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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.P.S.-8
vkLVsfy;k esa ljdkj vkSj jktuhfr
(Government and Politics in Australia)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

Hkkx1

iz'u 1- vkWLVsfy;k dh cgqlkaLfrd izfr dh foospuk dhft,A

mkjvkizoklu lq/kj us vkWLVsfy;k dh 'osr vkizoklu uhfr dks cny fn;kA mnkjhdj.k osQ dkj.k xSj&;wjksih; yksxksa dk vkuk
'kq: gks x;kA 1948 esa phuh kfUr osQ ckn vk, 'kj.kkFk;ksa dks fuoklh dk ntkZ fn;k x;kA 1973 osQ ckn ls vkizoklu uhfr dk
vk/kj cgqlaLfrokn cu x;kA vkWLVsfy;k osQ vkizoklu ea=kh vyxzSuch us 1940&50 vkSj 60 osQ n'kd esa ykxw lfEeyu vkSj
,dhdj.k dh uhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk dhA 1973 esa fOgVyke ljdkj us vkWLVsfy;k dks cgqlkaLfrd ns'k ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA 1975 esa
tkrh; jsfM;ks dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA mlosQ ckn izsQtj ljdkj us vkWLVsfy;k dh cgqlkaLfrd Nfo dks fu[kkjus dk iz;kl fd;kA
1978 esa Lis'ky czkMdkfLVax lol dh 'kq#vkr dh x;hA tkrh; izsl osQ v[kckj vkSj if=kdk, vYila[;dksa dh leL;kvksa
dks mtkxj djrh gSaA cqfthfo;ksa us tkrh; vf/dkjksa dk izfriknu fd;k ftlosQ dkj.k 1972 osQ la?kh; pqukoksa esa vYila[;dksa ls
lEcfU/r eqs Nk, jgsA
cgqlkaLfrdokn vkSj bldk vkWLVsfy;kbZ Lo:i cgqlaLfrokn ls rkRi;Z uhfr;ksa osQ ek;e ls tkrh; vkSj lkaLfrd
fofo/rkvksa osQ izca/u ls gS ftlosQ rgr vYila[;dksa dh jk"V dh ,drk esa Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr dh tkrh gSA cgqlakLfrd lektksa
esa ukxfjd lekt osQ ewY;ksa dks egkk feyrh gSA tkrh; <kps dks lEeku fn;k tkrk gSA vkWLVsfy;k esa lafo/ku] O;fDrxr vf/dkj]
lekurk bR;kfn ,drk iznku djus okys ewY; gSaA cgqlaLfrokn dk egRo vkt fo'oO;kih gks x;k gSA cgqlaLfrokn osQ vFkZ
lkaLfrd vkSj tkrh; fofo/rk osQ izca/u ls lEcfUkr gaSA vkWLVsfy;k esa 'kq: ls gh cgqlkaLfrd fof'kf"Vrk, ekStwn jgh gSaA
xSj&fczfV'k ;wjksih; vkizokfl;ksa us vkWLVsfy;kbZ fofo/rk dks u;k vk;ke fn;k ftls xSj ;wjksih; vkizokfl;ksa us vkSj Hkh le` fd;kA
cgqlkaLfrdokn dh uhfr osQ fodkl osQ nks pj.k1982 esa ljdkjh izdk'ku us lHkh osQ fy, cgqlaLfrokn 'kh"kZd ls
,d nLrkost izdkf'kr fd;kA 1987 esa cgqlkaLfrd ekeyksa dk dk;kZy; Hkh [kksyk x;kA blus Hkk"kk;h rFkk /ked fHkUurkvksa dks
izeq[krk nhA ,d fofHkUurkvksa dks lek;ksftr djus dh uhfr viukbZ xbZA /hjs&/hjs xSj&fczfV'k vkizoklh Hkh ;gk fey&tqy x,A
mUgksaus LFkkuh; ljdkjksa ij viuk izHkko NksM+uk vkjaHk dj fn;kA
yscj ikVhZ us xSj&fczfV'k etnwjksa osQ chp viuk izHkko c<+kuk vkjaHk fd;kA vaxzsth cksyus okys bu vkizokfl;ksa us ,aXyks&vkWLVsfy;kbZ
opZLo dks pqukSrh nsuk vkjaHk dj fn;kA bUgksaus ,dhdj.k dk fojks/ fd;kA 1970 osQ n'kd esa cgqlaLfrokn osQ fopkj us xSj&fczfV'k
lewgksa osQ laxBuksa dks izksRlkfgr fd;kA bu lewgksa dks /u lkoZtfud dks"k ls feyrk FkkA izkS<+&vkizoklh f'k{kk rFkk VsfyiQksu&nqHkkf"k;k
O;oLFkk dks ykxw fd;k x;kA nwljs pj.k esa xSj&fczfV'k vkWLVsfy;kb;ksa osQ eqksa dh rjiQ ;ku fn;k x;kA ukSdj'kkgh dk fojks/ rFkk
ljdkjh dkedkt osQ rjhdksa dks cnyk x;kA 1989 esa lkekftd U;k; osQ eqs dks izeq[krk feyhA
cgqlaLfrokn osQ rhu vk;ke gaSlkaLfrd igpku ftlesa lHkh vkWLVsfy;kb;ksa dks Hkk"kk] /eZ dh vfHkO;fDr dk vf/dkj fn;k
x;kA nwljk lkekftd U;k; gSHksnHkko dh lekfIr rFkk lekurk dks egRo fn;k x;kA rhljk vkFkd n{krk gS] ftlesa fcuk fdlh
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HksnHkko osQ {kerk dks fodflr djus osQ leku volj fn;s x;s gSaA bu vk;keksa dks fofHkUu ,tsafl;ksa dh uhfr;ksa esa 'kkfey dj fy;k
x;k gS] ijUrq Hkk"kk] lsok] f'k{kk] vkokl] rFkk LFkkuh; iz'kklu esa vkFkd n{krk fodflr djus dh vko';drk gSA
jk"VoqQy dh vkizoklu dh 'kfDr;ksa osQ dk;Z gSauokxarqdksa dks lwpuk miyC/ djkuk] cPpksa osQ fy, vaxzsth dk izf'k{k.k]
nqHkkf"k;k lsok rFkk vkizoklu dY;k.kA vaxzsth i<+us dks cgqlaLfrokn esa egRo fn;k x;k gSA bl ij dkiQh ku [kpZ fd;k tkrk
gSA lqyHkrk vkSj len`f"V vkWLVsfy;kbZ cgqlkaLfrdrk dk ,d izeq[k igyw gSA blosQ ek;e ls ekStwnk dk;Zeksa esa la'kks/u dh
fliQkfj'k dh xbZA 1986 esa cgqlkaLfrd ekeyksa osQ foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA cgqlkaLfrd ekeyksa dk foHkkx lqyHkrk vkSj
len`f"V osQ dk;kZUo;u dh tkp djrk gSA vc xSj&vaxzsth Hkk"kh yksxksa ls Hkkxhnkjh dh vis{kk dh tk jgh gSA vkWLVsfy;k esa lkoZtfud
ekeyksa esa vYila[;dksa dh Hkkxhnkjh esa o`f gks jgh gSA blosQ vfrfjDr lkoZtfud {ks=k esa fofHkUu laxBuksa dk Hkh izHkko c<+ jgk
gSA uLyh HksnHkkoksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, ^ekuo vf/dkj vk;ksx*] ^leku volj vk;ksx* vkSj ^uLyh HksnHkko vk;ksx* xfBr fd, x,
gSaA
tkrh; lewgksa osQ ikjLifjd lEcU/lkaLfrdrk osQ v;;u osQ fy, tkrh; lewgksa osQ vkilh lEidks dks le>uk Hkh
vko';d gSA ;g lEidZ Hkk"kk] /eZ igpku vkSj vfLerk osQ {ks=k esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA
(i) Hkk"kklHkh tkfr lewgksa dh viuh fof'k"V laLfr rFkk Hkk"kk gksrh gSA tkrh; lewgksa osQ ekud gSao'kat] uLy] tUe LFkku]
vfLerk cks/] igpku rFkk lkaLfrd xfrfof/;kA 1991 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj 42-7 vkWLVsfy;kbZ fons'k esa iSnk gq, FksA 174 vkWLVsfy;kbZ ?kj esa vaxzsth ugha cksyrsA vkfnokfl;ksa dh la[;k 1-6 gSA Hkk"kk] /eZ vkSj jgu&lgu tkrh; fofo/rk osQ fofHkUu
igyw gSaA 17 vkWLVsfy;kbZ nwljh Hkk"kk (vaxzsth dks NksM+dj) cksyrs gSaA
(ii) /eZvkizoklu osQ nkSjku fofHkUu /eks dks ekuus okys yksx vkWLVsfy;k vk;sA buesa fgUnw] ckS] ;gwnh rFkk eqlyeku 'kkfey
FksA vaxzsth egoiw.kZ Hkk"kk gS rFkk vU; Hkk"kk, lg;ksxh dh Hkwfedk esa gSaA ysfdu /eZ laLfr dk og igyw gS tgk lg;ksxh tSlk
oqQN ugha gksrk gSA LeksfyDt osQ vuqlkj cgqr ls vkWLVsfy;kbZ f}Hkk"kh gks jgs gSaA ysfdu /eZ cgqlkaLfrd gh gks ldrk gSA ikoZrh
