GT ThietKeHeThongDien QHA

BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO
TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP. HO CH MINH
KHOA IEN- IN T
BO MON IEN CONG NGHIEP
**
PGS.TS. QUYEN HUY ANH
GIAO TRNH
THIET KE HE THONG IEN
TP. HO CH MINH 2009
Giao trnh Thiet ke he thong ien
PGS.TS. Quyen Huy Anh
Chng 1
THIET KE MANG PHAN PHOI IEN
He thong phan phoi gom:

1. He thong truyen tai trung gian.
2. Cac tram phan phoi.
3. Mang phan phoi s cap.
4. Cac may bien ap phan phoi.
5. Mang phan phoi th cap (ha
the).
6. Cac thiet b phu tr.
Hnh 1.1 la s o cua mang phan phoi
ien hnh, ien ap cua tram trung gian t
12,47 kV en 245 kV. Tram phan phoi
gom cac may bien ap, thiet b ieu chnh
cap ien ap, cac thanh cai, may cat, dao
cach ly, phat tuyen s cap 3 pha (theo
tieu chuan Viet Nam, mang phan phoi
thng hoat ong cap 10 kV en 30
kV). May bien ap phan phoi co cong suat
nh mc t 10 en 250 kVA.
1.1.
Hnh 1.1. S o n tuyen he thong phan

phoi ien
NG DAY TRUYEN TAI TRUNG GIAN
He thong truyen tai trung gian la phan cua mang ien phan phoi, truyen tai nang
lng t tram trung gian en tram phan phoi bang day dan tren khong hay cap ngam.
Mang truyen tai trung gian c thiet
ke theo mang n gian hnh tia hoac phc
tap mang vong, mang li.
Hnh 1.2 la he thong truyen tai trung
gian hnh tia cac mach phan nhanh t tram
trung gian en tram phan phoi. He thong
hnh tia th n gian va co chi ph thap
nhng tnh cap ien lien tuc khong cao.
Mot dang cai tien cua mang hnh tia nh
Hnh 1.3, loai mang nay cho phep phuc hoi
s co nhanh hn (khi co s co xay ra tren
mach cua tram trung gian).
Hnh 1.2. Mang truyen tai trung gian hnh tia
H SPKT Tp HCM-Khoa T
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Hnh 1.3. S o mang truyen tai trung gian

hnh tia cai tien
Hnh 1.4. S o mang truyen tai

trung gian mach vong
e tang o tin cay, he thong mang trung gian c thiet ke dang mach vong hoac
mach nhieu nhanh. Hnh 1.4 la s o tram trung gian loai mach vong. Hnh 1.5 gii thieu
he thong mang dang li.
Hnh 1.5. S o mang truyen tai trung gian dang li
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1.2. MANG PHAN PHOI S CAP

1.2.1. Cac dang s o cung cap ien
a. S o hnh tia
ay la s o n gian
va chi ph re nhat, v the
no la mach thong dung
nhat.
Hnh 1.6 gii thieu s
o mang phan phoi s cap
hnh tia chia lam nhieu
nhanh en cac may bien
ap phan phoi.
o tin cay cua mang s
cap hnh tia thap, s co
xay ra bat ky v tr nao
tren day se lam gian oan
s cung cap ien. S co
c cach ly khoi nguon
nh thiet b ong cat nh
may cat, dao cach ly hoac
cau ch.
Hnh 1.7 la s o mang
s cap hnh tia ma co them
bo phan ong lien lac
phan oan e tai cung cap
ien nhanh hn.
Hnh 1.6. S o mang phan phoi s cap hnh tia
Hnh 1.7. Tuyen s cap hnh tia va he thong dao cach ly

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Hnh 1.8 gii thieu s o cung cap cho khu vc phu tai bang tuyen day s cap hnh tia
vi mot tuyen chnh va mot tuyen ngc. Day noi gia tram en trung tam tai goi la tuyen
chnh (day chnh), khong co day phu hoac nhanh day c noi re t day tuyen chnh.
Hnh 1.8. S o mach hnh tia vi mot tuyen day chnh va mot tuyen day ngc
Hnh 1.9 la s o phan bo phu tai tng pha cho tng khu vc t tuyen 3 pha.
Tram phan phoi
Tuyen
1 pha
Khu
vc tai
pha A
Nhanh 1 pha
Tuyen
3 pha
Khu
vc tai
pha B
Khu
vc tai
pha C
Hnh 1.9. Tuyen day cung cap hnh tia tai khu vc
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b. S o mach vong
Hnh 1.10 gii thieu s o
mang s cap mach vong. oi
khi dao cach ly cua mach
vong c thay bang may cat
do ieu kien phu tai. Trong
cac trng hp, dao cach ly
hoac may cat lien ket mach
vong co the hoat ong bnh
thng ong hoac m.
Thng c day bang nhau
ca mach vong, s o mach
vong c chon theo day ien
tai bnh thng.
S co xay ra tren mang s
cap se lam may cat hoat ong
(m ra). May cat se duy tr
trang thai m cho en khi s
co b cach ly ca hai pha.
Mach vong rat tin cay e cung
cap ien cho ho quan trong.
Hnh 1.10. S o tuyen day trung the mach vong
c. Mang phan phoi s cap dang li

Hnh 1.11 gii thieu s o
mang ien s cap gom nhieu
day c noi lai vi nhau va
c cap ien bi tram, cac
tram khac nhau, cac tuyen s
cap cung c cap ien trc
tiep t cac tram, tren moi
tuyen co hai may cat at
moi au.
Mang li s cap cung cap
ien cho phu tai theo nhieu
hng. Ton that trong mang
li s cap th thap hn so vi
he thong hnh tia.
o tin cay va chat lng
ien nang cua mang li cao
hn nhieu so vi mach hnh
tia va mach vong nhng lai
kho thiet ke va van hanh hn.
Hnh 1.11. Mang phan phoi s cap dang li
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1.2.2. Cac cap ien ap cua he thong phan phoi s cap

Cap ien ap cua tuyen day s cap la yeu to quan trong nhat anh hng en s thiet ke
he thong, chi ph va s hoat ong cua he thong ien. Mot vai yeu to cua viec thiet ke va
s hoat ong cua he thong anh hng en mc ien ap nh:
1. Chieu dai tuyen day s cap.
2. Tai cua tuyen day s cap.
3. So lng tram phan phoi.
4. nh mc cua cac tram phan phoi.
5. So ng day truyen tai trung gian.
6. So lng phu tai ac biet.
7. He thong bao tr.
8. S m rong s o hnh cay.
9. Cac iem noi cua tru.
10. Cac loai day va cau truc.
11. Hnh dang cua day tru.
Ngoai ra, con co cac yeu to khac cung anh hng en viec chon la cap ien ap, c
minh hoa nh Hnh 2.12. Theo tieu chuan Viet Nam, cap ien ap phan phoi s cap (trung
the): 10 kV, 15 kV, 22 kV, 35 kV, 66 kV,
Hnh 1.12. Cac yeu to anh hng en cap ien ap tuyen day s cap.
Thong thng tuyen day s cap c at vung co mat o phu tai thap b han che
chieu dai day do sut ap cho phep. Con tuyen day s cap trong khu vc co mat o phu tai
cao (cong nghiep, thng mai), b han che bi ieu kien phat nhiet day dan.
Tong quat vi o sut ap cho trc, chieu dai tuyen day va tai la ham cap ien the.
Cac quan he nay c bieu dien bi cac cong thc sau:
T so khoang cach x t so tai = he so bnh phng ien ap.
He so bnh phng ien ap L-N, mi

VL-N,cu
khoang cach mi
T so khoang cach
khoang cach cu
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T so tai
Tai tuyen day mi

Tai tuyen day cu
1.2.3. Chon c day trung the

Cac yeu to anh hng en s thiet ke tuyen day:
1. Mat o phu tai tren nhanh.
2. ac tnh phu tai.
3. Mc gia tang cua phu tai.
4. Cac yeu cau ve cong suat d tr trong trng hp khan cap.
5. Yeu cau cap ien lien tuc cho phu tai.
6. Yeu cau o tin cay ien nang.
7. Chat lng cung cap ien.
8. Cap ien ap cua mang trung the.
9. Phan loai va chi ph cua viec xay dng mang ien.
10. V tr va cong suat cua tram phan phoi.
11. Cac yeu cau ve cap ien ap qui nh.
Ngoai cac yeu to tren con co cac yeu to khac anh hng en s xac nh tuyen day
trung the nh so lng tuyen day. Tong quat co the bieu dien viec chon day phan phoi s
cap bang cac hnh 2.13, 2.14, 2.15.
Hnh 1.13. Nhng yeu to anh hng en s chon la tuyen day trung the
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Hnh 1.14. Cac yeu to anh hng en so lng tuyen day.
Hnh 1.15. Cac yeu to anh hng en chon la c day dan.

a. S la chon c ng day cung cap ien cho tai tap trung
Yeu cau chnh cua day dan la truyen
tai ien nang t tram trung gian en tram
bien ap phan phoi hoac cac iem tren
cac tuyen day. Thiet ke tuyen day thoa
man dong yeu cau trong gii han cho
phep. Cac tnh chat ve nhiet cua cap
c chon phu hp. o sut ap co the
c tnh va kiem tra, nhng trong vai
trng hp ac biet no khong dung e
thiet ke, ac biet oi vi ien ap ri cho
phep, chang han trong viec thiet ke
ng day phan phoi ngi ta co the
ieu chnh ien ap theo yeu cau tai cac
iem tren day dan bang cac thiet b ieu
Hnh 1.16. S quan he gia he so phu

tai vi he so ton that.
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khien ien ap. Thong thng kch thc day dan c chon theo nh luat Kelvin. nh
luat Kelvin phat bieu rang : kch thc day dan mang tnh kinh te nhat khi chi ph au t
hang nam va chi ph ton that hang nam do truyen tai la nho nhat. Chi ph hang nam cua
day cap c xet bi hai thanh phan: mot phan do chi ph co nh va phan con lai t le
thuan vi tiet dien day dan. Chi ph hang nam do day dan la P1 + P2F.
Vi F la tiet dien day dan.
Neu I la dong ien tren 3 pha th 3I2R la ton that cong suat. I2Rx8760 kW.h la ton that
ien nang trong nam. Chi ph ton that ien nang t le thuan vi ien nang ton that hang
P
nam. Chi ph ton that ien nang lai t le nghch vi tiet dien day dan c tnh la 3 .
F
P
Tong ph ton: P1 P2 F 3 se nho nhat khi ao ham theo F bang 0.
F
P
Luc o: P2 F 3
F
P3
I
Neu P3 p3 I 2 , mat o dong jkt
F
p3
Vi P3 hang so.
Jkt mat o dong kinh te va khong phu thuoc vao ien ap.
I la dong ien trung bnh qua tai trong mot nam va e bieu dien ton that dong ien I
bang gia tr hieu dung cua dong tai qua ng day trong suot mot nam. Do ac tnh bien
thien cua tai va tnh chat khac nhau cua tai, gia tr dong ien hieu dung ng vi dong
trung bnh c dung e tnh ton that cong suat va ton that ien nang.
Ton that cong suat:
he so ton that x 3I 2max R
Imax la dong ien cc ai. He so ton that co quan vi he so phu tai trung bnh trong
Hnh 1.16 va cac gia tr tng ng cho trong Bang 1.1. Neu biet chi tiet ng cong cua
tai, cac he so c xac nh cho nhng trng hp tng ng. Neu x1, x2, , xn la dong tai
cac iem 1, 2, , n.
x x 2 ... x n
I 1
Dong trung bnh:
n
Gia tr hieu dung cua I:
x12 x 22 ... x n2
n
Bang 1.1. He so phu tai

He so tai %
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
Dong hieu dung

K
Dong trung bnh
he so ton that cong suat

2
% he so tai

K 100%
100
2,20
1,70
1,45
1,30
1,20
1,08
1,00
4,84
11,60
19,00
27,00
26,00
57,00
100,00
Cho he so tai la 0,7.

He so ton that = (0,7.1,08)2 = 0,57 = 57%.
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Co han che khi dung nh luat Kelvin tren mot oan day cap v no khong can thiet oi
vi ket qua chnh xac bi cac ly do:
1. Gia ien cung nh khau hao hang nam cua hai day cap cung loai trong he thong
se khac nhau khi lap at nhng ni khac nhau.
2. Khong phai ch co chi ph day la chi ph thay oi.
3. He so phu tai cua tram hay cua he thong va he so ton that khac nhau gay sai so
trong tnh toan.
Chon tiet dien day dan theo mat o dong ien kinh te khi biet thi gian Tmax
Mat o dong ien kinh te phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to va thay oi theo s phat trien
cua nen kinh te, mc o s dung ien, chi ph au t, vat lieu dung lam day dan. Theo tai
lieu cua Lien Xo cu, co the tham khao tr so jkt (A/mm2) oi vi ng day tren khong nh
sau:
Bang 1.2. Mat o dong ien kinh te.
Ten day dan
Thi gian s dung cong suat cc ai Tmax, h

1000 - 3000
3000 - 5000
>5000
Day dan tran

ong
Nhom
2,5
1,3
2,1
1,1
1,8
1,0
V du 1.1.
Mang ien 110 kV, cung cap cho ba phu tai cong nghiep. La chon tiet dien cho cac
ng day neu dung day nhom loi thep (AC).
Hnh 1.17
Giai:
Xac nh tr so trung bnh cua thi gian s dung cong suat ln nhat
40 5500 20 5000 12 4000
Tmax tb
5100 h
40 20 12
Tra bang, vi Tmax = 5100 h va day AC co jkt = 1 A/mm2.
Dong ien tren day dan cua moi oan day:
I3
I2
12 2 9 2
3 110
10 3 78 A
20 2 15 2
10 3 65 A
3 110 2
(chia cho 2 v ng day kep)
I1
40 20 122 30 15 92
3 110 2
10 3 236 A
Tiet dien kinh te cua moi oan:

Fkt 3 78 / 1 78 mm 2
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Fkt 2 65 / 1 65 mm 2
Fkt1 236 / 1 236 mm 2
Chon tiet dien day tieu chuan:

oan mot : day AC - 240
oan hai : day AC - 70
I cp 610 A
I cp 275 A
oan ba : day AC - 70
Kiem tra ieu kien phat nong khi s co.
Khi t mot day tren ng day lo kep, day con lai phai tai toan bo dong ien phu tai.
I 2 2 65 130 A 275 A
Khi o:
I 1 2 236 472 A 610 A
Khi nhiet o khong kh khac vi nhiet o tieu chuan cua nha san xuat can hieu chnh
lai dong ien cho phep.
Theo so lieu cua day AC, nhiet o tieu chuan la 250C, neu nhiet o moi trng thc te
la 350C, he so hieu chnh la 0,82. Nh vay dong ien cho phep c tnh lai nh sau:
Day AC -70
I cp 0 ,82 275 225 ,5 A
Day AC - 240
I cp 0 ,82 610 500 ,2 A
oi vi ng day truyen tai cao ap tren khong, do ieu kien han che ton that vang
quang, thng qui nh ng knh toi thieu cho moi cap ien ap.
oi vi ien ap 110 kV
d > 9,9 mm (day AC - 70)
oi vi ien ap 150 kV
d > 13,9 mm (day AC - 120)
oi vi ien ap 220 kV
d > 21,5 mm (day AC - 240)
Theo tai lieu cua Westinghouse, neu lay o cao bang mc nc bien, thi tiet tot va
gii han mc ton that vang quang 1 kW/3pha/1,6 km (1 mil 1,6 km) hay 0,625
kW/3pha/km th ng knh day toi thieu cap ien ap:
Vi ien ap 120 kV d > 1,02 cm ng vi:
Day ong 2/0 AWG (133.100 CM 65 mm 2 )
Day ACSR 1/0 AWG (105.535 CM 52,5 mm 2 )
Vi ien ap 220 kV d > 2,23 cm ng vi:
Day ong 600.000 CM 300 mm 2
Day ACSR 500 MCM 250 mm 2
o cao 1800 m cach mc nc bien:
Vi ien ap 120 kV d > 1,15 cm ng vi
Day ong 3/0 AWG ( 85 mm 2 )
Day ACSR 2/0 AWG ( 65 mm 2 )
Vi ien ap 220 kV d > 2,8 cm ng vi
Day ong 900 MCM 450 mm 2
Day ACSR 795 MCM 400 mm 2
Ghi chu: CM Circular Mil n v tiet dien day dan
(1 MCM = 1000 M
1 CM 5.10 -4 mm 2 )
Tong quat viec chon day dan : kch thc day dan co the la chon theo kha nang tai
cua day dan va ap dung nh luat Kelvin. Phat tuyen day s cap (day trung the) co the at
tren khong hoac cap ngam. Viet Nam, mang phan phoi thng co nh mc t 10 kV
en 22 kV pha trung the, cong suat nh mc phat tuyen t 500 kVA en 1500 kVA.
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V vay, cong suat at may bien ap c dung tnh dong tnh toan trong day dan va o
sut ap.
Mot he thong phan phoi c thiet ke cho tong o sut ap 8% - 10% c chia ra nh
sau: ien ap ri t day trung the en may bien ap la 2% - 2,5%, mang ha the, ien ap ri
trong may bien ap va day phan phoi la 6%, ien ap ri tren day noi la 0,5% - 1%.
Chon day dan theo ieu kien sut ap
Toan ng day chon cung mot tiet dien.
Mang phan phoi do nhieu phu tai mac trc tiep khong qua may bien ap nen yeu cau
ve chat lng ien ap rat chat che. Mat khac, kha nang ieu chnh ien ap trong mang
phan phoi cung han che so vi mang truyen tai. V vay, khi thiet ke mang phan phoi
thng can c vao mc ien ap cho phep e chon tiet dien day.
oi vi ng day co mot phu tai, ton that c tnh theo cong thc:
P .R Q.X
U
U U
U m
ay:
U - thanh phan ton that ien ap do cong suat tac dung gay ra, V;
U - thanh phan ton that ien ap do cong suat phan khang gay ra, V.
Neu lay ton that ien ap tren ng day bang tr so cho phep
U cp U U
V cam khang ng day tren khong thay oi trong pham vi
hep x 0 0 ,33 0 ,43 /km , v the gan ung co the lay mot tr so cam khang trung bnh
x 0 0 ,36 0 ,4 /km va tnh gan ung thanh phan U .
Q.X Q.x 0 .l
U m
U m
oi vi cap ngam chon x 0 0 ,08 /km

T o xac nh tr so cho phep cua thanh phan U
U cp U cp U
P .R P .r0 l
P .l
U m U m U m .F
Pl
F
U cp .U m
U cp
Suy ra:
T o xac nh tiet dien day dan can tm.

Chon tiet dien day dan tieu chuan gan vi tiet dien tnh toan. Vi tiet dien nay, tra
bang tm r0 va x0 va tnh toan kiem tra ton that tren ng day.
Trng hp ng day lien thong cung cap cho mot so phu tai, tng t cung cho mot
tr so trung bnh x0 va xac nh c
x n
x n
U 0 Qi li 0 qi L i
U m i 1
U m i 1
T o, suy ra tr so thanh phan U cp do ien tr day dan va tren c s cua cong thc:
U cp
r0
U m
Pi li
i 1
r0
U m
pL
i 1
Xac nh tiet dien day:
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n
U cp U m
Pl
i i
i 1
vi la ien tr suat cua kim loai lam ra day.
V du 1.2.
Mang ien 35 kV, cung cap cho ba phu tai. Hay xac nh tiet dien day dan cho mang
ien neu toan bo mang ien dung day nhom. Cho ton that ien ap cho phep la
U cp 6% .
Giai:
A
l1 = 8 km
l2 = 5 km
P1 + jQ1
P2 + jQ2
S1 = 4 +j3 MVA
= p1 + jq1
3,6 j 2,84
l3 = 3 km 3
P3 + jQ3
S2 = 3 +j2 MVA S3 = 2 +j2 MVA

= p2 + jq2
= p3 + jq3
2 ,25 j1,775
4 +j3
1,35 j1,065
3 +j2
2 +j2
Hnh 2.18
Lay tr so trung bnh x 0 0 ,4 /km , xac nh thanh phan ton that ien ap do cam
khang va cong suat khang tren ng day U .
0 ,4
3 2 2 8 2 2 5 2 310 3 940 V
U
35
Suy ra:
U cp 6%.35000 940 1160 V 1,16 kV
Tiet dien ng day:
31,5
4 3 2 8 3 2 5 2 3 80 mm 2
1,16.35
Chon day nhom A-70 31,5 mm 2 / km
Vi day A-70, khoang cach trung bnh gia cac pha D = 1,25 m co
r0 0 ,45 /km, x 0 0 ,355 /km .Tong tr moi oan ng day:
F
Z1 0,45 j 0,3558 3,6 j 2,84

Z 2 0,45 j 0,3555 2,25 j1,775
Z 3 0 ,45 j 0 ,3553 1,35 j1,065
Ton that ien ap tren toan bo ng day:

9 3,6 5 2,25 2 1,35 7 2 ,84 4 1,775 2 1,065 100 6 ,2%
U A 3 %
35 2
Ket qua nay cho thay chon day A-70 la chap nhan c.
Ghi chu: Trong trng hp day phan nhanh, U c xac nh theo nhanh nao co tr
so tnh c ln nhat.
Xac nh tiet dien day dan theo mat o dong ien khong oi
oi vi mang ien cung cap cho phu tai tieu thu co thi gian s dung cong suat cc
ai Tmax ln th thanh phan ton that ien nang chiem t trong ln trong ham chi ph tnh
toan. Trong trng hp nay, tiet dien toi a cua mang ien c la chon theo muc tieu
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ton that ien nang t nhat, ket hp tieu chuan ton that ien ap khong vt qua gia tr cho
phep.
Vi mot lng kim loai mau cua day dan cho trc, ton that ien nang trong mang
ien se nho nhat khi mat o dong ien tren cac oan ng day khong oi. Co the chng
minh ieu nay bang cach lay ao ham rieng cua ton that theo tiet dien day dan va cho
bang 0, lay v du ng day cung cap cho ba phu tai.
Hnh 2.19
P R I R I R3 I 32 (viet cho 1 pha)
2
1 1
2
2 2
l I2 l I2 l I2
1 1 2 2 3 3
F2
F3
F1
Vi khoi lng kim loai mau cho trc
V F1l1 F2 l2 F3 l3
1
Hay
F3 V F1l1 F2 l2
l3
Thay F3 tnh theo F1 va F2 vao bieu thc cua va lay ao ham theo F1 va F2.
Giai cac phng trnh ao ham rieng co c:
0 va
0
F1
F2
I1 I 2 I 3
F1 F2 F3
Hay mat o dong: j1 j2 j3 j const
e chon tiet dien day, can tien hanh cac bc sau:
Cho mot tr so trung bnh x0 va tnh thanh phan sut ap U.
Tnh
U cp U cp U
U cp 3 R1 I 1 cos 1 R2 I 2 cos 2 R3 I 3 cos 3

I
I
I
3 1 l1 cos 1 2 l2 cos 2 3 l3 cos 3
F2
F3
F1
3 j l1 cos 1 l2 cos 2 l3 cos 3
Tnh mat o dong cho toan bo ng day:

U cp
U cp
j
n
3 l1 cos 1 l2 cos 2 l3 cos 3
3 li cos i
i 1
Vi cos 1 , cos 2 , cos 3 - he so cong suat tren tng oan ng day.

1
: ien dan suat.
Tnh tiet dien cho tng oan ng day:

I
I
I
F1 1 ; F2 2 ; F3 3
j
j
j
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Chon tiet dien tieu chuan va kiem tra sut ap thc te.
Trong trng hp mang ien co phan nhanh, tong sut ap c tnh theo nhanh nao co
tr so tnh c la ln nhat.
Khi tnh mat o dong j can so sanh j kinh te, tr so nao nho hn se c chon lam mat
o dong chnh thc cua bai toan.
V du 1.3.
Mang ien 10 kV, cung cap cho ba x nghiep bang ng day tren khong, day dan
bang nhom. Thi gian s dung cong suat ln nhat Tmax = 4500 gi/nam. Hay xac nh tiet
dien day dan cho mang ien neu ton that ien ap cho phep la 6%.
Hnh 2.20
Giai:
Cho x0 = 0,35 / km , xac nh U theo tuyen A-1-3.
1
U A13 0,6 0,35 4 0,6 0,45 0,75 0,35 3 0,274 kV 274 V
10
tren tuyen A-1-3:
Thanh phan U cp
U A13 U cp U 6% 10.000 274 326 V

Mat o dong ien khong oi
U A13
j
3 l1 cos 1 l3 cos 3
j
vi
31,7 10 3 326
3 3 0 ,8 4 0 ,8
1,05 A/mm 2
A1 31,7.10 3 km/mm 2
cos 1 cos 3 0 ,8
Vi day nhom Tmax = 4500 h, tra bang c jkt = 1,1 A/mm2

j < jkt nen dung j = 1,05 A/mm2 e xac nh tiet dien:
I
P1
1 0 ,8 0 ,6
F1 1
10 3 158 mm 2
j
3 jU m cos 1
3 1,05 10 0 ,8
F3
I3
P3
0 ,8
10 3 52 ,5 mm 2
j
3 jU m cos 3
3 1,05 10 0 ,8
Chon tiet dien day oan 1 la A-150 va oan 3 la A-50. Gia thiet khoang cach pha
D = 1m, co c thong so ng day:
01 0 ,21 j 0 ,319 /km
03 0 ,63 j 0 ,355 /km

Kiem tra lai ton that ien ap vi nhng tiet dien va chon:
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U A13
1 0,8 0,6 0,21 3 0,75 0,45 0,6 0,319 3 0,8 0,63 0,6 0,3554
10
0,608 kV 608 V
So sanh vi U cp = 600 V, ket qua co the chap nhan c.
Chon tiet dien day oan 12, ton that ien ap cho phep tren oan 12:
U cp12 U cp U A1
600
va
1 0,8 0,6 0,21 3 0,75 0,45 0,6 0 ,319 3 10 3
277 V
12 U cp12 U 12
U cp
277 -
Tiet dien oan 1-2:
10
0,45 0,35 3 3
10 232 V
10
0 ,6 31,5 3
24 ,5 mm 2 vi 31,5 mm 2 / km
0 ,232 10
Chon day tieu chuan cho oan 1-2 la A-25.
Chon tiet dien day dan cho mang ien kn
V cha biet tong tr ng day nen cha biet phan bo cong suat chnh xac trong mang
ien kn, v vay, ch co the chon tiet dien day dan trong mang ien kn bang phng phap
gan ung.
oi vi mang truyen tai, tiet dien day dan kha ln, do o R X. Mat khac, x0 khong
thay oi nhieu theo tiet dien nen X phu thuoc chu yeu vao chieu dai. T o, suy ra phng
phap chon tiet dien cho mang ien kn nh sau:
Xac nh phan bo cong suat theo chieu dai, can c vao cong suat tren moi oan, xac
nh tiet dien day dan theo mat o dong kinh te.
Kiem tra tiet dien chon c theo ieu kien k thuat: sut ap luc bnh thng va s co,
dong ien luc s co:
U bt % U cpbt %
F2
U sc % U cpsc %
I max I cp
oi vi mang phan phoi, phu tai tng oi day, tot nhat nen chon day cung tiet dien
va nh vay cung tien hanh phan bo cong suat theo chieu dai.
V du 1.4.
Mang ien kn truyen tai 110 kV, cung cap
cho hai phu tai co Tmax = 5500gi. Yeu cau chon
tiet dien day dan thoa man ton that ien ap cho
phep luc bnh thng 10% va luc s co 15%,
chon day nhom loi thep (AC).
Hnh 1.21
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Giai:
Phan bo cong suat theo chieu dai
S l l S b l2
S1 a 2 3
l1 l2 l3
30 j2030 40 20 j10 30 27 j17 MVA
20 j1030 40 30 j 2030 23 j13 MVA
30 30 40
S l l S a l1
S2 b 1 3
l1 l2 l3
30 30 40
S3 S 2 S b 3 j3 MVA
Vi Tmax = 5500 h, day nhom loi thep, jkt = 1 A/mm2.

Tiet dien kinh te moi oan ng day:
F1
27 2 17 2
F2
F3
3 .110.1
23 2 13 2
3 .110.1
32 32
10 3 170 mm 2 , chon day AC-185, Icp = 515 A

10 3 140 mm 2 , chon day AC-150, Icp = 445 A
10 3 22 ,3 mm 2 , chon day AC-70, Icp = 275 A
3 .110.1
Vi khoang cach D = 5 m, ta co:
01 0 ,17 j 0 ,407 /km
02 0 ,21 j 0 ,420 /km

03 0 ,45 j 0 ,442 /km
Nut 1 co ien ap thap nhat va ton that ien ap luc bnh thng:
PR QX 100% 27 0,17 30 17 0,407 30 100 2,86% 10%
U %
U2
110 2
Trng hp s co nang ne la t oan A1, mang tr thanh h va dong ien i tren cac
oan I2 va I3:
I max 2
I max 3
50 2 30 2
3 .110
30 2 20 2
3 .110
10 3 306 A I cp2 445 A

10 3 190 A I cp3 275 A
Ton that ien ap khi s co:

50 0 ,21 30 0,42 30 30 0,45 20 0,442 40 100 13,11% 15%
U A1 %
110 2
Cac tiet dien day chon nh tren la thoa man.
Xac nh tiet dien day dan theo chi ph kim loai mau t nhat
oi vi mang ien co Tmax nho, v du mang ien nong nghiep, chieu sang, thanh phan
von au t cho day dan chiem t trong ln hn thanh phan ton that ien nang trong ham
chi ph tnh toan Z. V vay, oi vi mang ien nay, tiet dien c chon sao cho ph ton ve
kim loai mau la t nhat.
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Hnh 1.22. S o mang ien cung cap cho 3 phu tai.

Gia thiet mang ien cung cap cho mot so phu tai vi ton that ien ap cho phep U cp .
Cho mot tr so trung bnh x0 se xac nh c U va U cp (H.2.22).

thanh ba so hang:
Co the phan tch U cp
U cp U1 U 2 U 3
Tiet dien cua cac oan day c tnh theo cac tr so U :
F1
F2
F3
P1l1
U m U1
P2 l2
U m U 2
P3 l3
U m U 3
The tch day dan:

V
1
U m
P1l12 P2 l22
P3 l32
U1 U 2
U1 U 2 U cp
The tch nho nhat khi:

V
V
0 va
0
U1
U 2
Tc la khi:
P3 l32
P1l12
P2 l22
U1 2 U 2 2 U 3 2
Hay
P1
P3 l32
F12
P2 l22
P12 U 2 2 U 3 2
F12 F22 F32
P1
P2
P3
Tnh c F1 va F2 theo F3:

P1
F1
F3 , F2
P3
Viet lai bieu thc:
U cp
T o suy ra:
P2
F3
P3
Pl
P1l1
Pl
22 33
U m F1 U m F2 U m F3
P3 l3
P2 l2
1 P1l1
F3
U m P1
P2
F3
P F3
P3
3
P3
F3
l1 P1 l2 P2 l3 P3
U m U cp
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Tng t:
F2
F1
P1 l2 P2 l3 P3
P1 l2 P2 l3 P3
P2
U m U cp
P1
U m U cp
Tong quat, tiet dien oan th k cua ng day lien thong co n phu tai:
n
Pk
Fk
li Pi
U m U cp i 1
V du 1.5.
Mang ien 10 kV, cung cap cho hai phu tai, ton that ien ap cho phep bang 6%. Hay
la chon tiet dien day dan theo chi ph kim loai mau t nhat, day nhom (Al), khoang cach
D = 1 m, Al 31,7.10 3 km / .mm 2 .
Hnh 1.23
Giai:
Cho x 0 0 ,36 /km , tnh U :
0 ,36
162 880 4 162 5 179 V
U
10
U cp U cp U 600 179 421 V
Xac nh tiet dien day dan:

F2
F2
P2
U m U cp
l
i 1
Pi
493
5 493 4 1177 493 45 mm 2
31,7 10 10 421
3
Chon day A-50
F1
P1
1177 493
F2
45 83 mm 2
493
P2
Chon day A - 70
Tong tr moi n v chieu dai ng day:
01 0 ,45 j 0 ,341 /km
02 0 ,63 j 0 ,355 /km

Kiem tra ton that toan mang ien:
1670 0 ,45 1042 0,3414 493 0 ,63 162 0,3555 100 6 ,2% U
U %
cp
10 2 1000
Vay ket qua chon tiet dien day dan chap nhan c.
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b. Khao sat tnh toan thiet ke ng day co cac dang phan bo tai khac nhau
e tnh toan cong suat nh mc cua tram, o sut ap, ton that ng day, ta can khao
sat cac dang phan bo tai khac nhau trong mang phan phoi.
ng day phan bo co tai tap trung
ng day phan phoi thng co chieu dai l < 80 km nen co the dung mo hnh ng
day n gian cho tai tap trung nh hnh 2.24.
U1
__
IZ
jIX
U2
IR
U1 U 2
U
1
jX
2
U
P
Q
P2 jQ 2
Hnh 1.24. Mo hnh ng day co tai tap trung.
o sut ap:
Sut ap pha:
Sut ap day:
o sut ap %:
U IZ
U 3I ( R cos X sin )
U %
P2 R Q2 X
U2
P2 R Q2 X
100%
2
U m
P2, Q2 - cong suat 3 pha

U 2 U m - ien ap day.
Ton that cong suat tac dung:
P2 Q2
P 2 2 2 R
U m
Ton that cong suat phan khang:
P2 Q2
Q 2 2 2 X
U m
Cong suat au ng day:
P1 jQ1 P2 P j Q2 Q
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Tuyen day hnh tia vi phu tai phan bo eu
Tai phan bo eu tren tuyen day nh Hnh 2.25 c mo hnh hoa tren Hnh 1.26.
Is
I r 0
du z dx
I x1
Hnh 1.25. Phu tai phan bo eu.

