1

V BC TRANH CC NGN NG DN TC THIU S

TY THA THIN HU
TS. Trn Vn Sng1
TM TT
Bi vit miu t c im loi hnh hc, cnh hung ngn ng cc dn tc thiu s
(DTTS) Tha Thin Hu, mt tnh min Trung ca Vit Nam. Cc ngn ng DTTS ca c
dn bn a Tha Thin Hu u c xp vo nhm Katuic, chi Mn-Khmer, ng h Nam
, c phn b Vit Nam, Lo v ng bc Thi Lan. Cc ngn ng T-i, Pa-c, C-tu
u thuc nhm Katuic ng; cn ting Bru-Vn Kiu thuc nhm Katuic Ty. Mc ch bi
vit cn nhm i chiu so snh loi hnh hc gia cc ngn ng Katuic vi ting Vit.

SUMMARY
A PICTURE OF ETHNIC MINORITIES LANGUAGE IN THE PROVINCES
OF THA THIN HU
This text gives the linguistic typological characteristics and a brief description of the
language situation of ethnic minorities language spoken primarily in the central highlands of
Vietnam in the provinces of Tha Thin Hu. These ethnic minorities language belongs to the
Katuic subbranch (in central Vietnam, southern Laos, and parts of northeastern Thailand) of
the Mon-Khmer language group, which is in turn part of the Austroasiatic language family.
The Taih, Pacoh, Katu belongs to the nothern Katuic subbranch, Bru belongs to the western
Katuic subbranch. Other aims of This text are to use an analytical approach to deal with the
linguistic qualities (phonological and morphosyntactic) typical of a Mon-Khmer language
with a Vietnamese comparative-typological perspective.

1.Vi nt v cc dn tc thiu s Ty Tha Thin Hu

Khu vc Ty Tha Thin Hu thuc vng min ni, bao gm hai huyn A
Li v huyn Nam ng, ni c tr tp trung ch yu ca cc dn tc thiu s
(DTTS) ca tnh Tha Thin Hu.
Cc DTTS Ty Tha Thin Hu ch yu thuc nhm dn tc ni ngn
ng Katuic, chi Mn-Khmer, ng h Nam . Theo s liu thng k nm 2009,
dn tc T-i (vi cc nhm a phng: T-i, Pa-c, Pa-hi) c s lng
29.558 ngi, dn tc C-tu c 14.629 ngi ang sinh sng v dn tc BruVn Kiu c 1.114 ngi ang sng ti Tha Thin Hu. V ngun gc, cc dn
1

Trng i hc Ph Xun

tc C-tu, T-i, Bru-Vn Kiu l nhng dn tc bn a, c qu trnh hnh

thnh, tn ti v pht trin lu di, lin tc gn b vi khu vc vng ni Bc
Trung B. a bn c tr ca cc dn tc T-i, C-tu, Bru-Vn Kiu kh rng,
bao gm pha ty v pha ng dy Trng Sn ca cc tnh Qung Bnh, Qung
Tr, Tha Thin Hu, Qung Nam v vt qua bin gii Lo, Thi Lan.
Dn tc C-tu Tha Thin Hu c cho l c ngun gc t Qung
Nam, ch yu l nhm C-tu Phng (Phuang), nay l c dn bn a nh c
lu i trn khu vc Ty Tha Thin Hu. Dn tc Bru-Vn Kiu ch yu sng
huyn Hng Ha tnh Qung Tr. Tha Thin Hu, ngi Bru-Vn Kiu
sng ri rc, xen c vi dn tc T-i v dn tc C-tu bng con ng hn
nhn. Dn tc T-i (ngoi tn gi T-i c s dng rng ri, mt s ni tc
ngi ny cn c nhiu tn gi khc nhau nh Kn Tua, K Tng, Kin , Kin
ne...) l c dn bn a, c tr lu i trn mnh t Tha Thin Hu. Dn tc Ta
i gm 3 nhm a phng T-i, Pa-c, Pa-hi. Trong , nhm T-i chim
mt s lng khng nhiu, cn nhm Pa-c l c dn c s lng ngi ng
nht. Tn gi Pa-c ch c dng ph bin trong thi k chng M, gn lin
vi tn tui v chin cng ca nhng anh hng ngi Pa-c nh H Vai, Kan
Lch, v.v.. cng l nguyn nhn ngi Pa-c, mt trong ba nhm thuc dn
tc T-i, li c bit n nhiu nht.
C th nhn thy, cc dn tc T-i, C-tu, Bru-Vn Kiu l lp c dn
bn a c xa c mt sm nht vng ni Ty Qung Tr, Tha Thin Hu. Xt
v mt ngn ng, chng u thuc nhm Katuic, chi Mn-Khmer, ng h Nam
. V mt vn ho, gia cc dn tc c nhiu im tng ng r rt v phong
tc, c im c tr v mi trng sinh hot cng ng.
2. c im cc ngn ng dn tc thiu s Ty Tha Thin Hu
Tha Thin Hu l tnh a dn tc, a ngn ng. Ting ni ca cc dn
tc c xem l bn a thuc vo cc ng h, chi, tiu chi sau:
Dn tc Kinh ni ting Vit thuc nhm Vit-Mng, chi Mn-Khmer,
ng h Nam , chim a s. Cc DTTS gm T-i (gm ba nhm ngi T-i,