[kku] osQu jke izlkn rFkk iSVhf'k;k eqgEen tSls uke cgqlkaLfrdokn dks yf{kr djrs gSaA vkWLVsfy;k esa vc keZ dksbZ eqk ugha
jg x;k gSA
(iii) igpkuigpku dk cks/ cgqlaLfrokn dk vge igyw gSA vfLerk cks/ ls vk'k; yksxksa dk vius lewg ls cUku rFkk
vis{kkvksa ls gSA cgqlkaLfrd lektksa esa tux.kuk vfLerk osQ vk/kj ij gksrh gSA vkWLVsfy;k esa nLrkostksa ls lewg dh igpku ugha
gksrhA vkfnokfl;ksa dh igpku uLyh vk/kj ij gksrh gSA 1986 dh tux.kuk esa igpku osQ fy, o'katrk egoiw.kZ FkhA vYila[;d
lewgksa osQ yksx viuh laLfr ;k tkrh;rk dh iwjh vfHkO;fDr ugha dj ikrs gSaA dbZ yksx lk/uksa osQ vHkko esa viuh tkrh; vfLerk
dks fodflr ugha dj ikrs blfy, vkWLVsfy;kbZ LowQy] dkWystksa esa vYila[;dksa dh Hkk"kkvksa rFkk fo"k;ksa dks 'kkfey djus ij tksj
fn;k tk jgk gSA bu iz;klksa osQ lUnHkZ esa ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd lkaLfrd fofo/rk vkWLVsfy;kbZ igpku dks etcwrh nsxhA
LeksfyDt osQ vuqlkj vkWLVsfy;kbZ izkkuea=kh ^eYdkWe* us bl rjg osQ iz;kl fd, FksA bl izdkj vkWLVsfy;k ,d cgqlkaLfrd
ns'k ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA fofHkUu tkrh; igpkuksa osQ ckotwn vkWLVsfy;k dk izR;sd fuoklh vkWLVsfy;kbZ gSA O;fDr pkgs fdlh Hkh ns'k
dk gks rFkk oSQlh Hkh 'kkjhfjd cukoV dk] bl ns'k esa jgus osQ dkj.k og osQoy ,d vkWLVsfy;kbZ gSA
cgqlkaLfrdokn dk i{k vkSj foi{kvkWLVsfy;k esa lHkh nyksa us cgqlaLfrokn dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA ijUrq bl ij cgl
Hkh gqbZ gSA oqQN yksx cgqlaLfrokn dks vYila[;dksa osQ izfr fj;k;r ekurs gSaA os bls lekt osQ fy, [krjk ekurs gSaA fOgVye osQ
'kkludky esa ^leku volj* ljdkj dh izeq[k uhfr jgh gS blfy, Hkk"kk vkSj laLfr osQ laj{k.k dh ftEesnkjh futh laLFkkuksa us
ys yh gSA lkekftd U;k; izkjaHk ls gh vkWLVsfy;k esa jgk gSA vkt vkWLVsfy;k dh milaLfr;ksa esa tkrh;rk dksbZ eqk ugha jg x;k
gSA lkaLfrd fofokrkvksa rFkk 'kgjh thou dks c<+kok feyk gSA vkWLVsfy;k esa cgqlkaLfrdokn dk vk/kj xSj&vkaXyoknh lewg jgk
gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd cgqlaLfrokn dk ljksdkj fliQZ vkizokfl;ksa ls gSA oqQN yksxksa osQ fy, cgqlaLfrokn ,d vLFkk;h pht
gSA
vkWLVsfy;k dh oqQy vkcknh esa 18 yksx nwljh ih<+h osQ gSaA vUrtkZrh; fookgksa osQ dkj.k blesa vkSj c<+ksrjh gksxhA blosQ
vfrfjDr 82 yksx viuh lkaLfrd rFkk tkrh; igpku dks cuk;s gq, gSaA xSj&;wjksih; yksxksa osQ vkxeu us cgqlaLfrokn dks ,d
u;k vk;ke iznku fd;k gSA ;s yksx ,f'k;kbZ vkizoklh gSaA ljdkjh fjiksVks esa tkrh; laosnu'khyrk ij cy fn;k x;k gSA
gst osQ vuqlkj cgqlaLfrokn lajpukvksa dk la?k"kZ {ks=k gSA os vkxs dgrs gSa fd cgqlaLfrokn vaxzsth&osQfUnzr j.kuhfr gSA
cgqlaLfrokn dks egRo 1970 osQ n'kd esa feykA 1980 ls 1990 osQ n'kdksa esa vkWLVsfy;k voljksa osQ ns'k ls Lora=k jk"V esa cny
x;kA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd vkWLVsfy;k us vesfjdk rFkk fczVsu osQ vykok ,f'k;kbZ cktkjksa esa Hkh dne j[kkA
fch osQ vuqlkj fdlh Hkh ns'k dks cgqlkaLfrokn dh vko';drk rc iM+rh gS] tc og cgqlkaLfrd ugha gksrkA vkaXyHkkf"k;ksa

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}kjk cgqlkaLfrdokn dks ^lkaLfrd le`f* osQ :i esa le>k tkrk gSA cgqlaLfrokn osQ leFkZd bls ruko de djus esa ennxkj
ekurs gSaA bu ckrksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd cgqlaLfrokn dk jkLrk ljy ugha gSA bls ewrZ:i iz/kuea=kh ikWy iQhafVax us fn;k FkkA nwljh
ih<+h osQ nks frgkbZ yksx vius tkrh; lewgksa ls ckgj fookg dj jgs FksA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd oqQN fnuksa osQ ckn vkWLVsfy;k ,d
fefJr tkfr ns'k gks tk;sxk blfy, ;g ekuus esa dksbZ vkifk ugha gS fd Hkfo"; esa vkWLVsfy;k cgqlkaLfrokn dk mR"V uewuk gksxkA
iz'u 2- vkWLVsfy;k osQ lafokku dh izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjfyf[kr ,oa fufeZr lafokkuvesfjdk dh rjg vkWLVsfy;k dk lafokku fyf[kr gSA vkWLVsfy;k osQ lafokku osQ fuekZ.k
dk lHkh mifuos'kksa dh turk us vuqeksnu fd;k FkkA bls fczfV'k laln us ,d vfkfu;e osQ :i esa ikfjr fd;k rFkk fczVsu dh
egkjkuh foDVksfj;k us bls Lohfr nhA lafokku 1 tuojh] 1901 dks ykxw gqvkA vkWLVsfy;k lafokku osQ ckn Hkh fczfV'k lkezkT; dk
vax cuk jgkA vkWLVsfy;k ml izdkj Lora=k ugha gqvko Fkk ftl izdkj Hkkjr gqvk FkkA vkWLVsfy;kbZ lafokku dks dkeuoSYFk vkWiQ
vkLVsfy;k vfkfu;e dgk tkrk FkkA blesa 8 v;k; rFkk 128 vuqPNsn gSaA blesa fuEufyf[kr dh 'kfDr;k dk;Z of.kZr gSabaXyS.M
dh egkjkuh] xouZj tujy] laln dk;Zikfydk ljdkj] U;k;ikfydk] jkT; ljdkj rFkk u, jkT;A lafokku esa fok izkokku rFkk
la'kksku dh izf;k Hkh 'kkfey gSA
laoSkkfud jktra=kx.kra=kh; O;oLFkk esa jk"Vk;{k fuokZfpr jk"Vifr gksrk gSA vkWLVsfy;k esa laoSkkfud jktra=k dh O;oLFkk
gSA fczfV'k jktk ;k jkuh vkWLVsfy;k dk Hkh jktk gksrk gSA jktk ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og lafokku ,oa laln dh lgefr
ls jkT; djsA vkWLVsfy;k dk fodklcUnh mifuos'k osQ :i esa gqvk FkkA mldh tula[;k dkiQh de FkhA vkWLVsfy;k osQ mifuos'k
vyx&vyx le; ij cls FksA ;s mifuos'k ,d&nwljs ls dkiQh nwj FksA izR;sd mifuos'k dh viuh vyx ljdkj O;kikj ifr rFkk
lhek 'kqYd O;oLFkk FkhA os ,d&nwljs ls Lora=k Fks ij fczfV'k 'kklu ls vyx ugha Fks] lHkh fczfV'k lkezkT; osQ vax Fks blfy,
;gk x.kra=k dk fodkl ugha gqvkA LFkkuh; usr`Ro detksj rFkk vyksdfiz; FkkA
Lora=k vkizokfl;ksa dh fu"Bk fczfV'k ljdkj osQ izfr FkhA os ku dekus osQ fy, vkWLVsfy;k vk, FksA mudh dksbZ jktuhfrd
vkdka{kk ugha FkhA fczfV'k ljdkj us mifuos'kksa esa Lo&'kklu dks izksRlkfgr fd;kA mifuos'kksa esa lalnh; ljdkj dh LFkkiuk dh Hkh
izksRlkgu fn;k x;kA 1931 esa ,d lalnh; vfkfu;e esa vkWLVsfy;k dks lEizHkqrk iznku dj nhA ijUrq vkWLVsfy;kbZ laln us bl dkuwu
