found the right harmony between the necestieofiving, the envionment, material resources and deat on the ute Of spuce. Inthe past, people in isha bull ther houses accordingto their real needs and in harmony with the enwronment and used the ‘salable local bulging materials. inspite of the hot long summer, human comfort was achieved In those vernacular bulsings by using some indigenous passive techniques. ths was the result of repeated cycles of tral and eror and the ‘experience of generations of bulles, which satsfes the ‘ccupant’sdemands or thermal omfortandaurabity. Nowadays Contemporary architecture ignores the age old architectural traditions. The reason tehind this that ‘vernacular house today could not serve the variety of atts Inthe same way the contemporaryhouse, which are stronger‘and more fexble than vernacular houses and thereore Sppear to be mare popular than the vernacular house However in terms of response to climate, modern concrete structures are insistently dependent on energy consuming ‘cooling systems for thermal comfort. n the present daye of ‘nergy crise the vernacular buling are considered sutable £00 (less energy uted or thermal comfort compared othe ‘contemporarybuldingsin today scontext In the modem world, vernacular traditions are fast disappearing oF afe subject to accelerating socal change However these are the resultofcenturies of ealution stable to the pateular climate of the region and cultural patter of the people. Form, pattern, elements and spaces rendered imageability and provide, character and distinct identty tothe Parco aes, As thi provides better thermal comfort with Indigenous passive solar techniques, there sa need to study the constuction technology used In those vernacular bulgs Vernacular Architecture of Coastal isha ‘The vernacular architecture of coastal Ocha evolved over generations withthe avaabe bulking materials and local ‘rasmanship. amples of finest vernacular architecture are ‘cmcentated the historical tw Pr nd the nearby town Pipl. veenaclararchtectreisuenced by a great range of Gferent aspects of human behaviour and environment, leadingtoafering bung forms due toclmate of therein, ‘utureandavalbiltyofbulding materi (One of the most significant influences on vernacular architecture isthe climate ofthe area in which the Bulging is fonrrocted. Busing in cold climates imarably have Nigh ‘sully sealed in order to prevent heat ss, and opening such 1 windows tend to be sal or nonexistent Buldings in warm Clenates, by contac, tend to be constructed of Wghter mmateralsandalowsignifantcrssventiation The way of le of buléng Secupants, and the way they use theishelor, has greatinfuence on bulding forms The se of family une of diferent users, food habits and citural ousideraons wil alec the layout and ste of dweings ature also has great influence on the appearance of vernacular buldngs, a cecupants often decorate bulings in ‘cordance wthlocalcustomsand bells Theavalbityofbuling materials affecsthevernaclar architecture ofa particular region. Vernacular, almost by ‘efron, sustainable, and will not exhaurt the local resources. Areas rch in tres and rice production use thatch r20t woodand bamboo as building materi ‘The housing pater in coastal Odisha falito two mar types: linear and clustered. The lnear settiement pattern i ‘und mostly in Purl with houses almost in continuous chain ‘onboth side of heinterveningvilage path and with backyard tthe backofthe houres Nowadays the numbersof traditional Sahis have substantlyredueed, But the ritual pattern stil Eontinues thereby indicating ther storcal significance Vernacla kind of resident building stl plays amor role in the history of architecture in the temple town of Pur. These buldings were constructed during diferent periods with relation to the environment and avaiable resources and tradtiona technologies, These were built to meet specific needs, waysofeofthe cultures that produce them Factors influencing Vernacular Architecture of Odisha + Geopraphyandctimate (lena extends fromm 17°49' to 22°24 latte and from 81°29 to 87-29 longitude on the eastern coast of India. The winter 1s very pleasant in Coastal Odsha, However the summer and rainy Seasons allowed the loca people to construct eiferent forms of vernacular housing to protect them fom natural deasers Ike flood and tveloneandheat waves + Local Bulding Materials ‘The main actor influencing the development of vernacular architecture i rlated to the vaiabilty of local bung materials hich includes twas, leaves, thatch, country te Mangalore les for rooting materials. similarly twigsleaves, mud, stone for wal The materials ured for onstruction are inaigenous and local avalabe + construction Technology In the simple vilage houses there are some very Sophisticated desgn arrangements Ike sloped thatch root wth Stu (Mud ealing with bamboo/timber rafter) and adi Saraga Root. The Kad (timber beam) and Braga (timber rafter) applied for lt roofconstruction. Architectural Design Features + Space Designing space has improved overtime as per the needfrom single unit to double unit and multiple units Separated by enclosed courtyard The orientation ofthe buldings