Pa-c, Pa-hi), C-tu, Bru-Vn Kiu u ni ngn ng nhm Katuic, chi MnKhmer, ng h Nam , chim t l thiu s.
Tt c cc ngn ng Vit Nam ni chung, cc ngn ng DTTS Tha
Thin Hu ni ring, u thuc loi hnh ngn ng n lp, tuy mc n lp
tnh biu hin cc ngn ng khc nhau l khc nhau.
y chng ti ch trnh by nhng nt chnh hnh thi ngn ng v ch
vit cc ngn ng DTTS nhm Katuic, nhng ngn ng chnh thc ca cc
DTTS bn a, ch th vn ha khu vc Ty Tha Thin Hu. Vn x hi
ngn ng hc v s tip xc gia ting Vit vi ngn ng DTTS trn a bn s
l mt ch c chng ti trnh by trong mt bi vit ring.
2.1. c im loi hnh
Cc ngn ng DTTS ca c dn bn a Ty Tha Thin Hu u c
xp vo nhm Katuic, chi Mn-Khmer, ng h Nam (Austroasiatic).
Nhm Katuic gm nhiu ngn ng phn b Vit Nam, Lo v ng bc
Thi Lan, chng c phn thnh 2 nhm: nhm Katuic ng v nhm Katuic
Ty. Cc ngn ng T-i, Pa-c, C-tu u thuc nhm Katuic ng; cn ting
Bru-Vn Kiu thuc nhm Katuic Ty.
T gc loi hnh hc, cc nh ngn ng hc nh Nguyn Quang Hng,
N.V.Xtankvich u cho rng, cc ngn ng DTTS tiu chi Katuic u l nhng
ngn ng n lp, thuc tiu loi hnh c, cn m tit tnh (sesquisyllabic). Cn
c vo c im m tit, Nguyn Quang Hng xp cc ngn ng cn m tit
tnh vo loi hnh III, l nhng ngn ng khng chp nhn hin tng x
dch ranh gii m tit, song tha nhn cc t hp ph m trong cu trc m tit
bn ng. Cc ngn ng ny ni chung khng quan tm n s lng m tit2.
Ngoi nhng c im chung ca loi hnh ngn ng n lp, cc ngn
ng thuc tiu loi hnh c cn mang nhng c im ni bt sau:
- Nu cc ngn ng m tit tnh trit nh cc ngn ng Tai-Kaai, HmngMin, Vit-Mng l nhng ngn ng c thanh iu th cc ngn ng nhm
2

Nguyn Quang Hng, 2012 , m tit v loi hnh ngn ng, in ln th ba, Nxb i hc Quc gia Thnh ph H
Ch Minh, tr.232.