_
dI
I
x2
Hnh 1.26. Mo hnh ng day tai phan bo eu
Goi: d I, d x lan lt la vi phan dong ien va vi phan khoang cach.

l chieu dai cua tuyen day.
x khoang cach t iem (1) en au day.
Khoang cach t iem (2) en au day la x + dx.
Is dong au ng day.
Ir dong cuoi ng day.
I , I - dong ien tren tuyen day chnh tai iem 1 va 2, gia thiet tat ca tai co
x1 x 2
cung he so cong suat.
Gia thiet tai phan bo eu t x = 0 en x = l
dI
K hang so
dx
oi vi oan dx, dong I x1 , I x 2 au va cuoi oan cho bi:
Ix1 Ix 2 dI
I I dI
x2
Hay gan ung:
x1
dI
Ix 2 Ix1 dx Ix1 K dx
dx
I x 2 I x1 Kdx
I x1 I x 2 Kdx
Suy rong ra cho toan tuyen ng day vi dong IS va IR:

I R = IS K l
I S = IR + K l
I
V IR = 0 nen K S
l
Tai khoang cach x cho trc, dong Ix c tnh theo dong IS au phat tuyen
I S I x Kx
I
x
I x I S Kx I S S x I S 1
Suy ra:
l
l
I r 0 x l
Ix
I r I S x 0
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o sut ap vi cap dU I x zdx I S z1 dx vi z la tong tr mot n v chieu dai

l
ng day.
o sut ap tai iem x:
x
x
x
x
U x dU I S z1 dx I S zx 1
l
2l
0
0
o sut ap tren toan bo ng day x = l:
1
U x I S zl
2
Ton that cong suat vi cap:

dP I rdx I S 1

Ton that toan ng day:
l
1
P dP I S2 rl
3
0
2
x
x
rdx
l
Do o, oi vi tai phan bo eu tren ng day th o sut ap tng ng vi tai tap

l
trung tai khoang cach x , con ton that cong suat th tng ng vi tai tap trung tai
2
l
x .
3
Phat tuyen co phu tai tang dan
Khao sat phat tuyen co phu tai

phan bo tang dan nh hnh 2.27.
Goi IS la dong ien tong cua
phat tuyen.
Dien tch vung phu tai A h.l
Suy ra mat o phu tai ampe tren
dien tch
I
D1 S A/km 2
h.l
Xet phu tai cua vung gach cheo
ng vi iem cach au ng day
khoang cach x, vung nay co dien
tch:
Hnh 1.27. Mo hnh ng day tai tang dan.
hx
h
h
A x h l x l x l x l 2 x 2
l
l
l
Dong ien tren ng day tai x:
I h
x2
I x D1 A x S l 2 x 2 I S 1 2
hl l
l
Xet mot oan vi cap dx tai v tr x cua ng day, dong ien Ix gay ra sut ap vi cap.
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d U I x z0 .dx
x2
I S z0 dx 1 2
l
Vi z0 la tong tr mot n v chieu dai day.

Suy ra sut ap en cuoi ng day: (sut ap pha)
l
x3
2
l 2
U d U z0 I S x 2 z0 I S l z0 lI S ZI S
3
3l 0
3 3
0
vi Z z0 .l la tong tr toan ng day.
Tng t, ton that cong suat vi cap tren oan dx khi co dong Ix i qua (1 pha)
2
x2
d I r dx I r 1 2 dx
l
vi r0 la ien tr tren 1 km chieu dai ng day.

l
l
x2
8
8
2
d I S r0 1 2 dx I S2 r0 l I S2 R vi R r0 l
Suy ra:
15
15
l
0
0
Nhan xet: o sut ap cua phat tuyen co tai tang dan eu tng ng vi tai tap trung
tai v tr 2/3 ng day, con ton that cong suat tng ng vi phat tuyen co tai tap trung
tai v tr 8/15.
T cac nhan xet nay a en khai niem dung hang so sut ap K e tnh toan ton that
ien ap cua dang phan bo eu va tang dan giong nh tnh oi vi tai tap trung.
P R Qr X
U * tKS r
n v tng oi
at:
U r U cb
2
x 0
2
S 0
Vi: K - hang so sut ap;

t - chieu dai hieu dung ng day phu thuoc s phan bo tai;
Sr, Pr, Qr - cong suat 3 pha au nhan;
Ur - ien ap au nhan;
Ucb - ien ap c ban.
Ton that ien nang:
Ton that ien nang tren ng day co the tnh theo hai cach:
max . max
Dung thi gian ton that cong suat cc ai max
Dung he so ton that
tt max 8760
Vi max la ton that cong suat cc ai.

Xac nh hang so sut ap K vi cac mo hnh phan bo phu tai khac nhau
T tong tr ng day z0 .l , vi z0 la tong tr cua ng day/km, l - chieu dai
ng day.
Xac nh tong tr hieu dung cua moi loai phan bo tai:
z0 .l /pha
Tai tap trung cuoi ng day:
1
z0 .l /pha
Tai phan bo eu:
2
2
Tai co mat o phu tai tang dan:
z0 .l /pha
3
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Dung mo hnh tai tap trung tng ng (Hnh 1.28)
U
s
U
r
jX
Pr jQ r
Hnh 1.28. S o mot pha.

U r U r 0 , U s U s 0 , I I - 0
U Ur
U % s
100%
Ur
0
Vi Ur, Us - ien ap pha au gi va au nhan.

Neu tnh trong n v tng oi
U Ur
*
s
U vt
U cb
Vi Ucb - ien ap c ban.
Tnh theo phan tram:
Us Ur
100%
U cb
U s U r IZ
U * %
U s cos j sin U r 0 0 R jX I cos j sin
U r IR cos IX sin j IX cos IR sin

U r IR cos IX sin
*
P jQr
Cong suat phc au nhan: Pr jQr U r I I r
U r
P R Qr X
P X Qr R
P R Qr X
U s U r 0 0 r
Ur r
j r
0
0
Ur
U r 0
U r 0
Suy ra:
Sr
*
Pr R Qr X U r
U
U r U cb
R cos r
Ur
U cb
Neu tnh theo cong suat 3 pha au nhan:

*
U
hay:
ay:
Ucb
Ur
r0
x0
S3
Pr R Qr X
U r U cb
S t r
3
X sin
vt
1
cos x 0 sin 1000
3
U r U cb
U tKS3
- ien ap c ban, V;
- ien ap pha au nhan, V;
- ien tr tren 1 km day, / km ;
- cam khang tren 1km day, / km ;
- cong suat 3 pha, kVA;
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- chieu dai hieu dung cua ng day tuy theo s phan bo tai, km.
Tai tap trung:
tl
1
Phu tai phan bo eu:
t l
2
2
Phu tai mat o tang dan: t l
3
T o, suy ra hang so sut ap K:
r0 cos x 0 sin 1 1000
3
vt
K
U r U cb
*
K f kch c day, khoang cach pha, cos , U cb U / kVAxkm

Tnh gan ung:
K%
r0 cos x 0 sin 1 1000

3
100%
2
mpha
Neu Um la ien ap day (kV), S3 la cong suat bieu kien 3 pha (kVA)
r cos x0 sin
r cos x0 sin
dvtd/kVA km 0
K 0
kV/kVA km
Th:
2
1000 U m
1000 U m
r cos x 0 sin
Hay:
K% 0
%/kVA km
2
10 U m
V du 1.6.
Cho ng day 3 pha bon day, co U = 4,16 kV, day dan ong #4 AWG tng ng
21,14 mm2, khoang cach gia cac day 37 inch 0,94 m, cos 0,9 tre.
Xac nh hang so sut ap K.
Giai:
Xac nh hang so K dung cong thc:
r cos x sin 1 1000
3
puV
K
U r U cb
Lay: Ucb = Ur = 2400 V.
r cos x sin 1 1000

3
vt
Suy ra
Trong o :
r0 1,503 /mile 0,9341 /km
2
r
x 0 0,7456 /mile 0,46339 /km

cos 0,9 tre sin 0,4359
4160
Ur
2400 V
3
Suy ra:
0,9341 0,9 0,46339 0,4359 1 1000

3
K
Hay:
2400
0 ,0000621 vt/kVA km
K % 0,00621 %/km.kVA
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V du 1.7.
Gia thiet phat tuyen noi tren cung cap cho phu tai 500 kVA, co cos 0,9 tre, tap
trung cuoi ng day dai 1 mile = 1,609 km. Tnh phan tram sut ap (Hnh 1.29).
Giai:
U % t .K %.S 1,609.0 ,00621 %.500 5%

t l 1 mile 1,609 km
Day ong # AWG 21,15 mm 2
500 kVA
D m 37 inch 0,94 m
cos 0,90 tre
U day 4 ,16 kV
Hnh 1.29
V du 1.8.
Gia thiet ng day co cung so lieu nhng cung cap cho phu tai 500 kVA, cos 0,9
phan bo doc ng day. Tnh o sut ap (Hnh.1.30).
1
Giai:
U % t .K %.S 1,609.0 ,00621%.500 2 ,5%
2
1,609 km
1
t l
2
2
l
3
Hnh 1.30
Hnh 1.31
V du 1.9.
Gia thiet ng day co cung so lieu nhng cung cap cho phu tai S = 500 kVA phan bo
tang dan. Tnh o sut ap (Hnh 1.31).
Giai:
U % t K % S 1,0727 0 ,00621 500 3,33%
2
Trong o: t l 1,0727 km
3
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1.2.4. Thiet ke tram phan phoi

a. S o he thong thanh cai
Mot s o tram phu thuoc vao cap ien ap cua tram trung gian, s sap xep may cat,
dao cach ly, thanh cai, ngoai ra con phu thuoc cong dung cua tram. Noi cach khac, viec
xay dng mot s o tram ien da tren o an toan, o tin cay, tnh kinh te, tnh kha thi,
tnh n gian va cac mat khac.
Cac dang s o tram c cho cac Hnh 1.32 va Hnh 1.37.
Hnh 1.32. S o mot thanh cai.
Hnh 1.33. S o hai thanh cai 2MC
Hnh 1.34. S o thanh cai chnh va phu.
Hnh 1.35. S o hai thanh cai.
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Hnh 1.36. S o thanh cai vong.
Hnh 1.37. S o 1 MC va 1/2 MC
Bang 1.3. Bang so sanh gia cac s o tram

S o tram
1.Thanh cai
n
Hnh 2.32
Khuyet iem
- Chi ph re.
Tram ngng hoat ong khi co s co
tren may cat hoac thanh cai.
Kho bao tr, sa cha.
Khong the phat trien c thanh cai.
o tin cay cua s cap ien lien tuc
thap.
2.Hai thanh cai, Moi mach co hai may cat
Chi ph cao.
hai may cat.
Gia cac thanh cai c noi ket linh Mot na mach se khong hoat ong
Hnh 2.33
ong.
do s co may cat, neu mach khong
Tram van hoat ong neu co bat ky c noi vi ca hai thanh cai.
mot may cat nao b tach ra.
o tin cay cao.
3.S o thanh Chi ph thap
Can gia tang may cat cho thanh cai.
cai chnh va Tram van hoat ong khi may cat Dao cach ly hoat ong phc tap khi
phu.
c cach ly, sa cha.
bao tr may cat.
Hnh 2.34
4.S o hai Hai thanh cai hoat ong linh hoat.
Can them mot may cat cho thanh
thanh cai, mot Co the tach mot thanh cai chnh e cai.
may cat.
sa cha.
Can bon dao cach ly cho mot mach.
Hnh 2.35
Mach nay co the chuyen t thanh S o bao ve thanh cai co the gay
cai nay sang thanh cai khac thong qua ton that tren tram khi no tac ong neu
mot may cat lien lac.
tat ca cac nhanh noi vi thanh cai o.
5.Thanh
cai Chi ph lap at thap.
Neu s co xay ra trong luc sa cha
mach vong.
Hoat ong linh hoat khi sa cha may cat th s o mach vong se c
Hnh 2.36
may cat.
tach ra lam hai phan.
Bat ky may cat nao cung co the He thong t ong ong lai va bao ve
cach ly khoi mach e sa cha ma mach th phc tap.
khong can ngng cap ien cho phu
tai.
Ch can 1 may cat tren mot mach.
u iem
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Khong dung thanh cai chnh.

Moi mach c bao ve bi hai may
cat.
Cac dao cach ly c phoi hp vi
may cat.
1
6.S o mot Hoat ong linh hoat.
Can 1 may cat tren moi mach.
ri.
o tin cay cao.
2
Hnh 2.37
Mach van hoat ong khi co s co He thong rle va t ong eu phu
tren may cat.
thuoc vao may cat gia.
Cac dao cach ly hoat ong phoi hp
may cat
Van hanh n gian.
Thanh cai chnh co the cach ly e
sa cha ma khong can cat phu tai.
S co tren thanh cai cac mach
khong mat ien.
b. V tr tram
e la chon mot v tr tram thch hp nhat, can da vao cac quy luat sau:
1. at tram gan trung tam tai cua vung phu tai
2. at tram sao cho viec ieu chnh ien ap la thch hp nhat.
3. Chon la v tr tram sao cho thuan li ng day vao tram trung gian va cac
ng day ra va cho phep tang them trong tng lai.
4. Chon la v tr tram trong khoang khong gian cho phep e m rong tram trong
tng lai.
5. Chon v tr tram phu hp vi nhng quy nh ve viec s dung at, khong gay
anh hng en moi trng dan c xung quanh ni at tram.
6. Chon v tr tram sao cho lam giam nho nhat so phu tai b anh hng do mat
ien.
c. nh mc cua tram
1. Phan tch vung phu tai hnh vuong (H.1.38)
Hnh 1.38. Vung phu tai hnh vuong.

Cong suat moi ng day cung cap cho phu tai:
S 4 A4 .D l42 .D (kVA)
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31
A4
- dien tch tai cua mot nhanh, km2;
D
- mat o phu tai theo dien tch, kVA/km2.
Sut ap tren ng day chnh:
2
U % l4 .K %.S 4
3
Trong o: K% hang so sut ap (%/kVA.km). Vi gia thiet phu tai tang dan eu. Cac
may bien ap phan phoi mang tai bang nhau va at cach khoang bang nhau.
2
U 4 % l4 .K %. l42 D 0 ,667 K %.D .l43
Suy ra:
3
2. Phan tch vung phu tai hnh luc giac eu (Hnh 1.39)
l
A6 6 l6 - Dien tch vung phu tai mot nhanh.
3
S6 A6 .D 0 ,578Dl62
2
o sut ap:
U % l6 .K %.S6 0,385.K %.D.l63
3
Vi:
Hnh 1.39. Vung phu tai hnh luc giac eu.

3. Trng hp tong quat: vung cung cap bi n phap tuyen (H.2.40)
y
T hnh 2.40, ta co: tg
y x dx tg x .tg
x dx
Tong dien tch vung phu tai:
ln
An dA ln2 tg S n Dln2 tg
x 0
o sut ap:
2
2
2
360 0
3
3
U % ln .K %.S n K %.D .ln .tg K %.D .ln .tg
3
3
3
2n
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Hnh 1.40. S o phu tai dang tong quat.

4. So sanh tram bon ng day va sau ng day ra
T giac (bon ng day ra)
Cong suat cua mot ng:
S 4 l42 D
Tong cong suat toan vung:
S 4 4l42 D
2
U % K %Dl43
o sut ap % cua mot ng:
3
S
Dl42
I4 4
(A)
Dong cung cap au ng day:
3U
3U
Vi U la ien ap day.
Luc giac (sau ng day ra)
1 2
Cong suat cua mot ng:
S6
l6 D
3
6 2
S6
l6 D
Tong cong suat toan vung:
3
2
U %
K %Dl63
o sut ap % cua vung phu tai:
3 3
S6
Dl62
(A)
Dong cung cap au ng day:
I6
3U 3U
Viec anh gia da vao cac ieu kien sau:
ieu kien gii han bi phat nong
Cho mot loai day dan va bo qua o sut ap
Ta co I 4 I 6
2
l
Dl62
6 3
3U L L 3U L L
l4
Ty so cong suat toan vung:
6
Dl62
2
S6
3 l6
3
3

hay S6 1,5 S 4
2
S4
2 l4
2
4 Dl4
Dl42
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Vay sau ng day cung cap tai gap 1,5 lan bon ng day neu co cung ieu kien
phat nong.
ieu kien gii han bi o sut ap, cung loai day dan
U 4 % U 6 %
2
2
K %.D .l43
K %.D .l63
3
3 3
l4 0 ,833l6
6 2
S6
l6 D
3
S 4 4l42 D 2 ,78l62 D
S6 5
S6 1,25S 4
S4 4
Nh vay, sau ng day co the cung cap tai 1,25 lan bon ng day neu co cung o
sut ap.
5. Giai thch ve cong thc tnh o sut ap K
Da vao cong thc tnh o sut ap, Reps a ra cong thc lien quan en viec ap dung
cho tram phan phoi cung cap cho vung phu tai:
2
ln K nDAn ln K S n
2
3
3
U n %
ln KSn
n
n
3
Vi: U n % la o sut ap % tren mach s cap;
K la hang so sut ap % /kVA.m;
2
ln la chieu dai hieu dung cua day s cap;
3
S n la tong cong suat cung cap cho toan vung = n.D.An;
S
Sn la cong suat cap mot trong n day D .An n
n
n la so ng day;
D la mat o tai, kVA/m2;
An la dien tch vung cung cap cua mot ng day.
e minh hoa cach s dung va giai thch cong thc nay, gia thiet a ra 5 trng hp:
TH1: Tang dien tch vung cung cap neu chieu dai phat tuyen tang gap oi (2x ln) va
cac ai lng khac khong oi.
Nhan thay: dien tch vung phuc vu An tang gap bon nen S n va S n tang gap bon lam
U % tang gap tam lan.

TH2: Tang mat o phu tai dan en S n tang. Gia thiet D tang gap oi lam cho S n , S n
tang gap oi va U % tang gap oi.
TH3: Them phat tuyen, n tang gap oi th S n giam a en U % giam .
TH4: Tiet dien tang gap oi a en K giam va U % giam
TH5: oi to au day may bien ap (trung tnh noi at) ien ap day tang 3 lan,
K giam 1/3 va U % giam 1/3.
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Cac trng hp tren c tom tat bang sau:

STT
Trng hp
Tang dien tch

cung cap
Tang mat o
tai
Them phat
tuyen
2
3
4
Chon day lai
oi to au day
may bien ap
1.3.
ln
Uday
An
Sn
Sn
U %
x2
x1
x1
x1
x1
x4
x4
x4
x8
x1
x1
x1
x1
x2
x1
x2
x2
x2
x1
x1
x1
x2
x1
x1
x1
x1
x1
x1
2
1
x
2
x1
x1
x1
x1
x1
x1
x1
x 3
x1
x1
CAC V DU TNH TOAN THIET KE MANG PHAN PHOI S CAP
V du 1.10.
Cho phu tai phan bo hnh vuong, moi canh 2 mile = 3,218 km.
Mat o phu tai 2000 kVA/mi2 = 772,5 kVA/km2 (mi2 = mile2)
He so nhu cau trung bnh cho moi tai 0,60.
1
He so phan tan 1,2 (he so ong thi
)
1,2
He so cong suat 0,90 tre.
Co hai phng phap at tram: tai A va B.
Hnh 1.41
at tai A: Phat tuyen chnh dai 2 mile = 3,218 km 3,2 km
Phat tuyen nhanh dai 2 mile = 3,218 km.
(co tat ca 16 nhanh)
at tai B: Phat tuyen chnh dai 3 mile 4,8 km
Phat tuyen nhanh dai 1 mile = 1,609 km.
(co tat ca 32nhanh)
ien ap ng day 13,2/7,62 kV 3 pha, bon day.
Phat tuyen chnh dung day ong #2/0 AWG = 67,4 mm2
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Phat tuyen nhanh dung day ong #4 AWG = 21,2 mm2

Khoang cach pha Dm = 37 inch = 0,94 m
Chon phng an at tram tai A va B?
He so nhu cau mat o phu tai
Mat o phu tai tong theo yeu cau
He so phan tan
0,6 772,5 kVA/km 2
386 kVA/km 2
1,2
Dien tch phu tai: 3,218 3,218 10 ,335 km 2
Phu tai tong cua tram cung cap:
S 386 10 ,335 4000 kVA S chnh
Hang so sut ap cua hai loai day:
oi vi day #2/0 AWG = 67,4 mm2, K% = 0,0002486 %/kVA.km
oi vi day #4 AWG = 21,1 mm2, K% = 0,0005904 %/kVA.km
Neu at tram tai A, sut ap t tram A en iem xa nhat cua phat tuyen nhanh:
l
l
U % K chnh %.Schnh K nhanh %.S nhanh
2
2
3,2
3,2
4000
0,0002486 4000
0,0005904
1,84%
2
2
16
Neu at tram tai B, sut ap t tram B en iem xa nhat cua phat tuyen nhanh:
4000
3,2
1,6
U % 1,6
0 ,0005904
3,26%
0 ,0002486 4000
2
2
32
Do o, v tr tram A tot hn B.
V du 1.11.
Mot phat tuyen 3 pha bon day ien
ap 15/8,66 kV dai 4 km. Phat tuyen
cung cap cho 10 nhanh, ben trai 5
nhanh, ben phai 5 nhanh (Hnh 1.42).
Day nhanh dai 3 km. Dung day nhom
co khoang cach pha Dm = 1m. Moi
nhanh cung cap cho 300 khach hang,
moi khach hang tieu thu 4 kVA,
cos 0,9 tre qua may bien ap phan
phoi.
ien ap trong nha thay oi t 220 V
en 250 V, chon ien ap thap nhat tai
khach hang la 230 V.
Yeu cau ien ap tai khach hang
Hnh 1.42
Vmax 250 V
Vmin 230 V
Sut ap cho phep tren phat tuyen s cap (cao ap) la 4% va sut ap cho phep tren he
thong phan phoi th cap (ha ap) la 3,5%.
Xac nh:
a.C day chnh va day nhanh thoa man sut ap cho phep tren he thong phan phoi s cap.
b.Neu vt qua 4% hay ket hp day chnh va day nhanh co tiet dien ln hn.
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Giai:
Cong suat tong tren ng day nhanh:
S nhanh 4 kVA/khach hang 300 khach hang 1200 kVA
Dong ien tong tren dong day nhanh

1200
I nhanh
46 ,18 A
3 15
Chon day nhom A-16 co dong cho phep 105 A
Dong ien tong tren day chnh:
I chnh 46 ,18 A/1 nhanh 10 nhanh 461,8 A
Chon day A-185 co dong cho phep 500 A.
Hang so sut ap K cho bi cong thc:
K%
r0 cos x 0 sin 1 1000

3
100%
2
mpha
Day A-16
r0 1,98 /km
x 0 0 ,391 /km
Day A-185
r0 0 ,17 /km
x 0 0 ,312 /km
Day A-16 co hang so sut ap:
1,98 0,9 0,391 0 ,436 1 1000

3
K%
100%
8660
0,0008678% /kVA.km
Day A-185 co hang so sut ap:
0 ,17 0 ,9 0 ,312 0 ,436 1 1000

3
100%
8660
0,0001284% /kVA.km
Phu tai gia thiet phan bo eu
Sut ap tren ng day nhanh:
3
U %nhanh 0 ,0008678 1200 1,562%
2
Sut ap tren ng day chnh:
4
U %chnh 0 ,0001284 1200 10 3,08%
2
Do sut ap tong: U % 1,562 3,08 4 ,642% 4% , chon lai day chnh va day
K%
nhanh.
Day chnh : chon day A-240
Day nhanh : chon day A-25
Day A-240
r0 0 ,132 /km
x 0 0 ,304 /km
r0 1,28 /km
x 0 0 ,375 /km
0 ,132 0,9 0 ,304 0 ,436 1 1000

K%
8660
0,0001117% /kVA.km
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100%
37
Day A-25
1,28 0 ,9 0 ,375 0,436 1 1000

K%
100%
8660
0,0005847% /kVA.km
Sut ap ng day nhanh
3
U nhanh % 0,0005847 1200 1,05%
2
Sut ap ng day chnh:
4
U chnh % 0,0001117 1200 10 2,68%
2
Sut ap tong:
U % 1,05 2 ,68 3,72% 4%
at yeu cau.
V du 1.12.
Mot mang phan phoi s cap
15/8,66 kV gom hai ng day tren
khong dai 4 km xuat phat t hai tram
A va B, moi ng day cung cap 6
nhanh re dung cap ngam XLPE dai 3
km, phu tai moi nhanh 1200 kVA/3
pha, cos 0,8 phan bo eu tren
nhanh. S o mang ien nh Hnh
1.43. (Cap ngam XLPE dung cap 1
pha, mot ng nhanh gom ba ng
1 pha XLPE, phu tai phan bo eu tren
3 pha).
Hnh 1.43
Trong tnh trang bnh thng cac
ng nhanh h gia, ca hai ng chnh eu van hanh. Trong tnh trang s co mot
ng chnh, cau dao gia ong lai e chuyen tai cho ng chnh con lai.
Sut ap cho phep luc bnh thng la 4%.
a. Chon c day chnh va day nhanh.
b. Tnh % sut ap en au cuoi cua ng nhanh xa nhat trong tnh trang bnh
thng.
c. Tnh % sut ap en nhanh re xa nhat trong tnh trang s co.
Giai:
a. Trong tnh trang s co, ng day chnh con lai cung cap gap oi so nhanh re.
Cong suat tong: S 2 1200 6 14.400 kVA
14400
Dong ien ng chnh: I chnh
554 ,25 A
3 15
Chon day AC-240 co dong cho phep 610 A
r0 0 ,132 /km
x 0 0 ,315 /km (chon khoang cach trung bnh pha D = 1,3 m)
Trong tnh trang s co, cong suat tong tren moi ng nhanh cung tang gap oi.
2 1200
I nhanh
92 ,37 A
3 15
Chon cap ngam XLPE 1/0 AWG (53,5 mm2 cap nhom) co dong cho phep Icp = 155A
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Co
r0 0 ,208 /1000ft 0 ,682 /km

x 0 0 ,0229 /1000ft 0 ,07513 /km
b. Tnh trang bnh thng

ng day nhanh van hanh h gia, hai ng day chnh eu van hanh.
l
U chnh I ro cos x 0 sin (tnh sut ap theo pha)
2
554,25
0,132 0,8 0,315 0,6 4 163,28 V
2
2
163,28
U chnh %
100% 1,88%
8660
Sut ap tren ng nhanh:
92,37
0,682 0,8 0,07513 0,6 3 40 ,92 V
U nhanh
2
2
40 ,92
U nhanh %
100% 0 ,47%
8660
Sut ap tong:
U % 1,88 0 ,47 2 ,35%
c. Tnh trang s co
U %chnh 2 1,88% 3,76%

6
2
U nhanh 92 ,370 ,682 0 ,8 0 ,07513 0 ,6 163,68 V

163,68
100% 1,88%
8660
U % 3,76 1,88 5,64% (co the chap nhan)
U nhanh %
Sut ap tong:
V du 1.13.
Gia s s o bo tr mang phan phoi tren khong gom mot phat tuyen va 10 nhanh day
noi vi phat tuyen o, tren cac nhanh day co gan cau ch, mang ien nay co the cap ien
cho hai pha phu tai (Hnh.1.44).
Tuyen day chnh la day 3 pha, hai ben tuyen day nay co toi a 10 nhanh day hoac t
hn, cac nhanh day ben hong c bao ve bi cac cau ch, cac nhanh day nay co the la 1
pha hoac day 3 pha. Phu tai co he so cong suat cos 0,90 .
Hnh 1.44
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Mang ien 3 pha bon day co cap ien ap 4160/2400 V. Khoang cach gia cac day dan
Dm = 37 inch = 0,94 m.
Chieu dai day dan chnh: 3300 ft = 1005 m.
Xet trng hp ch co hai nhanh a, a lam viec cho trong Hnh 1.45.
Kch thc day dan khong nho hn loai AWG#6 = 13,3 mm2 v o ben c. Hay xac
nh:
a. o sut ap % tai iem cuoi day dan chnh va cua nhanh day xa nhat (t may cat
en iem a,a)
b. Neu o sut ap % cho phep la 4%. Hay xac nh lai day dan chnh va nhanh day.
Giai:
a.Dong ien phan nhanh day:
S
518
I nhanh nh
72 A
3U d
3 4 ,16
Chon day dan ong loai AWG#6 co dong nh mc la 130 A.
Dong ien tren day dan chnh:
S
2 518
I chnh ch
144 A
3U d
3 4 ,16
Chon day dan ong AWG#4 = 21,2 mm2

vi dong nh mc 180 A, chu y day dan
ong loai AWG#5 = 16,8 mm2 co dong nh
mc 150 A khong c chon v tong o sut
Hnh 1.45
ap cao.
Tnh hang so sut ap K% cua day ong loai AWG#6 va AWG#4 lan lt la
0,0093225% va 0,006215%/kVA.km
o sut ap tren day dan nhanh co phu tai phan bo eu:
l
1,755
U nhanh % nhanh .K %.S
0 ,0093225 518 4 ,24%
2
2
o sut ap phan tram tren day dan chnh co phu tai tap trung (1036 kVA):
U chnh % lchnh .K %.S 1,005 0 ,006215 1036 6 ,48%
o sut ap tong cua toan ng day:
U % U chnh % U nhanh % 6 ,48 4 ,24 10 ,72%
Nhan thay ln hn o sut ap cho phep la 4%
Neu ng day nhanh la ng day 1 pha th o sut ap phan tram cua day dan 1 pha
gan bang bon lan o sut ap tren day 3 pha co cung tiet dien.
U1 pha % 4 U 3 pha % 4 4 ,24 16 ,96%
Tong phan tram sut ap la:
U % U chnh % U pha % 6 ,48 16 ,96 23,44%
o sut ap va tm c ln hn o sut ap cho phep.
Chon lai day ong loai 4/0 = 107 mm2 va AWG#1 = 42,4 mm2 co dong nh mc 480A
va 270A, ng vi day dan chnh va day dan nhanh co hang so sut ap lan lt la
0,001864% va 0,003729%/kVA.km
1,755
U nhanh %
0 ,003729 518 1,695%
2
U chnh % 1,005 0 ,001864 1036 1,943%
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Tong sut ap tren toan ng day:

U % U chnh % U nhanh % 1,943 1,695 3,638%
Thoa man ieu kien sut ap cho phep U % 4%
V du 1.14.
Giong nh v du 1.13 nhng thay day dan ong bang day cap nhom XLPE tren khong
(Al) cho ng nhanh. Dong ien cho phep cap XLPE tren khong cho trong Bang 1.3. Hay
tnh lai sut ap tren ng nhanh va kiem tra sut ap tong.
Giai:
a.o sut ap day dan nhanh co phu tai phan bo eu:
l
U nh I rL cos x L sin (V)
2
Vi I = 72 A cho v du tren.
Chon day dan nhom (Al) loai AWG#6 co:
rL 4,13 /mi 2,567 /km
x L 0 ,258 /mi 0 ,16 /km
cos 0 ,9; sin 0,436
1,755
U nh 722 ,567 0 ,9 0 ,16 0 ,436
150 ,4 V
Do o:
2
150 ,4
U nh %
100% 6 ,27%
o sut ap %:
2400
o sut ap tren day dan chnh co phu tai phan bo tap trung:
U ch I r cos x L sin l
(V)
Bang 1.3. Dong ien cho phep cua cap XLPE.
Kch thc day dan
6AWG
4 AWG
2 AWG
1 AWG
1/0 AWG
2/0 AWG
3/0 AWG
4/0 AWG
25 Kcmil
350 Kcmil
500 Kcmil
Dong ien cho phep, A