was mostychasen on the bass of topography, solar movernent and wind rection, Design features have been mostly influenced by the local skill and caftamanshi. | typical vernacular house consists of common verandah, small room for eattle, entrance room (Bata Chara) andother rooms arranged aroundthe courtyard. It ‘doesnot include toilet whichis located tthe backside of the house. Settlement Paters ‘Thesetlementisoganicin nature. Mostofthe peopelive ‘ear thelr famland. The vilage i thus a settlement area, ‘Surrounded by paddy flds and made up of several smal linear settlements, each ofthese comprises two oF more subdivisions or sohis as per efferent caste groups, and ‘ccordngly manifests a variety of ving patterns in their house forms. ‘ere arevastopen spaces inthefrontand backside ofthe bulling, The font sldei.used as gardens and the back sides have gardens and paddy els. The external garden isa comfortable pace Inthe morning and evening. The ‘wees provide shade andthe ower shrubs channel, cool reese for natural ventistion in the building. The spproach road's verynarow since they do net have any regulatory measures for growth and development, This varies from B10 12eet. Typeottouse In Coastal Odisha, two types of houses (ghar) are fommon. The agreultursts and higher acts have houses with rectangular ground plan with rooms along all the fides khanja-ghara), leavingan open space (courtyard) at the conte Mud walls witha gabled rofofthatch made of addy sas were common. The more affluent had ‘ovble-eilng houses (atu ghara) with theinner cling of ‘md plaster supported wooden or bamboo plans. This Construction made it fe proof and insulated against the ‘summer heat and winter chil. Poor people has houses wth mud walls an straw thatened gable roofs, without enclosed courtyardsor doublecelngs Depending onthe seco economic status of inhabitant, there ae two types of Vernacular houses such a Chala house (Thatch root ond mud wall and Pucca House (hatch oot / Ka Braga roo! and stone wall) in which ‘here isa courtyard inthe entre an rooms ar arranged round the courtyards verandah lanform and Three Dimensional Configurations People in coastal Osha Ine la large families. Inthe row housing, there is long verandah connecting all the Awelings which permits socal gathering as well a the storageot paddy ‘comparatively large house, of @ mide cass family, comprises alignment of rooms on four sides (shan) franged around an inner courtyard kaown 5 agena (courtyard with seprate cate shed outside. nmostofthe ‘ay ad right time people use this courtyard for diferent ‘works and fr soil Interaction. The Central courtyard 63 very sensible place fr alert actives. In summer “Courtyard effect” takes lace keeping the adjacent rooms ‘nol in winters people tin the courtyard in daytime. The Placeisalsousedforvarousreligiousactwtiesanafestials andalsofor cooking drying offre wood rope + BuildingEnvelope ‘To make the bulding climate responsive, several base techniques ate used suchas step oof a protect aginst the thst ofthe wind and high pln to protect aginst floods are wed, The thatch roof is generally projected beyondthe waisto provide additonal shelter rom rain and fone side of the rof le often extended four to five fet beyond the wall and supported by stone pias 10 form verandah ‘Examples of Vernacular end Contemporary Bulldings Case stadt Vernacula Residential Bulldingat ipl, Osha ‘The materia used in the Bulding are stone wall tu (stoping roof with mud cling with bamboo/timber rafter) and Plain camenttlooe Architectural Design features ‘The specisl feature of the design i Attu (Mud coin with ‘bamboo/timber rafter). Due to porosity of the Attu (Mud Celng) uit on bamboo or wooden frames; hot ale goes out, feeping the building colin summers and also ais i fe protection. Mud, on account of is easy avalabilty, good Insulation and binding properties has been extensively used This vernacular AR ‘eeling whose pecular form is a characterise of tis part of Odsha proved to be 2 dstinct identity forthe ate, High plinth ae provided to protec the building fom ran and flood and also for proper storm water drainage from the courtyard, Verandahs with projected roof on front and rear are topeotectine wall fromsunandran. Casestudy.2: Vernacular Residential Bulldig at Pur Osha ‘he mates ute in the Buldings ar stone wal Kad Baraga Roof wooden beam rafter and tle with ime paste ana pain coment floor ‘ArchitecturalDesign features Special eature ofthe designs Kal Baraga root The structural arrangement of the rot includes Kadi (timber beam) and ‘Barapa (timber rafter) without any reinforcement applied fr flat rot construction, High plint is provided to protect the building from rain snd lood. The roof structure is primacy wooden beam, wooden ffters covered with thin wooden Planksorsand tone slabs with an overlay ofa sandwich of ime plaster ‘Casestudy-3: Government Quarter, Bhubaneswar‘The quarters wee widely constructed during the intl stage of Planning in the New Capital, Bhubaneswar during 1950's The nate uted in the Busing are brick wal, RCC roof and AS foo Architectural Design features Spedal feature of the design is row housing, single