dks 1942 rd Lohdkj ugha fd;kA lEizHkqrk dk dksbZ ykHk ugha feyk D;ksafd vkWLVsfy;k mifuos'k gh cuk jgkA ijUrq ;qok ih<+h
x.krU=kh; O;oLFkk dh vksj vkdf"kZr gqbZA vr% vkWLVsfy;kbZ turk esa Hkh ,d oxZ x.kra=k dh rjiQ vkdf"kZr gSA 1901 ls gh
vkWLVsfy;k esa x.kjkT; LFkkfir djus osQ iz;kl fd, x,A 1975 esa ;s iz;kl dkiQh rst gq,A blosQ dkj.k FksHkkjr ,oa vesfjdk osQ
vuqHko tgk x.kra=k dks viuk;k x;k] fczVsu ls vkWLVsfy;k dh nwjh] vUrjkZ"Vh; jktuhfr esa egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus dh bPNk] ;g
bPNk dh fd mls fczVsu ij fuHkZj u dgk tk;s rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl dh ekx bR;kfnA
vkWLVsfy;k dks x.kra=k ?kksf"kr djus dk iz;kl 1988 dks fd;k x;kA 13 iQjojh dks oSQucjk esa ,d lkafokkfud lEesyu gqvkA
bl lEesyu esa x.kra=k osQ i{k esa leFkZu fd;k x;kA bl lEesyu esa ;g fu.Z; fd;k x;k fd vkWLVsfy;k dks x.kra=k cukus osQ izLrko
ij ,d tuer laxzg djok;k tk,A 6 uoacj 1999 dks tuer laxzg djok;k x;k ijUrq cgqer us x.kra=k dk leFkZu ugha fd;kA
yxHkx 53 yksxksa us jktra=k dk gh leFkZu fd;kA bl izdkj vkWLVsfy;k dks x.kra=k cukus dk iz;kl foiQy gks x;kA x.kra=k osQ
i{k esa yxHkx 40 er iM+sA vkWLVsfy;k osQ izkkueaf=k;ksa fOgVye] izSQtj ckWc gkWd rFkk ikWy dhfVax us x.kra=k osQ i{k dk leFkZu
fd;k] ijUrq izkkuea=kh tkWu gkoMZ jktra=k osQ leFkZd gSaA Hkfo"; esa Hkh vkWLVsfy;k osQ x.kra=k cuus dh dksbZ vk'kk fiQygky ugha
gSA
vkWLVsfy;kbZ yksx ;g pkgrs gS fd ;gk x.kra=k LFkkfir gksA mUgsa vesfjdh x.kra=k iz.kkyh ls izsj.kk feyh gS rFkk os bldk vuqlj.k
djuk pkgrs gSaA izkkuea=kh tkWu gkWoMZ bl ukjs ij pquko thrs Fks fd os ns'k dks vkRefo'oklh cukuk pkgrs gSaA 1999 esa iwohZ rSewj
esa vkWLVsfy;k us egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ] ftlls og vUrjkZ"Vh; lEcUkksa esa Hkh Lora=k :i ls dk;Z djus yxk gSA
lalnh; 'kklu iz.kkyhvkWLVsfy;kbZ lafokku esa lalnh; 'kklu dh O;oLFkk gSA lalnh; iz.kkyh esa okLrfod 'kfDr izkkuea=kh
osQ gkFkksa esa gksrh gSaA fczVsu dh egkjkuh ,fytkcsFk vkWLVsfy;k dh jkT;k;{k gSA vkWLVsfy;kbZ ljdkj laln osQ izfr mkjnk;h gSA laln
osQ nks lnu gSlhusV rFkk izfrfufk lnuA lhusV esa 46 lnL; rFkk izfrfufk lnu esa 148 lnL; gSaA ns'k osQ Ng esa ls ikp jkT;ksa
esa nks&nks lnu gSaA fupyk lnu fokku lHkk dgykrk gSA nf{k.kh vkWLVsfy;k rFkk rLekfu;k esa mls lHkk dk lnu dgk tkrk gSA jkT;
dk xouZj egkjkuh dk izfrfufk gksrk gSA xouZj dh 'kfDr;k Hkh ukeek=k dh gSaA
yksdrkfU=kd lafokkuvkWLVsfy;k dk lafokku yksdrkfU=kd gSA ;g ,d Lo&'kklh mifuos'k gSA blesa f}lnuh; laln dh
O;oLFkk gSA izfrfufk lnu esa turk }kjk fuokZfpr lnL; gksrs gSaA lhusV osQ lnL; Hkh pqus tkrs gSaA la?kh; pqukoksa osQ fy, ernku

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vfuok;Z gSA izfrfufk lnu dk pquko rhu o"kZ osQ fy, gksrk gSA dkuwu ikl djus osQ fy, cgqer dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bl izdkj
Lora=k pquko eRkkfkdkj osQ vkkkj ij gksrs gSaA
xouZj tujy rFkk dk;Z ikfydkfczfV'k ujs'k vkWLVsfy;k dk ukeek=k dk jkT;k;{k gksrk gSA egkjkuh vius dk;ks dk
lEiknu xouZj tujy osQ ek;e ls djrh gSA xouZj tujy dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ gksrk gSA laln l=k cqykuk] lkkolku djuk] lnu
dks Hkax djuk xouZj tujy osQ dk;Z gSaA 1901ls 1926 rd xouZj tujy dh fu;qfDr fczfV'k ljdkj djrh FkhA ckn esa ;g fopkj
x;k fd xouZj tujy dks vius ns'k dh ljdkj osQ ijke'kZ ij dk;Z djuk pkfg, u fd fczfV'k ljdkj osQA ;g Hkh dgk x;k fd
xoZuj tujy dh fu;qfDr ljdkj osQ ijke'kZ ls dh tkuh pkfg,] ijUrq 1960 rd vaxzstksa dks gh xouZj osQ in ij fu;qDr fd;k
tkrk jgkA 1969 ls vkWLVsfy;kbZ yksxksa dks xouZj fu;qDr fd;k x;kA
xouZj tujy esa dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr;k fufgr gksrh gSaA og ns'k dk loksZPp lsukifr gksrk gSA og izkkuea=kh] ea=kh] U;k;kkh'kksa rFkk
jktukf;dksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA vkWLVsfy;k osQ lafokku esa la?kh; ifj"kn~ dk Hkh izkokku gSA ;g ifj"kn~ xouZj tujy dks ijke'kZ
nsrh gSA ifj"kn~ osQ lnL; xouZj osQ izlkn i;ZUr vius in ij jgrs gSaA ijUrq xouZj tujy ifj"kn~ dh fdlh fliQkfj'k dks ekuus ls
vLohdkj dj ldrk gSA
xouZj tujy ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og la?k ljdkj vkSj ifj"kn~ dh lykg osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djsxk] ijUrq jkuh osQ
izfrfufk osQ :i esa mlosQ vusd fo'ks"kfkdkj gSaA og laln }kjk ikfjr foks;d dks vLohdkj dj ldrk gS ;k mls iquZfopkj osQ
fy, Hkst ldrk gSA vkWLVsfy;k esa fLFkr fczfV'k mPpk;qDr osQ }kjk Hkh egkjkuh 'kklu esa gLr{ksi dj ldrh gSA O;ogkj esa xouZj
tujy viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrk gSA ijUrq blosQ dkj.k leL;k;sa mRiUu gqbZ gSaA 1970 esa xouZj tujy tkWu jkWcVZ us xaHkhj
laoSkkfud ladV mRiUu dj fn;k FkkA fOgVye dks 1975 esa cgqer izkIr gqvkA vr% os izkkuea=kh cusA izsQtj fycjy ikVhZ osQ usrk
FksA mUgksasus fOgVye ljdkj dks ijkftr djus osQ fy, ,d foks;d dks vLohdkj djokus dk iz;kl fd;kA xouZj tujy osQ fOgVye
ls R;kx i=k ekxk] ijUrq fOgVye us R;kxi=k nsus ls badkj dj fn;kA xouZj tujy us fOgVye dks c[kkZLr djosQ izsQt+j dks izkkuea=kh
?kksf"kr dj fn;kA yscj ikVhZ osQ fojksk osQ pyrs xouZj tujy dks 1977 esa R;kxi=k nsuk iM+kA bu ?kVukvksa us jktuhfrd dVqrk dk
okrkoj.k mRiUu dj fn;k FkkA
jkT;ksa osQ jkT;iky (xouZj)vkWLVsfy;k osQ izR;sd jkT; esa ,d xouZj gksrk gS tks jkuh dk izfrfufk gksrk gSA bls lykg nsus
osQ fy, ,d ifj"kn~ gksrh gSA lafokku la'kksku 1987 osQ vuqlkj xouZj ifj"kn~ osQ ijke'kZ ij gh dk;Z djsxk] ijUrq xouZj ifj"kn~
osQ ijke'kZ osQ foijhr Hkh dk;Z dj ldrk gSA
keZfujis{k lafokkuvkWLVsfy;k osQ lafokku esa bZ'oj dk mYys[k gSA vkWLVsfy;k esa keZfujis{krk dks ego fn;k tkrk gSA