Katuic l nhng ngn ng cn m tit tnh, vn cn bo lu r nt ca ngn ng

c xa, khng c thanh iu. V d: kooh (ni), dak (nc, sng), trong ting
T-i; kakoong (ni), karung (sng) trong ting C-tu.
- Nu trong ting Vit, m tit trng vi hnh v v phn ln trng vi ranh gii
ca t th trong cc ngn ng Katuic, ranh gii m tit thay i khi c ph t. V
d: ting C-tu, t gharlk (la nhau) c hai hnh v v hai m tit nhng ranh
gii ca chng hon ton khc: - ranh gii m tit: ghar/lk; - ranh gii hnh v:
gha/r/lk ( y, -r- l mt trung t nn hnh v gc ghalk b tch ra.
- Ngoi hai phng thc cu to t ph bin l ghp v ly ging nh hu ht
cc ngn ng Nam khc, phng thc cu to t ph t vn cn kh nng
phi sinh t, thm ch pht trin mnh ting Pa-c, T-i, C-tu, Bru-Vn
Kiu. V d trong ting C-tu: mt (vo) > patamt (bt a vo); havl (qun)
> pahavl (s lng qun) > tapahavl (s lng qun nhau). c im ny chng
t cc ngn ng Katuic cn bo lu nhiu c im ca h hnh thi Nam c,
vn mt trong cc ngn ng Mn-Khmer khc ng Nam .
- T khng bin i hnh thi din t cc ngha ng php m mang
nhng c im chung ca cc ngn ng thuc loi hnh n lp. Tuy nhin,
cng c ngi cho rng trong cc ngn ng cn m tit tnh nh nhm Katuic,
d thuc loi hnh n lp, song vn c hin tng bin m xy ra cu to t
mi. Chng hn, Nguyn Th Su3 trong cho rng, trong ting T-i, phng
thc bin m l mt trong ba phng thc cu to t tiu biu. V d: kapeas
(ht ra) > kaleas (b ht ra vt nh); avoq (ng) > ivoq (ng, gi gin tip);
ama (c) > ima (c, gi gin tip). C th nhn thy, s bin m y din ra
khng r rng nh cc ngn ng chu u.
2.2. c im ng m
V mt ng m, cc ngn ng cn m tit tnh nhm Katuic c cu trc
m tit trong cc ngn ng loi hnh ny c th rt a dng. Tuy nhin, cng lu
rng t liu ngn ng thc t cho thy trong cc ngn ng ny rt t xut
3

Xem thm: Nguyn Th Su, 2009, Cu to t ting Ta i (trong s so snh vi ting Vit), Lun n Tin s
Ngn ng hc, Vin Ngn ng hc.

hin nhng t hp ph m cui m tit, m v u m tit cng t gp nhng

t hp nhiu hn hai ph m4. Nhn nh ny cho thy vn t liu quan
trng nh th no cho vic a ra mt gi thuyt v kt lun khi nghin cu
ngn ng v mt loi hnh hc.
C th nu nhng c im ng m ni bt nht ca cc ngn ng nhm
Katuic theo cc vn sau:
- T ng m hc thng c dng a tit. Cc m tit c th chia thnh hai
loi: m tit ph (hay tin m tit) v m tit chnh. Trong nhng t song tit,
m tit ph i trc m tit chnh v m tit chnh l m tit mang trng m t;
c kh nhiu t c v ng m ln hn hai m tit. M hnh t ng m hc c th
c ti ba tin m tit. Chng hn, t m v hc trong ting C-tu gm mt m
tit chnh v c th c mt, hai hoc ba m tit ph ng trc5. V d: karung
(sng), kakoong (ni), aka (c sui), ating (l dong), dhrng (mu hng),
- Tn ti kh nhiu cc kiu dng khc nhau ca tin m tit. Tin m tit
c th l CVC, CV hoc ch l C (trong C l ph m, V l nguyn m) tuy s
phn b cc nguyn m v ph m trong m hnh cu to m tit ni trn l rt
khc nhau. Cc m u tin m tit gn nh khng hn ch. Chng hn, trong
ting C-tu, c th l ph m bt k, tr cc ph m bt hi6, v d:
hunguk (ngy), prnha (no ); cn ting Bru-Vn Kiu, th trong tin m tit
cu trc CVC, m nhim chc nng m u l mt ph m (khng bao gi l
mt t hp ph m)7. V d: parlai (thuc cha bnh), mandang (mt tri),
- Cc m cui trong tin m tit phn ln l cc m nc, lng [l, r] hoc
m mi [m, n, , ]. Trng hp c bit l nhng m tin mi hay tin m tit
mi vi dng m v hc l /N/. /N/ v tr ca - C v c th hin thnh mt
trong cc m mi [m, n, , ], thng ng nht v v tr cu m vi ph m u
ca m tit chnh i sau . Cc c im ny u c trong cc ngn ng DTTS
4

5
6

Nguyn Quang Hng, 2012 , Sd, tr.246

Nguyn Hu Honh, Nguyn Vn Li, 1998, Ting Katu, Khoa hc X hi, H Ni, tr.31
Nguyn Hu Honh, Nguyn Vn Li, 1998, Sd, tr.34.
Hong Vn Ma, T Vn Thng, 1998, Ting Bru-Vn Kiu, Nxb Khoa hc X hi, H Ni, tr.40.

