O NHIEM KIM LOAI NANG TRONG MOI TRNG

I. GII THIEU
Co 40 nguyen to c xep loai vao nhom kim loai. Nhieu kim loai, nh nhom kiem tho va mot
so vi lng rat can thiet cho s song va cung co nhng chat co o oc hai rat cao. Nhng nguyen
to ban a lng nh calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), sat(Fe), kalium(K) va natrium(Na) la nhng
chat quan trong cho s song nhng chung tr nen oc hai khi vt qua mot nong o nhat nh.
Cac vi lng nh Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se va Zn co trong cau tao cua nhieu loai phan t quan
trong va la cac ong yeu to (cofactor) cua nhng men co mat trong cac qua trnh bien dng.
Nong o cac chat ke tren neu qua cao cung tr nen oc hai. Mot so chat khac nh Pb, Cd va Hg
tac hai en cac mo bat ky nong o nao.
Cac kim loai c dung lam chat oc t rat lau. Ch va bac a c dung vao 2000 nam trc
thien chua giang sinh. Theophratus (380 BC) a e cap en As va Hg. Hippocrates la ngi au
tien e cap en cac cn au bung do tiep xuc vi kim loai. Ch co trong he thong ong dan nc co
lien quan en s suy thoai va sup o cua e quoc La Ma. Bien co ngo oc thuy ngan do an cac
hai san vnh Minamata Nhat Ban la mot moc quan trong giup nhan loai chu y hn ve tac ong
cua cac kim loai tch luy trong moi trng.
Trong viec xac nh cac moi nguy hiem i kem vi cac o nhiem kim loai nang trong moi trng,
viec quan trong nhat la xac nh cho c cac sinh vat nhay cam nhat oi vi kim loai nang.
Thong thng ong vat nhay cam vi kim loai nang hn thc vat, va con ngi nhay cam vi kim
loai nang hn het.
II. NGUON PHAT SINH KIM LOAI NANG
Vo trai at la nguon ln nhat cua kim loai nang. Con ngi khong the tao ra hoac tieu huy c
kim loai nang, chung ch b dch chuyen do cac chu ky a chat va sinh hoc. Cac hoat ong lien
quan en cong nghiep va ky thuat cua con ngi mang kim loai ra ngoai cac quang mo va tao ra
cac dang kim loai mi roi a kim loai nang vao moi trng thong qua viec ot cac a khai.
2.1 Cong nghiep
Kim loai nang gay o nhiem moi trng khong phai ch xuat phat t thien nhien ma con t cac
hoat ong cong nghiep cua con ngi. Viec ot cac san pham a khai phong vao khong kh
khoang 20 kim loai nang oc hai trong o co As, Be, Cd, Pb va Ni. Cac san pham cong nghiep va
th lieu cong nghiep co the cha nong o kim loai nang cao. Chang han, thuy ngan c dung
trong cong nghiep san xuat ra Cl va sut (NaOH) trong cong nghiep san xuat bot giay, san xuat
pin, cac bong en huynh quang, cong tac ien, sn, cac san pham nong nghiep, san pham dung
cho rang va dc pham.