vkWLVsfy;kbZ lafokku dk vuqPNsn 116 keZfujis{krk ls lEcfUkr gSA bl vuqPNsn osQ vuqlkj ljdkj fdlh Hkh keZ dks fo'ks"k ego
ugha nsxh rFkk u gh dksbZ kkfeZd dkuwu djsxhA 1998 esa vkWLVsfy;k esa yxHkx 6 ,f'k;kbZ ewy osQ fuoklh FksA ftuesa 1 yk[k 60
gtkj Hkkjrh; rFkk 2 yk[k phuh ewy osQ yksx FksA vkWLVsfy;k esa 1929 esa ,d oSQFkksfyd izkkuea=kh cuk rFkk 1931 esa ,d ;gwnh
xouZj&tujy vkWLVsfy;k esa yxHkx 2 yk[k eqlyeku gSaA ;s 1850 osQ n'kd esa ;gk vk;s FksA orZeku esa 80 gtkj ls T;knk vkizoklh
vkWLVsfy;k vk jgs gSa] ftuesa T;knkrj ,f'k;kbZ gSaA Hkkjrh; ewy osQ yxHkx 13 gtkj Nk=k&Nk=kk, ;gk f'k{kk izkIr dj jgs gSaA 'osr
vkWLVsfy;k uhfr dk R;kx dj fn;k x;k gSA orZeku esa vkWLVsfy;k cgq&tkrh;] cgq&kekZoyEch rFkk fodflr lekt gSA
la?kh; lafokkuvkWLVsfy;k dk fodkl la?kh; O;oLFkk osQ :i esa gqvk gSA blosQ dkj.k gSa vkWLVsfy;k dk vkdkj esa cM+k gksuk
rFkk vkWLVsfy;k dk fodkl cUnh mifuos'k osQ :i esa gksuk] ftlesa fofHkUu mifuos'kksa us viuh vyx&vyx ijEijk;sa rFkk 'kklu
fodflr dj fy;k FkkA vkWLVsfy;kbZ la?k esa Ng jkT; gSaU;w lkmFk osYl] foDVksfj;k] nf{k.kh vkWLVsfy;k] DohalyS.M] rLekfu;k rFkk
if'peh vkWLVsfy;kA lcls igys U;w lkmFk osYl dh LFkkiuk gqbZ tks lcls vfkd tula[;k okyk jkT; gSA mkjh izns'k rFkk oSQucjk
dk 'kklu osQU pykrk gSA mkjh izns'k ns'k osQ 17-5 Hkkx ij iSQyk gSA bl izns'k dk ns'k esa izfrfufkRo ugha gSA mkjh izns'k dh
tula[;k esa 30 vkfnoklh gSaA bl izns'k oQks 1978 esa Lo'kklu lEcUkh vfkdkj fn, x,A ;gk ewy fuokfl;ksa dks Hkwfe ij LokfeRo
izkIr gqvk gSA
1788 esa flMuh esa cfLr;k clk;h x;haA 1829 esa if'peh vkWLVsfy;k rFkk 1836 esa nf{k.kh vkWLVsfy;k esa cfLr;k clhaA U;w
lkmFk osYl esa ls vyx djosQ 1851 esa foDVksfj;k rFkk 1859 esa DohalyS.M dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA vcsy rklesu us rLekfu;k dh
[kkst dh FkhA bldk ukedj.k 1642 esa oku fn;seSu us fd;k FkkA 1803 esa rLekfu;k dks vaxzstksa us vius fu;a=k.k esa ys fy;kA ;gk
,d cUnh mifuos'k LFkkfir fd;k x;k ckn esa ;g jkT; osQ :i esa vkWLVsfy;k esa 'kkfey gks x;kA

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vkWLVsfy;k esa la?k dh LFkkiuk vklku dk;Z ugha FkkA ;g vusdksa iz;klksa osQ iQyLo:i gqvkA vkWLVsfy;kbZ la?k esa oqQN ,dkRed
y{k.k Hkh gSaA bldh fokh; 'kfDRk;k cgqr vfkd gSaA ;g lafpr fufk dks fu;af=kr rFkk lhek 'kqYd dks ,df=kr djrk gSA vuqPNsn
98 ;g O;oLFkk djrk gS fd laln osQ O;kikj lEcUkh dkuwu tgktjkuh] jsyos rFkk leqh ifjogu ij Hkh ykxw gksaxsA la?k dks vUrj
jkT;h; vk;ksx osQ xBu dk vfkdkj izkIr gSA lafokku esa jkT;ksa dh lekurk ij cy fn;k x;k gSA la?k eqk tkjh djrk gS rFkk ckgjh
vke.kksa ls lqj{kk djrk gSA vuqPNsn 109 esa ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd ;fn la?k ,oa jkT; dksbZ dkuwu cuk;s rFkk nksuksa esa vlekurk
gks rks la?kh; dkuwu gh ykxw gksxkA
lHkh jkT;ksa osQ vius&vius lafokku gSa] ijUrq buesa dksbZ Hkh O;oLFkk la?k lafokku osQ fo# ugha gks ldrh gSA vuqPNsn 112
;g O;oLFkk djrk gS fd jkT; vius {ks=k ls xqtjus okys eky ij dj yxk ldrs gSaA jkT;ksa dks lsuk osQ xBu dk vfkdkj ugha gSA
jkT; osQU dh fdlh Hkh lEifk ij dj ugha yxk ldrkA ijUrq jkT;ksa osQ ikl iQkStnkjh 'kfDr;k gSA la?k dh izfr"Bk esa vR;fkd
o`f gqbZ gSA vkWLVsfy;kokfl;ksa dh fu"Bk Hkh osQU osQ izfr vfkd gSA vUrjkZ"Vh; O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; rFkk fons'kh ekeys osQU ljdkj
osQ gh vfkdkj esa gSaA osQU ljdkj us jkT;ksa osQ vfkdkjksa dks LFkkuh; ekeyksa rd gh lhfer dj fn;k gSA la?k dks orZeku esa jkT;ksa
dh vis{kk vfkd lEeku ,oa izfr"Bk izkIr gSA
vfkdkjksa vkSj dkZO;ksa dk i`Fkd mYys[k ughavkWLVsfy;k osQ lafokku esa ekSfyd vfkdkjksa rFkk dkZO;ksa dk dksbZ mYys[k
ugha gSA ukxfjdksa dh f'kdk;rksa dh U;k;ky; nwj djrs gSaA U;k;ikfydk rFkk izsl dh Lora=krk dk vknj fd;k tkrk gSA lHkh
vkWLVsfy;kbZ jkuh dh iztk dgykrs gSaA muls fdlh Hkh izdkj dk dksbZ HksnHkko ugha fd;k tkrkA lHkh ukxfjdksa dks erkfkdkj izkIRk
gSA lafokku esa ;g O;oLFkk fd x;h gS fd egoiw.kZ iz'u ij tuer laxzg djk;k tk ldrk gSA vuqPNsn 73 (ii) osQ vuqlkj mPp
U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ; lHkh yksxksa dks ekuus gksaxs rFkk mldk fu.kZ; vfUre fu.kZ; gksxkA U;k;kkh'kksa dks vius inksa ls ljyrkiwoZd gVk;k
ugha tk ldrkA lafokku esa vfkdkjksa ,oa ekSfyd dkZO;ksa dk mYys[k u gksus osQ dkj.k gh 'kk;n vkWLVsfy;k ekuokfkdkjksa osQ fo"k;
esa vfkd vPNh Hkwfedk ugha fuHkk ikrkA ijUrq bl lUnHkZ esa og vesfjdk dk lkFk nsrk gSA
iz'u 3- vkWLVsfy;k yscj ikVhZ dh fopkj/kjk] uhfr rFkk dk;Z ifr dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
mkjvkLVsfy;kbZ yscj ikVhZ vkLVsfy;k dh lcls izkphu rFkk lalkj esa lcls iqjkus nyksa esa ls ,d ny gSA 1891 esa blosQ
xBu osQ i'pkr bldk laxBukRed vkSj oSpkfjd vkkkj fujarj cuk gqvk gS rFkk etnwj laxBu Hkh blosQ leFkZd jgs gSaA
vkLVsfy;kbZ yscj ikVhZ mnkj yksdra=kksa esa lcls l'kDr ikVhZ ekuh tkrh gSA oSpkfjd n`f"Vdks.k ls ;g lkE;oknh ny osQ okeiaFk
ls vkSj fycjy ikVhZ vkSj jk"Vh; nyksa osQ nf{k.kiaFk ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA vkLVsfy;kbZ yscj ikVhZ vkSj oaQVh ny rFkk vU; nyksa osQ
xBu dh izsj.kk nhA 1902 esa bldks izkIr erksa dk izfr'kr 18-7 Fkk] tcfd 1910 esa ;g c<+dj 50 izfr'kr gks x;kA vkLVsfy;kbZ
yscj ikVhZ dks u osQoy vkS|ksfxd etnwj laxBuksa us leFkZu fn;k] cfYd ljdkjh deZpkjh Hkh blosQ lkFk jgsA izkjaHk ls ;g ikVhZ
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lekthdj.k osQ dk;Ze dks ykxw djus ij cy nsrh jgh gSA izFke fo'o ;q osQ le; ;g ikVhZ esa VwV xbZA
1929 dh fo'oO;kih eanh osQ nkSjku vkLVsfy;kbZ yscj ikVhZ iqu% lkklhu gqbZA vkFkd eanh osQ izcaku osQ dkj.k ikVhZ esa
van:uh erHksn mRi gks x, vkSj 1932 esa ikVhZ fiQj ls VwV xbZA bu nks cM+h iwQVksa osQ ckotwn vkLVsfy;kbZ yscj ikVhZ vkLVsfy;k