nhm Katuic, chng hn, mbang (nhanh), nghang (xng), trong ting C-tu;
mpiq (m), ntri (ci chy), nhch (chy), trong ting Bru-Vn Kiu.
- m nhn chc nng m u ca m tit chnh c th l ph m n
hoc t hp ph m. Chng hn, l cc ph m [p, t, tr, ch, k, q, ph, th, b, d,
m, n, nh, ng, s, sh, h, l, r, g], bn nguyn m [v, y] v cc hp ph m [pr, pl, br,
bl, kr, kl, khl, khr, phl] trong ting Bru-Vn Kiu 8. V d: kl (thm), tru (c
su), klh (ci),
- S lng nguyn m trong cc ngn ng nhm Katuic thuc vo loi
phong ph. Cc nguyn m n c s i lp u n v trng , khu bit v
m vc. H thng nguyn m ting Bru-Vn Kiu ln n 42 nguyn m. V d:
ping (m m) - png (ci hng), m (bi) - m (thuc sng),
- H thng m cui trong m tit chnh kh phc tp, chng c th l mt
ph m hoc t hp ph m. Ngoi cc ph m tc, v thanh [-p, -t, -c, -k] v
cc m mi tng ng [-m, -n, -, -], cc bn nguyn m [-j, -w], cc ph m
nc, lng [-l, -r] c chc nng m cui ging nhiu ngn ng DTTS thuc chi
Mn-Khmer khc, trong h thng m cui cc ngn ng Katuic cn c cc ph
m thanh hu [-h, -], t hp bn nguyn m + ph m thanh hu [-i, -jh, -w]
trong ting T-i [v d: achoiq (gi nh), koiq (b), mooih (ho non),], hay
cc t hp [uq, iq, ih] trong ting Bru-Vn Kiu [v d: lauq (ma v), ruaiq
(rut), achoaih (ng),], cc t hp [-w, - i, -ih] trong ting C-tu [v d:
puih (nng), tapuih (lm nng), manih (ngi),].
V cu trc m tit trong cc ngn ng ni trn, ni chung cn phc tp
v khng cht cng do s c mt ca cc ph m kp u m tit v c cc
ph m xt hoc rung cui m tit. cha phi l iu kin cn thit v tin
li cho vic thc hin nhng din bin phc tp v m iu trong ni b mt m
tit, do cha th hnh thnh ngay mt h thng thanh iu phc tp v hon

Hong Vn Ma, T Vn Thng, 1998, Sd, tr.48.

chnh nh trong nhiu ngn ng thuc tiu chi Vit - Mng hay cc ngn ng
thuc ng h Ty - Thi, hoc ng h Hn - Tng9.
2.3. c im cu to t
V hnh thi hc, cc ngn ng tiu chi Katuic va th hin nhng c
im chung ca cc ngn ng n lp, va th hin nhng nt ring, bo lu
nhng c im c ca cc ngn ng Nam , c th hin qua cc kha cnh
c bn sau:
- Qu trnh bin i theo xu hng n tit ha ca cc ngn ng Katuic din ra
mt cch chm ri, do vy, t a tit vn cn chim mt s lng ln [v d:
kakoong (ni), karung (sng) trong ting C-tu; pakoh (v pha ni) trong ting
Pa-c)]. iu ny cho thy qu trnh n lp ha cha trit ca cc ngn ng
ny khi m cc ph t cu to t c bo lu v ngy cng pht trin, c kh
nng phi sinh t mi mnh, ngay c i vi cc t vay mn. Chng hn trong
ting C-tu: hk (hc) - pahk (lm cho hc, dy), hk (hc) - rahk (vic hc,
bi hc).
- Mt trong nhng c trng ni bt ca phng thc ph t trong cc ngn ng
Katuic l c tin t v trung t. Theo Nguyn Hu Honh v Nguyn Vn Li 10,
trong ting C-tu hin c 11 tin t (trong c 4 tin t ng m ta-, 3 tin t
ng m pa-, v cc tin t ha-, ma-, ka-, N-) [v d: cht (cht) - kacht (git)]
v 2 trung t: trung t cu to danh t -an- (- rn) v trung t tng h -r- (trung
t ny v tin t tng h ta- thc ra l hai bin th ca cng 1 ph t) [v d:
cha (n) - chana (thc n)]. Cn theo Nguyn Th Su11, trong ting T-i c 18
tin t (trong c 3 tin t ng m a-, 2 tin t ng m pa-, 2 tin t ng
m ta-, 2 tin t ng m par-, 2 tin t ng m u-, 2 tin t ng m ng-, v
cc tin t: i-, tar-, si-) [v d: kooh - pakooh (pha ni)], v 2 trung t -an(trung t ch cng c, phng tin thc hin hnh ng do cn t biu th) v
9