Noor. Balding techniques chosen are brick wall and RCC root replacing the vernacular ones of tone wall and thatch roofing. ‘he fiat rot Is chosen against conventional sloping root for cemtensiveuseduring summer nights Cxtnsray doting et) euinsean) Interences of Case Studies ‘The coolness of vernacular buildings during summer is very satisfactry without the use of modern bulding technology. Conta of the microchmate around the bung has been controled by Indigenous design. Al buildings have been designed inrows and arent exposedtothesun duetofrontand‘ear verandah and the iateral courtyard. This net only prevents hea but also keep hot win out while ensuring ‘movement of cooler ar through the buildings and open areas Measured temperatures inthe vernacular bullings in two locations showed thatthe indoor temperature inthe day was 8° lower than the outdoor temperature and within the ‘maximum limit of comfort. The user ofthese bulding did not show any sign of discomfort during. summer Enerey Consumption was very low because occupants da not use euipment which consumes muchenery. However incase study indoor temperaturein theday was S°C lower than the outdoor temperature and higher than the ‘maximum limit of conor. The users ofthese bulding fee! scorer during summer “Thermal Performance Evaluation auation of the thermal performance of the bulding isan Important aspect Case studies of 76 numbers of residential buldings wee performed during summer in 3 locations, ili, Pur.and Bhubaneswar tis evden rom the case tudes that the performance of the bulding i governed by the combined ‘fleet of conduction heat transfer through the sold materials, ndconvectve andradativeheat transfer betweenthe various Surfaces of the building internally and the surounding _tmosphereeatermalh ‘Concrete, brick, tile and ather masonry materia absorb and release heat slowly. External heat i transmitted in a building ‘mainly through roo, RCC oof gets heated up faster and stores more heat due to high mass. Therefore the inside ambient ‘temperature increases faster and comfort level of occupants {ets reduced. Due to this the inside and oui temperate Aference is small and quantum of heat retained is more. Heat retention and transmission is for longer time and thermally ‘incomfortable tile inthe ‘Tadiional constructions such as thick stone, brick, and mud are still use In some parts of coastal Osha. 1 has been Understood that due tothe thermal properties of earth walls, theinhabitnts of earth buldings continue tobe satisfied with ‘the contort afforded by such buldngs largely due to the high «+ thermal mass. thas been observed that mud walls in awarm humid ciate where the night ime humidty s high fom 2 coastal location, absorbing maistreinthe wal, which sthen {eleased during the day giving anenhancedcooing elect. This tends mate the buldina cooler durinasummer In contemporary buildings, it is shown that even in the afternoon the inside temperature is higher compared tothe ‘outside, During daytime in summer high temperature hasbeen bultup due tinadequate ventilation. Within these consaints ‘the ehalenge ft create indoor thermal comfort forthe users by a better design solution fora climate responsive bung design ObservationsaftheCasestudy ‘Comparison of various casestules hasbeen done under ied parameters. From the thermal performance study of 76 bouldings in the coastal Odisha (Bhubaneswar, Puri, Pel the ‘designer ean make a quick assessment of elative performance of building orientation, Building material / shading dewces, surrounding landscape, building mas, ventlation / exposure to sun and heat component fr design, which wil help to derive design recommendations for a climate responsive bung designincoastaloaisha, “The comfort temperature as been compared with the inside and ouside temperature thas been observed that, vernacular bldg with mucf/stone wall and thatch root with tt ceing and Kad) Baragha roof provide a comfortable inside temperature compared tothe bulding with AC sheet and RCC roof with the same proportion of opening for ventiation. However courtyard has net been designed in contemporary bolding Simulationresults The thought process fr architectural design n "Contemporary Vernacular” sal transform traditional forms 0 that they nay bbe appropriate forthe changing socal order ofthe present. Theresa need toreinvent anew and more mate responsive architecture, which can be implemented by means of 2 ‘houghtful and innovative use of materiale responding t0 imate, peopl, local craftsmanship, culture, geography and context while simultaneously respecting the moder needs, functions and technology available, with innovative. & trational constuction techniques. ‘Globalization and change of ving patterns We ae atthe threshold ofa period of increasing globalization, Global flows of cuture nave caused revlutonary changes, the effects of which can be seen in every sphere of ie including housing. Globalization causes people to change vernacular pattern ofliving Now2-dysthe vernacular housing patterns in coastal Odisha have been changed. New bulngs have been constructed and older buildings have been replaced or modified. The lessons