dh lcls iqjuh ikVhZ ekuh tkrh FkhA f}rh; fo'o ;q osQ ckn vkLVsfy;kbZ yscj ikVhZ us fczVsu dh ctk; vesfjdk ls lqj{kk
le>kSrk djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA ;g vUrjkZ"Vh; {ks=k esa igyk fons'k uhfr dk fu.kZ; FkkA fnlEcj] 1972 esa fVye osQ usr`Ro
vkLVsfy;kbZ yscj ikVhZ us iqu% lkk izkIr dhA 1954 esa ;g ikVhZ rhljh ckj fc[kj xbZ ftldh otg ls foDVksfj;k rFkk DohUlyS.M
dh etnwj ljdkjksa dk iru gks x;kA 1960 osQ n'kd osQ var esa fVye us ikVhZ esa vusd laxBukRed vkSj oSpkfjd cnyko
fd,A lalnh; laxBu ij bl ikVhZ dk nyh; fu;a=k.k detksj gks x;k] ftl otg ls 1975 esa xouZj tujy us fVye ljdkj
dks c[kkZLr dj fn;kA blosQ ckn vkLVsfy;k esa lcls Hk;kud laoSkkfud rFkk jktuhfrd ladV mRi gks x;kA blosQ ckn fVye
us ukjh vfkdkj] LokLF; uhfr] jk"Vh; igpku] 'kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k fodkl] dj lqkkj vkSj LFkkuh; fuokfl;ksa osQ Hkw&vfkdkj tSls
{ks=kksa esa izeq[k uhfr cnykoksa osQ iz;kl fd,A 1983 esa gkWd osQ usr`Ro esa vkLVsfy;kbZ yscj ikVhZ us fiQj ls ljdkj cukbZA bl
ckj yscj ikVhZ us 13 o"kZ rd 'kklu fd;k] ftlesa ckWc gkWd 9 lky rd izkkuea=kh jgsA
1983&1996 osQ gkWd&dhVx dky dks nks n`f"Vdks.kksa ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA oqQN yksx mls fVye ljdkj dh fujarjrk ekurs
gSa] tcfd vU; yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd 1980 osQ n'kd esa ljdkj cukus osQ fy, yscj ikVhZ us ewyHkwr le>kSrs fd,A gkWd&dhVd
usr`Ro us vusd etnwj oxks dh :f<+oknh ijaijkvksa dks lekIr djosQ izfrcak [kRe djus dh vkFkd uhfr;ksa] futhdj.k rFkk 'kqYd
nj esa deh uhfr;ksa dks c<+kok fn;k] lkFk gh LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa osQ Hkw&vfkdkjksa dk leFkZu fd;kA vkLVsfy;kbZ yscj ikVhZ dk

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gkWd&dh,Vx osQ usr`Ro esa ftl izdkj foLrkj gqvk] blosQ ihNs oqQN yksx 1980 vkSj 1990 osQ n'kdksa osQ fVye osQ lqkkjoknh
dk;Zeksa dh fujarjrk ekurs gSaA bl ikVhZ us yksdra=kh; dk;Ziz.kkyh osQ flkarksa osQ vuqlkj vusd vkarfjd lqkkj fd, rFkk etnwj
laxBuksa ls csgrj ;ksxnku osQ midj.kksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
fVye vkSj dh,Vx usr`Ro us ikVhZ osQ leFkZu dk foLrkj lhekUr vFkok fiNM+s e;e oxZ dh lhVksa rd Hkh fd;k
FkkA ;g Hkjkslk mUgksaus izfl O;fDr;ksa dks pqukoksa esa mEehnokj osQ :i esa mrkjdj fnyk;k FkkA 1980 osQ n'kd esa vkarfjd
nyh; yksdra=k vkSj dk;ZdkkZvksa dh nyh; uhfr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus tSls eqs Hkh izeq[k gks x,A vkLVsfy;kbZ yscj ikVhZ bl
O;ogkj osQ fy, izfl gS fd bldk viuh ikVhZ osQ lalnh; laxBu ij fu;a=k.k gSA gkWd&dh,Vx us lalnh; ny dks viuh
t:jrksa osQ vuqlkj ifjorr fd;kA vkLVsfy;kbZ yscj ikVhZ ;ksX; pquko izpkjdksa] Hkk"k.k&ys[kdksa rFkk pquko fo'ks"kKksa dks
vkd"kr djrh gSA yscj ikVhZ nwjn'khZ rFkk ;ksX; O;fDr;ksa dh ikVhZ gSA blosQ lnL; vius lknk thou vkSj mPp fopkj okyh
thou ifr vkSj Hkk"k.kksa osQ fy, iz[;kr gSaA os ,d&nwljs dks dkWejsM dgdj cqykrs gSaA 1993 esa dh,Vx us vkLVsfy;k ,d
fy, ubZ nwjn'krk ij cy fn;k] ftlesa ikVhZ dh mfr'khy] cgqlaLfrokn yksdrkaf=kd vkSj etnwj&leFkZd ikVhZ dk fp=k
izLrqr fd;k x;kA ;g ikVhZ Hkwe.Myhdj.k osQ ;qx esa iwthokn dks lH; cukus osQ fy, izfrc gSA ;g ikVhZ vHkh Hkh lkekftd
U;k; osQ fopkj osQ izfr fu"Bkoku gSA
fVye us ,d uohu jk"Vh; xku rFkk jk"Vh; lEekuksa dh ,d ubZ O;oLFkk ykxw dh vkSj fczVsu esa izhoh dkSafly esa vihy dk
mUewyu fd;kA 1990 osQ n'kd esa h,Vx us vkLVsfy;k dks ,d etcwr x.kra=k cukus osQ iz;kl fd,A vkLVsfy;kbZ yscj ikVhZ gh
,slh ikVhZ gS tks vkLVsfy;k esa x.kra=kh; lafokku cukus osQ izfr fu"Bkoku gSA gkWd&dh,Vx ljdkj us vusd vkFkd eqlhcrksa dks
>syk gS vkSj mUgsa cM+h gh lgu'khyrk ls cktkj O;oLFkk osQ vuqlkj gy fd;kA vkLVsfy;kbZ yscj ikVhZ etnwj ijaijk ls tqM+h gqbZ
gS] tks vkFkd mnkjhdj.k rFkk Hkwe.Myhdj.k dh leL;kvksa osQ vuqlkj cnyus dk iz;kl dj jgh gSA
iz'u 4 nf{k.k iz'kkar esa vkWLVsfy;k dh j.kuhfrd fLFkfr dh O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjbldh LFkkiuk 1971 esa oSfyaxVu (U;wthyS.M) esa gqbZ FkhA orZeku esa blosQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k 16 gSA ftuesa U;wthyS.M
oqQd}hi] fiQth] uk:] Vksaxk] if'peh leksvk] vkWLVsfy;k] ikiqvk U;w fxuh] dhjh ckrh] rqokyq] oukrq lksykseu }hi] ek'kZy}hi] iykmQ
rFkk ekbksusf'k;k izeq[k gSaA ;wjksih; leqnk;] fczVsu vesfjdk] izQkal] phu] dukMk ,oa tkiku blosQ laokn lnL; gSaA bldh cSBd
o"kZ esa ,d ckj gksrh gSA ;g leL;kvksa osQ fopkj&foe'kZ osQ fy, ,d eap iznku djrk gSA bl iQksje dk u rks dksbZ fyf[kr lafokku
gS rFkk u gh dksbZ LFkkfir fu;eA bl iQksje esa fu.kZ; loZlEefr osQ vkkkj ij fd;s tkrs gSaA
vkWLVsfy;kbZ lgk;rkvkWLVsfy;k nf{k.kh iz'kkar {ks=k dk lcls cM+k ns'k gS rFkk rduhd esa vxz.kh Hkh blfy, nf{k.k iz'kkar
iQksje esa bldh ftEesnkjh Hkh T;knk gSA vkWLVsfy;k bl iQksje lewg osQ oqQy okf"kZd ctV dk ,d frgkbZ fgLlk nsrk gSA tkiku ,oa
U;wthyS.M Hkh bl iQksje dks fokh; lgk;rk iznku djrs gSaA ;g iQksje i;kZoj.k laj{k.k rFkk xjhch mUewyu osQ fy, fo'ks"k dne
mBk jgh gSA
ms';bldk lfpoky; fiQth dh jktkkuh lqok esa fLFkr gS ftldk dk;Z vkfFkZd fodkl rFkk lnL; ns'kksa osQ chp lg;ksx
rFkk fo'okl dks c<+kuk gSA bl iQksje dk izeq[k y{; lnL; ns'kksa osQ chp lkeqnkf;d Hkkouk dks fodflr djuk gSA vkWLVsfy;k
bl iQksje dk ,d egoiw.kZ lnL; gSA bl {ks=k esa vkWLVsfy;kbZ fu;kZr 1 fcfy;u MkWyj ls vfkd gSA bl {ks=k ls vk;kr 163
fefy;u MkWyj dk gSA vkWLVsfy;k us nf{k.k iz'kkar fo'ofo|ky; osQ ctV esa Hkh egoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
{ks=kh; igynf{k.k iz'kkar iQksje us bl {ks=k esa 'kkfUr ,oa fodkl osQ fy, egoiw.kZ iz;kl fd, gSAa ijek.kq ijh{k.k rFkk bl {ks=k