Nguyn Quang Hng, 2012 , Sd, tr.262.

10

11

Nguyn Hu Honh, Nguyn Vn Li, 1998, Sd, tr.58.

Nguyn Th Su, 2009, Sd.

-r- (trung t ch mi quan h qua li gia cc ch th bng hnh ng c cn

t biu th) [v d: koong (g)- kanoong (di, ci g); kachng (ci) karchng (ci vi nhau)].
3.4.c im v t vng
H thng t vng ca cc ngn ng Katuic phn nh mt bc tranh phong
ph, a dng, c hnh thnh do cc mi quan h ci ngun v tip xc vi cc
ngn ng Mn-Khmer khc cng h Nam v c quan h tip xc, vay mn
cc ngn ng khng cng ngun gc v loi hnh. Cng ging cc ngn ng
Mn-Khmer khc, trong h thng vn t c bn ca nhm ngn ng Katuic u
c ngun gc Nam bn a. l lp t thuc vn t c bn nh: cc t ch
hin tng thin nhin (my, ma, nc, gi), cc t ch b phn c th (thn,
chn, tay, c, cm) hay con ngi (ngi, con, thanh nin,), cc t ch thi
gian (ngy, m, sng, ti, gi,), cc t ch c im, tnh cht (, xanh,
trng, vng, ), cc t ch ng vt (tru, b, nga, d, g, vt,) v cc t ch
thc vt (cy, hoa, l, bp, la, thc). Tuy nhin, vn c cng ngun gc
hay do tip xc, vay mn khng phi lc no cng c ch ra mt cch r
rng v minh xc. Bi l, trong vn t vng ca cc ngn ng Katuic c rt
nhiu t c th c ngun gc vi cc ngn ng tiu chi Vit-Mng, ngc li,
trong ni b cc ngn ng Nam ni chung, chi Mn-Khmer ni ring, cc
ngn ng Vit-Mng ht sc gn gi vi cc ngn ng Katuic.
Trong vn t vng cc ngn ng C-tu, Bru-Vn Kiu, T-i, Pa-c hin
nay c nhiu t ng vay mn do qu trnh tip xc vi cc ngn ng trong khu
vc, c bit l tip xc, vay mn t ting Vit bi nhng nguyn nhn ngn
ng hc v ngoi ngn ng hc. a s cc t vay mn u thuc lp t vng
vn ha. Chng hn, hk sinh (hc sinh), dang vin (ng vin)... trong ting
C-tu; kam (cam), ki (cy)... trong ting Bru-Vn Kiu; den (n), ki (cy),
hok (hc), pahok (dy) trong ting Pa-c, T-i. V mt ngun gc, cn phn
bit cc t thun Katuic vi cc t vay mn. Bi trong thc t, cc t vay
mn ting Vit vn l cc t phc, nhng khi c cc ngn ng Katuic vay

