Tnh tan b kh trng

Kh trng (disinfection) khc vi tit trng (sterilizatio

dit hon ton cc vi sinh vt cn qu trnh kh trng

sinh vt. Qu trnh kh trng dng tiu dit cc vi k

bnh thng hn, ph thng hn, l, dch t, si, v

trng bao gm s dng ha cht, s dng cc qu tr

Trong phn ny chng ta ch bn n vic kh trng b

thng s dng cho qu trnh kh trng l chlorine v

ozone, phenol v cc phenolic, cn, kim loi nng v c

bt git, oxy gi, cc loi kim v axt.

So snh hiu qu kh trng ca cc phng php

Phng php

Hiu qu
(%)

Lc th

05

Lc tinh

10 20

B lng ct

10 25

B lng s hoc th cp c hc

25 75

B lng s hoc th cp c thm

40 80

ha cht tr lng
B lc sinh hc nh git

90 95

B bn hot tnh

90 98

Chlorine ha nc thi sau x l

98 99

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal,

Cl2 ha tan rt mnh trong nc (7160 mg/L 20oC v 1 atm

thnh hypochlorous acide
Cl2 + H2O ------> HOCl + H+ + Cl-

Vi hm lng Cl2 thp hn 1000 mg/L v pH > 3 phn

ton.

Hypochlorous acide sau b ion ha thnh hypochlorite ion

HOCL ------> OCl- + H+

HOCl v OCl- c coi l lng chlor t do hu dng

hypochlorite cng c s dng
Ca(OCl)2 Ca2+ + 2OCl-

Hypochlorous acide s tc dng vi ammonia to nn m

nitrogen trichloride
NH4+ + HOCl NH2Cl + H2O + H+
NH2Cl + HOCl NHCl2 + H2O
NHCl2 + HOCl NCl3 + H2O
Vic sinh ra cc sn phm trn ty thuc vo pH, nhit

gia chlorine v ammonia (Cl2 : NH4+ - N). Trong khong pH

: 1 tt c chlorine t do hu dng s chuyn thnh monochl

nu t l Cl2 : NH4+ - N ln hn 5 : 1 th s c mt t dichloram

Khi cho chlorine vo nc thi c cha cc cht kh (H2

amine hu c ng biu din d lng chlorine sau cc

hnh

D lng chlorine trong qu trnh s dng chlorine

u tin khi cho chlorine vo nc thi n s phn ng ht

chlorine tha (a - b):
H2S + Cl2 2HCl + S
Chlorine cn tc dng vi phenol to nn mono-, di- ho
nc. N cn tc dng vi mn trong nc to thnh

chloroform CHCl3 l cht gy ung th.

Cho ti liu lng b n tha mn nhu cu v chlor i v

cho thm chlor vo n s to nn chloramine, chloramine t

hp cht chlor hu dng. Khi tt c ammonia v cc amine
ht vi chlorine (c) vic tip tc cho thm chlorine vo
chloramine qu trnh ny s lm gim d lng chlor (c

gim d lng chlorine l kt qu ca qu trnh kh cc ngu

thp nht (chloride). Sau khi kt thc qu trnh oxy ha

chlor vo nc thi th s to nn d lng chlor t do h

im d s i ln. im d c coi nh l "im dng" ca

xc nh liu lng chlorine cn s dng cho qu trnh x l

(cn thit phi c d lng chlor t do hu dng bo

nhin vic p dng im dng xc nh liu lng chlori

c ng dng.

n gin ha vn trong vic x l nc thi sinh ho

cht chlor hu dng sau 15 pht tip xc gia nc thi
mg/L th liu lng chlorine s dng l v ngi ta gi
hon thnh cng on x l nc thi bng chlorine n
phi qua ng chm l, hoc sut chiu ngang ca b trn)

my khuy vn tc cao, thi gian lu tn ca nc thi v

khng ngn hn 30 giy. Sau nc thi trn ln vi d

qua b tip xc c chia thnh nhng knh di v hp theo

Thi gian tip xc gia chlorine v nc thi t 15 45 ph

ti nh. B tip xc chlorine thng c thit k theo ki

di : rng t 10 : 1 n 40 : 1. Vn tc ti thiu ca nc th
lng bn trong b.

mt

Tng chiu di ca knh c th tnh bng cng thc

L: tng chiu di ca knh

V/Q: thi gian lu tn theo l thuyt (t), hay thi gian tip x
W: chiu rng knh

D: chiu su mc nc trong knh

Qmax: lu lng nc thi ti nh

Ngi ta thng s dng thi gian tip xc l 15 pht chiu

su ca nc trong knh l 1,33 m.

d dng loi b cc cn lng, b tip xc nn c lp

y.

So snh c im ca mt s ha cht s dng cho qu

c

dim

im

Chlorine Sodium

Calcium

hypochloride hypochloride

mong
mun
t
c
c

tnh

tnh

cao

vi vi

nng

sinh

cao

vt

Cao

Cao

Cao

Phi

ha

ha

tan

tan

Thp

Cao

Cao

trong
nc
hoc
m

t gim Bn

Hi khng n Tng i

bn

tnh

nh

bn

dit
khun
theo
thi
gian
Khng c

Rt c

i vi vi sv

vsv,

vi sv khng

bc cao

bc

c vi

cao

ngi
v
ng
vt

Tnh

ng

ng

ng nht

ng nht

nht

nht
trong
dung
dch
Tc

Ch tc Oxy ha Cht oxy ha

Cht oxy ha

dng

dng

mnh

vi c vi vi
cht

khun

khc

khng
tc
dng

cht hu mnh
c

vi
cht
hu c
c

Gi

Cao

Cao

Cao

n Khng

n mn

n mn

n mn

mn

mnh

tnh c
cc

nhit

khong

khc

bin

nhau

thin
ca
nhit
mi
trng

n
mn
kim

loi
Kh

C kh Cao

nng

nng

kh

kh

mi

mi khi

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

kh
trng
.

Nh ni trn cc ha cht thng s dng trong q

Ca(ClO)2, NaOCl. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh l k

cht ny, qu trnh khuy trn ban u, c tnh cu n
thi v cht kh trng, c im ca cc vi sinh vt.
Cc liu lng chlorine thng dng cho cc mc ch
trong qu trnh x l nc thi
Mc ch s dng

Liu lng mg/L

Ngn qu trnh n mn do H2S

29a

Kh mi hi

29a

Khng ch qu trnh pht trin ca cc 1 10

mng bn vi sinh vt
Kh BOD

0,5 2 b

Khng ch rui b lc sinh hc

0,1 0,5

Loi du, m

2 10

Kh trng nc thi cha qua x l

6 25

Kh trng nc thi qua x l cp I 5 20

Kh trng nc thi sau kt ta ha

26

hc
Kh trng nc thi qua x l

3 15

bng b lc sinh hc
Kh trng nc thi qua x l

28

bng b bn hot tnh

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal,

Ghi ch: a: trn mg/L H2S b: cho 1 mg/L BOD kh i