esa ijek.kq dpjk isQosQ tkus dk bl iQksje us fojksk fd;k gSA 1989 esa iQksje us xSj dkuwuh <ax ls eNyh ,oa vU; thoksa dks ekjus dk
Hkh fojksk fd;kA bl iQksje dh rjkok cSBd esa eNyh ekjus ij izfrcUk yxk fn;k x;k FkkA ;g iQksje U;w osQyhMksfu;k osQ
fo&mifuos'khdj.k ekeys dks la;Dq r jk"V esa ys x;kA bl iQksje osQ iz;klksa osQ dkj.k gh izQkal U;w&oSQyhMksfu;k dks NksMu+ s ij lger gks
x;k FkkA blosQ vfrfjDr ;g iQksje nf{k.k iz'kkar {ks=k esa i;kZoj.k dh j{kk osQ fy, Hkh dk;Z dj jgk gSA
;g iQksje tyok;q ifjorZuksa tSlh leL;kvksa ls Hkh tw> jgk gSA leqh Lrj osQ mQpk gksus ls leq rV osQ vijnu dh izf;k
rst gks tkrh gSA ty vkiwfrZ osQ fuEuhdj.k ls ihus osQ ikuh esa ued ;qDr ikuh dk feJ.k gks jgk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr eNyh HkaMkj
esa Hkh deh vk jgh gSA nf{k.k iz'kkUr osQ lHkh ns'k tyok;q ifjorZu rFkk rVh; vijnu ls izHkkfor gks jgs gSaA nf{k.k iz'kkUr {ks=kh;
i;kZoj.k dk;Ze bu leL;kvksa osQ gy fudkyus dk iz;kl dj jgk gSA nf{k.k iz'kkar iQksje dh 1994 esa fczlcsu cSBd i;kZoj.k
laj{k.k dh fn'kk esa egoiw.kZ lkfcr gqbZA izko`Qfrd lalkkuksa osQ kl osQ dkj.k bl {ks=k dh vk; {kerk detksj gqbZ gSA nf{k.k iz'kkar
iQksje us ou lalkkuksa osQ nksgu ij dM+k izfrcUk yxk;k gSA eNyh HkaMkj esa deh dk rFkk bl {ks=k esa ijek.kq dpjk isaQosQ tkus dk

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Hkh nf{k.k iz'kakr iQksje leh{kk dj jgk gSA nf{k.k iz'kkUr iQksje us vius 16 Hkkxhnkj lnL;ksa osQ chp vkfFkZd vUr%f;k esa lgk;rk
dh gSA nf{k.k iz'kkUr osQ ns'k vYifodflr gSa] ijUrq ;gk izkfrd lalkku ekStwn gSaA tkiku blosQ fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsus osQ fy,
bPNqd gSA
nf{k.k iz'kkUr {ks=kh; O;kikj ,oa vkfFkZd lg;ksx lfUk (LikjVsdk&SPARTECA)nf{k.k iz'kkUr iQksje us bl lfUk ij
gLrk{kj fd;s gSaA bl lfUk osQ dkj.k vkWLVsfy;k rFkk U;wthyS.M dh nf{k.k iz'kkar {ks=k osQ ns'kksa osQ cktkjksa rd igqp gks xbZ gSA ;g
lfUk fofuos'k dks c<+kus dk Hkh iz;kl djrh gS] ijUrq ;g lfUk bl ckr dks ego nssrh gS fd blosQ izkokkuksa dks rHkh ykxw fd;k
tk ldrk gS tc nf{k.k iz'kkar iQksje osQ Hkkxhnkj lnL;ksa dks fodkl lgk;rk feyrh jgsA bl lfUk osQ ek;e ls vkWLVsfy;k us iQksje
osQ ns'kksa osQ vkfFkZd fodkl esa lgk;rk nh gSA
iz'u 5 vkWLVsfy;k&vkfl;ku (ASEAN) laca/kksa dh xfrdh dh foospuk dhft,A
mkjnf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;k osQ ns'k vkWLVsfy;k osQ fudV gSaA 1967 esa vkfl;ku dh LFkkiuk ls bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa osQ chp vkfFkZd
vUr%f;k, c<+h gSaA vkfl;u dk izeq[k ms'; vkfFkZd o`f dks c<+kuk gSA izkjaHk esa vkfl;k esa ikp lnL; Fks] ckn esa czqusbZ]
fo;ruke] ykvksl rFkk cekZ Hkh blosQ lnL; cu x;sA 1999 esa dEcksfM;k osQ 'kkfey gksus ls bldh lnL; la[;k 10 gks xbZ gSA
1976 osQ ckn bl laxBu us iM+kslh ns'kksa dh xfrfofk;ksa dks laxBu esa 'kkfey djus osQ fy, laokn Hkkxhnkjh dk fodkl fd;k FkkA
bldk ,d izeq[k ms'; ckgjh O;kikj rFkk iwth fuos'k lEcUkksa dks etcwr djuk Hkh gSA
vkfl;ku Lora=k jk"Vksa dk ,d laxBu gSA vkfl;ku osQ egoiw.kZ laokn Hkkxhnkjksa esa vkWLVsfy;k] U;wthyS.M] tkiku] vesfjdk]
dukMk rFkk ;wjksih; ns'k izeq[k gSaA ;s vkfl;ku ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks etcwr djus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA vkWLVsfy;k us vkfl;ku
ns'kksa dks fokh; lg;ksx iznku fd;k gS] ftlosQ fy, 1980 esa la;qDr okf.kT; ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA Hkkjr Hkh vkfl;ku dk
laokn Hkkxhnkj gSA
O;kikjvkWLVsfy;k rFkk vkfl;ku ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikfjd lEcUk c<+s gSaA 1998 esa vkWLVsfy;k dk vkfl;ku ns'kksa dks fu;kZr
7-5 fcfy;u MkWyj FkkA vkfl;ku ns'kksa osQ cktkj vc vkWLVsfy;k osQ fy, vfkd egoiw.kZ gks x;s gSaA bu ns'kksa dks vkWLVsfy;k vius
oqQy fu;kZr dk 13 Hkkx fu;kZr djrk gSA vkWLVsfy;k osQ vkfl;ku ns'kksa osQ lkFk fuos'k lEcUk Hkh lqkj jgs gSaA vkfl;ku ns'kksa esa
vkWLVsfy;k dk nwljk lcls cM+k fu;kZr cktkj gSA 1995 esa vkfl;ku rFkk vkWLVsfy;k osQ chp f}i{kh; O;kikj 18-4 fcfy;u MkWyj
dk FkkA vkfl;ku ns'kksa esa vkWLVsfy;k dk fuos'k Hkh c<+ jgk gS tks vHkh 6-6 fcfy;u MkWyj dk gSA 1991 osQ ckn ls vkfl;ku ns'kksa
dk vkWLVsfy;k esa fuos'k 17 dh okf"kZd nj ls c<+ jgk gSA
lg;ksx osQ fy, dk;Zlwphvkfl;ku ns'kksa dh eSdkax csflu ifj;kstuk esa vkWLVsfy;k egoiw.kZ lg;ksxh gSA vkWLVsfy;k us eSdkax
osQ mQij ykvksl FkkbZyS.M iqy osQ fuekZ.k esa Hkh lgk;rk nh gS tks ykvksl dks nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;k ls tksM+rk gSA okLro esa vkWLVsfy;k
eSdkax osQ fodkl osQ fy, izfrc gSA vkWLVsfy;k dbZ o`f {ks=kkas osQ fuekZ.k dks Hkh ego ns jgk gSA vkWLVsfy;k rFkk vkfl;ku ns'kksa
osQ chp ,d Hkkxhnkjh dks fodflr fd;k tk jgk gSA vkWLVsfy;k fodkl {ks=k osQ fy, fiQyhihUl] czqusbZ rFkk b.Mksusf'k;k osQ lkFk
Hkh le>kSrs dj jgk gSA vkWLVsfy;k us eysf'k;k osQ lkFk Hkh o`f {ks=k dh LFkkiuk osQ fy, le>kSrk fd;k gSA ;s lHkh le>kSrs
vkWLVsfy;k rFkk vkfl;ku ns'kksa osQ etcwr gksrs lEcUkksa dks Li"V djrs gSaA
'kkfUr cuk, j[kukvkWLVsfy;k us nf{k.k&iwohZ&,f'k;k esa 'kkfUr cuk;s j[kus dk iz;kl fd;k gS] ftls fo'o us ljkgk gSA 1988
esa vkfl;ku ns'k dEcksfM;k esa 'kkfUr LFkkfir djus osQ iz;kl dj jgs Fks] ijUrq bl lanHkZ esa vyx&vyx er fn, tk jgs FksA bl
leL;k dk lekkku eqf'dy utj vk jgk FkkA ,sls esa vkWLVsfy;k esa bl leL;k osQ lekkku esa egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
vkWLVsfy;kbZ fons'k ea=kh xSjsaFk bZokal us dgk fd tc rd phu [kesj :t dks lgk;rk nsrk jgsxk rc rd dksbZ le>kSrk ugha fd;k
tk;sxkA la;qDr jk"V }kjk e;LFkrk osQ dkj.k leL;k osQ lekkku dh mfpr fLFkfr cuh ftlesa vkWLVsfy;k dh egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