Cap 5 kV
Cap 15 kV
75
99
130
135
151
155
174
178
201
205
231
237
268
273
297
302
368
372
459
468
Vi I = 144 A
Chon cap nhom tren khong (Al) loai AWG#1 = 42,4 mm2 co:
r 1,29 /mi 0,8 /km
x 0 ,211 /mi 0,131 /km
Do o:
U ch 1440 ,8 0 ,9 0 ,131 0 ,436 1,005 112 ,5 V
112 ,5
o sut ap %:
U ch %
100 4 ,7%
2400
Tong o sut ap tren toan tuyen day:
U % 4 ,7 6 ,27 10 ,97%
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o sut ap nay ln hn o sut ap cho phep (4%)

b. Chon lai cap nhom tren khong (Al) loai 4/0 =107 mm2 va 1/0 = 53,3 mm2 co dong
nh mc la 268 A va 174 A tng ng cho day dan chnh va day dan nhanh.
Day nhanh co: r 0 ,64 /km,
x 0 ,129/km
1,755
U nh 720 ,64 0 ,9 0 ,129 0 ,436
39 ,95 V
2
39 ,95
U nh %
100 1,66%
o sut ap %:
2400
Day chnh co
r 0 ,322 /km,
x 0 ,119/km
U ch 1440 ,322 0 ,9 0 ,119 0 ,436 1,005 49 ,45 V
49 ,45
o sut ap %
U ch %
100 2 ,06%
2400
Tong o sut ap tren toan tuyen day:
U % 2 ,06 1,66 3,72% 4%
Thoa man o sut ap cho phep (4%).
V du 1.15.
Giong nh v du 1.13 nhng cap ien ap lam viec la 12,47/7,2 kV cho he thong ba pha
bon day trung tnh noi at vi day dan bang ong (Cu). Khoang cach gia cac day dan la
Dm = 37 inch = 0,94 m. Chieu dai day dan chnh la 3300 ft =1005 m, co 10 nhanh day moi
ben 5 nhanh nh hnh 2.46. Kch thc day dan khong nho hn day AWG#6=13,3mm2.
Hay xac nh o sut ap % tai iem cuoi cua day chnh va day nhanh.
Giai:
Tong cong suat phu tai tren cac nhanh:
S 518 kVA/nhan h 10 nhanh 5180 kVA
Dong ien tren day chnh:
5180 kVA
I ch
240 ,1 A
1005
3 12 ,47 kV
m
2
2
Chon day dan ong AWG#2 = 33,64 mm
Dong ien tren moi nhanh:
1005
m
518 kVA
2
I nh
24 ,01 A
3 12 ,47 kV
Chon day ong loai AWG#6 = 13,3 mm2 cho cac
Hnh 1.46
nhanh day va day ong AWG#2 = 33,64 mm2 cho
day chnh. Tnh c hang so K% lan lt la 0,0010876 va 0,0004972%/kVA.km cho loai
day AWG#6 va AWG#2.
o sut ap % tren day dan nhanh vi gia thiet tai phan bo eu doc day nhanh.
l
1,755
U % nh nh K %.S
0,0010876 518 0,5%
2
2
o sut ap % tren day dan chnh:
3l
3.1,005
U % ch ch K %.S
0,0004972 5180 1,94%
4
4
o sut ap % tren toan tuyen day:
U % 1,94 0 ,5 2 ,44% 4%
Thoa man o sut ap cho phep (4%).
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V du 1.16.
Mot tram phan phoi cung cap cho mot khu vc tai hnh vuong nh hnh 2.38 co bon
ng day 3 pha 4 day 2,44/4,16 kV. Tuyen day chnh la loai day ong #2AWG = 33,6
mm2 hoac ACSR#1AWG = 53,3 mm2, ng day tren khong co khoang cach gia cac pha
la 37 inch = 0,94 m. He so cong suat tai 0,9 tre va mat o phu tai 386,27 kVA/km2. Phu tai
phan bo eu. Tnh :
1. Xet en ieu kien toa nhiet day chnh. Tm:
a. Cong suat cc ai cua day.
b. Cong suat cua tram.
c. Bo tr tram.
d. o sut ap % t au en cuoi ng day.
2. Xet o sut ap gii han la 3%. Tm:
a. Bo tr tram.
b. Cong suat cc ai cua day.
c. Cong suat cua tram.
d. Dong ien tren day.
Giai:
T bang tra dong ien cho phep cua day dan nhom loi thep ASCR#1 = 53,3 mm2 la
230 A.
1. Theo ieu kien phat nong
Sn 3U day I max 3 .4 ,16.230 1657 ,2 kVA
a. Cong suat tai:
b. Cong suat tram: S n 4S n 4.1657 ,2 6628,8 kVA
S n An D l42 .D
c. Khoang cach gia cac tram:

1
S 2 1657 ,2 kVA 2
l4 n
2 ,07 km
2
386,27 kVA/km
D
2l4 2 2 ,07 4 ,14 km
d. Tong % sut ap:
2
2
3
U % K %.D .l43 0 ,00435 386 ,27 2 ,07 9 ,94%
3
3
Hang so sut ap K% 0,00435 %/kVA.km
2. Theo ieu kien sut ap cho phep
2
U % K %.D .l43
3
a. Khoang cach gia cac tram:
1
3 3
3U % 3
l4

2 K %.D
2 0 ,00435 386 ,27
b. Cong suat cc ai cua day:
2
S n Dl42 386 ,27 1,38 736 kVA
1,38 km
c. Cong suat cua tram:

S n 4S n 4 736 2944 kVA
d. Dong ien cua day:
Sn
736
I
102 ,1 A
3 .U day
3 .4 ,16
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43
Dong ien tng oi so vi kha nang tai:

102 ,1
I
0 ,444 (vt)
230
V du 1.17.
Tram co bon tuyen day cap cho phu tai hnh vuong co dien tch 2a x 2a (km2) nh Hnh
1.47. Mat o phu tai D (kVA/km2), phu tai phan bo eu, moi tuyen la 3 pha, 4 day, trung
tnh noi at lap lai. Biet khoang cach d a, dien tch vung phu tai xa nhat gan bang a.d
(km2), he so cong suat cos (tre), khang tr cua moi pha ng day chnh
zch rch jx ch (/km) , khang tr cua moi pha ng day nhanh znh rnh jx nh (/km)
Chon Uday la ien ap c ban (kV)
a. Gia thiet ng nhanh 3 pha 4 day co trung tnh noi at lap lai, chng to rang o sut
ap phan tram ti iem cuoi cua nhanh xa nhat.
2.D.a 3
D.a 2 .d
rnh cos x nh sin

U
%
r
cos
x
sin
ch
ch
2
2
30.U da
20.U da
y
y
b. Gia s ng nhanh la 1 pha hai day, trung tnh noi at lap lai, tnh lai o sut ap %.
Hnh 1.47
Giai:
a. Tong cong suat cua mot tuyen chnh:
2
2a
Sch D
D a 2 (kVA)
4
Dong ien tren tuyen chnh:
D kVA / km 2 a 2 km 2
(A)
I ch
3 .U day kV
o sut ap % ti iem cuoi tuyen chnh:

U ch % t .K %.S
2
Trong o : t a (phu tai co mat o tang dan)
3
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K%
rch cos x ch sin

%/kVA.km
2
10U da
y
2
3
U ch % a
rch cos x ch sin

Da 2
2
10U day
2.D.a 3
rch cos x ch sin
2
30.U da
y
Cong suat cua mot nhanh xa nhat:

Dong ien tren nhanh day:
S nh D a d kVA
Dad
I nh
(A)
3 U day
Sut ap % en cuoi nhanh:

U nh % t .K %.S nh
1 rnh cos x nh sin

a
Dad
2
2
10U da
y
D.a 2 .d
rnh cos x nh sin
2
20.U da
y
U % U
ch
% U nh %
b. o sut ap % cua mach 1 pha gan bang bon lan cua mach 3 pha neu co cung tiet dien
day:
U1 % 4 U 3 %
ien ap ri tren day chnh giong cau a, con ien ap ri tren day nhanh:
D.a 2 .d
D.a 2 .d
rnh cos x nh sin

U nh % 4
r
cos
x
sin
nh
nh
2
2
20.U da
5
.
U
y
day
U% U ch % U nh %
1.4.
2.D.a 3
D.a 2 .d
rnh cos x nh sin

r
cos
x
sin
ch
ch
2
2
30.U da
5.U da
y
y
THIET KE HE THONG PHAN PHOI TH CAP
Quan iem thc te cua he thong phan phoi ien da vao chc nang tap hp hn la
phan phoi bi v ca cong suat va v tr khong c quyet nh bi ky s thiet ke ma bi
khach hang. Khach hang lap moi thiet b tieu thu ien ma chung co the ket noi trong moi
to hp cho phep va moi thi iem khach hang muon. Khai niem phan phoi bat au vi
khach hang va tai rieng le, roi tien trien qua nhieu giai oan, ma moi giai oan bao gom
nhieu nhom khoi lng khach hang gia tang va nhu cau tai cua ho. Nh the nguon phat se
cung cap en ho tieu thu thong qua cac dch vu, he thong th cap, may bien the phan
phoi, he thong s cap, tram phan phoi, tram trung chuyen, tram cap ien va he thong
truyen tai.
Khi thiet ke he thong, ngi ky s khong ch nen xem xet cac yeu to trc mat, trong
giai oan ngan, ma con cac van e lau dai. He thong c thiet ke khong ch giai quyet
van e ve xay dng va hoat ong cua he thong mot cach kinh te e phuc vu cho hien tai
ma con phai ap ng cac nhu cau d phong trong tng lai. V the, viec thc hanh thiet ke
hien tai se b anh hng bi cac oi hoi cua he thong tng lai.
ng nhien, ngi ky s phai xet en nhieu yeu to, bien so, cac li giai la chon cua
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bai toan thiet ke phan phoi phc tap, can co mot ky thuat giup ho chon la nh mc kinh
te nhat cua may bien the phan phoi, day dan th cap, o dao ong ien ap cua ho tieu
thu.
S phat trien ve may tnh ky thuat so toc o cao, qua viec s dung cac chng trnh
tnh toan, cho phep xem xet nhanh chong van e kinh te cua nhieu phng an kha thi va
anh gia tnh ky thuat va tnh kinh te cua cac phng an nay khi chung lien quan en
nhieu chien lc khac nhau qua giai oan nghien cu. Cac chien lc co the la, v du, thay
oi he thong th cap, thay oi bien the, kha nang gan them cac tu ien.
Hien nhien, moi he thong thiet ke nen ap ng mot tieu chuan thc hien ac biet trong
suot giai oan nghien cu. Thiet ke toi u, co ngha la kinh te nhat, la phai phu hp vi
lch trnh phat trien tai trong tng lai. Cung vay, qua s dung tng giai oan cua chng
trnh, ky s phan phoi co the xac nh lieu chien lc nao can c xet ti hay chung can
phai hieu chnh do ket qua cua mot vai thay oi trong khi xem xet ve hieu qua kinh te va
nhu cau d kien tang tai trong tng lai.
e giam thieu chieu dai mang th cap, ky s at bien the gan trung tam tai va co gang
tm ng ngan nhat xuong phuc vu khach hang.
V ch co phan nho s co ngat ien la do h hong he thong th cap, nen trong thiet
ke he thong th cap, ngi ky s chnh yeu phai xet en tnh kinh te, ton that loi ong
(I2R) trong bien the va dong th cap, o sut ap cho phep ni dch vu va ien the chap
chn cua he thong. D nhien la co nhng yeu to kinh te va ky thuat khac anh hng len s
la chon bien the va cau hnh he thong th cap, nh la tai bien the cho phep, tai cac pha
can bang oi vi he thong s cap, chi ph au t cua cac thanh phan khac nhau cua he
thong th cap, chi ph nhan cong, ph t ban (lai suat) va lam phat.
Bien the phan phoi chiem mot phan ang ke chi ph he thong th cap. V the, mot
trong nhng moi quan tam chnh cua ky s la ha thap nhat chi ph au t vao bien the. Noi
chung, trong thc te hien nay trong cong nghiep ien, hoach nh tai bien the phan phoi
tren c s la khong vt qua cong suat d tr, bien the se c thay, hay c ket noi
song song khi tai th cap gia tang.
Thong thng, he thong quan ly tai bien the (TLM) la toi u khi cho van hanh tai lien
tuc va ke hoach m rong mot cach kinh te. Ngi ky s phai e y tnh phi thc te cua viec
lay thong tin ve cac nhu cau tren moi khach hang, phai co gang tap hp cac d lieu con
gii han ve nhu cau vi cac so lieu tieu thu ien san co, ay u hn vao cac tap tin tnh
nhu cau tieu thu cua khach hang. Mot ng cong nhu cau ien hnh se c ve theo nang
lng tieu thu va cac thong tin ket qua se c dung e c tnh tai nh tren cac phan
ac biet cua thiet b nh la bien the phan phoi, va trong trng hp o, no c goi la
quan ly tai bien the, nguon cap, tram.
Ngay nay, mc ien ap tieu chuan cho he thong phan phoi ha the ien tai Viet Nam
c qui nh la 220/380 V.
1.4.1.
Thiet ke thc te
Phan nam gia he thong s cap va thiet b ngi tieu dung la he thong th cap. He
thong phan phoi th cap bao gom bien the phan phoi ha the, cac tuyen day chnh tren
mang th cap, day xuong ho tieu thu va cac ong ho ien.
Noi chung, he thong phan phoi th cap c thiet ke 1 pha cho khu dan c va 3 pha
cho khu cong nghiep hay dch vu vi mat o tai cao.
Cac loai he thong phan phoi th cap gom:
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a. He thong nhom phu tai rieng biet cho moi khach hang vi bien the phan phoi rieng
va cac ket noi th cap rieng biet.
b. He thong hnh tia vi tuyen day chnh th cap chung, c cung cap bi mot bien
the phan phoi va cap cho mot nhom khach hang.
c. He thong nhom may bien ap phan phoi vi tuyen day chnh th cap chung ma no
c cung cap bi nhieu bien the phan phoi, nhng bien the nay c cap bi cung mot
phat tuyen s cap chung.
d. He thong mang th cap vi mang th cap dang li, mang nay c cap bi mot so
ln cac bien the, nhng bien the nay co the c noi bi nhieu nguon cap khac nhau.
He thong cung cap rieng re t khi c dung va thng la khu vc nong thon hay cong
nghiep. Noi chung, hau het cac he thong th cap cho khu dan c, thon que, khu thng
mai c thiet ke hnh tia. Hnh 1.48 minh hoa s o n tuyen cua he thong th cap dang
hnh tia. No cho chi ph thap va de van hanh.
Hnh 1.48. S o n tuyen cua mot he thong th cap hnh tia n gian.
1.4.2. Nhom may bien ap phan phoi
Nhng tram phan phoi bien ap c mac song song, nhng may bien ap nay c lien
ket nhau tren pha th cap hai hay nhieu may bien ap phan phoi c cung cap. Cach mac
nay c thc hien khu dan c hay khu thng mai, ni co nhu cau cung cap ien lien
tuc. Gia cac may bien ap oi hoi co khoang cach nho. Tuy nhien, trong mot so trng
hp phai gi cac tram phan phoi oc lap vi nhau, trong trng hp nay, mang s cap la
mang ac biet cua cau truc hnh tia. S thuan li cua nhom may bien ap phan phoi gom:
a. Cai thien o dao ong ien ap.
b. Giam nhap nhay anh sang do khi ong ong c, bang cach cung cap hai nhanh
song song cho ong c khi ong.
c. Tang o tin cay cung cap ien.
d. Cai tien s linh hoat khi phu tai phat trien vi chi ph thap.
Viec ket nhom pha th cap cua may bien ap c thuan li khi co s phan tan gia
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mot so ln cac ho tieu thu va do o tiet kiem c cong suat cua may bien ap, co the tiet
kiem en 35% dung lng cua may bien ap tuy theo loai tai va so lng khach hang.
Hnh 1.49 the hien nhng phng phap khac nhau cua viec ket nhom th cap. Phng
phap nay c minh hoa trong Hnh 1.49a c s dung pho bien va nhn chung la rat tot,
v no cho phep s dung nhng cau ch nh mc thap ben pha cao cua tram bien ap va
ngan can viec chay cau ch xay ra, phng phap nay cung tao ra s phoi hp n gian
nhng cau ch phan oan nhanh s cap bang cach dung cau ch nh mc thap ben pha
ien ap cao cua may bien ap. Hn na no la mot he thong kinh te nhat.
a.
b.
Hnh 1.49. Hai phng phap mac nhom th cap.
a.
b.
Hnh 1.50. Hai phng phap mac nhom th cap khac.
Hnh 1.50 a ra hai phng phap khac cua cach mac nhom. Phng phap the hien
Hnh 1.50a la mot cach cu nhat va t c bao ve nhat. Hnh 1.50b cho phng phap bao
ve cao nhat. V vay, nhng khuyet iem cua cach mac Hnh 1.49a, b va Hnh 1.50a la:
a. Yeu cau kiem soat can than he thong th cap co cac tram bien ap c ket nhom
vi nhau e phat hien nhng s co t cau ch.
b. Kho khan trong viec phoi hp cau ch pha th cap.
c. Hn na nhng phng phap the hien trong hnh 2.49b co khuyet iem la kho khan
trong viec phuc hoi lai s cung cap khi mot so cau ch tren nhng bien ap can ke b
t.
Ngay nay, v nhng khuyet iem tren, phng phap hnh 2.50b c dung nhieu hn.
May bien ap phan phoi ac biet la may bien ap t bao ve co cau ch bao ve ien the cao
va may cat ien th cap, tn hieu anh sang bao qua tai va bao ve chong set ngay trong
may.
May bien ap t bao ve co cac loai 1 pha va 3 pha, chung co hai may cat ien th cap
giong nhau, nhng may nay tac ong oc lap nhau khi co qua dong ien. Trong trng
hp may bien ap b h th nhng cau ch bao ve dong s cap va cac may cat th cap cung
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tac ong m, v vay s gian oan trong cung cap ien la t nhat. Tuy nhien, phng phap
ghep nhom eu co chung kho khan trong viec quan ly tai may bien ap theo kp vi bien
oi cua phu tai. e on nh trong ieu kien tai b thay oi, moi quan tam chnh khi thiet
ke he thong ket noi th cap la viec phan chia tai gia cac may bien ap.
1.4.3. Mang th cap
Noi chung, hau het he thong th cap c thiet ke di dang hnh tia ngoai tr oi vi
mot vai khu vc dch vu ac biet (khu pho, khu kinh doanh, mot vai khu tap ket quan s,
benh vien) la nhng ni o tin cay va tnh lien tuc cua dch vu quan trong hn rat nhieu so
vi chi ph va hieu qua kinh te. V the, trong nhng khu vc nay, cac he thong th cap co
the c thiet ke theo cau hnh dang li. Mang th cap c ap dung hp ly trong cac
khu vc co mat o tai cao. Chung co the c chon ngam trong long at. Mang th cap
tren se khong hieu qua ve mat kinh te hn so vi mang ngam trong cac khu vc co mat o
phu tai trung bnh. Tuy nhien, mang th cap ngam cung cap dch vu co o tin cay cao hn.
Hnh 1.51 trnh bay s o n tuyen cua mot phan nho trong mang th cap c cung
cap bi ba tuyen s cap. Tong quat, he thong mang ien the thap loai li thng dung
c cung cap cac bien the mang bi hai hoac nhieu tuyen s cap e tao nen o tin cay
cao hn. Thong thng cac tuyen dang hnh tia. Tuy nhien, cac tuyen s cap dang vong
cung co the c dung. Cac tuyen nguon s cap c au an xen nhau tranh viec cung
cap en bat ky hai bien the ke nhau t cung mot phat tuyen. Nh vao s sap xep nay, neu
phat tuyen s cap ngng hoat ong v mot ly do nao o, cac phat tuyen con lai co the cung
cap ma khong b qua tai va khong b sut ap qua mc. Mc ien the tuyen s cap nam
trong khoang 4,16 34,5 kV. Tuy nhien, co khuynh hng thien ve viec s dung ien the
tuyen s cap cao hn. Hien nay, loai 22 kV la pho bien. Mang th cap phai c thiet ke
sao cho phep t nhat mot trong nhng tuyen s cap dung lam d tr cung vi cac bien the
cua no. e at c phan bo tai eu gia cac bien the va o sut ap toi thieu trong mang,
cac bien the phan phoi mang phai c at xuyen suot mang th cap.
Hnh 1.51. S o n tuyen cua mot phan nho cua mang th cap
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a. Tuyen day chnh tren mang th cap
C day va s phan bo hp ly cua tuyen day chnh tren mang th cap can phai thoa
man:
S phan chia hp ly cua tai bnh thng gia cac bien the mang.
S phan chia hp ly cua dong ien khi co s co gia cac bien the mang.
o on nh ien ap tot cho moi khach hang.
Cat s co ngan mach hay cham at tai bat ky iem nao ma khong gian oan
cung cap ien.
Tat ca cac tuyen day chnh tren mang th cap (tren khong hay cap ngam) c i doc
theo ng va la loai 3 pha, bon day, noi sao cho day trung tnh tiep at mot cach chac
chan. Trong mang ien ngam, cac tuyen day chnh mang th cap thng gom cac day cap
n co the c boc bang kim loai hay khong kim loai. Cac day cap phu thng co vo boc
nha phan cach, nhng day cap PE hien ang c dung rong rai. Chung c lap at
trong cac ong dan hay trong ham cap. Cac ham cap tai cac nga t ng phai u ln e
cho phep noi ket cac loai cap khac nhau va cho phep cac dch vu sa cha can thiet cua
th ien.
Mat khac, cac tuyen day chnh tren mang th cap tren khong thng la day co boc,
khong b anh hng do thi tiet. Kch thc cua cac day dan tuy thuoc vao nh mc bien
the mang. oi vi cac tuyen day chnh tren mang th cap dang li, kch thc toi thieu
cua day dan phai am bao tai 60% dong ay tai en bien the mang ln nhat. Ty le nay se
nho hn nhieu oi vi cac tuyen day chnh tren mang th cap ngam. Kch thc cap
thng c s dung nhieu nhat cho cac tuyen day chnh tren mang th cap la 4/0 hay 250
kcmil (21,2 mm2) va mot o m rong nhat nh, 350 va 500 kcmil (42,4 mm2). Viec la
chon kch thc cap cua cac tuyen day chnh tren mang th cap cung can xet en ien ap
ri cho phep tren day dan vung phan phoi. Mang phan phoi th cap c thiet ke vi o
sut ap 6% t may bien ap en ho tieu thu xa nhat, e am bao o dao ong ien ap 6%
so vi nh mc.
b. Cau ch han dong bao ve day dan, cap
e cat nhanh nhng s co va bao ve day dan/cap, ngi ta dung bo cau ch han dong.
Bo nay la mot cau ch kha nang cat cao c at tren moi pha cua cac tuyen day chnh
tren mang th cap tai moi iem chuyen tiep. o nhay cau ch hay cac ac tnh ve thi
gian - dong ien c thiet ke nham cho phep dong tai bnh thng i qua ma khong b
chay nhng lai cat nhanh loai tr oan day chnh b s co trc khi vo boc cap b h hong
do nhiet tao ra bi dong ien s co. S co c cat nhanh nh cac cau ch han dong nay
trc khi cau ch mang li no. V the, cac ac tnh thi gian - dong ien cua cau ch nay
phai c phoi hp vi cac ac tnh ve thi gian - dong ien cua cac thiet b bao ve mang
va cac ac tnh ve h hai vo boc cua cap.
c. Thiet b bao ve mang
Nh trong Hnh 1.52, bien the mang c noi vi mang th cap qua mot thiet b bao
ve mang (MCCB, MCB, , va cau ch d phong) bao gom mot may cat khong kh vi bo
phan ong m bang c kh c ieu khien bi mot rle chnh va cau ch bao ve d
phong. Tat ca chung c at chung trong mot hop kim loai va co the gan tren bien the
hay gan tach ri. Cau ch cho phep bao ve d phong la ngat bien the mang ra khoi mang
neu MCCB b h khong hoat ong khi co s co.
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Moi mang co cau ch d phong, moi mot cau ch cho mot pha. Nhng cau ch nay cho
phep bao ve d phong oi vi bien the mang neu cac MCCB b h khong hoat ong. Hnh
1.52 minh hoa mot s phoi hp cua cac bao ve mang th cap. S ieu phoi nay at c
bi viec la chon hp ly thi gian tr hoan cho cac thiet b bao ve at noi tiep. V du, trong
trng hp s co xay ra trong ng day chnh th cap, ch cac cau ch bao ve day dan
lien quan co lap s co, con trong trng hp co s co ben trong bien the, may cat tram se
ngat.
t, s
10.000
ac tnh
cach ien
day dan
5.000
3.000
2.000
MC
1.000
500
300
CC bao ve
200
100
day dan
50
30
20
CC bao ve
mang
10
5
3
Dong, A
Hnh 1.52. S phoi hp hoan hao cua cac thiet b bao ve mang th cap
1.4.4. Bien the mang
Trong mang th cap ngoai tri, bien the co the c gan tren cot hay tren san tuy
thuoc vao kch thc cua chung. V du loai nho (75 hay 150 kVA) co the gan tren cot
ien, con loai ln hn (300 kVA) c gan tren san. Cac bien the co the la 1 pha hay 3
pha.
Trong mang th cap ngam, bien the c at trong cac ham. May bien the phan phoi
thng c trang b bo ieu chnh khong tai e chnh ien ap theo yeu cau. Mc ieu
chnh bo ien ap khoang 10% .
He so s dung bien the
nh ngha he so s dung bien the la t le gia bien the mang c lap at vi tai. Co
ngha la:
ST
He so s dung
SL
vi:
S
S
- tong cong suat bien the mang.
- tong tai mang th cap.
He so s dung da tren s co n ngha la khi co mot trong cac phat tuyen b cat ra.
He so s dung phu thuoc:
So phat tuyen c dung.
T le Z M Z T , vi Z M la tr khang cua moi phan oan cua day chnh th cap
va ZT la tr khang cua bien the mang th cap.
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Mc o phu tai phan bo khong eu gia cac bien the mang trong trng hp
xay ra s co n.
Hnh 1.53. He so s dung may bien the theo t le ZM/ZT va so nhanh s dung.
Hnh 1.53 the hien cac lo cua cac he so ng dung bien the theo t so Z M Z T oi vi so
tuyen nguon khac nhau. Vi so tuyen nguon c cho va t le Z M Z T c cho, cong suat
yeu cau cua cac bien the mang nham cung cap cho mot tai c cho se c tm thay
bang cach s dung Hnh 1.53.
1.4.5. o sut ap trong he thong phan phoi mot pha
ien ap tai tai cac iem khac nhau tren mach phan phoi ien xoay chieu n pha co
the c tm t ien tr cung nh tr khang day dan. Neu I la dong ien vi he so cong
suat cos tai mot iem tai cu the va R la ien tr, X la tr khang cua day dan, khoang
ien ap ri se la IR cos IX sin V . V the, ien ap ri gom hai so hang. ieu o
c minh hoa bang v du sau:
V du 1.18.
Cap hai loi co ien tr la 0 ,3 /km va tr khang la 0 ,15 /km mang tai nh Hnh
2.54. Tm ien ap tai cac iem cung cap cho tai.
Chieu dai cua ng day 1 km, chieu dai moi oan va ien tr cua moi oan cho
hnh 2.54. Tai tai cac iem B, C, D va E lan lt la 25 A cos 0 ,8 , 15A cos 0 ,8 ,
50A cos 1 , 40A cos 0,9 . ien ap tai iem cung cap A c duy tr 240 V.
a. Phan bo thanh phan tac dung cua dong ien qua ien tr.
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b. Phan bo thanh phan tac dung cua dong ien qua cam khang.
Hnh 1.54
Giai:
Cac thanh phan tac ong va phan khang cua dong tai nh sau:
I B cos 25.0 ,8 20 A; I B sin 25.0 ,6 15 A
I C cos 15.0 ,8 12 A; I C sin 15.0 ,6 9 A
I D cos 50.1,0 50 A; I B sin 50.0 0 A
I E cos 40.0 ,9 36 A; I E sin 40.0 ,435 17 ,45 A
Thanh phan sut ap do ien tr:
oan
AB
BC
CD
DE
Dong
118 A
98 A
86 A
36 A
ien ap ri
118 x 0,06 = 7,08V
98 x 0,06 = 5,88V
86 x 0,06 = 5,16V
36 x 0,12 = 4,32V
ien ap ri ti iem
B: 7,08 V
C: 12,96 V
D: 18,12 V
E: 22,44 V
Thanh phan sut ap do khang tr:

oan
AB
BC
CD
DE
Dong
41,45A
26,45A
17,45A
17,45A
ien ap ri
41,45 x 0,03 = 1,42V
26,45 x 0,03 = 0,80V
17,45 x 0,03 = 0,52V
17,45 x 0,06 = 1,05V
ien ap ri ti iem
B: 1,24 V
C: 2,04 V
D: 2,56 V
E: 3,61 V
Nhan thay thanh phan sut ap do khang tr kha nho hn so vi thanh phan ien tr.
Suy ra ien ap tai cac iem nut:
VA 240 V
VB 240 V - 7,08 1,24 231,68 V
VC 240 V - 12 ,96 2,04 225 V
VD 240 V - 18,12 2 ,56 219 ,32 V
VE 240 V - 22 ,44 3,61 213,95 V
1.4.6. Dong ien phan phoi va ien ap ri trong he thong phan phoi 3 pha 4 day
Trong he thong 3 pha 4 day, tai ong c va tai 3 pha can bang c cung cap t ng
day 3 pha, trong khi tai 1 pha c phan bo gia day pha va day trung tnh. Cac noi ket
cac tai doc theo chieu dai cung cap sao cho at c s can bang co the c tren cac pha
va khi o dong qua day trung tnh c giam en mc toi thieu, v dong ien qua day
trung tnh ch xuat hien khi tai khong can bang. C cua day chnh c chon nham mang
dong tai can thiet qua day dan trong gii han o sut ap cho phep, c cua day dan trung
tnh thng c lay bang c day dan pha.
V du sau minh hoa phng phap e tm ra dong ien chnh trong moi day dan chnh
va qua day dan trung tnh he thong 3 pha 4 day.
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V du 1.19.
Cac tai sau ay c noi en he thong phan phoi 3 pha 4 day 400/230 V
1. Mot tai 16 kW 3 pha, he so cong suat 0,8 tre.
2. Mot tai 10 kW 3 pha, he so cong suat 1.
3. Mot tai 2 kW 1 pha, he so cong suat 0,9 tre gia pha A va trung tnh.
4. Mot tai 3 kW 1 pha, he so cong suat 0,8 tre gia pha B va trung tnh.
5. Mot tai 5 kW 1 pha, he so cong suat 1 tre gia pha C va trung tnh.
Th t pha cua he thong la A, B, C. Tnh toan dong tren moi day va dong tren day
trung tnh. Ve o th vect.
Giai:
Dong tai qua day dan pha A:
1. Tai 3 pha, 16 kW, cos 0,8 tre:
16 1000
28,70 ,8 j 0 ,6 23,10 j17,3 A
3 400 0 ,8
10 1000
2. Tai 3 pha, 10 kW, cos 1 :
14 ,45 j 0 A
3 400
2 1000
3. Tai 1 pha, 2 kW, cos 0,9 tre:
9 ,650 ,9 j 0 ,436 8,68 j 4 ,2 A
230 0 ,9
I A 46 ,23 j 21,5 51 25 0 A
Tong dong ien qua pha A:
Dong tai tren pha day dan B
1. Tng ng vi tai 3 pha, 16 kW: 28,70 ,8 j 0 ,6 23,10 j17,3 A
2. Tng ng vi tai 3 pha, 10 kW: 14,45 j0 A
3 1000
3. Tng ng vi tai 1 pha B:
16 ,30 ,8 j 0 ,6 13,00 j 9 ,8 A
230 0 ,8
Tong dong ien qua pha B:
I B 50 ,55 j 7,5 51 8,6 0 A (vi pha B lam chuan)
Neu pha A c lay lam chuan:
I B 32 j39 ,7 51 128,6 0 A
Dong tai tren pha day dan C
A
1. Tng ng vi tai 3 pha, 16 KW:
IA
28,70 ,8 j 0 ,6 23,10 j17,3 A
2. Tng ng vi tai 3 pha, 10 KW:
250
14,45 j0 A
3. Tng ng vi tai 1 pha C:
5000
21,7 j 0 A
230
0
8,6
Tong dong ien qua pha C:
16,3
IC
0
0
I C 61,7 16 ,3 A (vi pha C lam
B
C
chuan)
Neu pha A c lay lam chuan:
I C 14,60 j 60 61,7256,30 A
IB
Hnh 1.55. Gian o vect
Hnh 1.55 bieu dien moi lien he v tr cac dong qua cac pha A, B, C.
Dong ien trong day trung tnh:
I N I A I B I C 46,23 - j21,5 32 j39 ,7 14 ,6 j 60
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I N 0 ,37 j1,2 hay I N 0 ,37 j1,2 1,2572 ,9 0 A

1.4.7. ieu chnh ien ap
Cac phng phap ieu chnh ien ap trong he thong phan phoi:
a. Nac phan ap tren may bien ap 2, 5, 7% la cac mc thng dung.
b. Bo ieu chnh cam ng t ong.
c. Boosters (bo tang ien ap nguon)
d. Chuyen nac t ong va Boosters.
e. Tu bu.
ieu chnh ien ap bang Boosters t ong re hn loai ieu chnh cam ng t ong va
ap dung hp ly trong vung co mat o tai thap, nhat la ng day dan dai hoac ng day
dan ve nong thon.
au phan ap ieu ap di tai c dung vi may bien ap phan phoi ln va may bien
ap trong tram e ieu khien ien ap tren thanh cai hoac tren cac phat tuyen.
e van hanh thch ang, s lam viec cua cac bo ieu chnh ien ap trong mach phan
phoi phai phoi hp nhau vi he thong thiet ke va bo chnh ien ap c chnh nh e co
c hieu qua tot nhat.
He thong phan phoi co the c thiet ke vi cac gii han sau:
ien ap ri 8% gia pha s cap cua may bien ap au tien va au th cap cua
may bien ap cuoi pha th cap khi tai cc ai tren toan mach va tai cc ai
pha s cap cua may bien ap cuoi.
Bo ieu chnh ien ap c chnh nh e tao ra c ien ap tai pha s cap
cua may bien au khoang 4% cao hn ien ap bnh thng.
Khi bo ieu khien t ong c dung cho he thong phan phoi th rle cua bo bu
sut ap ng day c chnh nh mc ien ap chuan can c duy tr.
Chnh nac phan ap trong may bien ap can lu y en ien ap cac thanh cai khong
c ieu chnh tren phat tuyen.
ien ap ln nhat tai thanh cai khong c ieu chnh qua cao e bo ieu ap co
the ha thap ien ap en tr so mong muon luc tai cc tieu oi vi mach co sut
ap t nhat.
ien ap thap nhat tai thanh cai khong c ieu chnh qua thap e bo ieu ap
co the nang ien ap len tr so mong muon luc tai cc ai oi vi mach co sut ap
ln nhat.
Tam ieu chnh cua may ieu ap phai bang nhau ve ca hai pha tang ap va
giam ap.
Tu bu co the c dung trong he thong phan phoi e cai thien ien ap cho he thong.
Tu bu ngang, mac song song vi phu tai va ong theo tai (bu ng ong) se lam giam ien
ap ri tren he thong phan phoi va do o giup cho viec ieu chnh ien ap tot nhat. Neu
phu tai khong thay oi nhieu, viec ieu chnh ien ap bang tu bu ngang co nh se co hieu
qua hn.
Tu bu c lap tren he thong phan phoi lam giam dong ien va cai thien ien ap he
thong va lam giam ton that ien nang trong cac phan khac cua he thong gia may phat va
tu bu. V du sau ay minh hoa cach dung tu bu e cai thien ien ap cua he thong, cung
nh nang cao he so cong suat cua he thong.
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V du 1.20.
Nguon ien 1910/3300 V c noi en thanh cai phan phoi co phu tai nh ng vi
dong 150A, he so cong suat 80% tre. ng day co ien tr 0 ,8 /km va ien khang
1,4 /km . Tu c dung e tang he so cong suat cho he thong.
Tm dung lng cong suat cua tu ien at tai tam tai e nang he so cong suat
cho thanh cai luc phu tai nh t 80% en 90% tre.
Tm dung lng cua ng day va dong ien tren day.
ien ap ri trc va sau khi lap at tu tm bc th nhat.
Giai:
150
Cong suat tai dong tai cc ai: 3 1910
860 kVA
1000
Khi cos 0 ,8 va sin 0,6
Cong suat:
kW kVA 0 ,8 860 0 ,8 688 kW
kVAr kVA 0 ,6 860 0 ,6 516 kVAr
Khi cos 0,9 ; sin 0,435 va tg 0,4834
Cong suat:
kVAr tai cos 0,9 kW tg 688 0 ,4834 332 kVAr
Khi dung lng cua he thong c nang len t cos 0,8 en cos 0,9 nh yeu
cau la: 516 332 184 kVAr
Thanh phan thc cua dong ien: 150 0,8 120 A
120
135 A
Dong ien cc ai khi cos 0 ,9 :
0 ,9
kW 688
Cong suat bieu kien cua ng day (tai cos 0,9 ):
765 kVA
0,9 0,9
Dong ien giam xuong: 150 135 15 A
Cong suat giam c: 860 765 95 kVA
ien ap ri tren 1 pha: I R cos X sin 1500,8 0,8 1,4 0,6 222 V
222
Do o ien ap ri % tren mot pha:
100% 11,62% khi cha co tu.
1910
Sau khi lap at tu ien, ien ap ri: 1350,8 0,9 1,4 0,435 180 V
180
Do o ien ap ri % tren mot pha:
100% 9,42%
1910
ien ap ri giam c: 222 180 42 V
42
Tnh theo %:
100% 2,2%
1910
ieu tren cho ta thay c rang khi lap at dung lng bu th he so cong suat c
tang len, giam dong ien qua day dan, giam cong suat yeu cau va ien ap ri cung giam.
V the, se cai thien c ien ap.
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Chng 2
THIET KE MANG PHAN PHOI IEN CHO