of vernacular architecture regarding climate control have been generally ignored. Dwelings constructed as large enclosed glazed space wth no provision For ventilation and protection from the heat. Therefore people re increasingly dependent upon airconditioning te maintain ‘comfort levels in the hot summer whieh consumes high flectrcty. However vernacular bulldings retain vernacular ‘onstruction techniques fr thermal comfort.There isa question why vernacularhousesln the ty are being replaced wth modern concrete constrtions and in some aeasthe vernacular bulingsareina ragmented conto. In many cases the vernacular buldings are demolshed for onstruction of modern contemporary bung. In the present contort there 53 need t0 acquire krowiedge of the Dulding materate and their advantages, about how new architectre can evlve from this Ths wil also respect the Spiitandthe qualities oftradtional design conclusion The vemacular dwelings are the unconscious expressions of people's cure, With the passage of time the vernacular buiings of coastal Odsha are vanishing de to change In Functional requcements. Many of the new construction do notintegatetothelacal envionment and soil context which otherwise cause serious damage tothe environmentand seca sStatusothe people of ths ean. Thecostofmantenanceand acute shortage sled craftsmen are ao responsible forthe loss of rie architectural action ofthe region. However the ‘vernacular lings ae climate responsive compared othe conterporaruilings ‘The study of vernacular architecture i very much essential n the present contest, The Vernacular architecture ls 2 better option or ual peopieof Osha by sing low cost. lw energy and ocaly avalable bulling materals and Indigenous his paper comes to the conclusion that the vernacular chtecure which i the outcome of mans interaction with nature should not be disturbed. The construction techniques lahich have been scnticaly proved succesful fr thermal amor by the use of locally avaiable material should be encouraged. The craftsmen and their traditional and ‘vocational sls so need rejuvenation, while analysing and Impeowsing them through advance contemporary technical kgowhow.Finalythelmportance of vernacular passive climate Sensitve and sustainable desig, a5 well a ts awareness of regional enironmental and material concerns, demands 2 fresh look, asi pertains to the practice of contemporary climate responsveandenergyefclentbulings. There is considerable recent interest in research and development elated to indigenous contruction technologies found in ferentparsof the country. Mostreserchactvtis fe, however, limited to documentation. Many vernacular technloges ae enery efficent although some of them are urtenty no longer propery functioning because of changed cultural and traditional protices. In this regard, the hey Challenge isto learn fundamental lsrons and principles of vernacular architecture and fi ways of integrating those principe into development programmes to plan new housing ‘modelsortouperade the sisting ones References 1. Browne Miche! (2003) Aehitectral Thought The design processandtheemectanteye, Oxford: lever. 2. Gallo, M Sls, Saigh, AM (1998) Architecture: Comfor. and Energy, Orford Elsevier. 3. trisha, Yanna, 5, Baker, ane Szoolay, 2001) climate Responsive Architecture McGraw Hill Publishing Co. 4 Lawson, Bryan (2004) What designers know, New York: ever 5. Olives, Poul(2006) Bult to Meet Needs Cultura sues in \Veenseular Architecture, Oxford: lever Terman, Max (185) Earth sheltered housing principles and practice. New ork VanNostrand_ Reinhold Co, 7. Bruce, Allsopp (1977) A Modern Theory of Architecture. ‘ntp//b00ks google coin Downloaded: 26Feb, 2018] 5. Correa, Marans, Carlos, Gilberto, Rocha Sandr(2013), Contributions for Sustainable Development, London, CRC Press. hitp://www.crepress.com (Downloaded: 25Febeury 2016) 9. Ahuja, R, Rao, VM (2005) Natural cooling of residential boldings in hot-ary climate, Asan Journal of Civ Engineering (Building and Housing) vol. 6 wor sto com (Downloaded: 26February 2016) 10. Hordy, Adam (1985 Babalabhadrapur:A Brahmin Vilage In Ons, 1ourna f the Solty for South Asian Studies, New Delhi, Oxford and 18H publishing company hntp://ww asada orguk/oubeatons [Downloaded: 26 February2044] 13, Mathai, Abraham (2003) The Bhungas of Kutch, ‘Architecture Time Space and People, Vol3. New Deh Councitoarchitecture, 12, Pusplata 2005), Vernacular Architecture of Kumsun Mimalayan region, Joural of the tncian institute of Drchitect (A Vol7, Issue OB Mumba, Indian Isttte of architects 13, Mohapatra, Sorat Chandra (2005) srahmin Saan viloges scound Pui, ssa Review, Bhubaneswar, Department of Informationsand Public Relations, Government of Osha, 14, Basu, Subash Chandra (1996), Evaluntion of Vernacular ‘Mud wal Construction ia India, Arctectual and urban conservation Caeuta Centre for Bult Enaconment. 15. Prakaaj Mayarani (2010) Climatic Responsive Residential Design for Coastal Areas, a Case Study Oris, 3 Thesis Submitted in paral fulfiment ofthe Requirements of BengalEngineeringandScience Unversity forthe Degree Doctor of Philosophy, Shippur, Bengal Engineering and SclenceUniversty.