FkhA 1991 esa isfjl esa 'kkfUr le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd;s x;s rFkk la;qDr jk"V us viuk 'kkfUr lsuk dk ny HkstkA vkWLVsfy;k us
dEcksfM;k esa lqjaxsa gVkus esa Hkh lg;ksx fn;kA blosQ vfrfjDr lSfud lgk;rk Hkh miyCk djk;h x;hA vkWLVsfy;k lsuk dh la;qDr
jk"V rFkk vkfl;ku ns'kksa us Hkh iz'kalk dhA vkWLVsfy;k us vkfFkZd ladV osQ le; vkfl;ku ns'kksa dks fufk Hkh miyCk djk;h gSA
1997 esa vkWLVsfy;k us b.Mksusf'k;k dks 1 fcfy;u MkWyj rFkk nf{k.k dksfj;k dks 1-5 fcfy;u MkWyj fn;sA
iz'u 6 Hkkjr&vkWLVsfy;k laca/ksa dh xfrdh dh O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjHkkjr ,oa vkWLVsfy;k osQ chp fofHkUu eqksa ij erHksn mHkjrs jgs gSaA le;&le; ij buosQ erHksn lkeus Hkh vkrs jgs gSaA
vkWLVsfy;k Lo;a dks fczfV'k lkezkT; dk ,d vax le>rk Fkk tcfd Hkkjr fczfV'k lkezkT; dk fojkskh FkkA igys vkWLVsfy;k esa osQoy
'osr yksxksa dks gh ego fn;k tkrk Fkk tks Hkkjr dh cgqlkaLfrd rFkk lcdks leku le>us dh uhfr osQ foijhr FkhA vkWLVsfy;k
us viuh lqj{kk osQ fy, vesfjdk dk gkFk idM+k tcfd Hkkjr us viuh fons'k uhfr esa xqVfujis{krk dks ego fn;kA Hkkjr ikfdLrku

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lEcUkksa ij vkWLVsfy;k us ges'kk ikfdLrku dks leFkZu fn;k ftldk Hkkjr us ges'kk fojksk fd;kA d'ehj eqk] fMDlu fjiksVZ rFkk
xksvk elys ij vkWLVsfy;k us ges'kk Hkkjr dk fojksk fd;kA fo'o dh izeq[k ?kVukvksa ij Hkkjr ,oa vkWLVsfy;k dk utfj;k ,dne
vyx FkkA tSls&Lost ugj ladV] gaxjh ladV rFkk fo;ruke ij geys osQ lUnHkZ esa nksuksa osQ fopkj vyx FksA lh-Vh-ch-Vh- osQ eqs
ij Hkh Hkkjr ,oa vkWLVsfy;k osQ chp rhoz fojksk FkkA vkWLVsfy;k lh-Vh-ch-Vh- dk leFkZu djrk Fkk rFkk blus bl ij gLrk{kj Hkh
dj fn;s Fks] ijUrq Hkkjr us bls HksnHkkoiw.kZ crkdj Bqdjk fn;k FkkA bl izdkj Hkkjr ,oa vkWLVsfy;k osQ e; le;&le; ij erHksn
mHkjrs jgs gSaA
Hkkjr vkSj vkWLVsfy;k lqj{kk ekeyksa esa fHkUu izdkj dk n`f"Vdks.k j[krs gSa rFkk nksuksa dh lqj{kk fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh vUrj gSaA
vkWLVsfy;k dks ,d lqjf{kr ns'k ekuk tkrk gS] D;ksafd mlosQ iM+kslh ns'k mlosQ fy, fdlh Hkh izdkj dk dksbZ [krjk mRiUu ugha
djrs gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr vkWLVsfy;k us viuh lqj{kk ls lEcfUkr lHkh ekeys vesfjdk dks lkSai j[ks gSaA vkWLVsfy;k lqj{kk dh n`f"V
ls vesfjdk ij iw.kZr;k fuHkZj gSA vkWLVsfy;k lqj{kk ekeyksa esa vesfjdk dk gh vuqlj.k djrk gSA nwljh rjiQ Hkkjr lqj{kk dh n`f"V
ls vkWLVsfy;k ls fHkUu fopkj j[krk gS] D;ksafd Hkkjr ,sls iM+ksfl;ksa ls f?kjk gS tks ges'kk Hkkjr dks uqdlku igqpkus dh dksf'k'k djrs
jgrs gSaA mlosQ iM+ksl esa phu tSlk 'kfDr 'kkyh ijek.kq jk"V gS] ftlus 1962 esa Hkkjr ij vke.k fd;k FkkA
orZeku esa Hkh nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp lhekvksa dks ysdj erHksn jgs gSaA phu fgUn egklkxj esa Hkh viuh mifLFkfr dk;e djus dh
ps"Vk dj jgk gS] tks Hkkjr osQ fy, [krjk cu ldrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr phu ikfdLrku dks Hkh lqj{kk rduhd LFkkukarfjr djrk
jgrk gSA Hkkjr osQ iM+ksl esa ikfdLrku tSlk vkradoknh ns'k gS tks ges'kk Hkkjr dks uhpk fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k esa yxk jgrk gSA
ikfdLrku dk tUe gh ?k`f.kr jktuhfr osQ dkj.k gqvk gSA Hkkjr ij ikfdLrku us pkj ckj vke.k fd;k rFkk pkjksa ckj gh mls
ijkftr gksuk iM+kA blfy, Hkkjr osQ lqj{kk fgr vkWLVsfy;k ls fHkUu gSA
1998 esa Hkkjr }kjk fd;s x;s ijek.kq ijh{k.kksa osQ dkj.k Hkkjr ,oa vkWLVsfy;k osQ lEcUk rukoiw.kZ gks x;s Fks rFkk vkWLVsfy;k
us bu ijh{k.kksa dk dM+k fojksk fd;k FkkA ijUrq 1999 esa vkWLVsfy;k dks ;g le> vk x;k fd og Hkkjr tSls cM+s ,oa 'kfDr'kkyh
ns'k dks fdlh ncko osQ lgkjs ijek.kq ijh{k.k djus ls jksd ugha ldrkA Hkkjr dh etcwr yksdrkfU=kd ijEijk rFkk fo'kky
vFkZO;oLFkk us vkWLVsfy;k dks Hkkjr osQ izfr uje :[k viukus osQ fy, ck; dj fn;kA blh lUnHkZ esa vkWLVsfy;kbZ fons'k eU=kh
,ySDtSaMj Mkmuj us ekpZ 2000 esa Hkkjr dh ;k=kk dhA blosQ lkFk gh Hkkjr&vkWLVsfy;k lEcUkksa dh iqu% 'kq#vkr gks xbZA
bl ;k=kk esa MkmuV dh eqykdkr Hkkjrh; izkkueU=kh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h rFkk fons'k ea=kh tloar flag ls gqbZA blls igys
Hkh nksuksa ns'kksa osQ fons'k efU=k;ksa dh ckrphr fnYyh esa gqbZ FkhA nksuksa ns'kksa us dbZ eqksa ij leku lgefr trk;h] tSlslalnh; yksdra=k
dh cgkyh] {ks=kh; lqj{kk ls tqM+s lHkh eqksa ij rFkk dkWeuoSYFk dh leku lnL;rk osQ lUnHkZ esaA nksuksa ns'k dbZ mHkjrs gq, {ks=kh;
la?kksa dh lnL;rk Hkh izkIr dj pqosQ gSa] ftldk nksuksa ns'kksa dks gh ykHk gqvk gSA Hkkjr ,oa vkWLVsfy;k bf.M;u vks'ku fje vlksfl,'ku
osQ lnL; gSaA vkWLVsfy;kbZ fons'k eU=kh us Hkh bl rF; dks Lohdkj fd;k fd nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;k] fo'o O;kikj laxBu vkSj i;kZoj.k
osQ lUnHkZ esa Hkkjr ,oa vkWLVsfy;k osQ fgr ,d leku gSaA
blosQ vfrfjDr Hkkjr ,oa vkWLVsfy;k osQ chp dbZ vkSj fcUnqvksa ij Hkh lgefr gSA vkWLVsfy;k vkradokn dk dM+k fojksk djrk
gS rFkk Hkkjr ls vkradokn dks nwj djus esa lg;ksx Hkh iznku dj jgk gSA ftldh vkWLVsfy;k us dM+h vkykspuk dh FkhA bl ?kVuk
osQ ckn vkWLVsfy;kbZ fons'k eU=kh us dgk Fkk fd vkWLVsfy;k bl izdkj dh ?kVukvksa dh dM+h fuUnk djrk gSA iks[kj.k ijh{k.kksa
osQ ckn Hkkjr ,oa vkWLVsfy;k osQ fj'rksa esa vkbZ dM+okgV dks nwj djus osQ fy, Hkkjrh; fons'k eU=kh tloar flag rFkk vkWLVsfy;kbZ
fons'k eU=kh MkmQuj us lqj{kk lEcUkksa ij iqu% ckrphr vkjaHk dhA vkWLVsfy;k }kjk oSf'od ekeyksa esa Hkkjr osQ c<+rs izHkko dh Hkh
ljkguk dh x;h rFkk fofHkUu eqksa ij ,d nwljs dks tkudkjh nsus osQ lUnHkZ esa Hkh fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k x;kA nksuksa ns'kksa us owQVuhfrd