mn, chng c i x nh cc t n. iu m h nhn thc c l, cc

tp hp ng m y c xc nh nh mt n v duy nht biu th mt thc th
m h cn phi gi tn trong thc t.
2.5.c im v ch vit
Ch vit ca cc ngn ng tiu chi Katuic Vit Nam u thuc loi hnh
ch vit t dng La Tinh, c xy dng vo cc thi im khc nhau, t cui
nhng nm nm mi ca th k XX. Chng hn, ch vit Pa-c ca ng Ku N
(H Ngc M), ch vit C-tu ra i trong vng gii phng tnh Qung Nam.
Nhng nm 1960 -1970, cc nh ngn ng hc thuc t chc SIL (Summer
Institute of Linguistics) xy dng ch vit cho nhiu ngn ng DTTS, trong
c ch vit Pa-c T-i, Bru-Vn Kiu, C-tu. Cc ch vit do SIL ch tc
tng i hon thin, phn nh trung thc nhng c im cc ngn ng, li h
thng v kh gn vi ch Quc ng. Nm 1985, Vin ngn ng hc cng vi
tnh Bnh Tr Thin c ci tin ch vit Pa-c T-i v Bru-Vn Kiu v bin
son cc Sch hc ting Pa c - Ta i, Sch hc ting Bru - Vn Kiu, tin hnh
dy th im cc sch ny v a vo s dng t cho n tn ngay nay.
2.6.V v tr v mi quan h gn gi v mt t vng gia cc ngn ng
Cho n nay, cc nh nghin cu vn cha c c s thng nht v s
lng cc ngn ng c th trong nhm Katuic Vit Nam. Theo Vng Hu
L, mc d ting Katu v ting Pakh c coi l nhm ng Katuic v ting
Bru c coi l nhm Ty Katuic, nhng ting Bru v ting Pakh c mt t l
t chung rt ln (74%) trong khi hai ngn ng ny ch c 56-58% t chung vi
ting Katu12. C cng quan im, cc tc gi Ting Bru-Vn Kiu nhn xt
ting Bru-Vn Kiu c bit gn vi Pakh; mi quan h gia Pakh v Taih
l gn gi nht13. Vy, nhm Katuic thc cht c my ngn ng? V tr ca
mi ngn ng ra sao?

12

Vng Hu L,1997, T in Bru-Vit-Anh, Nxb Thun Ho, Hu, tr.14.

13

Hong Vn Ma, T Vn Thng, 1998, Sd, tr.210.

10

V v tr ting C-tu v ting Bru-Vn Kiu l tng i r rng. l

hai ngn ng c lp. Vn cn li l mi quan h gia ting Pa-c vi ting
T-i. Mt s ti liu xem ting T-i nh mt b phn ca ting Pa-c, v xem
ting T-i nh mt phng ng ca Pa-c. Chng hn, quan im: c th xem
s khc nhau v ting ni ca ba nhm Pa c, Ta i, Pa hi l s khc nhau gia
cc ting a phng ca mt ngn ng thng nht, ch khng phi l s khc
nhau gia cc ngn ng14. Chnh mc gn gi gia ting Pa-c v ting Ti khin cc nh nghin cu ngh mt t ting chung: ting Pa c-Ta i. Cng
c ngi coi ting Pa-c ch l mt phng ng ca ting T-i, chng hn
Nguyn Th Su. Quan im mi nht l xem ting Pa-c v ting T-i nh hai
ngn ng c lp. Theo on Vn Phc, ci gi l ting Pa c - Ta i l mt
khi nim khng r rng15. ng cho rng: ting Ta i c xu hng bin i
gn vi ting Phng v cc th ng ca ting C tu hn so vi ting Pa c, Pa
hi v Bru - Vn Kiu. Ngc li, ting Pa c, Pa hi c nhiu nt bin i ging
vi ting Bru - Vn Kiu. Nh vy, nhm ngn ng C tu Vit Nam gm t
nht c 4 ngn ng: C tu, Ta i, Pa c, Bru - Vn Kiu 16. Vic xem ting Pac v ting T-i l nhng ngn ng c lp c ngha rt quan trng trong vic
xc nh thnh phn dn tc i vi cc tc ngi ny.Trong bi vit ny, chng
ti ng vi quan im ca on Vn Phc v v tr v s lng cc ngn ng
trong nhm Katuic Vit Nam l C-tu, T-i, Pa-c, Bru - Vn Kiu.
3. Nhn xt v nhng khc bit ng m - ch vit ngn ng DTTS nhm
Katuic so vi ting Vit v ch Quc ng
phn trc, chng ti ch ra mt s c trng loi hnh hc ca cc
ngn ng DTTS nhm Katuic Tha Thin Hu. Trong phn ny, trn c s l
lun nu trn, chng ti ch nu nhng tng ng v khc bit gia cc
ngn ng DTTS vi ting Vit qua nhng c im sau:
3.1. Nhng tng ng v khc bit v ng m
14

U ban Nhn dn Bnh Tr Thin,1986, Sch hc ting Pach- Taih, Nxb Thun Ha, Hu, tr.7.
on Vn Phc, 2009, V tr ca ting T i trong nhm ngn ng C tu Vit Nam, trong Tm hiu cc
ngn ng dn tc Vit Nam, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, tr. 305.
16
on Vn Phc, 2009, Sd, 314.
15