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Ch dang tetraethyl co trong xang va cac nguyen lieu ot dung trong cong nghiep la mot nguon
gay nhiem quan trong.
Khi khai quang kem va ch se sinh ra pho san la cadmium gay o nhiem moi trng quan trong. Cd
dung nhieu trong cong nghiep san xuat sn, sac to, pin va nha. Cd cung dung cho cac san pham
chong an mon thep, sat, ong, ong thau va cac hp kim khac.
2.2 Cac san pham nong nghiep
Cac kim loai nang co mat trong phan bon bao gom Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni va Zn. Nguon As chu
yeu la t cac thuoc BVTV. Arsenat ch la mot chat thng co trong nc thai cong nghiep va
cung la mot chat dung trong BVTV.
2.3 Thc pham va cac phu gia thc pham
oi vi ngi, con ng hap thu kim loai nang nhieu nhat la thong qua cac loai thc pham va
cac phu gia thc pham. S hap thu kim loai nang thng thong qua hai cach: cach th nhat la do
s nuot tnh c cac thc pham hoac vat chat co cha kim loai nang. Chang han tre em thng
hay nuot phai cac thoi sn cha ch. Trong cac thoi sn, lng cha kim loai nang thng t 50
en 100g tren 1 cm2. Nuot mot vai thoi sn moi ngay la lng ch a qua mc cho phep hap thu
hang ngay (Acceptable Daily Intake).
Thi e quoc La Ma (509 - 476 AD), nc c dan en cac gia nh quy toc bang ong ch, do
vay ho tieu thu mot lng ch rat ln. Ngoai ra nhieu vat cha ng thc an cung cha ch. Do
vay ho hap thu mot lng ch ln va dan en cac benh tat than kinh kinh nien. Cach th hai la t
s tch luy tang boi sinh hoc qua chuoi thc pham. Mot v du ien hnh la s tch luy thuy ngan
methyl trong ca vnh Minamata Nhat ban. Ngi ta cung tm thay Cd trong tht, ca va trai cay.
Chat bun cong va bun t nha may x ly nc thai ngoai lng N, P va S cung cha cac kim loai
nang nh Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni va Zn thng c em dung lam phan trong san xuat nong
nghiep. Kim loai nang t ra troi trong ieu kien at khong b chua hoa nhng chung van c
cay hut vao roi i vao chuoi thc pham.
III. CAC YEU TO MOI TRNG ANH HNG EN OC TNH KIM LOAI NANG
Co nhieu yeu to anh hng en s bien dng va tac ong cua kim loai nang. Cac yeu to nay bao
gom tnh chat ac thu cua sinh vat tiep xuc vi kim loai nang. Cac tnh chat nay gom: tuoi, khau
phan, tng tranh mien dch, tnh phai va giong loai. oc tnh cua kim loai nang cung b bien oi
khi sinh vat tiep xuc cung luc hoac trc o vi nhng ieu kien phi sinh vat nh anh sang, am
o, toc o gio, lng ma, o phong xa va s thay oi nhiet o.

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3.1 Nhiet o
S thay oi cua nhiet o moi trng ben ngoai anh hng en s bien dng cua cac vat chat phi
sinh hoc ong vat mau nong lan mau lanh. Co hai loai tac ong cua nhiet o: s gia tang tnh
oc co the dien ra khi co s tang hoac giam nhiet o. Thong thng khi nhiet o nc bien gia
tang th o oc cua kim loai nang len cac sinh vat vo song tang theo (co mot so ngoai le). Tuy
nhien khong the suy luan ra moi quan he ac trng gia oc tnh cua kim loai nang va cac loai ca
nc bien hoac nc ngot. Chang han neu ca hoi tiep xuc vi nitrate bac th oc tnh thay oi
theo nhiet o, nhng khi ca nay tiep xuc vi ong th oc tnh lai t le nghch vi nhiet o. Tng
t, oc tnh cua Cd oi vi loai ca khac ca hoi ty le nghch vi nhiet o, trong khi o oi vi ca
Oryzias latipes th ngc lai. cac ong vat ang nhiet, cac loai hu song tren can, anh hng
cua nhiet o b bien oi do s tac ong cua cac hormones, trong khi o cac ong vat vo song
tren can va thc vat th co s gia tang ong hoa nhiet o cao
3.2 Anh sang
Tnh chat thay oi gia ngay va em cua bien dng tuy thuoc vao chu ky sang hn la cng o
sang. Cac loai men lien quan en s giai oc co mot nhp ieu ngay em trong o hoat tnh manh
nhat xay ra vao mot thi khoang nao o trong chu ky song. Hoat tnh manh nhat cua cytochrom
P450 trong cac phan ng giai oc, dien ra vao thi ky au cua pha toi.
S bien oi t le sang toi cung anh hng sau sac en bien dng kim loai mot so sinh vat nh
bon isopod Oniscus asellus. Bon nay bien thai ieu kien sang 18 gi va toi 8 gi nhng se
ngng bien thai neu t le sang/toi ke tren ao ngc lai.
3.3 pH
pH la mot yeu to phi sinh vat quan trong qui nh tnh de s dung cua kim loai cho thc vat. S
phan huy cua xac ba hu c lam giam pH at do s phong thch cac acid hu c. S giam pH lam
tang tnh di ong cua cac loai muoi kim loai nang trong at. Ma acid thuc ay s di ong cua
kim loai oc va khong oc trong nc va at va cung co the thuc ay s bien oi mot so kim loai
nang sang cac the oc hai hn
3.4 S thch ng, s tiep xuc thay oi va s tron lan:
Cac so lieu ve o oc cap tnh (ch khong phai la cac nghien cu ve o oc kinh nien trong
phong th nghiem) cho thay co s thch ng vi oc tnh cua cac kim loai nang. Trac nghiem tnh
oc vi ca hoi (Salmo gairdneri) cho thay la neu tiep xuc trc vi ong trong vong 21 ngay th
se co s quan he chat che gia s tiep xuc trc vi ong va LC50 cap tnh. Ca hoi Salmon
gairdneri khi b tiep xuc trc vi kim loai nang oc hai se co c tnh khang tam thi vi phan
ln kim loai va se mat i tnh khang nay neu c cho vao mot moi trng trong sach. Hon hp
cac kim loai nang thng lam gia tang tnh oc. Co mot t trng hp khi cho mot kim loai nang
vao se lam giam tnh oc cua loai khac. Chang han bac lam giam tac dung cua Cd oi vi vo
trng ca bn.