KHU CONG NGHIEP
2.1.
PHAN TCH NGUON VA PHU TAI
2.1.1. Phan tch nguon

Trong he thong cung cap ien, nguon ien co quan he mat thiet vi phu tai, cap ien
ap, s o cung cap ien, bao ve t ong hoa va che o van hanh. Do vay, phai xem xet
toan dien khi xac nh nguon ien. Khi co nhieu phng an, viec chon nguon ien phai
da tren c s tnh toan va so sanh kinh te - ky thuat.
Nguon ien cung cap cho khu cong nghiep co the la nha may phat ien lan can, tram
phat Diezen, thanh gop cua he thong ien, tram bien ap khu vc, tram bien ap trung gian
hoac cac tram phan phoi.
2.1.2. Phan tch phu tai
Viec phan tch phu tai chu yeu la e nam vng v tr cua phu tai, tnh chat cua phu tai
(loai san pham, san lng hang nam), nam vng nhu cau ien, yeu cau lien tuc cung cap
ien, cac yeu cau ve an toan, ke hoach phat trien trong tng lai, nham muc ch e ra
cac phng an cung cap ien hp ly thoa cac yeu cau cua phu tai.
a. Phan loai phu tai
Theo nganh nghe
Phu tai cong nghiep: ay la cac nha may hoac x nghiep co tai chu yeu la ong c
khong ong bo.
Phu tai kinh doanh va dan dung: ac iem cua phu tai nay phan ln la phu tai
chieu sang.
Theo che o lam viec
Che o lam viec dai han: phu tai c goi la lam viec che o dai han khi trong
thi gian lam viec, nhiet o cua thiet b t nhiet o moi trng xung quanh a at
en nhiet o on nh.
Che o lam viec ngan han: phu tai goi la lam viec che o ngan han khi trong
thi gian lam viec, nhiet o cua thiet b tang t nhiet o moi trng xung quanh
nhng cha at en nhiet o on nh va trong thi gian ngh nhiet o giam xuong
bang nhiet o moi trng.
Che o lam viec ngan han lap lai
ay chnh la phu tai ma thi gian lam viec va thi gian ngh xen ke lan nhau. Trong
khoang thi gian lam viec, nhiet o cua thiet b cha at en nhiet o on nh va thi gian
ngh nhiet o thiet b cha giam en nhiet o moi trng xung quanh.
Theo o tin cay cung cap ien, phu tai co the chia thanh cac loai sau.
Ho loai 1: Bao gom nhng phu tai rat quan trong khong c e mat ien, neu xay
ra mat ien se gay hau qua nghiem trong.
- Lam mat an ninh chnh tr, mat trat t xa hoi. o la san bay, hai cang, khu quan s,
cac ai s quan, nha ga, truc giao thong chnh trong thanh pho,
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- Lam thiet hai ln en nen kinh te quoc dan. o la khu cong nghiep, khu che xuat,
dau kh, luyen kim, nha may c kh ln, tram bm nong nghiep ln, Nhng ho nay ong
vai
tro quan trong trong nen kinh te quoc dan.
- Lam nguy hai en tnh mang con ngi.
V phai am bao lien tuc cung cap ien mc o cao, nen cac ng day cap ien
phai bo tr oc lap nhau, am bao cung cap ien ay u va lien tuc cho cac phu tai.
Ho loai 2: Bao gom cac x nghiep che tao hang tieu dung (nh xe ap, vong bi,
banh keo, o nha, o chi tre em, ) va thng mai, dch vu (khach san, sieu th,
trung tam thng mai ln, ). Vi nhng ho nay, neu mat ien se b thiet hai ve
kinh te nh dan cong, gay th pham, phe pham, pha v hp ong cung cap nguyen
lieu hoac san pham cho khach hang, lam giam sut doanh so va lai xuat, V vay,
mc bao am an toan va lien tuc cung cap ien ay can phai so sanh ve kinh te
e quyet nh phng an cung cap ien.
Ho loai 3: Bao gom nhng phu tai khong quan trong, ngha la nhng phu tai ma
viec mat ien khong gay ra nhng hau qua pha hoai nghiem trong. oi vi ho loai
3 viec ngng cung cap ien cho phep tien hanh sa cha va loai s co ra he thong
ien.
b. Xac nh phu tai tac dung tnh toan
Xac nh phu tai tnh toan hien nay co nhieu phng phap. Nhng phng phap n
gian tnh toan thuan tien thng cho sai so ln, ngc lai neu o chnh xac cao th phng
phap phc tap. V vay, tuy theo giai oan thiet ke, tuy theo yeu cau cu the ma chon
phng phap thch hp.
Phu tai tac dung tnh toan co the xac nh theo cac phng phap sau:
Xac nh phu tai tnh toan theo cong suat at P va he so nhu cau Knc
Cong thc tnh:
n
Ptt k nc pmi
i 1
Qtt Ptt .tg

Stt
ptt2 Qtt2
ay:
: cong suat nh mc cua thiet b th i, kW;
Pmi
Ptt, Qtt, Stt : cong suat tac dung, cong suat phan khang va cong suat toan phan cua
nhom thiet b, kW, kVAr, kVA;
knc
: he so nhu cau (tra so tay);
n
: so thiet b trong nhom.
Neu he so cong suat ( cos ) cua thiet b trong nhom khong giong nhau ta phai tnh he
so cong suat trung bnh theo cong thc:
n
p cos 1 p2 cos 2 ... pn cos n
cos tb 1
p1 p2 ...p n
p cos
i
i 1
p
i 1
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Phng phap nay co u iem la n gian, tnh toan thuan tien, v the no c s dung
rong rai, nhng nhc iem cua phng phap nay la kem chnh xac.
Theo suat tieu hao ien nang tren mot n v san pham
oi vi cac ho tieu thu co o th phu tai thc te khong thay oi hay t thay oi (quat
gio, bm nc, may nen kh, thiet b ien phan, ). Phu tai tnh toan bang phu tai trung
bnh va c xac nh theo suat ien nang tren mot n v san pham khi cho trc tong
san pham san xuat trong mot nam.
W .N
Ptt
Tmax
ay:
W : suat tieu hao ien nang tren mot n v san pham, kW.h/vsp;
N : so lng san pham trong mot nam;
Tmax : thi gian s dung cong suat cc ai, h.
Da tren ket qua phan tch tnh hnh van hanh cua he thong trong mot giai oan nhat
nh, xac nh c thi gian s dung phu tai ln nhat cua tng loai ho tieu thu nh sau:
Bang 2.1. Thi gian tieu thu cong suat cc ai.
Loai ho dung ien
Phu tai sinh hoat cua thanh pho va khu cong nhan
Cac x nghiep cong nghiep lam viec theo 1 ca
Tmax (gi/nam)
20003000
15002200
30004500
50007000
Hoac da vao o th phu tai, xac nh theo bieu thc:

Pi t i , h
Tmax
Pmax
Theo suat phu tai tren mot n v dien tch san xuat
Ptt p 0 F
ay:
F - dien tch san xuat, m2;
p0 - suat phu tai tren mot n v dien tch, kW/m2.
Suat phu tai tnh toan tren mot n v dien tch san xuat phu thuoc vao dang san xuat
va c phan tch theo so lieu thong ke.
Phng phap nay ch cho ket qua gan ung. No c dung e tnh phu tai cac phan
xng co mat o may moc san xuat phan bo tng oi eu (phan xng det, san xuat
vong bi, gia cong c kh, ).
Xac nh phu tai tnh toan theo so thiet b ien va nhq
n
Ptt k max k sdi .Pmi

i 1
ay:
Pm - cong suat nh mc cua thiet b th i, kW;
ksdi - he so s dung cua thiet b th i;
kmax - he so cc ai, kmax = f(ksd, nhq).
Phng phap nay cho ket qua tng oi chnh xac v khi xac nh he so thiet b ien
hieu qua a xet ti mot loat yeu to quan trong nh anh hng cua so lng thiet b trong
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nhom, so thiet b co cong suat ln nhat cung nh s khac nhau ve che o lam viec cua
chung.
Bang 2.2. He so s dung cua phu tai trong xng may.
Tnh chat cua tai
Xng gia cong kim loai va xng che tao c kh
Xng cong nghe hoa hoc
Xng det
Xng gia cong go
Xng ky nghe nhe va xng che bien thc pham
He so s dung
0,150,3
0,200,4
0,400,6
0,150,3
0,200,4
Bang 2.3. He so s dung cua phu tai thap sang.

Tnh chat cua tai
Thap sang ben trong cac toa nha lau ln
Thap sang trong nha
Thap sang ngoai tri
He so s dung
0,50,8
0,81,0
1
c. Xac nh phu tai phan khang tnh toan

e xac nh phu tai phan khang tnh toan can xem xet cac yeu to sau:
Can c vao ng cong phu tai phan khang.
Can c vao he so s dung va he so cong suat trung bnh e tm cong suat phan
khang. Khi xac nh phu tai phan khang, khong nen da vao tr so cos luc phu tai ln
nhat ma nen da vao tr so cos trung bnh cua phu tai trong toan nam hoac trong mot
ngay em.
Q
tg tb t
Pt
ay:
Qt - lng cong suat phan khang phu tai tieu thu trong thi gian t, kVAr;
Pt - lng cong suat tac dung phu tai tieu thu trong thi gian t, kW.
(t la thi gian mot nam hay mot ngay em)
2.2.
CAN BANG CONG SUAT TRONG MANG PHAN PHOI IEN
2.2.1. Can bang cong suat tac dung

ac iem quan trong nhat cua qua trnh san xuat ien nang la san xuat, truyen tai,
phan phoi va tieu thu ien nang trong he thong c tien hanh ong thi, do khong the
tch luy ien nang san xuat thanh so lng co the lu tr. V vay, tai moi thi iem luon
co s can bang gia ien nang san xuat ra va ien nang tieu thu, ieu o co ngha la tai
moi thi iem can phai co s can bang gia cong suat tac dung va phan khang phat ra vi
cong suat tac dung va cong suat phan khang tieu thu. Neu s can bang tren b pha v th
cac ch tieu chat lng ien nang b giam, dan en chat lng cua san pham hoac co the
dan en mat on nh hoac lam tan ra he thong. V vay, tai moi thi iem trong cac che o
xac lap cua he thong ien, cac nha may ien trong he thong can phai phat cong suat bang
cong suat tieu thu cua cac ho tieu thu, ke ca ton that cong suat trong he thong.
Can bang cong suat tac dung trong mang phan phoi c bieu dien bang bieu thc
sau:
PHT Ppt
Ppt m Pmax P Pdt

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60
ay:
PHT
- cong suat tac dung cung cap t he thong, MW;

- cong suat tac dung phu tai tong cua mang ien co ke en phat trien tng
Ppt
m
P
P
max
lai, MW;
- he so ong thi xuat hien cac phu tai cc ai;
- tong cong suat tac dung cua cac phu tai che o tai cc ai, MW;
- tong ton that trong mang ien (MW), khi tnh s bo co the lay:
P 1 15% P
max
- cong suat tac dung d tr cho phat trien tng lai, MW;
Pdt
Pdt 10 15% Pmax
Khi xac nh he so ong thi cua mot khu vc phai can c vao tnh hnh thc te cua
cac ho tieu thu o e quyet nh. Co the tham khao cac so lieu sau.
Bang 2.4. He so ong thi.
Khu vc co hai xng may
Khu vc t 3 en 4 xng may
Khu vc t 4 en 15 xng may
Khu vc tren 15 xng may
m=1
m = 0,85
m = 0,8
m = 0,75 0,7
2.2.2. Can bang cong suat phan khang

e am bao chat lng ien ap can thiet cac ho tieu thu trong he thong ien va
trong cac khu vc rieng biet cua no, can co ay u cong suat cua cac nguon cong suat
phan khang. V vay, trong giai oan au cua thiet ke phat trien he thong ien hay cac
mang ien cua cac vung rieng biet, can phai tien hanh can bang s bo cong suat phan
khang.
Phng trnh can bang cong suat phan khang co dang:
QHT Qb Q pt
Q pt m Qmax Q L Q BA Qdt
ay:
QHT
Qb
- cong suat phan khang do he thong cung cap, MVAr;

- cong suat phan khang cua cac thiet b bu, MVAr;
Q pt
- cong suat phan khang phu tai tong cua mang ien co ke en phat trien
tng lai, MVAr;

- he so ong thi xuat hien cac phu tai cc ai;
- tong cong suat phan khang tieu thu cua cac phu tai che o tai cc ai,
max
MVAr;
QL - tong ton that cong suat phan khang cua cac ng day trong mang ien,
MVAr, khi tnh s bo lay:
BA
5% Qmax
- tong ton that cong suat phan khang trong cac tram bien ap, MVA.
hay:
Qdt
Q
Q
BA
BA
8 12% S max
15 20% Qmax
- cong suat phan khang d tr cho phat trien tng lai, MVAr;
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Qdt 5 10% Qmax
2.2.3. Bu cong suat phan khang

T bieu thc can bang cong suat phan khang, tm c tr so cong suat phan khang
can bu la Qb. Neu Qb co gia tr dng th he thong can phai at them thiet b bu. e khoi
anh hng nhieu en ket qua la chon day dan, may bien ap, khi tnh toan trong phan so
sanh phng an noi day cua mang ien, can d kien bu s bo da tren nguyen tac: bu u
tien cho nhng ho xa, co cos thap va bu en cos 0 ,9 0 ,95 (khong bu cao hn na
v khong kinh te va anh hng khong tot en on nh). Con tha lai, bu cho nhng gan,
cos cao hn, bu en cos 0 ,85 0 ,9 , cong suat bu cho ho th i c xac nh theo
bieu thc:
Qbi Qi Qi Qi Pi tg i
ay:
Pi, Qi : cong suat tac dung va cong suat phan khang cua ho tieu thu trc khi bu,
[MW, MVAr];
tg i : c tnh theo cos i cua ho th i sau khi bu;

Qi
: cong suat phan khang cua ho th i sau khi bu, MVAr.
Lu y rang, tong cong suat bu
bi
cho cac ho tieu thu phai bang cong suat bu s bo
Qb tnh theo ieu kien can bang cong suat phan khang a neu tren.
2.3. D KIEN CAC PHNG AN NOI DAY CUA MANG IEN
Van e au tien phai giai quyet trong viec thiet ke mang ien la la chon phng an
noi day cua mang ien. Chon phng an noi day tot nhat cua mang ien la mot trong
nhng bc quan trong nhat cua thiet ke, bi phng an noi day tm c phai la ket qua
lao ong sang tao cua ngi thiet ke.
Khi chon phng an noi day, can phai co nhng quan iem ro rang ve phng dien
cung cap ien tot nhat cho cac ho tieu thu vi hieu qua kinh te cao. V vay, khi d kien
cac phng an noi day can chu y en tnh kinh te cua chung. ong thi chu y chon cac
phng an noi day n gian. Cac phng an noi day phc tap hn c chon trong trng
hp khi cac phng an noi day n gian khong thoa man nhng yeu cau ve kinh te va ky
thuat.
Nhng phng an c chon e tien hanh so sanh ve kinh te phai la nhng phng an
thoa man cac yeu cau ky thuat cua mang ien.
Nhng yeu cau ky thuat chu yeu oi vi mang ien la o tin cay va chat lng cao cua
ien nang cung cap cho cac ho tieu thu. Khi d kien phng an noi day cua mang ien
thiet ke, trc het can chu y en hai yeu cau tren. e thc hien yeu cau ve o tin cay
cung cap ien cho cac ho tieu thu loai I, can am bao d phong 100% trong mang ien,
ong thi d phong c ong t ong. oi vi cac ho tieu thu loai II, cho phep ngng
cung cap ien trong thi gian can thiet e nhan vien trc nhat ong nguon cung cap d
phong. e cung cap cho cac ho loai II cho phep dung ng day tren khong, khong co d
phong khi ien ap cao. Neu co d phong tap trung, cung cap ien cho cac ho tieu thu loai
II bang mot may bien ap c cho phep. Cac ho tieu thu loai III, cho phep ngng cung
cap ien trong thi gian can thiet e sa cha hay thay the phan t h hong, nhng khong
qua mot ngay.
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Thc te khong co mot phng phap nhat nh nao e chon phng an noi day cua
mang ien. Mot s o mang ien co thch hp hay khong la do rat nhieu yeu to khac nhau
quyet nh: mc o yeu cau ve am bao lien tuc cung cap ien cua cac nha may ien, v
tr phan bo cac nha may ien, Ngoai ra, con nhieu yeu to phu khac cung anh hng en
ket cau va vach tuyen ng day cua mang ien nh: ieu kien ve a chat, thuy van, a
hnh,
2.3.1. Cong tac vach tuyen day
Viec la chon va vach tuyen day la cong viec khi au cua cong tac thiet ke ng
day tai ien, no anh hng en viec thi cong, quan ly van hanh cung nh ve mat ky thuat.
Khi vach phng an noi day can phai chu y en cac yeu to sau.
a. Khi la chon, vach tuyen day phai quan tam ung mc ti qui hoach toan dien, tnh
hnh kh tng, a chat, thuy van, nguon cung cap nguyen vat lieu, ieu kien thi
cong va quan ly van hanh hien nay va sau nay, cong tac quan ly van hanh ng
day can c chieu co ung mc, v khi xay ra mat ien phai x ly rat nhanh, tranh
thiet hai cho san xuat,
b. Tuy rang phai ket hp nhieu mat qui hoach tng lai tranh cac khu dan c, a hnh
phc tap, nhng phai quan triet y thc kinh te va ky thuat e la chon chieu dai
cac tuyen (so vi ng sat va quoc lo, chieu dai cua tuyen ng day ngan hn t
5% -10% la hp ly) va so lng goc re tren tuyen khong qua nhieu.
c. nh cac v tr vt nh: qua song ln, ng sat va quoc lo, ng day ien ap
thap, ng day thong tin quan trong phai chu y van hanh an toan. Nhat la vt
song ln phai chu y ay u van e at ai, kh hau, nc lu, thuyen be qua lai.
d. Trc khi vach tuyen day chnh thc can lu y en cac bc cong tac ky thuat la
cot mong, v tr vt, e tranh khi thi cong phai ieu chnh tuyen do ieu kien
thc te bat buoc.
e. Can chu y en chnh sach ruong at, nha ca, tranh do thi cong hay tuyen day i
qua ma phai giai toa nhieu nha hay s dung nhieu ruong at canh tac.
f. Ngoai ra, cung can chu y khi tuyen day phai i qua vung oi nui se gap nhieu kho
khan nh chon khoang vt, loai cot, xa, tiep a, cung nh cong tac quan ly van
hanh sau nay.
g. Ngi thiet ke ng day phai co kien thc ve khao sat tham do, o ac e vach
tuyen phu hp vi a hnh, a chat, kh hau va cac cap ng giao thong.
Chnh v vay, viec la chon va vach tuyen khong hp ly se a en nhieu nhc iem,
khuyet iem gay kho khan keo dai cho viec van hanh sau nay.
2.3.2.
Vach ra mot so s o noi day cua mang va phan tch u, khuyet iem
S o noi day bat ky cua mang ien trong nha, trong thanh pho, mang ien trong cong
xng hay mang ien khu vc tren can ban eu co the phan thanh 3 loai.
Loai nhai quat.
Loai mach vong kn.
Loai noi thong lien tiep.
a. Loai nhai quat
u iem:
oi vi loai nay, kha nang xay ra s co phai cat ien tng oi t, v moi phu tai eu
co ng day rieng cung cap ien, mot ng day b s co khong the anh hng sang
ng day khac c.
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Khoang cach dan ien tng oi gan. Do o, neu day dan c chon theo mat o
dong ien kinh te th khoi lng tieu hao ve kim loai mau va ca mc ton that cong suat va
ton that ien ap eu tng oi nho.
Co nhieu kha nang s dung nhng thiet b n gian, re tien cuoi ng day. Thiet
b bao ve rle cung n gian, neu ng day ngan ch dung bao ve qua dong ien la u.
Khuyet iem:
Neu so hnh tia nhieu th s o tram bien ap au nguon phc tap, ton nhieu thiet b
nhat la may cat cao ap, chiem nhieu dien tch mat bang.
Neu chon day theo mat o dong ien kinh te, nhieu trng hp phai tang tiet dien e
chong vang quang anh sang va am bao sc ben c gii, do o, von au t lai tang tuy
rang P va U co giam hn.
Chi ph tham do, khao sat cao.
Hnh 2.1. S o noi day hnh quat.

b. S o noi thong lien tiep
u iem:
Chieu dai toan bo ng day tng oi ngan nen von au t xay dng co the t.
Viec to chc thi cong thuan tien v hoat ong tren cung mot tuyen.
Co the dung c cac thiet b n gian tram trung gian 1 va tram cuoi 2 nh dao
cach ly t ong va dao ngan mach ma khong dung may cat,
Khuyet iem:
V khoang cach day dan ti phu tai 2 tng oi xa nen ton that ien nang cung nh
ton that ien ap ln.
Mc li dung kim kh mau cao, v no phoi hp vi chong ton that vang quang sang va
am bao sc ben c gii cua day dan.
Neu v mot ly do nao o ke pha cao ap phai dung may cat th so lng may cat se
nhieu hn va bao ve rle co phc tap hn.
Hnh 2.2. S o noi thong lien tiep
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a. S o mach vong kn
u iem:
am bao lien tuc cung cap ien cho cac ho tieu thu.
Mc kinh te ve mat van hanh cao, chu yeu la do ton that cong suat P trong mang
kn t hn trong mang h. Trong nhieu trng hp, von au t xay dng mang ien kn be
hn mang ien h co cung mot mc o d tr nh nhau.
Tnh linh hoat cao: khi phu tai trong mang ien kn co s thay oi ot bien th cac
phu tai trong mang ien, ien ap bien thien t.
Khuyet iem:
Van hanh mang ien kn phc tap.
Bao ve rle va t ong hoa mang ien cung phc tap va kho khan.
Hnh 2.3. S o mach vong kn.

2.4. TNH TOAN PHAN BO CONG SUAT
Muc ch cua viec tnh phan bo cong suat la xac nh dong cong suat chay tren cac
oan li.
oi vi phng an hnh tia: cong suat tren cac oan li tm c bang phng phap
cong o th phu tai Pi (t) va Qi (t).
oi vi phng an mach vong:
Hnh 2.4. S o mach vong.

oi vi s o Hnh 2.4, dong cong suat chay tren cac oan ng day A1 va A2
c xac nh nh sau:
Neu trong trng hp cac tiet dien day khong chenh lech nhau nhieu th co the s
dung phng phap tnh phan bo cong suat theo chieu dai.
S l l S b l2
S1 a 2 3
l1 l2 l3
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S2
S b l1 l3 S a l1
l1 l2 l3
Trong trng hp tiet dien day cua cac oan li chenh lech nhau nhieu th phai tnh
phan bo cong suat mot cach chnh xac theo bieu thc sau:
S Z Z 3 S b Z 2
S1 a 2
Z 1 Z 2 Z 3
S Z Z 3 S a Z 1
S2 b 1
Z 1 Z 2 Z 3
Dong cong suat chay tren ng day 12 c xac nh tren c s nh luat Kirchhoff
oi vi nut 1 hoac nut 2.
2.5. S BO SO SANH CAC PHNG AN VE KINH TE
e co the s bo loai bo mot so phng an ma khong can phai tnh toan chi tiet, co the
dung moment phu tai Pi l i e phan tch. Momen phu tai Pi l i co the noi len c
khoi lng kim loai mau s dung va ton that ien nang trong mang ien o. Phng an
hp ly ve mat kinh te la phng an co Pi l i min.
a. Khoi lng kim loai mau s dung
Xet mang ien nh Hnh 2.5.
Hnh 2.5. S o mang ien

Khoi lng kim loai mau dung cho mang:
V 3F1l1 F2 l2 F3 l3
Chon tiet dien F theo mat o dong ien kinh te:

I
I
I
F1 1 ; F2 2 ; F3 3
J kte
J kte
J kte
Suy ra:
I l
I l
I l
V 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
J kte J kte J kte
P3 l3
P1l1
P2 l2
V 3
3UJ cos
3
UJ
cos
3
UJ
cos
kte
1
kte
2
kte
3
Neu cos 1 cos 2 cos 3 cos th:

V
UJ kte
3
P1l1 P2 l2 P3 l3
cos
V a Pm lm
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Sau ay xet mang ien nh tren vi hnh dang s o thay oi:
Hnh 2.6. S o mang ien.

Khoi lng kim loai mau dung cho mang:
V 3F1l1 F3l3 F4l4
Trnh t tien hanh tng t nh tren, xac nh c:

V a Pm lm
So sanh 2 phng an qua ty so:
V Pm lm
V Pm lm
T ay, thay rang ch can tnh ra tong so momen phu tai
Pl
i i
cua tng phng an la
co the s bo ket luan rang phng an nao kinh te hn ve mat tieu hao kim loai mau.
b. Ton that cong suat
Xet mang Hnh 2.5, ton that cong suat tac dung tren ng day cua mang:
3 I 12 R1 I 22 R2 I 32 R3
I 2 l I 2 l
I 2 l
3 1 1 2 2 3 3
F2
F3
F1
3J kte . I 1 .l1 I 2 .l2 I 3 .l3
3J kte
Neu:
P1 .l1
P2 .l2
3U cos 2
3U cos 1
cos 1 cos 2 cos 3 cos
3U cos 3
P3 .l3
3J kte
Pm .lm b Pm .lm
U cos
Tng t, ton that cong suat tren ng day cua mang ien hnh 3.6:
3J kte

Pm .lm b Pm .lm
U cos
Pm lm
Suy ra:
Pm lm
Suy ra:
c. Ket luan
e s bo so sanh cac phng an ve mat kinh te, co the s dung momen phu tai
Pl
i i
va gi lai mot so phng an e tien hanh so sanh kinh te chi tiet hn.
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2.6. LA CHON CAP IEN AP CHO MANG IEN
ien ap nh mc cua mang ien anh hng chu yeu en cac ch tieu kinh te - ky
thuat, cung nh cac ac trng ky thuat cua mang. V du, khi tang ien ap nh mc, ton
that cong suat va ien nang se giam, ngha la giam chi ph van hanh, giam tiet dien day
dan va chi ph ve kim loai khi xay dng mang ien, ong thi tang cong suat gii han
truyen tai tren ng day, n gian hoa s phat trien tng lai cua mang ien, nhng tang
von au t e xay dng mang ien. Mang ien co ien ap nh mc nho, yeu cau von au
t khong ln nhng chi ph van hanh ln v ton that cong suat va ien nang eu ln, ngoai
ra kha nang truyen tai nho. V vay, chon ung ien ap nh mc cua mang ien khi thiet
ke cung la mot bai toan kinh te - ky thuat.
ien ap cua mang ien phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to: cong suat cua cac phu tai, khoang
cach gia cac phu tai va cac nguon cung cap, v tr tng oi gia cac phu tai vi nhau, s
o cua mang ien, Nh vay, chon ien ap nh mc cua mang c xac nh chu yeu
bang cac ieu kien kinh te. e chon c ien ap toi u can tien hanh so sanh kinh te - ky
thuat cac phng an khac nhau cua ien ap mang.
ien ap nh mc co the xac nh s bo theo cong suat truyen tai a biet P (kW) va
theo chieu dai cua ng day truyen tai l (km) vi cong thc Still:
U m 4 ,34 l 0 ,016 P
ay:
P : cong suat truyen tai, kW;
l : khoang cach truyen tai, km.
Cong thc nay c ap dung cho cac ng day co chieu dai en 220 km va cong suat
truyen tai P 60 MW.
Trng hp cong suat truyen tai ln va khoang cach truyen tai en 1000 km, can s
dung cong thc sau ay cua A. A. Zalesski:
U m P 100 15 l
Ngoai ra, co the xac nh s bo ien ap nh mc theo cong thc cua G. A. Illarionov:
1000
U m
500 2500
l
P
Cong thc tren cho ket qua phu hp oi vi tat ca cac ien ap nh mc t 35 en 150
kV.
2.7. CHON LOAI DAY VA TIET DIEN DAY DAN
Chon tiet dien day dan cua mang ien c tien hanh chu y en cac ch tieu kinh te ky thuat, kha nang tai cua day dan theo ieu kien phat nong, trong cac ieu kien sau s
co, o ben c cua cac ng day tren khong, cac ieu kien tao thanh vang quang ien.
Tiet dien day dan cua mang ien can phai chon sao cho phu hp vi quan he toi u
gia chi ph au t xay dng ng day va chi ph ve ton that ien nang. Khi tang tiet
dien day dan, chi ph au t se tang, nhng chi ph ve ton that ien nang se giam. Xac
nh quan he toi u nay la van e kha phc tap va tr thanh bai toan tm tiet dien day dan
tng ng vi cac chi ph quy oi nho nhat.
Trong mang cao ap, v cac ng day thng tai cong suat va co chieu dai ln cho nen
yeu to kinh te ong mot vai tro rat quan trong. Trong mang cao ap lai co nhng bien phap
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ieu chnh ien ap nh: thay oi au phan ap cua may bien ap, bu, cho nen thng chon
day dan va cap theo ieu kien kinh te va kiem tra ieu kien ve ky thuat.
2.7.1. Trng hp day dan co mot phu tai
Neu biet thi gian s dung cong suat ln nhat cua phu tai va biet ng day dung loai
day g, tra bang c Jkte. T o, de dang tm c tiet dien day dan:
I
Fkte lv max
J kte
ay:
Ilvmax - dong ien lam viec tren ng day che o phu tai cc ai, A;
S max
I lv max
10 3
n 3U m
n - so mach ng day (ng day 1 mach n = 1, ng day 2 mach n = 2);
Um - ien ap nh mc cua mang ien, kV;
Smax - cong suat chay tren ng day che o tai cc ai, MVA;
Jkte - mat o dong ien kinh te , A/mm2.
Cac gia tr mat o dong ien kinh te cho trong bang 3.5.
Bang 2.5. Mat o dong ien kinh te.
Cac day dan
Thi gian s dung cong suat cc ai, h

10003000
30005000 50008700
Day dan tran va thanh gop:

ong
Nhom
Day cap vi cach ien giay, day dan cach ien
bang caosu va vat lieu tong hp co cac loi:
ong
nhom
Day cap loi ong cach ien bang caosu va vat
lieu tong hp.
2,5
1,3
2,1
1,1
1,8
1,0
3,0
1,6
2,5
1,4
2,0
1,2
3,5
3,1
2,7
Da vao tr so Fkte tnh toan c, tra bang chon tiet dien tieu chuan cua day dan gan
nhat. Chon day dan theo mat o dong ien kinh te trong trang thai lam viec bnh thng
va c kiem tra theo ieu kien phat nong trong ieu kien s co.
Trong cac che o sau s co, dong ien chay tren cac day dan co the vt ang ke
dong ien lam viec bnh thng. Trng hp nh the co the xay ra tren ng day hai
mach, khi mot mach ngng cung cap ien, va cung nh tren ng day co hai pha cung
cap, khi cung cap ien t mot trong hai iem cung cap ien b ngng. Trong cac trng
hp nh vay, tiet dien day dan c la chon phai thoa man cac ieu kien phat nong cho
phep gii han khi cac dong ien cua che o sau s co chay qua. ieu kien kiem tra ve
dong ien tai lau dai cho phep theo phat nong nh sau:
I max K .I cp
ay:
Imax - dong ien ln nhat chay qua day dan khi s co, A;
Imax = Ilvmax (n = 1)
Imax = 2Ilvmax (n = 2)
Icp - dong ien cho phep ng vi tiet dien day dan c chon, A;
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- he so hieu chnh, K = K1.K2