lEcUkksa dks Hkh lqkkjus ij ;ku fn;kA bl izdkj 2000 ls vkWLVsfy;k Hkkjr lEcUkksa dh iqu% 'kq#vkr gqbZ rFkk orZeku esa Hkh Hkkjr
,oa vkWLVsfy;k osQ e; vPNs lEcUk gSaA
iz'u 7 vkWLVsfy;k esa f'k{kk dk varjkZ"Vh;dj.k
mkjvkWLVsfy;k esa mPp f'k{kk osQ vUrjkZ"Vh;dj.k dh fn'kk esa igyk dne fo'o ;qksa osQ ckn mBk;k x;kA bl dky esa
fodflr ns'kksa dh uhfr;ksa esa egoiw.kZ ifjorZu gq,A bu ifjorZuksa esa ftu igyqvksa dh >yd feyrh gS] os gSamifuos'kokn dk vUr]
fodkl'khy jk"Vksa dk Lora=k jk"Vksa osQ :i esa mn;A ns'kksa osQ chp c<+rs gq, vUrjkZ"Vh; lEcU/ rFkk fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ chp ln~Hkkouk
rFkk lg;ksx c<+kus dh fodflr jk"Vksa dh bPNkA buosQ ifj.kkeLo:i 1951 esa dksyEcks ;kstuk izkjaHk gqbZ ftlesa vkWLVsfy;k Hkh ,d
eq[k Hkkxhnkj jk"V FkkA vUrjkZ"Vh;dj.k dh fn'kk esa ;g igyk dne Fkk ftlesa vkWLVsfy;kbZ ljdkj vius ns'k osQ fo'ofo|ky;ksa
esa fons'kh Nk=kksa dks v;;u djkus osQ fy, k;kstd cuhA blosQ ckn vkWLVsfy;k esa fons'kh Nk=k dkiQh la[;k esa v;;u djus vk,
rFkk mudh la[;k esa Hkkjh o`f gqbZA

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vkWLVsfy;k esa bu Nk=kksa dks Hkh vkWLVsfy;u Nk=kksa osQ gh leku ekuk x;kA mUgsa Hkh f'k{kk osQ lHkh vf/dkj fn;s x;sA bu Nk=kksa
dk os'k voklh uhfr;ksa osQ }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k x;k rFkk blesa le;&le; ij cnyko Hkh gksrs jgsA 20oha 'krkCnh osQ vUr esa nks
eq[k lfefr;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA tSDlu lfefr rFkk xksfMx lfefrA tSDlu lfefr vkWLVsfy;k }kjk fons'kksa dks nh tkus okyh
lgk;rk osQ dk;Ze osQ iqujh{k.k djus gsrq LFkkfir dh x;h FkhA xksfMx lfefr dh LFkkiuk O;fDrxr Nk=kksa ls lEcfU/r uhfr osQ
iqujkoyksdu osQ fy, dh x;h FkhA bu nksuksa lfefr;ksa esa dbZ egoiw.kZ ifjorZu ns[kus dks feysA
tSDlu lfefr osQ frosnu esa ftu ko/kuksa dh O;oLFkk dh x;h Fkh] ljdkj us mUgsa ykxw dj fn;kA 1985 esa fons'kh Nk=kksa
osQ fy, ,d ubZ uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh x;hA bl ?kks"k.kk esa ;g dgk x;k fd vkfFkZd lgk;rk kIr Nk=kksa osQ vfrfjDr tks Hkh vU;
Nk=k gS] mu lHkh osQ fy, ukekadu dk ekxZ [kqyk gSA ijUrq bu Nk=kksa dks ikB~;e dk lEiw.kZ fokh; Hkkj Lo;a mBkuk FkkA blosQ
ckn 'kSf{kd lsokvksa osQ fu;kZr dh uhfr viukbZ xbZA ;g uhfr mu Nk=kksa osQ os'k dks lqxe cukus osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ Fkh] tks 'kqYd
dk Hkqxrku dj ldrs FksA laLFkkvksa dks ;g ftEesnkjh lkSaih xbZ fd os vkWLVsfy;kbZ Nk=kksa osQ LFkku ij fons'kh Nk=kksa dks os'k u nsaA
okLro esa ;g f'k{kk esa O;kikjhdj.k dk vkjaHk FkkA 1989 esa ljdkj us ;g ?kks"k.kk dj nh Fkh fd 1990 ls dksbZ Hkh fons'kh Nk=k
lgk;rk kIr ugha gksxk rFkk vkfFkZd vuqnku Hkh Lons'kh Nk=kksa dh la[;k osQ vk/kj ij gksxk vkSj ;g vuqnku la?kh; ljdkj }kjk
miyC/ djk;k tk;sxkA ljdkj }kjk dh x;h ;g ?kks"k.kk mu laLFkkvksa osQ fy, cM+h eqlhcr Fkh ftuesa cM+h la[;k esa fons'kh Nk=k
v;;ujr Fks D;ksafd ,slh fLFkfr esa fok Lrj dks cuk;s j[kus osQ fy, mUgsa 'kqYd vnk dj ldus okys Nk=kksa dks os'k nsuk iM+rkA
ljdkj us f'k{kk lEcU/h tks uhfr cuk;h mlesa vUrjkZ"Vh;dj.k dks egRo fn;k x;kA
iz'u 8- vkWLVsfy;k esa 'kkfUr vkanksyu rFkk ekuo vfkdkjA
mkj'kkfUr vkUnksyu osQ vkjaHk gksus osQ ihNs turk dh ;q fojks/h Hkkouk, FkhaA ijek.kq vL=kksa osQ nq"ifj.kkeksa osQ fo# mHkjrh
tu&Hkkouk ls 'kkfUr vkUnksyu dks ,d u;k vk;ke feyk gSA lSU;okn osQ fo# tu&lk/kj.k dh frf;k dks gh 'kkfUr vkUnksyu
dk uke fn;k x;k gSA ;g vkUnksyu jk"Vh; lqj{kk dh ,d oSdfYid uhfr gS rFkk blesa lkekftd vkUnksyu dk :i ys ysus dh
{kerk gSA ;g vkUnksyu ljdkj dh 'kkfUr uhfr;ksa dks etcwr cukrk gSA 'kkfUr vkUnksyu kphu le; ls gh fo|eku jgs gSa] ijUrq
bldk vk/qfud dky esa mn~Hko 19oha 'krkCnh esa ekuk tkrk gSA
Fke fo'o ;q (1914&18) osQ ckn 'kkfUr vkUnksyu dks yksdf;rk kIr gqbZA f}rh; fo'o ;q osQ fouk'k us vusd ns'kkssa
dks 'kkfUr vkUnksyu esa 'kkfey gksus osQ fy, sfjr fd;kA bl ;q osQ ckn fo'o 'kkfUr ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA bl ifj"kn~ esa
fo'o osQ fo[;kr O;fDr 'kkfey gq,A /hjs&/hjs 'kkfUr vkUnksyu fo'o esa iSQy x;kA 'kq: esa bl vkUnksyu dk ms'; ;q rFkk
fgalkRed xfrfof/;ksa dk fojks/ djuk Fkk] ijUrq ckn esa bldk ms'; fu'kL=khdj.k rFkk fo'o dks ijek.kq ;q dh foHkhf"kdk ls
cpkuk gks x;kA
vkWLVsfy;k dh jktuhfrd laLfr esa 'kkfUr osQ fy, egoiw.kZ LFkku gSA ;gk dk vke O;fDr ;q dk fojks/h gSA 1914 esa Fke
fo'o ;q esa 'kkfey gksus dk Hkh yksxksa us leFkZu ugha fd;k FkkA turk bl ckr dks le>rh Fkh fd ;q jk"V dh 'kfDr dks detksj
dj nsrk gSA 'kkfUr dh cyorh bPNk osQ dkj.k gh vkWLVsfy;k us ijek.kq vL=kksa osQ vlkj dh uhfr dks ego fn;k gSA vkWLVsfy;k
esa 'kkfUr vkUnksyu jk"Vh; vkUnksyu dk fgLlk cu x;k gSA vkWLVsfy;k esa 'kkfUr vkUnksyu dk fodkl Lora=k :i ls gqvk gSA rFkk
'kkfUr dh vko';drk ij vkWLVsfy;kbZ lekt esa leku lgefr gSA
'kkfUr osQ }kjk gh O;fDr osQ vf/dkjksa dh lqj{kk gksrh gSA ekuo vf/dkj os vf/dkj gSa tks O;fDr osQ fodkl osQ fy, vko';d
gSaA lHkh ns'kksa osQ lektksa esa ;g bPNk gksrh gS fd os vius ewY;ksa dks lqjf{kr j[kasA ekuo vf/dkjksa dk tUe ekuo dh ijs'kkuh ls
gqvkA vkWLVsfy;k dh vf/dka'k tula[;k 'osr gSA 'osr yksxksa dks vkWLVsfy;k osQ ewy fuokfl;ksa osQ vf/dkjksa dh fpUrk ugha FkhA
ewy fuoklh lHkh vf/dkjksa ls oafpr Fks] ijUrq vc mUgsa oqQN vf/dkj fn;s x;s gSa] ijUrq 'osr yksx vc Hkh bl lUnHkZ esa ck/k;sa
mRiUu djrs jgrs gSaA vkWLVsfy;k esa ekuo vf/dkjksa dh fLFkfr cgqr vPNh ugha gSA blosQ vfrfjDr vkWLVsfy;kbZ lafo/ku esa ekSfyd
vf/dkjksa dk Hkh dksbZ mYys[k ugha gS blfy, vkWLVsfy;k osQ 'osr yksx Hkh ekSfyd vf/dkjksa osQ fy, la?k"kZ dj jgs gSaA

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