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IV. CAC KIM LOAI NANG OC HAI TRONG KH QUYEN

Kh quyen la mot thc the bien oi bao gom bon vung: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere va
thermosphere. Bon vung nay c phan cat bi ba vung nghch ao nhiet goi la tropopause,
stratopause va mesopause. Vung gan mat at la troposhere va la vung co s di chuyen cua kim
loai nang nhieu nhat. Nhiet o va gio co anh hng en toc o di chuyen va lng cua kim loai
nang , cac vat chat l lng, aerosol va hi nc. S thay oi nhiet o khong kh lam tang s thang
ong. trong tang tropo, nhiet o khong kh giam khi cao o tang nhng oi khi cung xay ra
nghch ao nhiet gay ra s di chuyen luong kh theo chieu ngang va tang s hoa tron. Trng hp
no lo nguyen t Chernobyl nam 1986, kim loai nang a di chuyen rat xa theo hai hng va phu
trum xuong toan bo Chau Au trong vong hai tuan. Nui la a nhieu kim loai nang vao trong
thien nhien nhat. Antimony(Sb), As, Cd, Pb va Se c phun vao khong kh va nhieu kim loai
nang khac theo dung nham chay ra at. Gio thng cuon kim loai nang t vung rng b chay va
cac nguon khac phat xuat t hoat ong cua con ngi i cac ni khac.
Nguon nhan tao cua kim loai nang gom: (1) cac khu vc cong nghiep va ong c ot cac nhien
lieu a khai nh than, dau va kh thien nhien, (2) nha may che tao va uc kim loai, (3) mo va lo
nung chay kim loai nang, (4) may thieu rac va ni san xuat xi mang. Nong o kim loai nang trong
khong kh vung thon que va vung xa xoi rat thap, ch co nguon t t nhien ma thoi.
ot than va dau sinh ra As, bismuth (Bi), Cd, Pb, Cu, Mn, Hg, Ni, Se va Zn vao trong bau kh
quyen. bau kh quyen o th con tm thay ca antimony(Sb) va indium (In).
Cac kim loai trong khong kh cuoi cung cung lang tu xuong at dang kho hoac theo nc ma
hoac tuyet va gay oc cho cac vung sinh thai can va nc.
V. KIM LOAI NANG TRONG NC VA BUN
Kim loai nang co mat trong nc the hoa tan hoac lang tu trong bun ay(ni cha chu yeu cua
kim loai nang). khu vc ca song, kim loai nang t khong kh va trong nc tch tu lai, dien ra
cac phan ng hoa ly phc tap trc khi o ra bien.
Ma acid, ra troi, chay tran, xoi mon at va phan ra cac khoang vat lam tang nong o cua kim
loai nang trong vc nc t nhien. Nguon goc kim loai nang do con ngi tao ra gom: khai thac
mo, nau kim loai, ra troi t cac ni thai rac, nc chay tran vung o th, nc thai va nc chay
tran trong nong nghiep.
Nc song co nong o kim loai nang cao hn bien v no nhan trc tiep cac nguon thai tap trung
va phan tan. Nong o kim loai nang trong song thay oi tuy theo dan so hai ben b va theo mua
nc. Nong o kim loai nang thay oi ty le nghch vi toc o nc chay va khoang cach tnh t
nguon thai.
Tren bien, nguon tch luy quan trong nhat la t khong kh (nhat la oi vi ch, khoang 90% tong
so). Nong o cua kim loai nang trong bun ay bien thay oi tuy theo v tr a ly. Nc bien vung