K1 - he so hieu chnh theo cach lap at day, day tren khong K1 = 1;
K2 - he so hieu chnh theo nhiet o moi trng.
ieu kien ve ton that ien ap cho phep:
U bt % U btcp %
U sc % U sccp %
ay:
U bt % - ton that ien ap cua ng day trong trng hp lam viec bnh thng,%;
U btcp % - ton that ien ap cho phep trong trng hp lam viec bnh thng,%;
U btcp 5%
U sc % - ton that ien ap cua ng day khi xay ra s co nguy hiem nhat,%. oi
vi ng day co 2 mach, neu ngng mot mach th ton that ien ap tren
mach con lai:
U isc % 2U ibt %
U sccp % - ton that ien ap cho phep trong trng hp s co,%: U sccp % 10% .
2.7.2. Trng hp day dan co nhieu phu tai
Xet ng day co hai phu tai at cach xa nhau nh sau:
Hnh 2.7. ng day co hai phu tai.

ng day co hai phu tai at cach xa nhau. Tiet dien day dan moi oan day la khac
nhau, bi v ng day cung cap cho nhieu phu tai phan bo xa nhau, doc theo ng day.
Tiet dien day dan cua tng oan:
I
I
F1 lv max 1 va F2 lv max 2
J kte
J kte
Thng tren cac oan ng day c chon theo cung mot tr so Jkte. V chon Jkte
giong nhau nh vay co li la ton that cong suat tac dung P tren ng day se nho nhat.
That vay, gia thiet dong ien tren cac oan 1 va 2 la I1 va I2 th ton that tren toan bo
ng day:
l
l
3I 12 R1 3I 22 R2 3I 12 1 3I 22 2
F1
F2
Goi V la khoi lng kim loai mau dung cho toan bo ng day.
V2 la khoi lng kim loai mau dung cho oan day 2 th:
V
V V2
F2 2 va F1
l2
l1
Thay gia tr cua F1 va F2 vao bieu thc tm c:
3 I 2 l 2 3 I 2 l 2
1 1 2 2
V V2
V2
ieu kien ton that cong suat cc tieu:
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3I 12 l12
3I 22 l22
0
V2
V V2 2 V22
I 12 l12 I 22 l22
2
V12
V2
Hay:
V:
V1 F1l1 va V2 F2 l2
I 12 l12
I 22 l22
F12 l12 F22 l22

I1 I 2
F1 F2
I1
I
J1 va 2 J 2
F1
F2
Nen:
Do o:
Ma:
Suy ra:
J1 J 2
2.7.3. Trng hp co nhieu phu tai phan bo eu
Neu co nhieu phu tai co gia tr khong lech nhau nhieu va bo tr gan nhau th co the coi
nh la ng day co phu tai phan bo eu, trong trng hp nay thong thng e am bao
tnh kinh te, ch dung mot tiet dien tren toan bo ng day. e chon mat o dong ien
kinh te co li nhat can so sanh vi mot ng day khac, gia thiet co cung tiet dien F, cung
chieu dai L va co cung mot ton that cong suat tac dung, nhng phu tai tap trung cuoi
ng day.
Hnh 2.8. ng day co phu tai phan bo eu

Vi ng day gia thiet, ton that cong suat:
3I 2 L

F
Vi ng day co mot so phu tai phan bo eu, ton that cong suat:
3 2
3 I 12 r1 I 22 r2 I 32 r3
I 1 l1 I 22 l2 I 32 l3
F
I3
I2
va a
Goi: b
I1
I1
Phng trnh tren co the viet:
3 2
I 1 l1 a 2 l2 b 2 l3
F
tren a gia thiet la ng day co phu tai phan bo eu va ng day gia thiet phu tai
tap trung cuoi eu co ton that cong suat tac dung nh nhau, do o:
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L 3 2
I 1 l1 a 2 l2 b 2 l3
F
F
Chia 2 ve cua phng trnh cho F, ta c:
I 12
I2
L 2 l1 a 2 l2 b 2 l3
2
F
F
I1
Goi:
J kte angtr la mat o dong ien kinh te ang tr.
F
I
Va
J kte
F
2
2
2
2
Th:
J kte
L J kte
angtr l 1 a l 2 b l 3
3I 2
Vay mat o dong ien kinh te ang tr:

J kte angtr J kte
L
l1 a l2 b 2 l3
T o, de dang tm c tiet dien day dan cho toan bo ng day tren:

I1
F
J kte angtr
2.8.
CHON PHNG AN NOI DAY HP LY VE KINH TE VA KY THUAT
2.8.1. So sanh cac phng an ve mat kinh te
Ch tieu kinh te c s dung khi so sanh cac phng an la chi ph tnh toan hang nam,
c xac nh theo bieu thc:
Z tt a vh atc K A.c
ay:
avh - khau hao hang nam ve hao mon va phuc vu oi vi cac ng day trong
mang ien, %;
Bang 2.6. Khau hao hang nam ve hao mon va phuc vu.
Ten phan t trong he thong
Cac ng day tren khong:
at tren cot go
at tren cot thep va betong cot thep
Cac thiet b trong tram
Khau hao ve
hao mon
Khau hao ve
phuc vu
4 6%
3%
6%
2 3%
1 2%
2 ,5%
atc - he so hieu qua cua von au t.

1
atc
(Ttc thi gian tieu chuan thu hoi von)
Ttc
K - von au t xay dng ng day, ;

K nK 0 i li
n - he so phu thuoc vao so mach ng day. oi vi ng day 1 mach n = 1,
oi vi ng day 2 mach at tren cung mot cot n = 1,6, oi vi ng day
hai mach at tren hai cot khac nhau n = 1,8;
li - chieu dai ng day th i, km;
K0i -gia thanh 1 km ng day mot mach, /km;
K 0i K1 K 2
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K1 - gia thanh cua 1km ng day khong phu thuoc vao tiet dien cua day
dan, /km;
K2 - gia thanh cua 1 km ng day phu thuoc vao tiet dien day dan, /km;
K 2 3m.K 0
m - khoi lng 1 km ng day, kg/km;
K0 - gia thanh 1 kg ng day, /kg;
- tong ton that ien nang hang nam, MW.h;
A P i max i
Pi max - ton that cong suat tac dung tren ng day th i che o tai cc ai,
MW;
- thi gian ton that cong suat cc ai tren ng day th i, h;
0 ,124 Tmax 10 4 8760

2
Vi Tmax la thi gian s dung cong suat cc ai, h;

- gia 1 kW.h ien nang ton that, /kW.h.
2.8.2. So sanh cac phng an ve mat ky thuat
Ngoai cac yeu to U U cp , kiem tra phat nong day dan luc s co nang ne nhat con
phai chu y en o lien tuc cung cap ien cua mang,
Xac xuat ngng cung cap ien xac nh c oi vi mot s o cung cap ien nh vao
hai nh ngha sau ay:
Xac xuat xay ra s co tren phan t mang ien:
Qsc t q
t
q sc
T
T
Va xac xuat sa cha nh ky:
tf
f
T
ay:
tsc : so gi s co trong thi gian quan sat T, h;
Qsc : so lan s co 1 nam;
tq : thi gian sa cha mot s co, h;
tf : so gi sa cha nh ky trong thi gian T, h.
a. Xet s o ng day 1 lo
Hnh 3.9. S o ng ay mot lo.

Xac suat ngng cung cap ien:
h qc1 q D q B qc 2 f D
Cac tr so qc1, qD, qB, qc2, fD tnh c theo 2 nh ngha tren, can c vao cac so lieu
thong ke Qsc, tq, tf. oi vi ng day 1 lo thng biet c cac so lieu thong ke 1 nam
tren 100 km, v the:
QD t q
l
qD
8760 100
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b. Xet s o ng day 2 lo
Hnh 2.10. S o ng ay hai lo.

Xac suat ngng cung cap ien:
h qD 2k f .q D . f D
ay:
q D : xac suat xay ra s co tren 1 lo ng day;
q D : xac suat xay ra ong thi tren 2 lo;
fD : xac suat sa cha nh ky ng day;
kf : he so be hn 1, xet en nhng bien phap c thc hien nham am bao cho
ng day con lai van hanh tot hn khi sa cha ng day kia.
oi vi ng day 2 lo, so lieu thong ke cho xac suat s co tren 1 lo gom ca xac suat
s co ong thi tren 2 lo, trong o xac suat s co ong thi tren 2 lo chiem khoang 15
25%, v the:
1 0,15 0,25QD t q l
q D
8760
100
0,15 0,25QD t q l
q D
8760
100
Can c theo so lieu tnh toan, chon phng an co chi ph tnh toan Ztt cc tieu.
Neu cac phng an co ph ton tnh toan chenh lech nhau khong qua 5% c coi nh la
tng ng nhau ve mat kinh te. Trong trng hp nay muon quyet nh chon phng an
nao can phai so sanh cac phng an o ve mat ky thuat. Tat nhien, phng an nao am
bao ve ien ap van hanh cao hn, s o noi day n gian hn, co nhieu kha nang phat
trien, mc am bao cung cap ien cao, to chc thi cong va quan ly van hanh n gian hn,
co xu hng phat trien mang trong tng lai, th phng an o c chu y nhieu hn.
Cuoi cung phai noi la khi thiet ke mang ien, can phai biet can nhac mot cach than
trong va toan dien, phai biet ro tinh than trach nhiem, e a ra mot phng an phu hp
vi nen kinh te quoc dan, am bao ve ky thuat, an toan va co xu hng phat trien trong
tng lai.
2.9.
CHON SO LNG VA DUNG LNG CAC MAY BIEN AP
Chon so lng cac may bien ap phu thuoc vao cac yeu cau ve o tin cay cung cap
ien cho cac ho tieu thu cua tram va nh vay la mot bai toan kinh te - ky thuat.
2.9.1. Chon so lng va chung loai may bien ap
Co nhieu phng phap e xac nh so lng va chung loai may bien ap, nhng thng
van phai da vao nhng nguyen tac chnh sau ay:
Chung loai may bien ap trong mot tram bien ap nen ong nhat (hay t chung
loai), e giam so lng may bien ap d phong trong kho va thuan tien trong lap
at, van hanh.
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So lng may bien ap trong tram bien ap phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to nh: yeu
cau ve lien tuc cung cap ien cua ho phu tai, yeu cau ve la chon dung lng
may bien ap hp ly, yeu cau ve van hanh kinh te tram bien ap, oi vi ho
phu tai loai I, thng chon hai may bien ap tr len. oi vi ho phu tai loai II,
so lng may bien ap c chon tuy thuoc vao viec so sanh cac hieu qua ve
kinh te - ky thuat. Tuy nhien, e n gian trong van hanh, so lng may bien
ap trong mot tram bien ap khong nen qua ba may va cac may bien ap nay nen
co cung chung loai va cong suat.
Neu phu tai cua tram ch la cac ho tieu thu loai III, trong tram co the at mot may
bien ap, cong suat cua may bien ap c xac nh bang phu tai cc ai cua tram. Mot so
ho tieu thu loai II cho phep mat ien tam thi, cung co the c cung cap t tram mot
may bien ap.
2.9.2. Chon dung lng may bien ap
Cong suat cua may bien ap can am bao cung cap ien nang cho tat ca cac ho tieu thu
cua tram trong ieu kien van hanh bnh thng. Ngoai ra, con chu y en s can thiet phai
am bao cung cap ien cho cac phu tai quan trong ca trong trng hp s co mot trong cac
may bien ap at trong tram. Can chu y rang, h hong cac may bien ap at trong tram
giam ap dan en cat chung xay ra rat han hu, nhng can phai tnh en kha nang o, ac
biet neu nh tram cung cap ien cho cac ho tieu thu loai I, khong cho phep mat ien. V
vay, neu tram cung cap cho cac ho tieu thu thuoc cac loai tren, trong tram can phai at
khong t hn hai may bien ap. Trng hp s co mot trong cac may bien ap, may bien ap
th hai can am bao toan bo cong suat cua cac ho tieu thu loai I. Thc te ieu o co the
at c bang giai phap at hai may bien ap trong tram, cong suat nh mc cua moi may
bien ap c chon bang 0,65 en 0,70 phu tai cc ai cua tram e am bao cung cap ien
u cho tat ca cac ho tieu thu khi co s co mot may bien ap.
Hien nay, co nhieu phng phap e xac nh dung lng may bien ap, nhng van phai
da theo nguyen tac chnh sau ay:
Chon theo ieu kien lam viec bnh thng co xet en qua tai cho phep (qua tai
bnh thng). Mc o qua tai phai c tnh toan sao cho hao mon cach ien
trong khoang thi gian xem xet khong vt qua nh mc tng ng vi nhiet
o cuon day la 980C. Khi qua tai bnh thng, nhiet o iem nong nhat cua
cuon day co the ln hn nhng khong vt qua 1400C va nhiet o lp dau pha
tren khong vt qua 950C.
Kiem tra theo ieu kien qua tai s co (h hong mot trong nhng may bien ap
lam viec song song) vi mot thi gian han che e khong gian oan cung cap
ien.
a. Neu tram ch at mot may bien ap
Cong suat nh mc cua may bien ap chon theo kha nang qua tai thng xuyen cua
may bien ap. He so qua tai thng xuyen co the xac nh t o th kha nang tai cua may
bien ap. o la quan he gia he so qua tai cho phep K2cp, he so phu tai bac 1 (K1) va thi
gian qua tai t.
e s dung phng phap nay can phai bien oi o th phu tai nhieu bac cua may bien
ap thanh hai bac ang tr.
Cong suat ang tr cua may bien ap trong khoang thi gian xet c xac nh theo
bieu thc :
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n
S t
S12 t1 S22 t 2 S n2 t n
t1 t 2 t n
S
i 1
n
2
i i
t
i 1
ay: Si la phu tai cua may bien ap thi gian ti.
a.
b.
Hnh 2.11. o th phu tai cua may bien ap.

Khi bien oi thanh o th phu tai hai bac ang tr co the co cac trng hp sau:
o th phu tai nhieu bac cua may bien ap co mot cc ai vao buoi chieu (Hnh
3.11a). Theo bieu thc tren, tnh St2 vi thi gian luc qua tai la t2 va tnh St1 vi
thi gian trc luc qua tai la 10 h.
o th phu tai nhieu bac cua may bien ap co mot cc ai vao buoi sang (Hnh
3.11b). Theo bieu thc tren, tnh St2 vi thi gian luc qua tai la t2 va tnh St1 vi
thi gian sau khi ket thuc qua tai la 10 h.
Neu o th phu tai co hai cc ai trong mot ngay th phu tai ang tr bac hai c
tnh oi vi cc ai nao co tong Si ti at tr so ln nhat. Khi o se chon c
St2, con St1 se tnh nh mot trong hai trng hp tren.
Neu St2 < 0,9 Smax th chon St2 = 0,9 Smax. Thi gian cap th hai c tnh nh
sau:
t 2
S t2 2 .t 2
0,9Smax 2
Trong trng hp may bien ap lam viec vi o th hai bac hoac o th phu tai nhieu
bac a bien oi ve o th phu tai hai bac ang tr th trnh t xac nh qua tai cho phep cua
may bien ap theo ng cong kha nang tai c tien hanh nh sau:
S
S
Tnh K 1 t1 va K 2 t 2
S m
S m
T K1 va t2, tra cac ng cong qua tai cua may bien ap e tm K2cp va so sanh vi K2.
Neu K 2 K 2 cp th may bien ap a chon la chap nhan c, ngc lai can thay oi cong
suat may bien ap.
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b. Neu tram at hai may bien ap tr len
Cong suat nh mc cua may bien ap c chon co xet en kha nang qua tai khi s co
mot trong cac may bien ap.
Cong suat cua moi may bien ap trong tram n may bien ap co the xac nh theo bieu
thc:
S
S max
k n 1
ay:
Smax - phu tai cc ai cua tram, MVA;
k
- he so qua tai s co cua may bien ap. Neu khong co thong tin cu the, co the
chap nhan 140% cho cac may bien ap Lien Xo vi ieu kien thi gian nh sau:
qua tai khong qua 5 ngay em, moi ngay qua tai khong qua 6 gi va 130% cho
cac may cua cac hang khac theo IEC 354;
n
- So may bien ap at trong tram.
Da vao cac gia tr tnh c theo cac cong thc tren, tien hanh chon cong suat nh
mc cua cac may bien ap trong tram.
Kha nang qua tai cua may bien ap (hang ABB) c bieu dien cac hnh sau.
Hnh 2.12. ng cong qua tai cua may bien ap vi nhiet o moi trng la 200C.
K2
1,6
t = 0,5h
t = 1h
1,5
1,4
t = 2h
1,3
t = 4h
1,2
1,1
t = 8h
1
0,9
0,25
t = 24h
0,5
0,7
0,8
K1
0,9
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2.10. CHON S O NOI DAY TRAM BIEN AP
S o noi day cua tram bien ap phai ap ng cac yeu cau ve ch tieu kinh te - ky
thuat, cu the:
am bao lien tuc cung cap ien theo yeu cau cua phu tai.
S o noi day n gian, thuan li trong van hanh va x ly s co.
An toan trong van hanh va sa cha.
Hp ly ve kinh te tren c s am bao cac yeu cau ve mat ky thuat.
2.10.1.
Tram bien ap trung gian 110/22 kV
Trong thc te, cac tram bien ap trung gian co cong suat nho (< 40 MVA), ien ap
110/22 kV thng s dung s o noi day vi cac lu y sau ay:
oi vi tram mot may bien ap, pha s cap thng khong s dung thanh gop
ma ket noi trc tiep vi ng day tren khong va th cap s dung s o thanh
gop khong phan oan.
oi vi tram bien ap co hai may bien ap, pha s cap thng s dung s o
thanh gop co phan oan hay s o hai thanh gop co may cat vong va pha th
cap s dung s o thanh gop co phan oan.
Cac tuyen day vao/ra tram, neu la ng day tren khong eu c trang b
thiet b chong set.
oi vi cac tuyen cap ngam, ng day vao/ra tram khong can trang b thiet b
chong set.
e bao ve chong qua ien ap lan truyen vao tram s dung hai chong set at
hai pha cao ap va ha ap cua may bien ap.
Trong trng hp cac tuyen day vao/ra la cap ngam th cac may cat at tren
cac tuyen nay thng la cac may cat kieu hp bo, at trong nha.
Cac dao noi at c trang b nham tiep at thiet b a co lap khoi mang ien,
am bao an toan cho ngi sa cha. Mot so dao tiep at co lien ong c kh
vi dao cach ly (dao noi at ong th dao cach ly m va ngc lai) nham tranh
s co do thao tac nham lan.
Cac tram bien ap eu c trang b VT (Voltage Transformer) va CT (Current
Transformer) phuc vu cho bao ve rle va o lng.
2.10.2.
Tram bien ap phan phoi 22/0,4 kV
a. S o n
Tram c cap nguon bang mot day re t mang phan phoi trung the. e thc hien
chc nang ong cat va bao ve may bien ap, thng c trang b dao cat tai (LBS), cau
ch t ri (FCO), dao cat tai kem cau ch (LBFCO), hay dao cach ly va cau ch (DS + F).
mot so quoc gia, oi vi tram bien ap co cong suat nho hn 160 kVA va co ket cau dang
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treo th pha trung ap may bien ap khong trang b LBS/LBFCO/FCO. Trong trng hp
nay, cac thiet b bao ve va ong cat at xa va thng ieu khien ng day tren khong
truc chnh cung cap ien cho cac tram.
Hnh 2.15. S o n.
b. S o oi
Tram c cung cap bang hai day re t mang phan phoi trung the. Hai day nay c
ket noi vao thanh cai qua dao cach ly DS. May bien ap c noi vao thanh cai qua cau ch
t ri FCO, pha ha the may bien ap c trang b may cat ha ap hay cau dao ha the. Cac
ng day cung cap cho cac phu tai thng c bao ve bang cau ch.
Hnh 2.16. S o oi.

c. S o mach vong
Mach vong (RMU Ring Main Unit) la mot truc phan phoi lien tuc co dang mach kn
vi iem bat au va ket thuc eu tren cung mot thanh gop. Moi au cua no c ieu
khien bi mot may cat rieng. Mach vong thng c ket noi e tao vong chnh hay truc
phan phoi - lien lac, thanh gop cua no se chu dong cua toan vong hay toan bo s lien lac
gia hai tram.
Moi mach vong cha ba lien ket:
Hai lien ket en, moi cai cha LBS/dao cach ly va mot dao tiep at.
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Mot lien ket ra va ngan bao ve chung cha cau ch/LBS hay to hp may cat vi
dao tiep at.
S o mach vong cho phep ho phu tai s dung hai nguon cung cap, nang cao o tin cay
cung cap ien. Kieu s o nay thng c dung trong li cap ngam phan phoi trung ap
cua o th.
Hnh 2.17. S o mach vong.

d. S o truc phan phoi song song
Trong s o truc phan phoi song song, pha trung the co hai day hay cap ngam cung
xuat phat t mot thanh gop. S khac biet chu yeu cua s o phan phoi song song vi s o
mach vong la hai lien ket thng co khoa lien ong. Khi lien ket nay ong th lien ket kia
m. Khi cung cap b gian oan tren lien ket ong th thiet b ong cat se tac ong cat
mach va lien ket con lai se ong vao hoac t ong hoac bang tay.
S o nay thng c s dung cac ni co mat o phu tai cao, phu tai yeu cau o tin
cay cung cap ien cao va c cap ien bang cap ngam.
Hnh 2.18. S o truc phan phoi song song.
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2.11. CHON THIET B ONG CAT VA BAO VE TRAM BIEN AP

2.11.1.
Thiet b ong cat cao ap
a. Cac chung loai

May cat (CB Circuit Breaker)
May cat la mot thiet b dung trong mang ien ap cao e ong, cat dong ien phu tai va
dong ien ngan mach. o la thiet b ong cat lam viec tin cay, song gia thanh cao nen
may cat thng ch c dung nhng ni quan trong. Trong may cat cao ap, van e dap
tat ho quang khi ngan mach rat quan trong. Chnh v vay ngi ta thng can c vao
phng phap dap ho quang e phan loai may cat.
o May cat dau: dau va la chat cach ien, ong thi sinh kh e dap tat ho quang.
Trong may cat dau c phan lam may cat t dau va may cat nhieu dau.
o May cat khong kh: trong may cat khong kh, ho quang c dap tat nh kh
thoi cua khong kh nen ap suat t 8 en 20at. Cach ien va ban than buong dap
ho quang la s hay vat lieu ran cach ien.
o May cat t sinh kh: dung vat lieu cach ien co kha nang t sinh kh di tac
dung nhiet o cao cua ho quang. Kh t sinh ap suat cao co kha nang dap tat ho
quang.
o May cat ien t: ho quang c dap tat trong khe hep lam bang vat lieu ran
chu c ho quang. Lc ien t se ay ho quang vao khe hep.
o May cat chan khong: ho quang c dap tat trong moi trng chan khong.
o May cat kh: kh elega (SF6) co kha nang dap tat ho quang cao nen c dung
e dap tat ho quang trong may cat kh.
Theo thi gian tac ong, may cat c chia thanh 2 loai: may cat nhanh va may cat
cham.
Theo so lng pha, may cat co the chia lam may cat 1 pha va 3 pha.
Theo v tr lap at, may cat c chia lam may cat at trong nha va may cat at ngoai
tri.
Cac thong so chnh cua may cat:
o ien ap nh mc.
o Dong ien nh mc.
o Tan so nh mc.
o Kha nang cat dong ngan mach.
o Dong on nh nhiet nh mc.
o Dong on nh ong nh mc.
o Thi gian cat.
o Thi gian m.
May cat ong lap lai (Recloser)
Trong mang ien cao ap, cac s co thng la s co thoang qua, do o e tang cng
lien tuc cung cap ien, ngi ta thng s dung may cat ong lap lai.
May cat ong lap lai co cau tao giong may cat. Tuy nhien, no co them bo phan ieu
khien rieng giup cho no co kha nang ong lap i lap lai theo mot chng trnh nh trc,
co kha nang ghi nhan cac so lieu, cac thong so cua phu tai ien, chc nang bao ve chong
s co.
Cac thong so chnh cua may cat ong lap lai tng t nh may cat, tuy nhien co them
thong so bo ieu khien va x ly d lieu.
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Dao cach ly (DS Distance Switch)
Nhiem vu chu yeu cua dao cach ly la tao ra mot khoang h cach ien c trong thay
gia bo phan ang mang dong ien va bo phan cat ien nham muc ch am bao an toan
va tao cho nhan vien sa cha thiet b an tam khi lam viec. Do vay, nhng ni can sa
cha, ngoai cac thiet b ong cat can at them dao cach ly. Dao cach ly thng bo tr tren
cot vi thanh phan chu yeu la be , dao cat va tiep iem. Dao cach ly co the thao tac
bang tay thong qua sao cach ien hoac qua cac c cau truyen ong at di chan cot.
Dao cach ly khong co bo phan dap tat ho quang nen khong the cat c dong ien ln.
Neu nham lan dung dao cach ly e cat dong ien ln th co the phat sinh ho quang gay
nguy hiem. Do vay, dao cach ly ch dung e ong, cat dong khong tai.
Phan loai:
o Loai tiep iem xoay ngang.
o Loai tiep iem xoay chieu thang ng.
Cac thong so chnh cua dao cach ly:

o
o
o
o
o
ien ap nh mc.
Dong ien nh mc.
Dong on nh ong.
Dong on nh nhiet.
Tan so nh mc.
Dao cat tai (LBS Load Break Switch)
Dao cat tai co the ong, cat dong ien khi mang tai nhng khong t ong ma thng
thc hien bang thao tac cua nhan vien van hanh thong qua sao cach ien hoac c cau lien
ong. Dao cat tai khong cat c dong ngan mach. Do o, e bao ve dong ngan mach,
thng ket hp vi s dung cau ch.
Cac thong so chnh cua dao cat tai:
o ien ap nh mc.
o Dong ien nh mc.
o Tan so nh mc.
o Dong on nh ong.
o Dong on nh nhiet.
Dao cat tao khoang cach (LTD Line Trip Distance)
Dao cat tao khoang cach thc chat la dao cach ly nhng c bo tr tren ng day.
Nhiem vu la e cach ly ng day tao khoang h thay c, tao cam giac an toan khi sa
cha. Cac thanh phan chnh bao gom s dang thanh, cac au au noi day, dao cat va
tiep iem. LTD thng c thao tac bang tay thong qua sao cach ien.
Cac thong so cua LTD tng t nh cac thong so cua DS.
Cau ch t ri (FCO Fuse Cut Out)
Cau ch t ri thng c trang b tren cac tuyen day khong quan trong (cong suat be,
yeu cau lien tuc cung cap ien khong cao) hay c trang b e bao ve may bien ap nho.
Cau tao cau ch t ri gom co: be , ong ch, day chay, tiep iem ong cat. Cau ch t
ri ch co the ong cat dong khong tai hoac ong cat dong tai nho. e co the ong cat
c dong tai tng oi ln, ngi ta dung cau ch t ri co bo phan dap ho quang
(LBFCO Load Break FCO).
Cau ch t ri thng c thao tac bang tay thong qua sao cach ien.
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Cac thong so chnh cua cau ch t ri:

o ien ap nh mc.
o Dong ien nh mc.
o Cong suat nh mc.
o Dong cat ngan mach nh mc.
o ac tnh bao ve.
b. Cac ieu kien la chon
Cac thiet b ong cat c la chon theo ieu kien lam viec lau dai va kiem tra ieu
kien s co.
Chon theo ieu kien lam viec lau dai:
U mtb U m U mmang U mmang
I mtb I lv max
ay:
U mtb
U m
- ien ap nh mc cua thiet b, kV;

- o tang ien ap cho phep cua thiet b, kV;
I mtb
- dong ien nh mc cua thiet b, A;
U mmang - ien ap nh mc cua mang ien, kV;
U mmang - ton that ien ap cho phep cua mang ien, kV;
I lv max
- dong ien lam viec cc ai, A.
Tr so o lech ien ap cho phep tng oi so vi ien ap nh mc cua thiet b ien

c cho phep nh sau:
Dao cach ly
:
U m 0,15U m
May cat ien
: U m 0,15U m
Cau ch
U m 0,1U m
Kiem tra theo ieu kien s co:

Kiem tra ieu kien on nh ong
Kha nang on nh ong (noi mot cach khac, o la kha nang chong lai tac dung cua lc
ien ong) cua thiet b ien c ac trng bi dong ien on nh ong nh mc. Dong
ien nay chnh la dong ien cc ai co the chay qua kh cu ien ma lc ien ong do no
sinh ra khong the pha hoai thiet b ien c.
i .m i xk
ay:
i .m - dong on nh ong nh mc cua thiet b, A;
i xk
- dong ngan mach xung kch, A;

i xk 2k xk .I N
IN
- gia tr dong ngan mach, A;
kxk - he so xung kch, k xk 1 e
0 , 01
Ta
(vi Ta
Kiem tra ieu kien on nh nhiet:

t q
I m.nh I
t m.nh
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.r
83
ay:
I mnh - dong ien on nh nhiet nh mc, qui nh bi nha che tao ng vi thi gian
I
tq
on nh nhiet nh mc tm.nh;
- gia tr hieu dung dong ngan mach on nh, A;
- thi gian tac ong qui oi cua dong ien ngan mach, co the xac nh tq da
I
vao thi gian ton tai ngan mach tN = tbv + tmc va t so
I
tbv - thi gian tac ong cua bao ve rle, tbv = 0,2s (cat nhanh),
tbv = 0,5s (cat cham);
tmc - thi gian cat cua may cat, s;
I - gia tr hieu dung cua dong ngan mach sieu qua o, A. Neu ngan mach xa
nguon: I I I N
Trong tnh toan thc te li trung ap, ngi ta cho phep lay thi gian qui oi tq bang
thi gian ton tai ngan mach, ngha la bang thi gian cat ngan mach.
oi vi nhng thiet b co dong ien nh mc tren 1000A th khong can kiem tra ieu
kien on nh nhiet.
2.11.2.
Thiet b ong cat ha ap
a. May cat ha ap (LVCB)

Cac chung loai
o MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker): ay la loai CB vo uc, thng la loai
CB 3 pha, co cau tao bao gom tiep iem ong cat, buong dap ho quang, rle
nhiet, rle t, tay gat va cac thiet b khac. MCCB thng c trang b cho
nhng ng day co cong suat ln, cho ngo vao cua cac tu ien chnh, ngo ra
cua tu ien chnh va ngo vao cua tu ien phu.
o MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker): ay la thiet b ong cat loai nho. MCB co
the c che tao loai 1 cc, 2 cc, 3 cc hoac 4 cc. MCB c trang b cho
nhng ng day co tai nho, thng la cac tuyen day i ra t tu phan phoi phu
en thiet b ien.
o RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Breaker): ay la CB ngoai cac chc nang
ong cat va bao ve nh cac CB thong dung, no con co them chc nang chong
dong ro, bao ve an toan cho ngi khi thiet b ien b ro ien. Cac dong ro nh
mc la 10, 30, 300 mA. RCCB con co ten khac la ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit
Breaker).
Cac thong so chnh cua CB
o ien ap nh mc: Un.
o Dong ien nh mc: In.
o Dong hieu chnh (dong tac ong nhiet)
I r 0,8 1I n (c cau ngat nhiet)
I r 0,4 1I n (c cau ngat ien t)
o
o
o
o
o
Thi gian cat: t (ms).