11

- T ng m trong cc ngn ng DTTS thng c dng a tit, c bit song

tit. Cc m tit c chia thnh hai loi: tin m tit v m tit chnh. Trong
nhng t song tit, m tit ph i trc m tit chnh v m tit chnh l m tit
mang trng m t. M hnh t ng m c th c ti ba tin m tit. c im
ng m ny trong ting Vit khng c.
- Cc m cui trong tin m tit phn ln l cc m nc, lng [-l, -r] hoc m
mi [-m, -n, -, - ]; mt s tin m tit c m cui l ph m tc hoc tc xt.
Trng hp c bit l nhng m tin mi (tin m tit mi) vi dng m v hc
l /N/. /N/ v tr m u v c th hin thnh mt trong cc m mi ni trn,
thng ng nht v v tr cu m vi ph m u ca m tit chnh i sau .
c im ng m ny cng khng c trong ting Vit.
- H thng cc m u trong ngn ng DTTS, ngoi nhng ph m n c trong
ting Vit, cn c cc t hp ph m [kl-, kr-, pl-, tl-,]. Ting Vit hin i
khng cn c c trng cc t hp ph m ny.
- S lng nguyn m trong cc ngn ng DTTS phong ph v nhiu hn trong
ting Vit. Cc nguyn m n c s i lp u n v trng , khu bit v
m vc, khng c thanh iu; trong khi ting Vit l ngn ng c thanh iu.
- H thng m cui trong m tit chnh phc tp hn ting Vit, chng c th l
mt ph m hoc t hp ph m. Ngoi cc ph m tc, v thanh [-p, -t, -c, -k],
cc m mi tng ng [- m, - n, -, -], bn nguyn m [-j, -w] c trong ting
Vit, cc ngn ng DTTS cn c thm cc ph m nc, lng [-l, -r] c chc
nng m cui, cc ph m thanh hu [-h, -], t hp bn nguyn m + ph m
thanh hu [-jh, -w].
3.2. Nhng tng ng v khc bit v ch vit
C ch DTTS ln ch Quc ng u thuc h ch La tinh. l cc loi
ch vit ghi m v. Cch ghi cc t theo nguyn tc ng m hc. Loi ch ny
phn nh tng i ng ng m, phn ln mi ch tng ng vi mt m, c
gi tr khoa hc cao v rt gn vi b ch ng m quc t (k hiu phin m
quc t). Tuy cng h ch La tinh nhng gia ch DTTS vi ch Quc ng vn
c nhng khc bit c bn:

12

- ghi nguyn m ngn, ch vit DTTS s dng du sc trn cc nguyn m

ngoi tr ch , ging ch Quc ng, nh -, -, u-, oo-o, a-, -,V
d: tom (sui), kasenh (con rn), achh (thc), trong ting T-i; koh
(ni), kammong (sing nng), konh (n ng, c), trong ting Pa-c.
- ghi hin tng m tc thanh hu cui m tit, ch DTTS dng con ch
q biu th, cn ch Quc ng khng ghi. V d: daq (sng), a-aq (con
qa).. trong ting Pa-c; kireq (cy my), aroq (khoai mn), trong ting Ctu.
- Nhiu k hiu trong b ch cc ngn ng DTTS khng h v/hoc khng
tng ng trong ch Quc ng. Chng hn: nhn i nguyn m biu th cc
nguyn m cng, di nh ee, oo, , aa, uu; cc k hiu ph m ghp nh br,
pl, kl, kr, dh, bh,; k thay cho c, k,q; g thay cho g, gh; ng thay cho ngh, ng.
Ngoi ra, ch vit DTTS cn b sung thm cc con ch v t hp ch j, y, iq,
uq, ih ghi nhng ph m khng c trong ch Quc ng.
R rng, so vi ch Quc ng, b ch ca cc ngn ng DTTS Tha
Thin Hu c nhiu ci tin t chnh nhng khuyt im ca ch Quc ng.
S khc nhau v h thng m v v phm cht ng m ca chng trong cc ngn
ng tt yu dn n nhng khc bit trong cch ghi m v ca hai b ch cng
h La tinh ny.
Nh vy, h qu ca nhng khc bit v ng m - ch vit cc DTTS
Tha Thin Hu so vi ting Vit v ch Quc ng ni trn, c th c vn
dng mt cch khoa hc trong vic phin chuyn tn ring gc DTTS sang ting
Vit trong vn bn ting Vit, c bit l phin chuyn a danh gc DTTS sang
ting Vit trn bn qun s, bn a l, du lch tnh Tha Thin Hu 17. y
l mt vn cha c s thng nht gia cc nh ngn ng hc v cc nh bn
hc hin nay.
4. Kt lun
17