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ven b gan vi cac nguon thai nen co nong o kim loai nang cao nhat. Trong trac dien bun ay,
kim loai nang phan bo nhieu nhat lp tren cung tiep xuc vi nc va giam dan theo chieu sau.
S phan bo nay co the b thay oi do nhng s xao tron bi hoat ong cua sinh vat ay hoac ong
at ay bien.
S o nhiem kim loai nang cac vc nc a c biet en t rat lau, chang han nh s tch luy kim
loai nang x Wales nc Anh a c ghi nhan t au the ky 19, qua au the ky 20 mot so
vc nc ch hien dien cac cong ong vo song, trong nc khong con ca na. S kien noi bat lam
the gii chu y en la o nhiem Hg gay chet ngi Minamata Nhat ban va Cd gay benh Itai Itai
cung xay ra Nhat ban.
Anh hng cua kim loai nang tren cac sinh vat nc rat kho xac nh v no le thuoc vao nhieu
ac tnh ly hoa va van toc cua dong chay. Ngoai ra ac iem va kch thc cua cac the hat ma
kim loai gan vao cung anh hng en tnh oc cua kim loai nang. Muon i vao c the sinh vat,
kim loai nang phai the an c hoac hoa tan trong nc. S chelat hoa cua kim loai nang vi
phan t chat hu c co the bien oi phan ng hoa hoc va thay oi tnh tham qua mang va do o
thay oi mc hap thu kim loai nang cua sinh vat.
Anh hng cua kim loai nang len sinh vat trong moi trng nc rat thay oi t giam sinh trng
cho en chet. Thong thng thuy sinh vat con non de b anh hng bi kim loai nang hn la sinh
vat ln, tuy nhien cung co ngoai le nh trng cua mot vai loai ca nc ngot khong nhay cam vi
kim loai nang va au trung cua con trung thng chong chu kim loai nang manh hn con trng
thanh.
VI. KIM LOAI NANG TRONG MOI TRNG CAN
Nhieu kim loai nang san co trong vo trai at c phong thch ra at theo cac qua trnh phong hoa
nhng nguon kim loai nang ln nhat van la t cac nui la. Nguon kim loai nang do con ngi tao
ra gom ot nhien lieu a khai, che tao kim loai, uc kim loai, hoa thieu rac va san xuat xi mang.
Kim loai nang c a vao at thong qua cac loai phan bon, thuoc sat trung va trong cac chat
thai c a vao lam phan bon trong nong nghiep.
Cac kim loai nang chu yeu tm thay trong at la: As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Se. Ke en la antimony,
bismuth, indium, tellurium va thallium. Nhng mc kim loai nang cao hn mc ghi Bang 4 co
the tm thay c at mo hoac at nong nghiep dung nhieu thuoc tr dch hai va bun t nha
may x ly nc thai.
gan cac nha may luyen kim, nong o antimony va Cd cao. gan nha may che tao kim loai
hoac cac vung at nong nghiep dung thuoc cha As th nong o As cao, oi khi en 600 g/g.
Nguon ch gom co: ni che tao cac san pham kim loai, ch t tetraetyl ch cua xang trong xe,
trong sn va t lo luyen kim. Nong o ch trong at co khi len en 10%. Thuy ngan trong at bat
nguon t cac mo, t san xuat dichlorine va sut cung nh t cac thuy ngan dung trong nong nghiep.