Dong cat ngan mach nh mc, Icu (kA).
C cau cat: Thermal/Magnetic, Electronic.
ac tuyen bao ve: B, C, D, MA, K.
So cc: 1, 2, 3, 4 cc.
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o Tan so nh mc, fn.

o Dong tac ong cua c cau t, Im.
Ghi chu:
o CB co ac tuyen bao ve B thng c s dung e bao ve cho cac mach ien
chnh co dong ot bien khong qua ln (mach ien noi t tram bien ap en tu
phan phoi chnh, mach ien noi t tu phan phoi chnh en tu phan phoi phu,
mach ien cung cap cho tai khong co dong khi ong).
o ac tuyen loai C, con c goi la ac tuyen pho thong. CB co ac tuyen C
thng c s dung e bao ve cho cac mach cung cap ien cho ong c.
o CB co ac tuyen loai D va K thng c s dung e bao ve cho cac mach co
dong khi ong ln (ong c khi ong co tai).
o CB co ac tuyen loai MA thng c s dung e bao ve ong c khi phoi hp
vi contactor ngat (contactor vi bao ve chong qua tai).
ieu kien chon CB
U n U nmang
o ien ap nh mc:
I n I nmang
o Dong ien nh mc:
f n f nmang
o Tan so nh mc:
I cu I N3
o Dong cat ngan mach nh mc:
o Thi gian cat: chon theo ieu kien phoi hp bao ve.
o C cau ngat: co the chon c cau ngat thermal/magnetic hoac electronic.
o ac tuyen bao ve: B, C, D, MA, K.
o So cc: 1, 2, 3 hoac 4 cc.
oi vi RCCB, con co them ieu kien chon dong ro:
o CB dong ro nh mc t 1030mA, thng c s dung trong dan dung.
o CB dong ro nh mc t 30300mA, thng c s dung trong cong nghiep.
o CB dong ro nh mc t 5001000mA, thng c s dung trong chong chay.
a. Cau ch
Trong cong nghiep thng s dung cau ch HRC (High Rupturing Capability: kha nang
cat ln). ay la loai cau ch co kha nang cat dong ngan mach ln va thng c s dung
e bao ve cho cac mach ien khong co nhu cau ong cat thng xuyen.
Cau ch HRC co dong nh mc t 6630 A va cau tao bao gom: cau ch va e cau ch.
e thay the cau ch, ngi ta thng s dung 1 tay kep chuyen dung. Tren cau ch co mot
niem ch ma khi cau ch tac ong, niem ch se b mat khien cho ngi s dung co the biet
e thay the cau ch. Kha nang cat dong ngan mach cau ch HRC co the len ti 20 kA.
ieu kien la chon cau ch nh sau:
I N I lv max
U N U nmang
IN
I max
I cu I N3
ay:
Ilvmax - dong lam viec cc ai qua cau ch, A;
Imax - dong ien ln nhat i qua cau ch khi ong c khi ong, A.
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n 1
I max I k max k t I mi
i 1
Ikmax - dong khi ong ln nhat cua ong c trong nhom thiet b, A;
Imi - dong ien nh mc cua thiet b th i, A;
n
- so ong c trong nhom thiet b.
- he so, c la chon nh sau:

2,5 neu ong c khi ong bnh thng.
1,6 neu ong c khi ong co tai.
3
I N - dong ngan mach 3 pha, tng ng vi iem ngan mach ma dong ngan mach
qua cau ch la ln nhat.
2.11.3.
Chon thanh cai
Tiet dien thanh cai c chon theo dong phat nong cho phep va kiem tra theo ieu
kien on nh ong va on nh nhiet cua dong ngan mach.
Chon theo ieu kien phat nong:
I cp K1 K 2 K 3 I cpth I lv max
ay:
- dong ien cho phep cua thanh cai, A;
Icp
Ilvmax - dong ien lam viec cc ai qua thanh cai, A;
Icpth - dong ien cho phep cua thanh cai khi nhiet o thanh cai la 700C, nhiet o
moi trng xung quanh la 250C va thanh cai at ng.
K1 = 1 vi thanh cai at ng; K1 = 0,95 vi thanh cai at ngang;
K2 - he so hieu chnh khi xet trng hp thanh cai gom nhieu thanh ghep lai, neu
la day dan tren khong th K2 = 1;
K3 - he so hieu chnh theo nhiet o moi trng xung quanh khac vi nhiet o tieu
chuan.
Stc Son I t q
ay:
Stc - tiet dien cua thanh cai,mm2;
- he so phu thuoc vao loai thanh cai, tra bang 8-8, trang 280 - sach Cung Cap
ien - Tac gia Nguyen Xuan Phu.
I - dong ngan mach on nh tai thanh cai, A;
tq - thi gian qui oi, co the lay bang thi gian ton tai ngan mach, ms.
Kiem tra ieu kien on nh ong:
cp tt
ay:
cp - ng suat cho phep cua vat lieu lam thanh cai, kG/cm2.
vi thanh ong cp 1400 kG/cm 2 ;
vi thanh nhom cp 700 kG/cm 2 ;
tt - ng suat tnh toan, xuat hien trong thanh cai do tac ong cua lc ien ong
dong ngan mach, kG/cm2;
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tt
M - momen uon tnh toan, kG.cm
M
W
Ftt .l
10
Ftt - lc tnh toan do tac ong cua dong ngan mach:
l
Ftt 1,76.10 2 i xk2 , kG
a
ay:
l
- khoang cach gia cac s cua 1 pha, cm;
a
- khoang cach gia cac pha, cm;
ixk
- dong ngan mach xung kch tai thanh cai, A.
W
- momen chong uon cua thanh cai, cm3.
b.h 2
(thanh cai hnh ch nhat)
W
6
.d 3
(thanh cai hnh tron ng knh d)
W
32
M
2.11.4.
Thiet b chong set lan truyen vao tram bien ap
Theo thong ke, 80% h hong do set gay ra la do set anh lan truyen theo ng cap
nguon va ng tn hieu. Do viec chong set lan truyen cha c quan tam mot cach ay
u, dan en thiet hai do set lan truyen gay ra rat ln. V the, viec e ra cac giai phap va
cung cap cac thiet b chong set lan truyen theo cong nghe mi la cap bach va can thiet.
Cac ng day tren khong, du co c bao ve chong set hay khong th cac thiet b noi
vi chung eu phai chu tac ong cua song set truyen t ng day en. Bien o qua ien
ap kh quyen co the ln hn ien ap th nghiem xung kch va cach ien cua thiet b, dan
en choc thung cach ien, pha hoai thiet b va gay nen s co, mach ien b cat ra. Do vay,
e bao ve cac thiet b trong tram bien ap tranh song qua ien ap truyen t ng day vao
phai dung cac thiet b chong set. Cac thiet b chong set nay se ha thap bien o song qua
ien ap en tr so an toan cho cach ien can c bao ve.
Thiet b chong set la thiet b c ghep song song vi thiet b ien e bao ve qua ien
ap kh quyen. Khi xuat hien qua ien ap, no se phong ien trc lam giam tr so qua ien
ap at len cach ien cua thiet b va khi het qua ien ap se t ong dap tat ho quang cua
dong ien xoay chieu, phuc hoi trang thai lam viec bnh thng. e lam c nhiem vu
tren, thiet b chong set can at cac ieu kien sau ay:
Co ac tnh von - giay (V-s) thap hn ac tnh V-s cua cach ien.
Co kha nang dap tat nhanh chong ho quang cua dong xoay chieu.
Khi qua ien ap, thiet b chong set lam viec (phong ien) e tan dong xuong
at ong thi tao nen ngan mach cham at. Khi het qua ien ap, phai nhanh
chong dap tat ho quang cua dong ngan mach cham at trc khi bo phan bao
ve rle lam viec e he thong ien c tiep tuc van hanh an toan.
Co mc ien ap d thap so vi cach ien cua thiet b c bao ve
Sau khi phong ien, ien ap con tren thiet b chong set (ap d) se tac dung len
cach ien cua thiet b, neu ien ap nay ln van co the gay nguy hiem cho thiet
b ien.
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Lu y:
Vi khe h bao ve va chong set ong, giam ien ap d chu yeu bang cach giam
ien tr cua bo phan noi at.
chong set van, ben canh viec giam tr ien tr khong ng thang phai han
che dong ien qua no khong ln qua tr so qui nh (5 kA hoac 10 kA).
Thiet b chong set khong c lam viec (phong ien) khi co qua ien ap noi bo
Yeu cau nay thc hien bang cach ieu chnh (khoang cach) khe h phong ien
cua thiet b chong set.
a. Cac thiet b chong set lan truyen
Chong set van
Nguyen ly cua chong set van: gom co 2 phan t chnh la khe h phong ien va ien
tr lam viec. Khe h phong ien cua chong set van la mot chuoi cac khe h nho co nhiem
vu phong ien khi xuat hien qua ien ap. ien tr lam viec la ien tr phi tuyen co tac
dung han che tr so dong ien ngan mach cham at qua chong set van khi song qua ien
ap choc thung cac khe h phong ien.
Gan ay vi cong nghe tien tien, ngi ta a ra loai chong set van co ien tr phi
tuyen c tao bi cac hat ZnO va cac hat nay c bao bi mot man mong Bi2O3. Loai
chong set van nay co nhieu u iem hn chong set van trc ay:
o o tin cay cao, kch thc gon nhe.
o He so phi tuyen cao, dong ien ro nho.
o ac tuyen bao ve mem hn.
Chong set van oxyt kim loai (MOV)
Chong set van a thay oi mot cach c ban trong khoang hn 20 nam tr lai ay ca ve
cau truc lan nguyen ly lam viec. Loai chong set van co khe h phong ien kieu tam phang
va phat trien len loai co khe h thoi t va ien tr SiC mac noi tiep a c thay the bang
chong set van khong co khe h phong ien.
Chong set van mi khong co khe h phong ien ma da tren ien tr oxyt kim loai
(MOV) co ac tnh U-I hoan toan phi tuyen va co kha nang hap thu nang lng rat cao.
Chung c biet en nh loai chong set van oxyt kim loai (MO).
Chong set van MOV khong phong ien, do vay khong nh ngha ien ap phong ien.
Khi ien ap tang, chong set van MOV chuyen ngay t tr so ien tr ln sang ien tr nho.
Khi ien ap giam, chong set van MOV lai duy tr tnh dan ien kem cua no.
Mc bao ve cua chong set van MOV c xac nh bang ien ap d cua no.
Chong set van MOV c s dung e bao ve thiet b va tram quan trong (ac biet la
may bien ap ien lc) chong lai qua ien ap kh quyen va qua ien ap ong m. Khi thiet
ke va la chon chong set van thong dung, can lu y ien ap anh thung va ien ap em.
Ngoai ra, chong set van MOV c chon theo cac tieu chuan sau ay:
o ien ap tan so nguon toi a.
o Kha nang hap thu nang lng.
o Mc bao ve.
Chong set van trong li phan phoi di 30 kV thng c thiet ke vi dong ien set
nh mc 5 kA, chong set van dung cho cac ien ap tren 30 kV luon co dong set nh mc
10 kA.
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b. La chon thiet b chong set lan truyen vao tram bien ap
e am bao cac bien han bao ve va phat huy tot chc nang bao ve qua ap cua chong
set, can tien hanh cac bc sau:
Bc 1: Xac nh moi trng lap at cua chong set
bc nay, can xac nh yeu to moi trng ben ngoai ni chong set se c lap at
nh: lap at trong nha hay ngoai tri, mc o o nhiem e xac nh chieu dai ng ro cua
vo boc cach ien.
Bc 2: Xac nh cac thong so cua he thong
- Xac nh ien ap van hanh cc ai cua he thong Um
ien ap van hanh cua he thong la gia tr hieu dung cao nhat cua ien ap day xay ra
trong ieu kien van hanh bnh thng mot thi iem va v tr nao o trong he thong.
Neu ch co ien ap nh mc cua he thong Um, th chon U m 1,05 1,1U m .
- Xac nh he so cham at Ke
La t so cua ien ap cac pha khong b s co trong qua trnh s co oi vi ien ap
trc khi b s co cham at.
- Xac nh qua ien ap tam thi UTOV (Temporary OverVoltage)
Thong thng, gia tr UT.O.V c hieu la ien ap s co cham at mot pha. Bien o
UTOV c xac nh nh sau:
U
U TOV K e m
3
Can la chon
U T .O .Vchongset U T .O .Vli
Bc 3: Kiem tra cac ly do khac xay ra qua ien ap tam thi TOV.
Thong thng TOV xuat hien khi co s co cham at, hoac do sa thai phu tai, tuy nhien
mot so ket cau li nao o co the xay ra qua ien ap cong hng, ieu nay cung co the
xay ra khi cac may cat tac ong khong ong thi. Qua ien ap cong hng khong c
dung lam c s e tnh toan chon TOV cua chong set.
Trong vai trng hp van hanh, e giam dong s co, ch chon noi at trung tnh cua
mot so bien ap, trong trng hp nay co the xay ra kha nang la mot so bo phan cua he
thong co the tr thanh mat tac dung phan noi at trong mot so giai oan ma mot hoac
nhieu may bien ap, trung tnh c tach ra khong noi at. Neu khong d phong cho viec
nay th mot so s co cham at trong nhng giai oan nay co the dan en TOV cao hn va
lam hong chong set.
Tuy nhien, hiem khi xay ra trng hp nay, do vay chap nhan nguy c hong chong set
thay v chon mot chong set co TOV cao hn.
Bang 2.7. He so cham at
Phng thc noi at cua li ien
He thong 4 day noi at lap lai
Cap (4 day)
He thong 3 day, noi at tong tr nho
He thong 3 day, noi at tong tr cao
He thong 3 day, noi
Ke
1,25 - 1,35
1,50
1,40
1,73
1,73
Bc 4: Xac nh ien ap van hanh lien tuc cua chong set UC (Continuos Operating
Voltage)
Thng c viet tat la COV hay MCOV la tr so hieu dung cua ien ap tan so cong
nghiep cho phep a c thiet ke cho chong set, co the ap dung lien tuc vao hai cc cua
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chong set. Lu y, UC cua bo chong set co the nho hn tong cac UC cua tng phan t khi
ien ap phan bo doc theo chong set khong hoan toan ong nhat.
U
UC m
3
2.12. TNH THONG SO CHE O CUA CAC MANG IEN N GIAN
2.12.1.
S o thay the li cung cap ien
Thng dung hai loai s o: s o nguyen ly va s o thay the.

S o nguyen ly la s o chap noi cac phan t cua li cung cap ien (may bien ap,
ng day, may cat, cau dao, cau ch, ) nham mo ta cach thc cap ien t nguon en cac
phu tai.
S o thay the la s o dung trong qua trnh tnh toan li cung cap ien, tren o ngi
ta a thay the cac phan t cua li bang cac ai lng ac trng cho qua trnh truyen tai
ien.
a. S o thay the ng day tai ien
S o thay the ay u cua mot ng day tai ien la s o Hnh 2.20.

A
l, F
1
S1
G
2
o:
B
2
G
2
S1
B
2
Hnh 2.20. S o nguyen ly va thay the

oan ng day tai ien dai l, tiet dien F.
Ba ai lng ac trng cho qua trnh truyen tai ien tren ng day la Z, G va B, trong
Z - tong tr cua oan ng day, ;

G - ien dan cua oan ng day, ac trng cho ton that cong suat tac dung do ro
ien qua s, cot va do vang quang ien. Vang quang ien la hien tng khi ma cng o
ien trng tren be mat day dan u ln lam ion hoa lp khong kh xung quanh tao nen
mot vang sang xung quanh day dan.
B - dung dan cua oan ng day. Khi ng day tai ien, gia cac day at gan nhau
va gia day vi at hnh thanh nhng ban cc, ket qua la tao ra mot cong suat phan khang
Qc phong len ng day. Vi ng day cao ap (110, 220 kV) nhieu khi hien tng nay co
li v no bu lai lng cong suat Q ton that tren ien khang X cua ng day, nhng lai rat
nguy hiem nhng ng day sieu cao ap, ac biet khi khong tai va non tai, lam cho ien
ap cuoi ng day tang cao vt qua tr so cho phep.
Lng Qc do ng day sinh ra t le vi bnh phng ien ap tai ien, vi ien ap
ng day nho hn 35 kV, lng Qc nay nho, co the bo qua.
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Cung v ien ap trung ap va ha ap, ton that vang quang va ro ien rat nho, ngi ta
cho phep bo qua ai lng G tren s o thay the.V vay, s o thay the n gian ch gom
tong tr cac oan ng day (Hnh 2.21).
S1
S1
Hnh 2.21. S o nguyen ly va s o thay the ng day trung ap va ha ap.

b. S o thay the may bien ap
May bien ap la thiet b ien lam nhiem vu bien oi ien ap va truyen tai cong suat.
Ngi ta thng s dung s o thay the gan ung hnh (Hnh 2.22).
S0
Hnh 2.22. S o thay the gan ung may bien ap.
ZB - tong tr cuon day may bien ap, ;

2
2
U N U mB
PN U mB
3
Z B RB jX B
j
10
10
2
S mB
S mB
ay:
PN - ton hao ngan mach, kW;
U mB - ien ap nh mc cua bien ap, kV. Neu tnh ZB ve pha cao ap th lay UmB
S mB
pha cao, neu tnh ZB ve pha ha ap th lay UmB pha ha ap;

- cong suat nh mc cua may bien ap, kVA;
UN
- ien ap ngan mach, %;
S 0 - ton that cong suat khong tai cua may bien ap, kVA;
S 0 P0 jQ0
ay:
P0 - ton that cong suat tac dung do phat nong loi thep, kW;
Q0 - ton that cong suat phan khang do t hoa loi thep, kVAr.
2.12.2.
Mang ien h
a. Xac nh dong cong suat trong cac mang ien tr

Trong thiet ke cung nh van hanh, thong thng ien ap cua cac nut nguon cung cap
a biet. V vay, tnh thong so che o cua mang ien n gian co the tien hanh theo
phng phap gan ung sau ay.
Trc het, chung ta lay ien ap tat ca cac nut trong mang ien bang ien ap nh
mc cua mang ien (Ui = Um) va tien hanh tnh cac dong cong suat, cac ton that cong
suat trong cac phan t cua mang ien.
oi vi s o tnh toan cua mang ien hnh 3.23b, qua trnh tnh toan c thc hien
nh sau:
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S 1 P1 jQ 1
S A
S 1
Z 1
S 2 P2 jQ 2
S 2
S c1
S 01
S 02
S b1
S b2
Z b1
Z b2
S 1 P1 jQ 1
a. S o mang ien
S c2
Z 2
S 2 P2 jQ 2
b.S o tnh toan cua mang ien.
Hnh 2.23. Cac s o mang ien h.
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Ton that cong suat trong tong tr cua may bien ap B2 c xac nh:
P2 Q2
P2 Q2
S b 2 Pb 2 jQb 2 2 2 2 Rb 2 j 2 2 2 X b 2
U m
U m
Dong cong suat trc tong tr Z :
b2
S b 2 Pb 2 jQb 2 P2 Pb 2 j Q2 Qb 2
Dong cong suat vao cuon day cao ap cua may bien ap B2:
Sc 2 Pc 2 jQc 2 Pb 2 P02 j Qb 2 Q02
Ton that cong suat tren oan 12:
S2 P2 jQ2
Pc 2 2 Qc 2 2 R
2
U m
jX 2
Dong cong suat trc tong tr Z 2 :

S2 P2 jQ2 Pc 2 P2 j Qc 2 Q2
Ton that cong suat trong tong tr cua may bien ap B1:
2
2
P1 Q1
Rb1 jX b1
S b1 Pb1 jQb1
2
U m
Dong cong suat trc tong tr Z b1 :
S b1 Pb1 jQb1 P1 Pb1 j Q1 Qb1
Dong cong suat chay vao cuon day cao ap cua may bien ap B1:
Sc1 Pc1 jQc1 Pb1 P01 j Qb1 Q01
Dong cong suat sau tong tr Z 1 :
S P jQ S S P P j Q Q
1
c1
c1
c1
Ton that cong suat trong tong tr Z 1 :
P Q
S1 P1 jQ1 1 2 1 R1 jX1
U m
2
Dong cong suat t nut A chay vao mang ien:

S A PA jQ A P1 P1 j Q1 Q1
Ket qua tnh cac dong cong suat vi moi che o cua mang ien c ghi tren s o
tnh toan cua no. Neu gia tr cong suat mang gia tr am, co ngha la trong thc te, dong
cong suat co chieu ngc lai so vi chieu qui c.
b. Tnh ien ap cac nut trong mang ien
ien ap cac nut trong mang ien c xac nh tren c s ien ap cua nut nguon a
biet va s phan bo chnh xac cac dong cong suat trong mang ien.
oi vi s o tnh toan hnh 3.23b, tnh ien ap cac nut trong mang ien c tien
hanh nh sau:
ien ap tren ng day 1 c xac nh:
P R Q A X1
U d A 1
UA
ien ap tren thanh gop cao ap cua tram 1:
P R Q A X1
U1 U A A 1
UA
ien ap tren thanh gop ha ap cua tram 1, qui oi ve pha cao ap:
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U1q U1 U b1 U1
P1 Rb1 Q1 X b1
U1

P R Q2 X 2
U 2 U1 2 2
U1
ien ap tren thanh gop ha ap cua tram 2, qui oi ve pha cao ap:
P R Q2 X b 2
U 2 q U 2 U b 2 U 2 2 b 2
U2
2.12.3.
Mang ien kn
A UA
2
B2
B1
S 2 P2 jQ 2
S 1 P1 jQ1
a)
S A
A UA
S A1
S A2
Z
A2
Z
A1
S A1
S A2
Z
12
S 12
S 1t P1t jQ1t
S 12
S 2t P2t jQ 2t
b)
a. S o mang ien
b.S o tnh toan cua mang ien.
Hnh 2.24. Cac s o mang ien kn.
a. Quy cac phu tai ve pha ien ap cao va lap s o tnh toan
Cac phu tai cua mang ien thng c cho tren cac thanh gop ha ap cua cac tram khu
vc va cac tram phan phoi. V vay, e thuan tien khi phan tch che o xac lap, ngi ta
thng qui oi cac phu tai ve mang cao ap. Cac phu tai sau khi quy oi ve cac thanh gop
cao ap cua tram c goi la cac phu tai tnh toan (hay quy oi) cua tram.
Phu tai tnh toan cua tram 1 (hnh 3.24a ) c xac nh theo cong thc:
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S1t S1 S b1 S 01
ay:
S1 : cong suat phu tai cua tram 1, MVA;
S b1 : ton that cong suat trong cac cuon day cua may bien ap trong tram 1, MVA;
S 01 : ton that cong suat trong loi thep cua may bien ap trong tram 1, MVA.
Sau khi a xac nh c tat ca cac phu tai tnh toan cua cac tram, lap s o tnh toan
cua mang ien.
oi vi mang ien cho tren Hnh 2.24a, s o tnh toan co dang nh Hnh 2.24b.
b.Tnh gan ung cac dong cong suat trong mang ien kn
Khi xac nh gan ung cac dong cong suat trong mang ien kn, ta khong xet en ton
that cong suat trong cac tong tr cua ng day, ong thi dung phu tai tnh toan cua cac
tram.
oi vi s o tnh toan hnh 3.24b, dong cong suat chay tren cac oan ng day A1
va A2 c xac nh theo cong thc:
S Z Z A 2 S2 t Z A 2
S A1 1t 12
Z A1 Z 12 Z A 2
S Z Z A1 S1t Z A1
S A 2 2 t 12
Z A1 Z 12 Z A 2
oi vi mang ien kn co cung tiet dien tren tat ca cac oan th phan bo cong suat
trong mang ch phu thuoc vao chieu dai:
S l l S2 t l A 2
S A1 1t 12 A 2
l A1 l12 l A 2
S l l S1t l A1
S A 2 2 t 12 A1
l A1 l12 l A 2
Dong cong suat chay tren ng day 12 c xac nh tren c s nh luat Kirchhoff
oi vi nut 1 hoac nut 2. neu S A1 S1t th S12 S A1 S1t .
c. Tnh chnh xac dong cong suat trong mang ien kn
Sau khi xac nh cac dong cong suat trong mang ien, co the de dang tm c iem
phan chia cong suat cua mang a cho. iem phan chia cong suat la nut nhan cong suat i
en t hai pha va la iem co ien ap thap nhat cua mang ien kn.
e n gian, khi tnh toan co the chia mang kn a cho thanh hai mang h tai iem
phan chia cong suat. Khi o tnh che o cua cac ng day c tien hanh tng t nh
mang h.
Gia thiet rang trong mang ien kn hnh 3.24 ch co mot iem phan chia cong suat la
iem 2.
Nh vay, dong cong suat sau tong tr Z A 2 bang S A 2 , ong thi dong cong suat sau tong
tr Z 12 bang S12 .
Khi o, ton that cong suat trong tong tr Z 12 :
S12 P12 jQ12
P122 Q122
R12 jX12
2
U m
Dong cong suat trc tong tr Z 12 :

P12 jQ12
P12 P12 j Q12 Q12
S12
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Dong cong suat sau tong tr Z A1 :

S A1 PA1 jQ A1 P1t P12 j Q1t Q12
Ton that cong suat trong tong tr Z A1 :
P Q
S A1 PA1 jQ A1 A1 2 A1 R A1 jX A1
U m
Dong cong suat trc tong tr Z A1 :
S A1 PA1 jQ A1 PA1 PA1 j Q A1 Q A1
Ton that cong suat trong tong tr Z :
2
A2
S A 2 PA 2 jQ A 2
PA22 Q A2 2
R A2 jX A 2
2
U m
Dong cong suat trc tong tr Z A 2 :

S A 2 PA2 jQ A 2 PA 2 PA 2 j Q A 2 Q A 2
Dong cong suat do nguon cung cap vao mang ien:
S A PA jQ A PA1 PA2 j Q A1 Q A 2
d. Tnh ien ap cac nut trong mang ien kn
ien ap tat ca cac nut trong mang ien c xac nh tren c s ien ap UA cua
nguon cung cap va s phan bo chnh xac cac dong cong suat trong mang ien.
oi vi s o tnh toan hnh 3.24b, tnh ien ap cac nut c tien hanh theo th t sau.
P R Q A 2 X A 2
U 2 U A A2 A2
UA
ien ap tren thanh gop ha ap cua tram 2, quy oi ve pha cao ap:
P R Q2 X b 2
U 2q U 2 2 b2
U2
ay:
P2, Q2 : cong suat tac dung va phan khang cua phu tai tram 2, kW, kVAr;
Rb2, Xb2 : ien tr tac dung va ien khang cua cac may bien ap tram 2, .
P R Q A1 X A1
U1 U A A1 A1
UA
ien ap tren thanh gop ha ap cua tram 1, quy oi ve pha cao ap:
P R Q1 X b1
U1q U1 1 b1
U1
ay:
P1, Q1
: cong suat tac dung va phan khang cua phu tai tram 1, kW, kVAr;
Rb1, Xb1 : ien tr tac dung va ien khang cua cac may bien ap tram 1, .
2.13. CHON AU PHAN AP CUA MAY BIEN AP
Biet c ien ap tren thanh gop ha ap cua tram bien ap trong cac che o phu tai ln
nhat, nho nhat va s co quy oi ve pha cao ap, co the tm au ieu chnh tnh toan cua
may bien ap. au ieu chnh c chon sao cho am bao o lech nho nhat cua ien ap
tren thanh gop cua cac tram bien ap trong cac che o lam viec khac nhau cua mang ien.
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Neu cac phu tai tren thanh gop ha ap cua tram bien ap co yeu cau ieu chnh ien ap
khac thng, khi o can s dung cac may bien ap ieu chnh di tai.
S dung cac may bien ap ieu chnh di tai cho phep thay oi au ieu chnh khi
may bien ap ang van hanh. Do o, chat lng ien ap cua cac ho tieu thu c am bao
trong ca ngay em. V vay, can xac nh ien ap cua au ieu chnh oi vi che o phu
tai ln nhat va nho nhat. Bi v thi gian xay ra s co khong biet trc, do o co the gia
thiet rang che o nay xuat hien trong trng hp bat li nhat, ngha la vao nhng gi phu
tai ln nhat.
Neu biet cac gia tr ien ap tren thanh gop ha ap cua tram bien ap trong cac che o
phu tai ln nhat, nho nhat va sau s co, quy oi ve pha ien ap cao la U q max , U q min , U qsc .
ong thi ien ap yeu cau tren thanh gop ha ap cua tram trong cac che o phu tai ln
nhat, nho nhat va sau s co co cac gia tr tng ng la U yc max , U yc min , U y csc . Nh vay, au
ieu chnh trong cuon day cao ap khi phu tai ln nhat c xac nh theo cong thc:
U q maxU hm
U c max
U yc max
oi vi che o phu tai nho nhat:
U q minU hm
U c min
U yc min
Trong che o sau s co:
U csc
U qscU hm
U y csc
Vi Uhm - ien ap nh mc cua cuon ha ap, kV.

T cac gia tr tm c cua ien ap tnh toan theo cong thc tren, ta tien hanh chon cac
au tieu chuan gan nhat.
Ky hieu ien ap cua cac au ieu chnh theo tieu chuan oi vi cac che o phu tai ln
nhat, nho nhat va sau s co la Utc max, Utc min, Utc sc. Khi o, cac ien ap thc tren thanh gop
ha ap cua tram trong cac che o c tnh nh di ay.
oi vi che o phu tai ln nhat:
U q maxU hm
U t max
U tc max
oi vi che o phu tai nho nhat:
U q minU hm
U t min
U tc min
oi vi che o sau s co:
U qscU hm
U tsc
U t csc
o lech ien ap tren thanh gop ha ap cua tram oi vi moi che o c xac nh theo
cong thc tong quat sau:
U U m
U i % it
100%
U m
ay: Uit la ien ap thc tren thanh gop ha ap cua tram trong che o phu tai ln nhat,
nho nhat va sau s co.
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2.14. LU O THU TUC THIET KE MANG PHAN PHOI
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CHNG 3
THIET KE NG DAY TREN KHONG CHO TRAM PHAN

PHOI 22/0,4kV
3.1. BAI TAP THIET KE.
So lieu ng day phan phoi 22kV:
- Chieu dai ng day: 6 km
- So tram bien ap phan phoi: 10 tram
- Cong suat may cat au nguon: 1400MVA
- o th phu tai hang ngay cua tram bien ap:
Gi
10
11
12
%Smax
50
50
50
60
60
70
70
80
80
90
90
60
Gi
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
%Smax
40
40
50
50
70
70
100
100
100
80
80
60
- Tong cong suat phu tai: 650kVA/tram.

- He so ong thi phu tai cua tram: 0,65
- He so cong suat: 0,8
3.2. TNH TOAN VA THIET KE
1. Xac nh tai cc ai va la chon may bien ap cho tram.
Tng cng sut tnh ton trm:
Smax = SL kdt = 650 0,65 = 422,5 kVA
Vay:
Smax = Stt tram = 422,5 kVA

100%Smax = 422,5 kVA
ng day tren khong vi phu tai phan bo eu:
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Chon may bien ap theo ieu kien qua tai bnh thng oi vi tram co mot may bien ap:
o th phu tai
Chon may bien ap co cong suat 400kVA.

- Tnh phu tai ang tr 10 gi trc khi qua tai:
S dtri1
2
i
ti
10
338 2 1 380,25 2 2 253,5 2 1 169 2 2 211,25 2 2 295,75 2 2

10
= 280,76 (kVA)
- Tnh phu tai ang tr trong thi gian qua tai:
S dtri 2
422,5 2 3
422,5(kVA)
3
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- T so gia phu tai ang tr trc khi qua tai va cong suat nh mc cua MBA:
k1
S dtri1 280,76
0,7
S dm
400
- T so gia phu tai ang tr khi qua tai va cong suat nh mc cua MBA:
k2
S dtri 2 422,5
1,06
S dm
400
Vi k1 = 0,7 va thi gian qua tai la 3 gi tra tren o th sau tm k2cp
T o th: k 2 cp 1,26
Nhan thay k 2 k 2cp
Vay chon may bien ap co cong suat nh mc 400(kVA) la hp l.
2. Tnh thong so cua may bien ap.
Vi cong suat may bien ap a chon, tra bang co cac thong so sau:
U N % 4%
PN 5750W
P0 840W
Trong o: P0 : Ton that luc khong tai.
PN : Ton that luc ngan mach.

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U N %: o sut ap ngan mach %.

Da vao thong so tren, tnh c nhng thong so cua may bien ap qui v pha cao p (22kV)
nh sau:
ien tr:
2
PN U dm
5750 22 2
RB
17,39()
2
S dm
400 2
Tong tr:
ZB
2
U N % U dm
4 22 2
10
10 48,4()
400
S dm
ien khang:
X B Z B2 R B2 48,4 2 17,39 2 45,167()

3. Tnh toan ton that ien nang trong tram.
Ton that ien nang c tnh theo theo cong thc:
S
A n PFe t n PN max
S dm
(kWh)
Trong o:
A: Ton that ien nang trong nam (kWh/nam).

n: So may bien ap lam viec song song trong tram. Tram co 1 may bien ap nen n =1.
PFe : Ton that cong suat trong loi thep.

Do s co trong nam xay ra rat t nen ton that trong nam coi nh khong ang ke. V vay, ch
tnh ton that ien nang luc bnh thng trong nam:
Tmax=6022,5h/nm
0,124(1 Tmax 10 4 ) 2 8760 =4434,7h

422,5
A 1 0,84 8760 1 5,75
4434,75 35807,62( kWh)
400
2
Vay tong ien nang ma phu tai tieu thu trong nam la:
A Ptt Tmax 338 6022,5 2035605 (kWh/nam)
vi Ptt =Smax.cos=4225.0,8=3380kW
Vay % ton that ien nang trong nam la:
A%
A
35807,62
100%
100% 1,759%
A
2035605
4. Chon tiet dien day dan tren khong 22kV thoa man sut ap en cuoi ng day la 5%.
Chon tiet dien day dan 22kV thoa man ieu kien sut ap cuoi ng day la 5%.
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ng day co phu tai phan bo eu nh sau:
6km
...
HT
Smax
Smax
Smax
Smax
Smax
Smax
{ 10 trm }
Ta co:
Tong tram la 10 tram.
Smax = 422,5 kVA
Chon dan dan thoa ieu kien sut ap U cp 5%
S o tng ng tnh sut ap cho ng day co phu tai phan bo eu :
/2
Vi S = Smax So tram = 422,5 10 = 4225(kVA)

Cong suat tac dung luc cc ai:
Pmax S cos 4225 0,8 3380(kW )
Cong suat phan khang luc cc ai:

Qmax S sin 4225 0,6 2535(kVAr )
Da vao bang so lieu tnh toan cua day nhom loi thep, chon day AC co tiet dien 35mm2 tra
bang tm c cac thong so sau :
Tiet dien nh
mc cua day
mm2
Tiet dien tnh toan cua day dan

(mm2)
Phan nhom
Loi thep
dan ien
35
36,9
ien tr tren n v chieu dai :
6,2
ng knh tnh toan cua

(mm)
Day dan
Loi thep
8,4
2,8
ien tr
( / km )
0,85
r0 0,85( / km)
ng knh tnh toan day dan:

d 8,4(mm)
Suy ra ban knh r = d/2 = 8,4/2 = 4,2(mm)

Tnh :
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x0 0,144 log
Dtb
0,016
r
Trong o :
r : la ban knh day dan
Dtb : khoang cach trung bnh pha
oi vi ng day tren khong theo qui nh cua ien lc oi vi ng day 22kV th khoang
cach trung bnh pha la Dtb =1,2(m)
Suy ra: x0 0,144 log
1200
0,016 0,3696( / km)
4,2
- ien tr tng ng tren ng day:
R r0
6
0,85 2,55()
2
2
- ien khang tng ng tren ng day:
X x0
6
0,3696 1,1089()
2
2
Vay ton that sut ap tren ng day la:

U (%)
Pmax R Q max X
U (%)
2
10 3
U dm
100 %
3380 2,55 2535 1,1089

100% 2,36%
22 2 10 3
Thoa ieu kien sut ap U(%) = 2,36% < Ucp(%) = 5%

Vay chon day AC 35mm2 la hp ly.
5. Tnh toan sut ap cuoi ng day luc phu tai cc ai va cc tieu.
a. Sut ap cuoi ng day luc phu tai cc ai:
S max 4225kVA
Pmax 3380kW
Q max 2535kVAr
U max
Pmax R Q max X 3380 2,55 2535 1,1089
519,45V
U dm
22
Vay: U 1A 22kV 0,51945kV 21,4804kV

b. Sut ap cuoi ng day luc phu tai cc tieu:
S min 169 10 1690kVA

Pmin S min cos 1690 0,8 1352kW
Q min S min sin 1690 0,6 1014kVAr
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Pmin R Q min X 1352 2,55 1014 1,1089
207,81V
U dm
22
U min
Vay: U 2 A 22kV 0,20781kV 21,7921kV

c. Sut ap qua may bien ap luc tai cc ai:
Pmax S max cos 422,5 0,8 338kW

Q max S max sin 422,5 0,6 253,5kVAr
U B max
Pmax R B Q max X B 338 17,39 253,5 45,167
787,62V
U dm
22
d. Sut ap qua may bien ap luc tai cc tieu:

Pmin S min cos 169 0,8 135,2kW
Q min S min sin 169 0,6 101,4kVAr
U B min
Pmin R B Q min X B 135,2 17,39 101,4 45,167
315,04V
U dm
22
6. Chon au phan ap.
oi vi may bien ap 22/0,4kV co 4 au phan ap pha cao ap nh sau:

au phan ap
5%
2,5%
0%
-2,5%
-5%
Upa tieu chuan

(1 + 5%) 22 = 23,1 kV
(1 + 2,5%) 22 = 22,55 kV
(1 + 0%) 22 = 22 kV
(1 - 2,5%) 22 = 21,45 kV
(1 - 5%) 22 = 20,9 kV
Gia thiet may co 4 au phan ap 2x 2,5%, au nh mc gia. ien ap khong tai pha th
cap U ktTC 1,05 380 400(V ) 0,4(kV )
Goi: U 1 A la gia tr ien ap cuoi ng day luc tai cc ai.
U 2 A la gia tr ien ap cuoi ng day luc tai cc tieu.
U 1b ( yc ) la gia tr ien ap pha ha ap luc tai cc ai.

