cng v tc hi ca nc cng

Ch s pH lin quan n cng v km ca nc. Khi cng v km n

nh, pH t thay i. Cng nh pH, cng ca nc c nh hng rt nhiu
n s pht trin ca c cnh, n bnh tt, n vic to mu sc
Nc t nhin cha trn ba mili ng lng gam cation canxi (Ca2+) v magie (Mg2+)
trong mt lt. Nc nhiu Mg2+ c v ng. Tng hm lng ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ c
trng cho tnh cht cng ca nc. Ngy nay, ngi ta cn tnh c ion Fe2+ v Na+ vo
cng. cng ca nc thin nhin dao ng rt nhiu v c trng ln nc
ngm.

1. cng ca nc
cng ca nc c quyt nh bi hm lng cht khong ha tan trong nc, ch
yu l do cc mui c cha ion Ca++ v Mg++. cng ca nc c chia lm 2 loi:

 cng tm thi hay cng carbonat: To bi cc mui Ca v Mg carbonat v

bicarbonat, trong ch yu l bicarbonat v mui carbobat Ca v Mg hu nh khng tan
trong nc. Gi l cng tm thi v chng ta c th gim c n bng nhiu phng
php n gin. Trong t nhin, cng tm thi ca nc cng thay i thng xuyn
di tc dng ca nhiu yu t, v d nh nhit ...
cng vnh vin: To bi cc mui khc ca Ca v Mg nh sulphat, clorua... ch c th
thay i bng cc phng php phc tp v t tin.
Thng thng ngi ta ch quan tm n cng tm thi ca nc v n c nh hng
nhiu hn l cng vnh vin. C nhiu n v o cng khc nhau, nhng ch yu
ngi ta dng 3 n v o: dH, mg ng lng/lt v ppm. n gin, khi o
cng ngi ta thng quy v 1 loi mui l CaCO3.
Nc c cng tm thi ln hn 100 ppm c coi l nc cng, di mc c
coi l nc mm.
2. Tc hi ca nc cng
cng vnh vin ca nc t nh hng n sinh vt tr phi n qu cao, ngc li,
cng tm thi li c nh hng rt ln. Nguyn nhn l v thnh phn chnh to ra
cng tm thi l cc mui bicarbonat Ca v Mg: Ca(HCO3)2 v Mg(HCO3)2, chng l
cc mui ha tan hon ton nhng khng n nh, khng bn. Chng d dng b phn
hy thnh CaCO3, MgCO3 l cc mui kt ta:
Ca(HCO3)2 => CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
Mg(HCO3)2 => MgCO3 + H2O + CO2
Khi phn ng phn hy xy ra trong c th sinh vt, cc mui ny kt ta trong c th
sinh vt s gy hi khng nh. con ngi, chng l nguyn nhn gy ra si thn v mt
trong cc nguyn nhn gy tc ng mch do ng cn vi thnh trong ca ng mch.
Lu l cc mui CaCO3 v MgCO3 l cc mui kt ta v chng khng thm qua nim
mc h tiu ha ca chng ta c, ch cc mui ha ta mi thm c thi. V vy nc
cng ch c tc hi do cc mui bicarbonat.

3. Cc phng php lm mm nc
C rt nhiu phng php lm gim cng ca nc, t n gin n phc tp.
a. Lm nng nc
un nng nuc s lm gim ng k cng ca nc
b. Lm nc lu ng lin tc
Khuy lin tc hoc bm tun hon lin tc cng c tc dng, tuy rng kh chm v trong
nhiu trng hp, s phn hy bicarbonat chm hn s ha tan bicarbonat mi t cc
ngun khc vo nc
c. Chng ct nc
V nguyn tc, nc ct c th coi l H2O tinh khit hon ton.
d. Lc RO (Thm thu ngc)
Cng ngh lc RO cho php loi b gn nh tt c cc cht ha tan v khng ha tan ra
khi nc, nc lc RO c th coi l H2O tinh khit (tuy khng bng nc ct)
e. Trao i ion
y l phng php c dng ph bin nht v c gi thnh r k c chi ph u t ln
chi ph vn hnh. Nguyn l ca n l a nc qua 1 vt liu cha cc ion dng hot
ng mnh hn Ca++ v Mg++, vt liu ny s hp th cc ion Ca++ v Mg++ trong
nc v nh ra cc ion mnh hn kia, do to ra cc hp cht carbonat khng kt ta.
Vt liu c gi l Cationit (hay cation-exchange resyn). Thng thng ngi ta
dng 2 loi cationit l Na-Cationit v H-Cationit tng ng vi cc ion l Na+ v H+ v
cc hp cht to ra tng ng l Na2CO3 v H2CO3 (H2CO3 s b phn tch ngay thnh
H20 v CO2)
Khi cc Cationit ht kh nng trao i, ngi ta phi "hon nguyn" tc l phc hi li
cc ion dng cho n. i vi Na-Cationit ngi ta dng mui n NaCl, i vi HCationit ngi ta dng axit.

Thit b trao i Na-Cationit thng thng c th h cng ca nc xung n di

10 ppm, nu c thit k c bit c th h xung di 2 ppm. Mi lt ht Na-Cationit
c kh nng trao i khong t 2-6 gam ng lng ty loi, tc l c th lm h
cng t 300 n 1000 lt nc c cng 6 mgdl/lt (300 ppm hay 16,8 dH) xung 0
trc khi phi hon nguyn.
H-Cationit c kh nng trao i mnh hn Na-Cationit v cng trit hn v n loi b
hon ton gc carbonat ra khi nc. Tuy nhin n c gi thnh cao hn nhiu ln, chi
ph vn hnh cng cao hn (axit t hn mui n) v yu cu vn hnh cng nghim ngt
hn do phi dng axit nn t c s dng
Ngoi cch trao i ion dng ngi ta cn dng c trao i ion m (cht trao i gi l
Anionit) loi b cc ion HCO3- ra khi nc. Phng php ny thng ch c s
dng trong cc nh my nhit in, h dng c Na-Cationit, H-Cationit v Anionit
ni tip nhau trong 1 h thng.
Phng php trao i ion ny c s dng rt rng ri v l phng php c bn lm
mm nc trong cng nghip. K c i vi cc thit b RO, tng tui th v gim ti
ln cc thit b RO, ngi ta cng lm mm nc bng trao i ion trc khi a nc
vo lc RO.