Bang 1

Mc kim loai at mat

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Kim loai

Mc bien thien (g. g -1)

Trung bnh (g. g -1)

0.05 260
<0.1 97
0.13 10
0.1 - 1.0
0.7 - 3.0
1 888
0.005 - 1.11
0.005 230
0.5 37
0.03 - 5.0

0.9
11.3
0.2
0.62
1.0
29.2
0.098
0.4
0.4

Sb
As
Bi
Cd
In
Pb
Hg
Se
Te
Tl

Bang 2 Mc o hap thu tng oi cua cay oi vi mot so kim loai

Cay
au
Bap cai
Xa lach
au
Radish
Spinach
Ca chua
Turnip
Bap
Lua mach
Lua
Lua m
Nho
S ri
ao
Le

Thach tn
(As)
Thap
Cao

Thap
Trung bnh
Thap
Cao
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Cao
Thap
Cao
Cao
Trung bnh
Thap
Cao

Cadmium
Thap trung bnh
Trung bnh - thap
Cao
Trung bnh - thap
Thap trung bnh
Cao
Trung bnh
Cao
Trung bnh
Thap
Thap
Thap

Ch

Thap
Cao

Thuy ngan

Cao - Trung
bnh

Thap
Cao

Cao
Thap
Thap
Thap

Thc vat hap thu kim loai nang do bo re hut hoac qua la nhng qua re la pho bien hn ca. Kim
loai nang c hut vao re theo khuynh o nong o xuyen qua mang te bao. Trong cay, kim loai
nang c van chuyen theo mo moc i en cac bo phan cua cay. Tnh chuyen v cua kim loai
nang thay oi tuy theo tng cay nhng thong thng th cao nhat re va thap nhat hat.

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Kim loai nang c hap thu qua bieu b la, hap thu manh nhat la kim loai nang the mu
(aerosol). Nong o kim loai nang thay oi trong cac bo phan s dung cua cay. Ch thay oi t
0,001 g/g en 20g/g. Thc vat co o hap thu kim loai nang khac nhau (xem Bang 2). Phan ln
cac loai thc vat khong the ton tai at co nong o kim loai nang qua cao nhng van co ngoai le.
Do quy tac sinh ton, van co mot so thc vat bien oi di truyen e chu ng dan vi nong o kim
loai cao trong at. Cay tao tay rat man cam vi nong o kim loai nang cao trong at va tr nen
bat thu.
S hap thu As cua cay thay oi tuy theo hp chat As, giong cay, loai at va kh hau. Chang han,
rau cai tch luy nhieu As khi trong at cha arsenate ch nhng khong tch luy nhieu at co
arsenic trioxide. at co nhieu ch arsenate th cu cai, cu radi, xa lach tang hap thu As trong khi
o ca rot, brocoli, ca tm va ca to mat khong b anh hng g.
Cd oc cho nhieu loai cay nong o thap va cung nh Zn co the c van chuyen vao trong cay
de dang. Mot so loai cay tch luy sinh hoc Cd va Zn en mc cao hn nong o trong at, t le ham
lng cay/at co khi en 10 lan trong khi trng hp bnh thng oi vi Zn la 0,6, Cu va Pb la
0,4. S hap thu Cd au nanh va lua m ln hn ca, thap nhat la bap, lua va mot so loai au
khac. Phan ln Cd i vao c the con ngi la qua cac loai hat ke tren.
Con ngi co the hap thu trc tiep kim loai nang t thc vat hoac thong qua cac chuoi thc pham
khac. Cac sinh vat vo song trong at nh trun, cuon chieu (millipedes) va isopod kch thch s
phan huy xac ba hu c bang cach lam gia tang be mat phan huy cua vi khuan. Bon centipedes
va nhen la sinh vat an cac isopod song trong at va chuyen kim loai nang t cac sinh vat tieu thu
bac nhat sang cac sinh vat tieu thu bac hai.
So lng va s a dang cua nhieu loai vo song song trong at b suy giam khi at b nhiem kim
loai nang t cong nghiep va t cac thuoc BVTV co cha kim loai nang. Trun at co the b tieu
diet hoan toan trong vn cay va san gon s dung qua nhieu thuoc diet nam cha ong. Thieu
hoat ong tron at cua trun se xay ra s tch luy cac la cha kim loai nang ban phan huy lp
at mat. oi khi cay tr nen nhay hn oi vi cac con trung an la la do s sut giam dan so va tnh
a dang cua cac vi sinh vat va bon vo song song trong at.
As hien dien kha nhieu trong t nhien va i vao c the ong vat, qua nc va thc pham,. Tuy As
gay benh nghe nghiep trong nganh san xuat nong dc (sat trung, diet nam, diet co), cha thay
co sinh vat tren can nao b nhiem oc do o nhiem As. Nai hoac cac gia suc neu hap thu khoang
70-180 mg As la co the chet ngay(do liem sodium arsenate tren cay co).
Nhieu hp chat As co o oc thap va co tnh chuyen hoa oi vi mot so thc vat. Chat ong
acetoarsenite (Paris green) c dung e tr au trung muoi v no khong oc hai cho cac sinh vat
khac.
Chim ngo oc ch do cac vien an ch gam dnh vao c the. ong vat ngo oc ch gay ra trieu
chng lien quan en he hematopoietic, ng tieu hoa sau o la he than kinh va than.