U 2b ( yc ) la gia tr ien ap pha ha ap luc tai cc tieu.
UktTC la gia tr ien ap khong tai pha th cap.
Chon U yc U 1b ( yc) U 2 b ( yc) (1 5%) U dm 1,05 380 400V 0,4kV

- au phan ap tnh toan luc phu tai cc ai:
U pa1
U ktTC
U 1A U B max
0,421,4804 0,78762)
U pa1
20,692kV
U 1b ( yc)
0,4
- au phan ap tnh toan luc phu tai cc tieu:
U pa 2
U ktTC
U 2 A U B min
0,421,7921 0,31504)
U pa 2
21,477kV
U 2 b ( yc)
0,4
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- au phan ap trung bnh:
U patb
U pa1 U pa 2
2
20,692 21,477
21,084kV
2
Da vao bang au phan ap 22/0,4kV pha tren va theo cach tnh, chon au phan ap tieu
chuan 2,5% ng vi mc ien ap 21,45kV.
Tnh toan kiem tra lai mc ien ap thc te phia ha ap vi au phan ap a chon.
- Luc phu tai cc ai:
U 1b
U ktTC
0,4
( U 1A U B max )
(21,4804 0,7876) 0,385kV
U patc
21,45
- Luc phu tai cc tieu:
U 2b
U ktTC
0,4
( U 2 A U B min )
(21,7921 0,31504) 0,4kV
U patc
21,45
Vay vi au phan ap a chon tren ien ap pha ha ap luc phu tai cc ai va phu tai cc
tieu lan can vi ien ap nh mc. Vay chon au phan ap nh tren la hp l.
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7. S o nguyen ly cua tram ng day tren khong.
8. Tnh toan ngan mach pha cao ap va ha ap cua tram.
HT
N1
R1 + jX1
MBA
RB + jXB
N2
Theo e bai, cong suat cat au nguon la:1400MVA

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Suy ra tong tr tng ng cua he thong (qui ve pha 22kV) la:

Z ht
U2
22 2
0,3457
S N 1400
ien tr va ien khang cua he thong co the suy ra t Rht / Z ht 0,1

R ht 0,1 Z ht 0,1 0,3457 0,03457
X ht Z 2ht R 2ht 0,3457 2 0,03457 2 0,344
Vi ien tr va ien khang tren ng day cao ap :

R1 r0 0,85 6 5,1
X 1 x 0 0,3696 6 2,2176
a. Dong ngan mach pha cao ap cua may bien ap:
- Ngan mach tai iem N1:
I N1
U
3
Rht
( X 1 X ht ) 2
22
3
5,1 0,03457 2 (2,2176 0,344) 2
2,5(kA)
- Dong ngan mach xung kch pha cao ap la:
Ta
X N1
0,0016
R N 1
k xk 1 e
0 , 01
Ta
I xkN 1 2 k xk I N 1 2 1 2,5 3,6(kA)
Vi k xk 1,8
b. Dong ngan mach pha ha ap cua may bien ap:
- Ngan mach tai iem N2:
Qui ve cao ap:

I N' 2
U
3
RB R1 Rht 2 ( X B X 1 X ht ) 2
22
17,39 5,1 0,03457
Vi t so may bien ap la: k
(45,167 2,2176 0,3457) 2
0,2343(kA)
22
55
0,4
- Suy ra dong ngan mach thc te pha ha ap la:
I N 2 I N' 2 k 0,2343 55 12,89(kA)

- Dong ngan mach xung kch pha ha ap la:
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I xkN 2 2 k xk I N 2 2 1 12,89 18,18(kA)
Vi k xk 1
9. Chon kh cu ien.
a. Chon chong set van (LA):
- ien ap van hanh cc ai cua he thong Um
o lech ien ap cho phep theo qui nh hien nay U 5%U dm

Do o: U m U dm U 22 0,05 22 23,1kV
- Xac nh he so cham at Ke :
He thong 3 day, noi at tong tr nho nen chon Ke = 1,4

- Xac nh gia tr qua ap tam thi UTOV :
U TOV LA U TOV mang K e
Um
3
1,4
23,1
3
18,67 kV
- Xac nh ien ap van hanh lien tuc cua chong set van Uc :
U MCOV
Um
3
23,1
3
13,34kV
Chon chong set van oxyt kim loai do ABB che tao co cac thong so nh sau :
Loai : POLIM-D
ien ap nh mc chong set Ur = 27 kV
ien ap lam viec lien tuc ln nhat : Uc = 22kV
b. Chon bo o em trung the:
Vi may bien ap 400kVA, chon 3TU 12700/120 va 3 TI 22kV vi t so bien TI la 15/5.

c. Chon cau ch t ri (FCO):
Dong ien nh mc pha cao ap cua may bien ap:

I lv max
S max
3 U dm
422,5
3 22
11,09( A)
ieu kien e la chon FCO:

U dmFCO U dmmang 22kV
I dmFCO I lv max 11,09 A
I N222 234
39 A
6
6
I N 1 2,5kA
I dmFCO
I NFCO
Da vao dong ien, chon FCO do hang CHANCE che tao co cac thong so sau:
Loai
C710 211PB
Udm (kV)
27
Idm (A)
40
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IN (kA)
8
109
d. Chon cap xuat ha the:
Vi cong suat cua may bien ap 400kVA, chon cap xuat ha the:
Cong suat may bien may bien the 3 pha
400 kVA
Tiet dien cap ong boc HT(100V)

3x240 + 1x150
e. Chon may cat ha the:
Dong ien lam viec cc ai:

S max
I lv max
3 U dm
422,5
3 0,4
609,8( A)
ieu kien e la chon may cat:

U dmMC U dmmang 0,4kV
I dmMC I lv max 609,8 A
I NMC I N 2 12,89kA
Tra bang chon may cat cua hang MERLIN GERIN che tao co thong so nh sau:
Loai
M10
So cc
3
Idm (A)
600
Udm (V)
240/400
IN (kA)
40
f. Chon thanh cai ha ap:
Dong lam viec cc ai: Ilvmax = 609,8 (A)

Tra bang chon loai thanh cai bang ong co thong so nh sau :
Kch thc (mm2)
50 x 5
Tiet dien (mm2)

250
Khoi lng (kg/m)

2,225
Icp (A)
860
Kiem tra ieu kien phat nong.

k1 k 2 k 3 I cp I lv max
Trong o :
k1 = 0,95 thanh cai at nam ngang.
k2 = 1 dung 1 thanh cai.
k3 = 0,85 he so hieu chnh nhiet o moi trng la 350C.
Suy ra : k 1 k 2 k 3 I cp 0,95 1 0,85 700 694,45A > Ilvmax = 609,8 A
Vay chon thanh cai tren lahp ly.
10. Tnh toan noi at trong tram.
Thiet ke he thong noi at nh sau:
He thong noi at bao gom 6 thanh thep goc 60 60 6 mm dai 2,5m c noi vi nhau bang
thanh thep det 40mm tao thanh mach vong noi at xung quanh tram bien ap. Cac cot c ong
sau di at 0,7m, thep det han chat o sau 0,8m, chieu dai 12,5m.
a. Thiet ke phan coc:
Xac nh ien tr thanh thep goc (1 coc).

ien tr noi at cua mot coc noi at c cho bi cong thc:
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R1coc
0,366
2 1 4t
k lg lg
d 2 4t
Vi:
: chieu dai coc (cm).
d = 0,95.b vi b la chieu rong canh thep goc.

t: la o sau chon cot tnh t iem gia coc (cm).
: la ien tr suat cua at.

k: la he so mua.
oi vi coc nh tren ta co:
= 250 cm
d = 0,95.b = 0,95.6 = 5,7 cm

t = 70 + 125 = 195 cm
Vay :
R1coc
0,366
2 250 1 4 195 250
k lg
lg
0,0030513. .k
250
5,7
2 4 195 250
Chon ien tr suat cua at 0,4.10 4 .cm

He so mua: k = 1,5
R1coc 0,0030513 0,4.10 4 1,5 18,31()
Xac nh s bo 6 coc, at cach nhau 2,5m moi coc dai 2,5m.

Suy ra:
Ty so
a 2,5
1
2,5
Tra bang, tm c he so s dung coc: k sd 0,63

Vay tnh c ien tr tng ng cua toan bo so coc:
Rtdcoc
R1coc
k sd .n
Vi n: so coc
Rtdcoc
18,31
4,844()
0,63 6
b. Thiet ke phan mach vong thanh noi:
ien tr noi at cua thanh noi cho bi cong thc:

0,366. tt 2. 2thanh
RT
lg
b.t
Vi
tt k 0 : ien tr suat cua at o sau chon thanh (0,8 m)
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thanh : chieu dai thanh (cm)
b: chieu rong thanh noi at, b = 40mm = 4 cm

t: o chon sau thanh noi at t = 0,8m = 80 cm
Gia thuyet chon k = 3, ma rat ln trc o.
Suy ra:
2
0,366 3 0,4.10 4 2 1250
RT
lg
14,018()
1250
4 80
Tra bang tm c he so s dung thanh khi noi vong: k sd 0,72

- Suy ra ien tr noi at trong thc te la:
Rtdthanh
RT 14,018
19,469()
k sd
0,72
- ien tr cua toan bo so coc va thanh:

Rnd
Rtdcoc Rtdthanh 4,844 19,469
3,878()
Rtdcoc Rtdthnh 4,844 19,469
Vay: Rnd 3,878() 4()

Tom lai, thiet ke he thong noi at cho tram nh sau: dung 6 coc thep goc L 60 60 6mm dai
2,5m c noi vi nhau bang thanh thep det 40mm dai 12,5m. Cac coc c ong sau di mat
at 0,7 m, thep det c han chat o sau 0,8m. ien tr noi at thc te nho hn 4 .
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CHNG 4
TNH TOAN VA THIET KE MANG PHAN PHOI IEN

CHO KHU CONG NGHIEP
4.1. BAI TAP THIET KE.
Thong so nguon: SN = 5000 MVA, UN = 110 kV. Nhiet o moi trng: 350C.
Thong so phu tai: Nut 1 7
Bang 4.1. Cac so lieu ve cac phu tai theo thi gian:
Tai
Loai ho
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
3
1
2
2
3
P,Q
0h 4h
4h 8h
8h 12h
12h 16h
16h 20h
20h 24h
P(MW)
1,44
1,44
1,92
2,4
2,16
1,68
Q(MVAR)
1,08
1,08
1,44
1,8
1,62
1,26
P(MW)
1,02
1,02
1,36
1,7
1,53
1,19
Q(MVAR)
0,63
0,63
0,84
1,05
0,95
0,74
P(MW)
0,4
0,56
0,8
0,64
0,56
0,4
Q(MVAR)
0,38
0,53
0,75
0,6
0,53
0,38
P(MW)
2,04
2,04
2,72
3,4
3,06
2,38
Q(MVAR)
1,26
1,26
1,69
2,11
1,9
1,48
P(MW)
1,2
1,68
2,4
1,92
1,68
1,2
Q(MVAR)
0,9
1,26
1,8
1,44
1,26
0,9
P(MW)
1,2
1,68
2,4
1,92
1,68
1,2
Q(MVAR)
0,9
1,26
1,8
1,44
1,26
0,9
P(MW)
0,48
0,48
0,64
0,8
0,72
0,56
Q(MVAR)
0,45
0,45
0,6
0,75
0,68
0,53
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V tr nguon va phu tai

y(km)
2
3
1
T le:
moi canh : 1 km
0
7
6
x(km)
4.2. TNH TOAN VA THIET KE
4.2.1. PHAN TCH NGUON
Nguon cung cap cho khu cong nghiep la he thong ien, co cong suat ngan mach pha nguon
SN = 5000 MVA, he so cong suat tren thanh gop 110 kV cua he thong bang 0,85. Chon thanh gop
he thong la nut can bang cong suat.
4.2.2.
PHAN TCH PHU TAI
Khu cong nghiep co 7 phu tai. So lieu cua cac phu tai trnh bay Bang 4.1. Cac thong so tnh
toan cua cac phu tai trnh bay Bang 4.2.
Bang 4.2. Thong so tnh toan cua cac phu tai.
Phu tai
1
2
Pmax (MW)
2,4
1,7
0,8
3,4
2,4
2,4
0,8
Pmin (MW)
1,44
1,02
0,4
2,04
1,2
1,2
0,48
Qmax (MVAr)
1,8
1,05
0,75
2,1
1,8
1,8
0,75
Qmin (MVAr)
1,08
0,63
0,38
1,26
0,9
0,9
0,45
6716
6716
6132
6716
6132
6132
6716
5545
5545
4760
5545
4760
4760
5545
Tmax =
P t
i
Pmax
.365 (h)
= (0,124 + Tmax .10 _ 4 )2 .8760 (h)
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P (MW)
3,4
2,72
2,04
2,4
1,92
0,8
2,38
1,68
1,44
0,4 0,56
2,4
3,06
2,16
0,64 0,56
0,4
12
P (MW)
18
4
1
1,5
1,2
1,02
0,48
24 t (h)
1,68
1,36
5, 6
1,92
1,7 1,68
1,53 1,2
0,8 0,72 1,19
0,64
0,56
12
18
24 t (h)
Hnh 4.2. o th phu tai cac ho tieu thu theo P.

Q (MVAr)
1,5
2,11
1,69 1,8 1,9
1,62 1,48
1,44
1,26
0,6 0,53
12
0,38
18
1,8
4
1
24 t (h)
0,45
0
5, 6
1,26
1,05 0,95
0,9
0,84
0,75 0,68 0,74
0,6
0,53
0,9
0,63
1,44
1,26
1,26
1,08
0,53 0,75
0,38
Q (MVAr)
12
18
2
7
24 t (h)
Hnh 4.3. o th phu tai cac ho tieu thu theo Q.

4.2.3. CAN BANG CONG SUAT TRONG HE THONG IEN
1. Can bang cong suat tac dung
Phng trnh can bang cong suat tac dung trong che o phu tai cc ai co dang:
PHT Ppt
Ppt m Pmax P Pdt

ay:
PHT
Ppt
- cong suat tac dung cung cap t he thong (MW);

- cong suat tac dung phu tai cua mang ien co ke en phat trien tng lai (MW);
- he so ong thi xuat hien cac phu tai cc ai (m = 0,8);

Pmax -tong cong suat tac dung cua cac phu tai che o tai cc ai (MW), c xac nh
theo bang 8.2:
max
13,9 MW
P -tong ton that trong mang ien (MW), khi tnh s bo co the lay:
5% 0,05 13,9 0,7 MW
max
Pdt
- cong suat tac dung d tr cho phat trien tng lai (MW);
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Pdt 10% Pmax 0,1 13,9 1,39 MW

Nh vay, trong che o phu tai cc ai, cong suat tac dung cua he thong can cung cap cho cac
phu tai:
PHT Ppt 0 ,8 13,9 0 ,7 1,39 13,21 MW
2. Can bang cong suat phan khang
Phng trnh can bang cong suat phan khang co dang:
QHT Qb Q pt
Q pt m Qmax QL QBA Qdt
ay:
QHT
Qb
- cong suat phan khang do he thong cung cap (MVAr);

QHT PHT .tg HT 13,21 0 ,62 8,19 MVAr
- cong suat phan khang cua cac thiet b bu (MVAr);
Q pt
- cong suat phan khang phu tai tong cua mang ien co ke en phat trien tng lai
(MVAr);
- he so ong thi xuat hien cac phu tai cc ai (m = 0,8);
- tong cong suat phan khang tieu thu cua cac phu tai che o tai cc ai (MVAr),
max
c xac nh theo bang 8.2:
max
10,05 MVAr
- tong ton that cong suat phan khang trong cam khang cua cac ng day trong
mang ien (MVAr), khi tnh s bo lay:
Q L = 5% Q max = 0,05.10,05 = 0,50 MVAr
BA
- tong ton that cong suat phan khang trong cac tram bien ap, khi tnh s bo lay:
Q
Qdt
BA
= 15% Q max = 0,15.10,05 = 1,51 MVAr
- cong suat phan khang d tr cho phat trien tng lai (MVAr);
Q dt = 5% Q max = 0,05.10,05 = 0,50 MVAr

Nh vay, cong suat phan khang phu tai tong cua mang ien co ke en phat trien trong tng
lai:
Q pt 0,8 10,05 0,50 1,51 0,50 10,55 MVAr
T cac ket qua tnh toan tren nhan thay rang, cong suat phan khang do nguon cung cap nho
hn cong suat phan khang tieu thu. V vay, can phai bu cong suat phan khang trong mang ien
thiet ke.
Dung lng bu s bo:
Qb Q pt QHT 10,55 8,19 2,36 MVAr
4.2.4. VACH RA CAC PHNG AN I DAY
Cac ch tieu kinh te - ky thuat cua mang ien phu thuoc rat nhieu vao phng an i day. V
vay, phng an i day c la chon can co cac chi ph nho nhat, am bao o tin cay cung cap
ien can thiet va chat lng ien nang theo yeu cau cua cac ho tieu thu, thuan tien va an toan
trong van hanh, kha nang phat trien trong tng lai va tiep nhan cac phu tai mi.Tren c s phan
tch nhng ac iem cua nguon cung cap va cac phu tai, cung nh v tr cua chung, co 8 phng
an i day d kien nh sau (Hnh 4.4).
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2
3
4
0
4
0
7
6
Phng an 1
Phng an 2
2
3
4
0
4
0
7
6
Phng an 3
Phng an 4
2
3
4
0
7
6
Phng an 5
Phng an 6
2
3
4
0
4
0
7
6
Phng an 7
Hnh 4.4. Cac phng an i day.

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Phng an 8
117
4.2.5. TNH TOAN PHAN BO CONG SUAT
Muc ch cua viec tnh phan bo cong suat la xac nh dong cong suat chay tren cac oan li.
oi vi phng an hnh tia, cong suat tren cac oan li tm c bang phng phap cong o th
phu tai Pi (t) va Qi (t).
Ket qua tnh toan phan bo cong suat cua cac phng an trnh bay Bang 4.3.
Bang 4.3. Phan bo cong suat trong cac oan li.
oan li
Pij (MW)
Qij (MVAr)
Sij (MVA)
01
4,1
2,85
4,99
12
1,7
1,05
2
oan li
Pij (MW)
Qij (MVAr)
Sij (MVA)
01
4,74
3,45
5,86
12
1,7
1,05
2
oan li
Pij (MW)
Qij (MVAr)
Sij (MVA)
01
4,74
3,45
5,86
12
2,34
1,65
2,86
oan li
Pij (MW)
Qij (MVAr)
Sij (MVA)
01
4,74
3,45
5,86
12
2,34
1,65
2,86
oan li
Pij (MW)
Qij (MVAr)
Sij (MVA)
01
4,74
3,45
5,86
12
1,7
1,05
2
oan li
Pij (MW)
Qij (MVAr)
Sij (MVA)
01
4,74
3,45
5,86
12
2,34
1,65
2,86
oan li
Pij (MW)
Qij (MVAr)
Sij (MVA)
01
4,74
3,45
5,86
12
1,7
1,05
2
oan li
Pij (MW)
Qij (MVAr)
Sij (MVA)
01
4,74
3,45
5,86
12
2,34
1,65
2,86
Phng an 1
03
04
0,8
3,4
0,75
2,1
1
4
Phng an 2
13
04
0,8
3,4
0,75
2,1
1
4
Phng an 3
23
04
0,8
3,4
0,75
2,1
1
4
Phng an 4
23
04
0,8
3,4
0,75
2,1
1
4
Phng an 5
13
04
0,8
3,4
0,75
2,1
1
4
Phng an 6
23
07
0,8
4,2
0,75
2,85
1
5,08
Phng an 7
13
07
74
0,8
2,22
1,42
0,75
1,56
0,81
1
2,71
1,64
Phng an 8
23
07
74
0,8
2,22
1,42
0,75
1,56
0,81
1
2,71
1,64
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05
2,4
1,8
3
07
3,04
2,4
3,87
76
2,4
1,8
3
07
0,8
0,75
1
05
4,8
3,6
6
56
2,4
1,8
3
05
2,4
1,8
3
07
3,04
2,4
3,87
76
2,4
1,8
3
07
0,8
0,75
1
05
4,8
3,6
6
56
2,4
1,8
3
05
2,4
1,8
3
07
3,04
2,4
3,87
76
2,4
1,8
3
74
3,4
2,1
4
05
4,8
3,6
6
56
2,4
1,8
3
04
1,98
1,29
2,36
05
4,8
3,6
6
56
2,4
1,8
3
04
1,98
1,29
2,36
05
4,8
3,6
6
56
2,4
1,8
3
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4.2.6. S BO SO SANH CAC PHNG AN VE MAT KINH TE
e s bo so sanh cac phng an ve mat kinh te, co the da vao momen phu tai
Phng an hp ly ve mat kinh te la phng an co
Pl
i i
Pl
i i
min.
2,
83
km
3,6
km
1. Phng an 1
5
km
Hnh 4.5. S o mang ien phng an 1.
Tong momen phu tai cua phng an 1:

P1l1 P01l01 P12 l12 P03 l03 P04 l04 P07 l07 P76 l76 P05 l05
4,1 2,83 1,7 3,6 0,8 8,94 3,4 11 3,04 6,32 2,4 2,24 2,4 5
98,86 (MW.km)
Tng t tnh cho cac phng an con lai. Ket qua tnh toan trnh bay bang 8.4.
Bang 4.4. Momen phu tai cua cac phng an.
Phng an
1
2
3
4
Pi li ,
98,86 103,29 99,12 103,83
MW.km
98,58
106,24
104,29
104,84
T cac ket qua tnh toan Bang 8.4, chon ba phng an 1, 3 va 5 e tien hanh so sanh chi
tiet kinh te - ky thuat.
4.2.7. CHON CAP IEN AP PHAN PHOI CUA MANG IEN
ien ap nh mc cua mang ien anh hng chu yeu en cac ch tieu kinh te - ky thuat, cung
nh cac ac trng ky thuat cua mang ien.
ien ap nh mc cua mang ien phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to: cong suat cua phu tai, khoang
cach gia cac phu tai va nguon cung cap, s o mang ien,
Co the tnh ien ap nh mc cua ng day theo cong thc kinh nghiem sau:
U tt = 4,34 l + 16.P , kV
ay:
l - khoang cach truyen tai, km;
P - cong suat truyen tai tren ng day, MW.
Ket qua tnh ien ap tnh toan cho cac oan li va chon ien ap nh mc cho mang ien
cua cac phng an trnh bay Bang 4.5.
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Bang 4.5. ien ap tnh toan va ien ap nh mc cua mang ien.

Phng an 1
oan li
01
12
03
04
05
4,1
1,7
0,8
3,4
2,4
Pij (MW)
2,83
3,60
8,94
11,0
5
lij (km)
35,9
24,1
20,2
35,1
28,6
Utt(kV)
22
Um(kV)
Phng an 3
oan li
01
12
23
04
05
4,74
2,34
0,8
3,4
2,4
Pij (MW)
2,83
3,60
4,12
11,0
5
lij (km)
38,5
27,8
17,9
35,1
28,6
Utt(kV)
22
Um(kV)
Phng an 5
oan li
01
12
13
04
05
4,74
1,7
0,8
3,4
2,4
Pij (MW)
2,83
3,60
6,32
11,0
5
lij (km)
38,5
24,1
18,98
35,1
28,6
Utt(kV)
22
Um(kV)
07
3,04
6,32
32,2
76
2,4
2,24
27,7
07
3,04
6,32
32,2
76
2,4
2,24
27,7
07
3,04
6,32
32,2
76
2,4
2,24
27,7
4.2.8. CHON LOAI DAY DAN VA TIET DIEN DAY DAN
Mang ien 22 kV thng la cac ng day tren khong. Day dan c s dung la day nhom
loi thep xoan (As). Cac day dan thng at tren cac s, xa , ga at tren cot be tong cot thep
hay cot thep tuy theo loai cot (cot trung gian, cot neo, cot goc, cot cuoi, ) va a hnh ng day
i qua. oi vi ng day 22 kV, khoang cach trung bnh hnh hoc gia day dan cac pha bang 2
m, khoang vt t 40 50 m.
oi vi mang phan phoi trung ap, tiet dien day dan c chon theo mat o dong ien kinh te.
1. Phng an 1
Chon tiet dien day dan cua oan li 0 1

Dong ien chay tren oan li che o tai cc ai:
S
4,12 2,85 2 3
I lv max 0 1 max 01 10 3
10 65,5 A
2 3U m
2 3.22
Vi day nhom loi thep, Tmax = 6716 h, tra bang ta c Jkte = 1,0 A/mm2.
Tiet dien day dan:
I
65,5
F0 1 lv max 0 1
65,5 mm 2
J kte
1,0
Chon day nhom loi thep xoan do CADIVI san xuat ma hieu As 70/11, Icp = 265A,
r0 = 0,4218 / km , x0 = 0,382 / km , nhiet o moi trng xung quanh tieu chuan la 250C.
ien tr va ien khang cua oan li:
1
1
R r0 l 0,4218.2,83 0,6
n
2
1
1
X x 0 l 0,382.2,83 0,54
n
2
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Sau khi chon tiet dien tieu chuan can kiem tra dong ien chay tren oan li trong che o s
co. oi vi oan li 0 1, s co co the xay ra la ngng 1 mach tren ng day.
Dong ien chay tren mach con lai:
I max 0 1 2 I lv max 01 2 65,5 131 A K .I cp 0,88.265 233,2 A
Chon tiet dien day dan cua oan li 0 3
Dong ien chay tren oan li che o tai cc ai:
S
0,8 2 0,75 2 3
10 28,8 A
I lv max 0 3 max 0 3 10 3
3U m
3.22
Vi day nhom loi thep, Tmax = 6132 h, tra bang ta c Jkte = 1,0 A/mm2.
Tiet dien day dan:
I
28,8
F0 3 lv max 03
28,8 mm 2
1,0
J kte
Chon day nhom loi thep xoan do CADIVI san xuat ma hieu As 35/6,2 co
Icp = 175 A, r0 = 0,7774 / km , x0 = 0,403 / km .
Tng t chon day dan cho cac oan li con lai. Ket qua chon day dan cho phng an 1
trnh bay Bang 4.8.
Bang 4.8. Thong so cua cac ng day trong mang ien.
l
oan
Ibt
Ftt
Ftc
Icp
Imax
r0
x0
2
2
(km) ( / km ) ( / km )
(A) (mm ) (mm ) (A)
(A)
li
01
65,5 65,5
70
265
131
2,83 0,4218
0,382
12
26,2 26,2
35
175 52,4 3,60 0,7774
0,403
03
28,8 28,8
35
175
8,94 0,7774
0,403
04
52,4 52,4
70
265 104,8
11
0,4218
0,382
05
39,4 39,4
40
185 78,8
5
0,7172
0,399
07
50,8 50,8
70
265 101,6 6,32 0,4218
0,382
76
39,4 39,4
40
185 78,8 2,24 0,7172
0,399
R
( )
0,60
1,40
6,95
2,32
1,80
1,33
0,80
X
( )
0,54
0,73
3,60
2,10
1,00
1,21
0,45
Tnh ton that ien ap trong mang ien

Ket qua tnh ton that ien ap cua mang ien trong phng an 1 trnh bay Bang 4.9.
Bang 4.9. Ton that ien ap tren cac oan li
oan li
U bt (%)
U sc (%)
01
12
03
04
05
07
76
0,82
0,65
1,71
2,54
1,26
1,44
0,56
1,64
1,30
1,71
5,08
2,52
2,88
1,12
T ket qua trong Bang 4.9, ton that ien ap ln nhat cua mang ien trong phng an 1:
U bt max % U 0 4 bt % 2,54%
Ton that ien ap ln nhat khi s co:
U sc max % U 0 4 sc % 5,08%
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2. Phng an 3
Ket qua la chon day dan cua phng an 3 c trnh bay Bang 4.10 va 4.11.
l
oan
Ibt
Ftt
Ftc
Icp
Imax
r0
x0
2
2
(A) (mm ) (mm ) (A)
(A) (km) ( / km ) ( / km )
li
0 1 76,9 76,9
95
300 153,8 2,83 0,3007
0,371
1 2 37,6 37,6
40
185 75,2 3,60 0,7172
0,399
2 3 28,8 28,8
35
175 28,8 4,12 0,7774
0,403
0 4 52,4 52,4
70
265 104,8 11
0,4218
0,382
0 5 39,4 39,4
40
185 78,8
5
0,7172
0,399
0 7 50,8 50,8
70
265 101,6 6,32 0,4218
0,382
7 6 39,4 39,4
40
185 78,8 2,24 0,7172
0,399
R
( )
0,43
1,29
3,20
2,32
1,80
1,33
0,80
X
( )
0,53
0,72
1,66
2,10
1,00
1,21
0,45

oan li
U bt (%)
U sc (%)
01
12
23
04
05
07
76
0,79
0,87
0,79
2,54
1,26
1,44
0,56
1,58
1,74
0,79
5,08
2,52
2,88
1,12
U bt max % U 0 4 bt % 2,54%
U sc max % U 0 4 sc % 5,08%
3. Phng an 5
Ket qua la chon day dan cua phng an 5 c trnh bay Bang 4.12 va 4.13.
l
oan Ibt
Ftt
Ftc
Icp
Imax
r0
x0
2
2
(A) (mm ) (mm ) (A) (A) (km) ( / km ) ( / km )
li
0 1 76,9 76,9
95
300 153,8 2,83 0,3007
0,371
1 2 26,2 26,2
35
175 52,4 3,60 0,7774
0,403
1 3 28,8 28,8
35
175
6,32 0,7774
0,403
0 4 52,4 52,4
70
265 104,8 11
0,4218
0,382
0 5 39,4 39,4
40
185 78,8
5
0,7172
0,399
0 7 50,8 50,8
70
265 101,6 6,32 0,4218
0,382
7 6 39,4 39,4
40
185 78,8 2,24 0,7172
0,399
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R
( )
0,43
1,40
4,91
2,32
1,80
1,33
0,80
X
( )
0,53
0,73
2,55
2,10
1,00
1,21
0,45
122

oan li
U bt (%)
U sc (%)
01
12
13
04
05
07
76
0,79
0,65
1,21
2,54
1,26
1,44
0,56
1,58
1,30
1,21
5,08
2,52
2,88
1,12
U bt max % U 0 4 bt % 2,54%
U sc max % U 0 4 sc % 5,08%
4.2.9. CHON PHNG AN I DAY HP LY VE KINH TE VA KY THUAT
Ch tieu kinh te c s dung khi so sanh cac phng an la chi ph tnh toan hang nam, c
xac nh theo bieu thc:
Z tt a vh atc K A.c
ay:
a vh - khau hao hang nam ve hao mon va phuc vu oi vi cac ng day trong mang ien, %.
Chon a vh 4% ;
atc - he so hieu qua cua von au t
1
atc
0,2 (Ttc thi gian tieu chuan thu hoi von Ttc = 5 nam)
Ttc
K - von au t xay dng ng day, ;