V vn ny, chng ti xut gii php trong: Trn Vn Sng (2013), Cch phin chuyn a danh gc
dn tc thiu s Tha Thin Hu sang ting Vit, Tp ch Ngn ng v i sng, (s 1+2/2013), tr.85-93

13

Nhn mt cch tng quan c th nhn xt: Tha Thin Hu l tnh a dn

tc, a ngn ng, a vn ha. Ngoi dn tc Kinh cn c cc DTTS khc nhau
sinh sng. Cc DTTS Ty Tha Thin Hu ch yu l cc tc ngi nhm
ngn ng Katuic, chi Mn-Khmer, ng h Nam . y chnh l lp c dn bn
a khu vc Bc Trng Sn, Trung Trung B. Cc ngn ng DTTS Ty
Tha Thin Hu u l nhng ngn ng n lp thuc tiu loi hnh c, cn m
tit tnh, chng va mang nhng c im chung c cc ngn ng MnKhmer, va c nhng khc bit v loi hnh hc vi ting Vit, mt ngn ng
n lp in hnh. Vic tm hiu c im loi hnh hc cc ngn ng Katuic
mt cch chuyn su s gp phn vo vic:
(1) Ch ra c im ngn ng v ch vit cc ngn ng DTTS trn a
bn tnh Tha Thin Hu, gp phn bin son t in dn tc -Vit, Vit - dn
tc, sch gio khoa bng ting dn tc trong chng trnh gio dc ph thng;
(2) Nhn bit nhng im tng ng v khc bit gia ting Vit so vi
cc ngn ng DTTS thy r s giao thoa, chuyn ha, vay mn gia cc
ngn ng cng nh vn chun ha cch vit tn ring gc DTTS ni chung,
a danh gc DTTS ni ring trong vn bn ting Vit v trn bn quc gia.
Hu, 22/12/2014
TI LIU THAM KHO V TRCH DN
Ting Vit
1. Trn Tr Di (1999), Nghin cu ngn ng cc dn tc thiu s Vit Nam, Nxb
i hc Quc gia H Ni.
2. Nguyn Hu Honh, Nguyn Vn Li (1998), Ting Katu, Khoa hc X hi, H
Ni.
3. Nguyn Quang Hng (2012), m tit v loi hnh ngn ng, in ln th ba, Nxb
i hc Quc gia Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
4. Vng Hu L (1997), T in Bru-Vit-Anh, Nxb Thun Ho, Hu.
5. Hong Vn Ma, T Vn Thng (1998), Ting Bru-Vn Kiu, Nxb Khoa hc X
hi, H Ni.

14
6. on Vn Phc (2009), V tr ca ting T i trong nhm ngn ng C tu Vit
Nam, trong Tm hiu cc ngn ng dn tc Vit Nam, Nxb Khoa hc x hi,
H Ni, tr. 294-318.
7. Trn Vn Sng (2013), Cch phin chuyn a danh gc dn tc thiu s Tha
Thin Hu sang ting Vit, Tp ch Ngn ng v i sng, (s 1+2/2013), tr.8593.
8. Nguyn Th Su (2009), Cu to t ting Ta i (trong s so snh vi ting Vit),
Lun n Tin s Ngn ng hc, H Ni.
9. U ban Nhn dn Bnh Tr Thin (1986), Sch hc ting Bru-Vn Kiu, Nxb
Thun Ha, Hu.
10. U ban Nhn dn Bnh Tr Thin (1986), Sch hc ting Pach- Taih, Nxb Thun
Ha, Hu.
11. Xtankvich, N.V. (1982), Loi hnh cc ngn ng, Nxb i hc v Trung hc
chuyn nghip, H Ni.
Ting Anh
12. Bernard Comrie (2009), The Worlds Major Languages, Second Edition,
Routledge, London and New York.
13. Cliff Goddard (2005), The languages of East and Southeast, Oxford University
Press.
14. Paul Sidwell (2006), A Mon - Khmer comparative dictionary, Pacific Linguistics,
Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National
University.