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Chat methyl mecury dung e x ly hat chong nam moc khi gieo vao at a lam giam dan so
nhieu loai chim an hat. Methyl mercury ngam vao cac san pham nong nghiep va cuoi cung vao
c the con ngi. Nhiem oc Hg Minamata Nhat ban la mot ca lch s. Nam 1972, khoang 459
ngi chet va 6350 ngi b vao benh vien do an banh m lam t bot xay lua m va lua mach
c x ly thuy ngan e dung vao viec gieo trong. Tai nan tng t cho 1000 ngi Iraq cung xay
ra khoang 10 nam sau o.
VII. TAC DUNG OC CUA KIM LOAI NANG
Phan ln cac muoi vo c cua kim loai nang ( Pb, Hg, As va Cd) gay oc than kinh va ton thng
than. Mot so kim loai nang khac the hu c nh alkyl thuy ngan, ch hu c, thiec hu c co oc
tnh rat cao. Ngoai ra kim loai nang con co tnh gay ung th nh As, Cr va Ni.
7.1 C che gay oc tong quat cua mot so kim loai nang
Arsenic
As la chat gay oc te bao. Ion hoa tr ba cua As co ai lc cao oi vi nhom -SH (sulfhydryl). No
chelat hoa vi acid alpha lipoic e tao thanh mot cau truc vong. Alpha lipoic la mot ong yeu to
cua pyruvate dehydrogenase la mot men can cho s san xuat nang lng trong chu trnh Krebs.
Arsenate la mot dang thng gap cua As thng tm thay trong cac he sinh hoc, la mot oxyanion
gia vai tro cua oxyanion phosphate trong te bao. S thay the nay lam gian oan cac phan ng
bien dng can en phosphate. Arsenic thay the phosphate trong tong hp ATP, gay ra s c che
tong hp ATP va lam te bao b thiet hai.
Cadmium
Cd gay hai cho cac he thong than, phoi, xng, dch hoan va than kinh. Tnh oc te bao cua Cd le
thuoc chat che vao s tao ra cac protein co kha nang gan ket cadmium la metallothionein (M). Do
vay, cac te bao bieu b ong than co the cha mot lng ln phc hp Cd-M ma khong co dau
hieu b oc. S phan huy cua phc hp Cd-M ben trong te bao phong thch Cd vao nhng v tr
nhay cam, chang han nh cac men le thuoc vao Zn va lam ton hai en te bao, ac biet la cac te
bao tieu quan trong than.
Ch
Cach ch gay oc ro nhat la c che s tong hp hemoglobin a en benh thieu mau. Hai men ty
the la delta va alpha aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase (ALAD) va ferrochelatase b c che, tao
ra s giam tong hp protoporphyrin va giam gan Fe2+ vao hemoglobine. S giam hemoglobine
kch thch s gia tang hoat ong cua ALA synthetase (ALAS). Do c che ALAD va gia tang hoat
tnh cua ALAS se co s gia tang ALA(delta aminolevulinic acid) trong gan.

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V ch co cau truc ion tng t Ca, no co the c hap thu vao te bao than kinh va ty the tng t
nh Ca. Do o Pb thay the Ca trong cac chc nang te bao va chu trnh bien dng, a en s
giam ATP va lam hong chc nang tong quat cua te bao. S kien nay rat ang quan tam v no anh
hung en dan truyen luong than kinh qua synap. Tac ong c che cua ch len hoat tnh acetyl
choline tren cac mang co the la ket qua cua tac ong c che cua ch len van chuyen Ca vao cac
iem cuoi cua synap.
Cac loai ch hu c:
Th nghiem tetraalkyl ch tren chuot cho thay mot so trieu chng trong bang 3 sau:
Bang 3: Cac dau hieu lam sang sau khi tiep xuc vi Et4Pb hoac Et3Pb
Pha I
Pha II
Pha III
Pha IV

Trang thai l (lethargy)

Bieng an (Inappetance), run ray (Tremor), c ong manh (Hypermotility), kch
ong manh (Hyperexcitability), hung han (Aggression).
Giam than nhiet (hypothermia), co van (Convulsion), c ong khong an khp
(incoordination), mat ieu hoa (ataxia), te liet (paralysis)
Chet

Ham lng ch trong nao # 10g/g luc chuot chet. Cac thay oi benh ly thay c trong nao la
s thoai bien anh hng en te bao than kinh, day cot song (spinal cord), Hanh tuy (medulla
oblongata), cau nao (pons), nao thuy (thalamus), phan vo tieu nao (cerebellar cortex), nao gia
(midbrain), nhan ay (basal nuclei).
Tetraalkyl ch (R4Pb) co oc tnh khong cao cho en khi no b kh alkyl e tr thanh trialkyl ch
(R3Pb) do cac men vi lap the gan. Ngi ta cho rang trialkyl ch gay roi loan van chuyen dong ion
Cl vao trong te bao than kinh, sau o gay ra s kch thch qua mc (hyperexcitation) dan en thiet
hai than kinh. S gia tang kch thch than kinh cung kch thch s bien dng ng glucose cung
vi s tch luy acid pyruvic va lactic von rat oc cho than kinh. Ch hu c cung tng t nh ch
vo c, can tr s bien dng Ca trong te bao va ty the dan en sai lac chc nang te bao va chet.
Thuy ngan
Thuy ngan vo c kho i xuyen qua rao can mau nao, chu yeu gay chet hoai cac tieu quan than.
Hi thuy ngan va cac thuy ngan hu c nh thuy ngan methyl i vao he thong than kinh trung
ng kha de dang bi vay chung la chat oc than kinh. T luc co trng hp ngo oc methyl thuy
ngan Nhat Ban ngi ta a biet c methyl thuy ngan la chat rat oc trong moi trng. Trieu
chng ngo oc Hg Minamata c liet ke bang 4.
C che gay oc tong quat cua methyl thuy ngan(CH3Hg) nh sau: CH3Hg co ai lc cao vi ligand
sulfhydryl(-SH). CH3-Hg tao phc hp vi amino acid cystein giau -SH va ong vai tro vat mang
Hg trong mau e i vao he than kinh trung ng. Rao can mau nao(blood brain barrier=BBB) la

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mot he thong phc tap ieu hoa s hap thu cac chat bien dng t mau va t he than kinh trung
ng. BBB co the b roi loan khi CH3Hg i xuyen qua no. Khi trong te bao than kinh, CH3Hg se
noi vi cac thanh phan giau nhom -SH trong te bao, ac biet la cau truc mang te bao chat (he
vong trong noi chat, trung the, phc he Golgi, va mang nhan). Tat ca cac he thong nay rat can
thiet trong viec tao nang lng va tong hp protein cho te bao. Do o, phc hp CH3 -Hg-Cystein
pha v s tong hp bnh thng cua protein.
Trong te bao co the xay ra s kh methyl cua CH3Hg (demethylation). S cat noi Carbon-thuy
ngan tao ra goc methyl t do oc hai cho te bao do no khi ong va thuc ay s peroxid hoa chat
m. Bi vay, tac ong oc cua methyl thuy ngan co the lam giam i bang cac chat oxi
hoa(antioxidants) nh selenium va Vitamin E. Methyl thuy ngan cung pha v cac vi tieu quan
trong he than kinh cot song do o lam sai lec chc nang te bao.
Bang 4: Tan so cac trieu chng lam sang va trieu chng benh Minamata
Trieu chng
Co hep tam nhn
Roi loan cam giac
Mat ieu hoa
Noi kho khan
Nghe kho khan
i ng kho khan
Run ray
Roi loan tam than
Phan xa gam qua mc
Tiet nc bot qua nhieu
Tang tiet mo hoi
Cng c
Mua giat (Chorea)
Phan xa benh ly (patholigic reflexes)
Mua chn vn (Athetosis)
Co that (Contractures)

Tan so(%)
100
100
94
88
85
82
76
71
38
24
24
21
15
12
9
9

Thiec
Cac hp chat thiec vo c khong qua oc nhng cac hp chat thiec hu c nh thiec trimethyl
(TMT) va thiec triethyl (TET) la nhng chat gay oc than kinh manh me. TMT gay oc he than
kinh ro nhat he ban tnh(limbic system). TMT gay nen s qua kch ong bat nguon t cau tao
hai ma(hippocampal formation). TMT cung lam roi loan bien dng glutamate va he sinh
GABA(gamma-aminobutyric acid).
Mn va Al

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10

Mn va Al eu co tnh oc than kinh, c che tac ong chnh xac van cha ro. Mn c xem nh la
chat gay oc cho he thong sinh dopamine (dopamine la mot chat dan truyen luong than kinh) tao
ra hoi chng nh benh Parkinson va s thoai hoa cac hach goc (basal ganglia). S tao thanh cac
goc t do, ac biet la goc hydroxyl (-OH) co lien he vi c che gay oc.
Nhom lam bien oi s hang nh noi moi (homeostasis), bien dng nang lng va tao ra cac ai
phan t nh RNA. Nhom cung gop phan vao s thoai hoa than kinh lien quan en s suy thoai
cac the si than kinh (neurofibrillary) tng t nh trng hp benh Alzheimer (tuy khong hooan
toan giong).
Tnh gay ung th cua kim loai nang
Hieu biet ve kha nang gay ung th cua kim loai hay con t. Mac du ch co mot vai kim loai co
kha nang gay ung th trc tiep, cang ngay ngi ta cang kham pha ra nhieu hp chat kim loai co
tiem nang gay ung th cho ngi va ong vat. S phan biet rach roi gia c che gay ung th trc
tiep va gian tiep do kim loai nang la mot cong viec kha phc tap. t co thong tin ve vai tro cua
kim loai ve s khi phat, thuc ay cac dien bien cua qua trnh ung th).
Tiem nang gay ung th cua kim loai nang tuy vao cau truc tinh the, kch thc hat va ien tch
am be mat. Tat ca cac yeu to nay anh hng en kha nang hap thu kim loai cua te bao. Mot so
yeu to khac anh hng en tnh gay ung th cua kim loai la: (1) trang thai oxid hoa (v du: Cr(III)
khong gay ung th trong khi Cr(IV) th gay ung th); (2) kha nang kim loai di chuyen xuyen qua
mang te bao (v du: manganese dioxide so vi acetoacetomyl manganese); (3) anh hng cua
kim loai len cau truc va bien dng cua DNA. Cac kim loai khac nh Ni ca Cr trong ieu kien
tiep xuc lau dai co the thay oi cau truc va chc nang cua DNA. Cac loai kim loai khac, mac du
khong gay ung th, chung co the lam gia tang tnh gay ung th.
Tnh gay ung th cua cac hp chat cha kim loai khac nhau a c minh chng nhng c che
that s van cha c biet en. Can phai tien hanh th nghiem ve cac kim loai va nhng hp chat
cha chung e xac nh th nao gay ung th, th nao gay bien dang. Do o khong the voi ket
luan ve kha nang gay ung th cua kim loai bang mot c che n gian nao o.

Bang 5

Cac kim loai nang gay ung th ngi

Kim loai
Cd
Ni, Pb
Ni3 S2
Ni, Cd, Pb
Cu

Kim Loai Doc Hai Trong Moi Truong

Bu
Tinh hoan
U tuyen phoi (lung adenoma)
C
Nhieu loai
Phoi

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11

Bang 6

Cac kim loai co tiem nang thuc ay ung th

Kim loai
Ni3 S2
Zn
Co
Cd
Mg

Kim Loai Doc Hai Trong Moi Truong

Chat gay ung th

Benzo(a)pyrene
4-Nitroquinoline-N-oxide
Methylbenzylnitrosamine
3-Methylcholanthrene
Methylnitrosourea

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