K nK 0 i li
n - he so phu thuoc vao so mach cua ng day. oi vi ng day hai mach at tren cung
mot cot n = 1,6;
li - chieu dai ng day th i, km;
K0i - gia thanh 1 km ng day mot mach, /km;
K 0i K1 K 2
K1 - gia thanh cua 1km ng day khong phu thuoc vao tiet dien cua day dan, /km. oi vi
mang ien 22 kV, K1 = 24.106 /km;
K2 - gia thanh cua 1 km ng day phu thuoc vao tiet dien day dan, /km;
K 2 3m.K 0
m - khoi lng 1 km ng day, kg/km;
K0 - gia thanh 1 kg ng day, K 0 32.000 /kg ;
- tong ton that ien nang hang nam, MW.h;
c - gia 1 kW.h ien nang ton that. c = 1500 /kWh.
1. Phng an 1
Von au t xay dng oan li 0 1

K 01 1,6 K 01l01
Trong o: l01 = 2,83 km;
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Vay:
K01 = K1 + K2 = 24.106 + 3.276.32.103 = 50,496.106 /km;

K 01 1,6.50,496.10 6 .2,83 228,65.10 6
Ket qua tnh von au t xay dng cac oan li con lai trnh bay bang 8.14.
Ton that cong suat tac dung tren oan li 0 1:
P2 Q2
4,12 2,85 2
P 01 2 01 R01
0,6 0,031 MW
U m
22 2
Tnh ton that cong suat tren cac oan li con lai c tnh tng t. Ket qua c trnh bay
bang 8.14.
Ton that ien nang tren oan li 0 1:
A01 P01 . 01
Thi gian s dung cong suat cc ai
P T + P2 Tmax 2 2,4.6716 + 1,7.6716
Tmax 01 = 1 max 1
=
= 6716 h
P1 + P2
2,4 + 1,7
01 0,124 Tmax 0110 4 8760 5545 h

2
Vay:
A 01 = P01 . 01 = 0,031.5545 = 171,9 MWh
Ket qua tnh ton that ien nang cua cac oan li con lai c trnh bay Bang 4.14.
Bang 4.14. Ton that ien nang va von au t mang ien.
oan Ky hieu
Trong lng
l
K.106
km
li
day
day, kg/km
H
MW
MW.h
0 1 As 70/11
276
2,83
0,0310
5545
171,9
228,65
1 2 As 35/6,2
148
3,6
0,0115
5545
64,04
220,08
0 3 As 35/6,2
148
8,94
0,0173
4760
82,35
341,58
0 4 As 70/11
276
11
0,0765
5545
424,19
888,73
0 5 As 40/6,7
161,3
5
0,0335
4760
159,46
315,88
0 7 As 70/11
276
6,32
0,0413
4951
204,48
510,62
7 6 As 40/6,7
161,3
2,24
0,0149
4760
70,92
141,51
Tong
1177,34 2647,05
Cac ket qua trong Bang 4.14 cho thay rang, tong ton that ien nang trong mang ien:
A = 1177,34 MWh
Tong von au t xay dng ng day cua mang ien:
K 2647,05.10 6
Chi ph tnh toan hang nam:

Z tt = (a vh + a tc )K + A.c
= (0,04 + 0,2 )2647,05.10 6 + 1177,34.10 3 .1500
= 2401,302.10 6
2. Phng an 3
Ket qua tnh toan cua phng an 3 c trnh bay Bang 4.15.
A = 1181,21 MWh
K 2517,61.10 6
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Z tt a vh atc K A.c
0,04 0,2 2517,61.10 6 1181,21.10 3.1500
2376,04.10 6
oan
li
01
12
23
04
05
07
76
Tong
Ky hieu
day
As 95/16
As 40/6,7
As 35/6,2
As 70/11
As 40/6,7
As 70/11
As 40/6,7
Trong lng
day, kg/km
385
161,3
148
276
161,3
276
161,3
l
km
2,83
3,6
4,12
11
5
6,32
2,24
MW
0,0310
0,0220
0,0080
0,0765
0,0335
0,0413
0,0149
h
5412
5287
4760
5545
4760
4951
4760
MW.h
167,77
116,31
38,08
424,19
159,46
204,48
70,92
1181,21
K.106
276,02
227,43
157,42
888,73
315,88
510,62
141,51
2517,61
3. Phng an 5
Ket qua tnh toan cua phng an 5 c trnh bay Bang 4.16.
oan
Ky hieu
Trong lng
l
K.106
km
li
day
day, kg/km
h
MW.h
MW
01
As 95/16
385
2,83 0,0310
5412
167,77
276,02
12
As 35/6,2
148
3,6
0,0115
5545
63,77
220,07
13
As 35/6,2
148
6,32 0,0120
4760
57,12
241,47
04
As 70/11
276
11
0,0765
5545
424,19
888,73
05
As 40/6,7
161,3
5
0,0335
4760
159,46
315,88
07
As 70/11
276
6,32 0,0413
4951
204,48
510,62
76
As 40/6,7
161,3
2,24 0,0149
4760
70,92
141,51
Tong
1147,71
2594,3
A = 1147,71 MWh
K 2594,3.10 6
Z tt = (a vh + a tc )K + A.c
= (0,04 + 0,2 )2594,3.10 6 + 1147,71.10 3 .1500
= 2344,2.10 6
Cac ch tieu kinh te - ky thuat cua ca 3 phng an so sanh c tong hp trong Bang 4.17.
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Bang 4.17. Ton that ien ap va chi ph tnh toan hang nam cua cac phng an.
Phng an
Cac ch tieu
1
3
5
U bt max , %
2,54
2,54
2,54
U sc max , %
5,08
5,08
5,08
Ztt .106,
2401,302
2376,04
2344,2
T cac ket qua tnh toan Bang 4.17. Nhan thay rang phng an 5 la phng an toi u.
4.2.10. CHON SO LNG VA DUNG LNG MAY BIEN AP CUA TRAM TRUNG GIAN
110/22 kV
Khu cong nghiep co 7 phu tai bao gom ca phu tai loai I, II va III. V vay, e am bao cung
cap ien cho cac phu tai nay can at hai may bien ap trong tram.
1. Qua tai thng xuyen cua may bien ap
oi vi tram hai may bien ap, ta khong kiem tra qua tai thng xuyen, v hai may bien ap
lam viec song song nen luc bnh thng luon non tai.
2. Qua tai s co cua may bien ap
Khi chon cong suat cua may bien ap can xet en kha nang qua tai cua may bien ap con lai
che o sau s co. Trong trng hp s co mot trong cac may bien ap, may bien ap th hai can
am bao toan bo cong suat cua cac ho tieu thu loai I va II.
S (MVA)
15,74
15,15
15
14,03
11
10,6
9,58
10
12
24
Hnh 4.6. o th phu tai tong cua khu cong nghiep

Cong suat cua moi may bien ap trong tram n may bien ap co the xac nh theo cong thc:
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S max
k n 1
ay:
Smax - phu tai cc ai cua tram, MVA;
k
- he so qua tai s co cua may bien ap. Neu khong co thong tin cu the, co the chap
nhan 140% cho cac may bien ap Lien Xo vi ieu kien thi gian nh sau: qua tai
khong qua 5 ngay em, moi ngay qua tai khong qua 6 gi va 130% cho cac may cua
cac hang khac theo IEC 354;
n
- so may bien ap at trong tram.
oi vi tram co hai may bien ap, cong suat moi may bien ap:
S max
15,74
S
=
= 12,11 MVA
1,3
1,3(2 1)
Chon may bien ap trung gian hai cuon day do Siemens che tao: Sm = 12,5 MVA.
Um, kV
Sm
MVA cao ha
12,5
110
22
0
kW
n
kW
I0
%
Un
%
15
45
0,5
9,4
Kch thc, mm
cao
Khoi lng, kg
dai
rong
dau
670
0
2700 4800 12500
tong
43000
4.2.11. CHON S O NOI DAY TRAM BIEN AP TRUNG GIAN VA THIET B ONG
CAT
4.2.11.0. Chon s o noi day tram bien ap
Tuy theo yeu cau cua phu tai ma chon s o noi day thch hp, am bao o tin cay cung cap
ien va ieu kien kinh te. oi vi tram 110/22 kV, thng s dung s o thanh gop co phan oan
pha th cap. Cac lo ra pha th cap la ng day tren khong, do o c trang b loai may cat
at ngoai tri (Hnh 4.7).
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110 kV
CSV
731-1
CSV
732-1
732
731
A
1T
12,5 MVA
110/22kV
2T
12,5 MVA
110/22kV
531
532
531-1
532-1
500
22kV
C
571-1
572-1
573-1
574-1
575-1
576-1
571
572
573
574
575
576
572-2
571-3
573-2
574-2
575-2
D
571-2
576-2
Phat tuyen Phat tuyen Phat tuyen

05
04-1
01-1
576-3
Phat tuyen Phat tuyen Phat tuyen

01-2
04-2
07
Hnh 4.7. S o noi day tram trung gian 110/22 kV
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4.2.11.1. Chon thiet b ong cat cua tram trung gian 110/22 kV
a. Chon may cat ien va dao cach ly
Chon may cat ien va dao cach ly pha ien ap 110 kV
Dong lam viec cc ai la dong qua tai s co khi cat mot may bien ap:
1,3.S mBA 1,3.12 ,5.10 3
I lv max
85,29 A
3 .U m
3 .110
Tnh dong ngan mach tai A

Tr khang tng ng cua mang pha nguon:
U2
Z up
SN
ay:
U - ien ap day khong tai cua mang ien, U = 110 kV;
SN - cong suat ngan mach pha nguon, SN = 5000 MVA.
110 2
Z up
2,42
5000
ien tr va ien khang pha nguon co the suy ra t Rup/Zup = 0,1:
Rup = 0,1.Zup = 0,1.2,42 = 0,24
Xup = 0,99.Zup = 0,99.2,42 = 2,4
Tr khang cua cac thiet b ong cat nho hn rat nhieu so vi tr khang pha nguon. V vay, co
the bo qua tr khang cua cac may cat, dao cach ly.
Tong tr tai iem ngan mach A:
Z A RA2 X A2 Z up 2,42
Dong ngan mach tai A:

I NA
U tb
3.Z A
ay:
Utb - ien ap trung bnh cua li ien, kV;
Utb = 1,05.UmL = 1,05.110 = 115,5 kV
ZA - tong tr ngan mach, Z A 2,42 ;
115,5
I NA
27,55 kA
3.2,42
Dong ngan mach xung kch:
i xk 2k xk .I N
X
2 ,4
Vi Ta A
0 ,032 , ta co: k xk 1 e
R A 314.0 ,24
0 ,01
Ta
1 e
0 ,01
0 ,032
1,73
i xk 2 1,73 27 ,55 67 ,4 kA
May cat c chon theo cac ieu kien sau:

- ien ap nh mc cua may cat:
UmMC > Um mang = 110 kV.
- Dong hieu chnh cua may cat:
Ir = k.ImMC > Ilvmax = 85,29 A.
Vi k la he so hieu chnh theo c cau ngat:
k 0,8 1 (c cau ngat nhiet).
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- Dong cat ngan mach nh mc:

- Dong on nh ong nh mc:
- Dong on nh nhiet nh mc:
k 0,5 1 (c cau ngat ien t).

Ic.m > I 27,55 kA .
I.m > ixk = 67,4 kA.
t q
I nh.m I
t nh.m
ay:
I - dong ngan mach on nh, I I N I 27,55 kA ;
t q - thi gian qui oi, co the lay bang thi gian ton tai ngan mach, tc la bang thi gian
cat ngan mach, t q t c t bv t MC ;

t bv - thi gian tac ong cua bao ve rle, t bv 0,5s (cat cham);
t MC - thi gian tac ong cua may cat, ms.
oi vi may cat co dong nh mc ln hn 1000 A, khong can kiem tra ieu kien on nh
nhiet.
Chon may cat ien do ABB che tao
Loai may
Um
Im
Ir
Ic.m
I.m
Uxung set
tMC
cat
(kV)
(A)
(A)
(kA)
(s)
(kV)
(kA)
LTB G
123
1600
0,8Im
31,5
100
550
Dao cach ly c chon theo cac ieu kien sau:

- ien ap nh mc cua dao cach ly:
UmDCL> Um mang = 110 kV.
- Dong ien nh mc cua dao cach ly: ImDCL > Ilvmax = 85,29 A.
I.m > ixk = 67,4 kA.
t q
I nh.m I
t nh.m
ay:
I = I N = I " = 27,55 kA ;
t q t c t bv t MC 0,5 2 2,5s ;
oi vi dao cach ly co dong nh mc ln hn 1000 A, khong can kiem tra ieu kien on nh
nhiet.
Chon dao cach ly cao ap at ngoai tri do ABB che tao
Loai
SGF 123n
Um (kV)
123
Im (A)
1600
I.m (kA)
80
3. Chon may cat ien va dao cach ly pha ien ap 22 kV
Chon may cat va dao cach ly pha di may bien ap

- Dong ien lam viec cc ai:
1,3.S mBA 1,3.12,5.10 3
426,45 A
I lv max
3.U m
3.22
- Tnh dong ngan mach tai B
Cac ien khang va ien tr c tnh pha ien ap cao phai c qui ve pha ien ap thap
bang cach nhan vi bnh phng t so ien ap:
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2
22
A
110
A
22
2
0,24 0,2 0,01
110
22
2
X A22 X 110
2,4 0,2 0,1
A
110
Tr khang cua may bien ap:
P .U 2
45.22 2
0,14
R BA N 2 m
12,5 2 .10 3
S m
X BA
2
U N %.U m
9,4.22 2
10
10 3,64
S m
12,5.10 3
Tr khang cua may cat va dao cach ly nho hn nhieu so vi tr khang cua may bien ap, do
o co the bo qua khi tnh tong tr ngan mach.
Tong tr tai iem ngan mach B
R B R A22 RBA 0,01 0,14 0,15
X B X A22 X BA 0,1 3,64 3,74
Z B RB2 X B2 0,15 2 3,74 2 3,74
Dong ngan mach tai iem ngan mach B:
U tb
23,1
= 3,565 kA
IN B =
=
3 .3,74
3 .Z B
Dong ngan mach xung kch:
i xk 2k xk .I N
X
3,74
0,079 , ta co k xk 1 e
Vi Ta B
RB 314.0,15
0 , 01
Ta
1 e
0 , 01
0 , 079
1,88
i xk = 2 1,88 3,565 = 9,48 kA

Ic.m > I " = 3,565 kA .
I.m > ixk = 9,48 kA.
t q
I nh.m I
t nh.m
ay:
I - dong ngan mach on nh, I = I N = I " = 3,565 kA ;
nhiet.
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Chon may cat ien loai OHB do ABB che tao

Loai may
cat
Um
(kV)
Im
(A)
Ir
(A)
Ic.m
(kA)
I.m
(kA)
Inh.m,
3s (kA)
tMC
(ms)
Uxung set
(kV)
OHB 24
24
630
0,8.Im
31,5
63
31,5
80
150

I.m > ixk = 9,48 kA.
t q
I nh.m I
t nh.m
ay:
I = I N = I " = 3,565 kA ;
t q t c t bv t MC 0,5 0,08 0,58s ;
Chon dao cach ly trung ap at ngoai tri do Cong ty Thiet b ien ong Anh che tao
Loai
Um (kV)
Im (A)
DN 24/630
24
600
Chon may cat va dao cach ly phan oan:
I.m (kA)
30
Inh.m, 10s (kA)

10

1,3.S mBA 1,3.12,5.10 3
I lv max
426,45 A
3.U m
3.22
- Tong tr tai iem ngan mach C
R C = R B = 0,15
X C = X B = 3,74
Z C = R C2 + X C2 = 0,15 2 + 3,74 2 = 3,74

- Dong ngan mach tai iem ngan mach C tren thanh cai ha ap 22 kV
U tb
23,1
= 3,565 kA
IN C =
=
3 .3,74
3 .Z C
- Dong ngan mach xung kch:
i xk 2k xk .I N
X
3,74
Vi Ta = C =
= 0,079 , ta co k xk = 1 + e
R C 314.0,15
- 0 , 01
Ta
= 1+e
- 0 , 01
0 , 079
= 1,88
i xk = 2 .1,88.3,565 = 9,48 kA
Ic.m > I " = 3,565 kA .
I.m > ixk = 9,48 kA.
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t q
I nh.m I
t nh.m
ay:

nhiet.
Chon may cat ien loai OHB do ABB che tao
Loai may
cat
Um
(kV)
Im
(A)
Ir
(A)
Ic.m
(kA)
I.m
(kA)
Inh.m,
3s (kA)
tMC
(ms)
Uxung set
(kV)
OHB 24
24
630
0,8.Im
31,5
63
31,5
60
150

I.m > ixk = 9,48 kA.
t q
I nh.m I
t nh.m
ay:
I = I N = I " = 3,565 kA ;
t q t c t bv t MC 0,5 0,06 0,56s ;
Chon dao cach ly trung ap at ngoai tri do Cong ty Thiet b ien ong Anh che tao
Loai
DN 24/630
Um (kV)
24
Im (A)
600
I.m (kA)
30
Inh.m, 10s (kA)

10
Chon may cat va dao cach ly tren cac phat tuyen cua tram:
- Dong ien lam viec cc ai tren cac phat tuyen c trnh bay bang 8.18.
Bang 4.18. Dong lam viec cc ai tren cac phat tuyen.
Phat tuyen
01
04
07
Ilvmax (A)
153,8
104,8
101,6
05
78,8
Tong tr ngan mach tai D:

RD =
R B 0,15
=
= 0,075
2
2
XD =
X B 3,74
=
= 1,87
2
2
ZD =
R 2D + X 2D =
0,075 2 + 1,87 2 = 1,87
- Dong ngan mach tai iem ngan mach D:

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133
IN

D
U tb
3 .Z D
23,1
3 .1,87
= 7,13 kA

i xk 2k xk .I N
XD
1,87
Vi Ta =
=
= 0,079 , ta co k xk = 1 + e
R D 314.0,075
-0 , 01
Ta
= 1+e
- 0 , 01
0 , 079
= 1,88
i xk = 2 .1,88.7,13 = 18,96 kA
Ir = k.ImMC > Ilvmax .
Ic.m > I " = 7,13 kA .
I.m > ixk = 18,96 kA.
t q
I nh.m I
t nh.m
ay:

nhiet.
Chon may cat ien loai VD4 do ABB che tao cho ca 4 phat tuyen.
Loai may
cat
Um
(kV)
Im
(A)
Ir
(A)
Ic.m
(kA)
I.m
(kA)
Inh.m,
3s (kA)
tMC
(ms)
Uxung set
(kV)
VD4 24
24
630
0,8.Im
16
40
16
50
125

- Dong ien nh mc cua dao cach ly: ImDCL > Ilvmax.
I.m > ixk = 18,96 kA.
t q
I nh.m I
t nh.m
ay:
I = I N = I " = 7,13 kA ;
t q t c t bv t MC 0,5 0,05 0,55s ;
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134
Chon dao cach ly trung ap at ngoai tri do Cong ty Thiet b ien ong Anh che tao cho ca 4
phat tuyen.
Loai
DN 24/200
Um (kV)
24
Im (A)
200
I.m (kA)
23
Inh.m, 10s (kA)

8
b. Chon thanh cai tram trung gian 110/22 kV
Thanh cai c chon theo dong phat nong cho phep va kiem tra theo ieu kien on nh ong
va on nh nhiet cua dong ngan mach.
4. Chon thanh cai ien ap 110 kV
Dong ien ln nhat qua thanh cai la dong qua tai khi cat 1 may bien ap:
1,3.S mBA 1,3.12,5.10 3
85,29 A
I lv max
3.U m
3.110
Chon thanh cai ong M50 x 6(mm2), co dong cho phep Icp = 955 A (nhiet o tieu chuan cua
moi trng xung quanh la +250C).
Kiem tra ieu kien phat nong:
K 1 K 2 K 3 I cp I lv max
ay:
K1 = 0,95 (thanh gop at ngang);
K2 = 1 (s dung mot thanh cai tren moi pha);
K3 - he so hieu chnh theo nhiet o moi trng, K3 = 0,88
Vay:
K 1 K 2 K 3 I cp = 0,95.1.0,88.955 = 798,38 A I lv max = 85,29 A
Kiem tra ieu kien on nh nhiet
Stc Son I t q
ay:
Stc - tiet dien cua thanh cai, Stc = 50 x 6 = 300 mm2;
- he so phu thuoc vao loai thanh cai, tra bang 8-8, trang 280 - sach Cung Cap ien Tac gia Nguyen Xuan Phu. oi vi thanh cai bang ong 6 ;
I I N I 27,55 kA ;
t q t c t bv t MC 0,5 2 2,5s ;
Vay:
S tc = 300 mm 2 S on = 6.27,55 2,5 = 261,4 mm 2
cp tt
ay:
cp 1400 kG/cm 2 (thanh cai ong);
tt - ng suat tnh toan, xuat hien trong thanh cai do tac ong cua lc ien ong dong
ngan mach, kG/cm2;
- Lc tnh toan do tac ong cua dong ngan mach:
l
Ftt 1,76.10 2 i xk2 , kG
a
ay:
l - khoang cach gia cac s cua 1 pha, l = 50 cm;
a - khoang cach gia cac pha, a = 70 cm;
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ixk = 67,4 kA;

Ftt = 1,76.10 _ 2 .
50
.67,4 2 = 57,1 kG
70
- Momen uon tnh toan:

F .l 57,1.50
M = tt =
= 285,5 kG.cm
10
10
- Momen chong uon cua thanh cai hnh ch nhat:
b .h 2 5.0,6 2
W=
=
= 0,3 cm 3
6
6
- ng suat tnh toan:
M 285,5
tt =
=
= 951,7 kG/cm 2
W
0, 3
Vay:
cp = 1400 kG/cm 2 tt = 951,7 kG/cm 2
Nh vay, chon thanh cai ong M50 x 6 (mm2) la thoa man.
5. Chon thanh cai ien ap 22 kV
Dong ien ln nhat qua thanh cai la dong qua tai khi cat 1 may bien ap:
1,3.S mBA 1,3.12,5.10 3
I lv max
426,45 A
3.U m
3.22
Chon thanh cai ong M30 x 5 (mm2), co dong cho phep Icp = 625 A (nhiet o tieu chuan cua
moi trng xung quanh la +250C).
Kiem tra ieu kien phat nong:
ay:
K1 = 0,95 (thanh gop at ngang);
K2 = 1 (s dung mot thanh cai tren moi pha);
K3 - he so hieu chnh theo nhiet o moi trng, K3 = 0,88
K 1 K 2 K 3 I cp = 0,95.1.0,88.625 = 522,5 A I lv max = 426,45 A
I = I N = I " = 7,13 kA ;
t q = t c = t bv + t MC = 0,5 + 0,06 = 0,56s ;
S tc = 150 mm 2 S on = 6.7,13 0,56 = 32,01 mm 2
ay:
l - khoang cach gia cac s cua 1 pha, l = 50 cm;
a - khoang cach gia cac pha, a =25 cm;
ixk = 18,96 kA;
- Lc tnh toan do tac ong cua dong ngan mach:
l
Ftt 1,76.10 2 i xk2 , kG
a
50
Ftt = 1,76.10 -2 . .18,96 2 = 12,65 kG
25
- Momen uon tnh toan:
F .l 12,65.50
M = tt =
= 63,25 kG.cm
10
10
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136
- Momen chong uon cua thanh cai hnh ch nhat:

b .h 2 3.0,5 2
W=
=
= 0,125 cm 3
6
6
- ng suat tnh toan:
M 63,25
tt =
=
= 506 kG/cm 2
W 0,125
Vay:
cp = 1400 kG/cm 2 tt = 506 kG/cm 2
Nh vay, chon thanh cai ong M30 x 5 (mm2) la thoa man.
c. Chon chong set van
- ien ap van hanh cc ai cua he thong Um:
o lech ien ap cho phep theo quy nh hien nay U 5%U m , do vay:
U m U m U 1,05.110 115,5 kV
- Xac nh he so cham at Ke:

He thong 3 day, noi at tong tr nho Ke = 1,4.
- Xac nh gia tr qua ien ap tam thi UTOV:
U
115,5
U TOVchongset U TOVli K e m 1,4
93,36 kV
3
3
- Xac nh ien ap van hanh lien tuc cua chong set UC:
U
115,5
UC m
66,68 kV
3
3
Chon chong set van oxyt kim loai do ABB che tao:
- Loai: PEXLIM-Q.
- ien ap nh mc chong set:
U r 129 kV .
- ien ap lam viec lien tuc ln nhat: U C 78 kV .
- Qua ien ap tam thi:
U TOV 141 kV .
- ien ap phong ien cc ai khi co xung set dang song 8 / 20s , dong phong ien nh mc
10 kA: U res 304 kV .
4.2.12. CHON SO LNG VA DUNG LNG MAY BIEN AP CUA TRAM PHAN PHOI
22/0,4 kV
Tram 22/0,4 kV cung cap cho ho tieu thu 5.

Cong suat cua may bien ap c chon theo phng phap cong suat ang tr
S t 2
3 2 .4
3 MVA
4
S t1
2,4 2 .4 2,12 .4 1,5 2 .2

2,09 MVA
10
Chon s bo may bien ap cua Cong ty ABB co cong suat 2500 kVA.
He so phu tai bac 1:
S
2,09
K1 t1
0,8
S m
2,5
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K2
S t 2
3
1,2
S m 2,5
Vi K1 = 0,8 va t2 = 4h, tra ng cong qua tai cua may bien ap ABB, ta co: K2cp = 1,11.
V K2 > K2cp, nen may bien ap a chon khong thoa ieu kien qua tai cua bien ap. Chon may
bien ap co cong suat 3150 kVA, do cong ty ABB che tao, pham vi ieu chnh ien ap 2 2,5% .
Sm, kVA
Um, kV
0 , kW
n ,
kW
I0, %
U n, %
3150
22/0,4
3,5
25
0,8
6,35
Khoi lng, kg
Dau
Tong
1210
6250
S (MVA)
2,4
2,1
2,1
1,5
1,5
Sm = 2,5 MVA
12
24 t (h)
Hnh 4.8. o th phu tai cua ho tieu thu 5.

Kiem tra lai may bien ap va chon:
S
2,09
K 1 = t 1 =
= 0,66
S m
3,15

S
3
K 2 = t 2 =
= 0,95
S m 3,15
Vi K1 = 0,66 va t2 = 4h, tra ng cong qua tai cua may bien ap ABB, ta co: K2cp = 1,18.
V K2 < K2cp, nen may bien ap a chon thoa man.
4.2.13. S O NOI DAY TRAM 22/0,4 kV.
Tram c cung cap bang hai day re t tram trung gian 110/22 kV. Hai day nay c ket noi
vao thanh cai qua dao cach ly DS. May bien ap c noi vao thanh cai qua cau ch t ri FCO,
pha ha the may bien ap c trang b may cat ha ap (Hnh 4.9).
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T tram trung gian 110/22 kV
DS
A
DS
22 kV
LA
FCO
B
Wh
T
3150 kVA
22 2 2,5%/0,4kV
CB
C
CB1
CB 2
0,4 kV
CB3
Hnh 4.9. S o noi day tram 22/0,4 kV.

4.2.14. CHON THIET B ONG CAT VA BAO VE TRAM PHAN PHOI
4.2.14.1. Chon dao cach ly pha ien ap 22 kV
- Dong lam viec cc ai la dong qua tai s co khi ngng mot oan li:
I lv max I max 0 5 78,8 A
- Tong tr ngan mach tai A
Tr khang tai thanh cai 22 kV cua tram trung gian:
Z T = R T + jX T = 0,15 + j 3,74
Tr khang cua oan li 0 5:
Z d Rd jX d r0 l05 jx 0 l05 0,7172.5 j 0,399.5 3,6 j 2
Tong tr tai A
R A = R T + R d = 0,15 + 3,6 = 3,75
X A = X T + X d = 3,74 + 2 = 5,74
Z A = R 2A + X 2A = 6,856
- Dong ngan mach tai iem A:

U tb
23,1
IN A =
=
= 1,945 kA
3 .Z A
3 .6,856
i xk 2k xk .I N
X
3,75
= 2,08.10 - 3 , ta co k xk = 1 + e
Vi Ta = A =
R A 314.5,74
-0 , 01
Ta
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-0 , 01
=1+ e
2 , 08.10- 3
= 1,008
139
i xk = 2 .1,008.1,945 = 2,773 kA
I.m > ixk = 2,773 kA.
t q
I nh.m I
t nh.m
ay:
I = I N = I " = 1,945 kA ;
t q t c t bv t MC 0,5 0,05 0,55s .

Chon dao cach ly trung ap do Cong ty Thiet b ien ong Anh che tao.
Loai
DN 24/200
Um (kV)
24
Im (A)
200
I.m (kA)
23
Inh.m, 10s (kA)

8
4.2.14.2. Chon cau ch t ri

I lv max I max 0 5 78,8 A
- Tong tr ngan mach tai B:
1
1
R B = R T + R d = 0,15 + 3,6 = 1,95
2
2
1
1
X B = X T + X d = 3,74 + 2 = 4,74
2
2
2
2
Z B = R B + X B = 5,125
- Dong ngan mach tai B:
U tb
IN B =
=
3 .Z B
23,1
3 .5,125
= 2,6 kA
Cau ch c chon theo cac ieu kien sau:
- ien ap nh mc cua cau ch:

- Dong ien nh mc cua cau ch:
ImDCL > Ilvmax = 78,8 A.
- Dong cat nh mc:
Ic.m > I " = 2,6 kA .
Chon cau ch t ri ICX do ABB che tao:
Loai
Ulvmax (kV)
Im (A)
Ic.m (kA)
Uxung set (kV)
C25LU*1811
27
100
12
150
4.2.14.3. Chon may cat ha ap
Tong tr pha s cap phai c qui oi ve pha th cap bang cach nhan vi bnh phng t so
ien ap.
0, 4 2
0, 4 2
R 0B, 4 = R 22
.
=
1
,
95
.
= 0,64 m
B
22 2
22 2
0, 4 2
0, 4 2
=
4
,
74
.
= 1,57m
X 0B, 4 = X 22
.
B
22 2
22 2
Tr khang cua may bien ap:
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140
R BA
2
PN .U m
25.0,4 2
0,4 m
2
3,15 2 .10 3
S m
X BA
2
U N %.U m
6,35.0,4 2
10
10 3,23 m
S m
3,15.10 3
Tr khang cua may cat:

RCB 0
X CB 0,15 m
Tong tr tai iem ngan mach C tren thanh cai ha ap
R C = R 0B, 4 + R BA + R CB = 0,64 + 0,4 + 0 = 1,04 m
X C = X 0B, 4 + X BA + X CB = 1,57 + 3,23 + 0,15 = 4,95 m
Z C = R C2 + X C2 = 5,06 m
Dong ngan mach tai C:
U tb
IN C =
=
3 .Z C
Dong lam viec cc ai:
S max
I lv max =
=
3 .U m
420
3 .5,06.10 - 3
3
3 .0,4
= 47,92 kA
= 4330A
May cat ha ap c chon theo cac ieu kien sau:

UmMC > Um mang = 400 V.
- Dong ien hieu chnh cua may cat: Ir = k.ImMC > Ilvmax = 4330 A.
Ic.m > IN = 47,92 kA.
- ac tuyen bao ve: B.
- Thi gian cat: chon theo ieu kien phoi hp bao ve.
Chon may cat ha ap do hang ABB che tao co cac thong so sau:
Loai
E6H/f
Um (V)
690
Im (A)
6300
Ir (A)
0,8.Im
So cc
4
Ic.m (kA)
100
Thi gian cat (ms)

40
4.2.14.4. Chon chong set van

- ien ap van hanh cc ai cua he thong Um:
o lech ien ap cho phep theo quy nh hien nay U 5%U m , do vay:
U m = U m + U = 1,05.22 = 23,1 kV
- Xac nh he so cham at Ke:

He thong 3 day, noi at tong tr nho Ke = 1,4.
- Xac nh gia tr qua ien ap tam thi UTOV:
U
23,1
U TOVchongs et U TOVli = K e m = 1,4
= 18,67 kV
3
3
- Xac nh ien ap van hanh lien tuc cua chong set UC:
U
23,1
UC m =
= 13,34 kV
3
3
Chon chong set van oxyt kim loai do ABB che tao co cac thong so sau:
- Loai: POLIM-D.
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141
- ien ap nh mc chong set:

U r 27 kV .
- ien ap lam viec lien tuc ln nhat: U C 22 kV .
- ien ap phong ien cc ai khi co xung set dang song 8 / 20s , dong phong ien nh mc
5 kA: U res 71,7 kV .
4.2.15. CHON AU PHAN AP MAY BIEN AP PHAN PHOI
4.2.15.1. Tnh ien ap cac nut trong mang ien
a. Che o phu tai cc ai
HT
2 As-40
B1
a.
S 05
b.
5 km
S 0b1
S c
S d
S b1
B2
S b2
Z
b2
Z
d
Z
b1
S5max = 2,4 +j1,8

MVA
S 5max 2,4 j1,8MVA
S 0b2
a. S o mang ien
b.S o thay the cua mang ien.
Hnh 4.10. Tnh che o mang ien.
T thong so cua may bien ap 110/22kV, xac nh c:
S 0 b1 2P0 jQ0 215 j 62,5.10 3 MVA
1
1
Z b1 Rb1 jX b1 0,14 j3,64 0,07 j1,82
2
2
Tr khang cua oan li 0-5:
1
1
1
1
Z d Rd jX d r0 l05 j x 0 l05 0,7172.5 j 0,399.5 1,8 j1
2
2
2
2
T thong so cua may bien ap 22/0,4 kV, xac nh c:
S 0 b 2 P0 jQ0 3,5 j 25,2 .10 3 MVA
Z b 2 Rb 2 jX b 2 0,4 j3,23.10 -3
Ton that trong tong tr may bien ap 22/0,4 kV:

P52 + Q 25
2,4 2 + 1,8 2
Z b2 =
S b 2 =
.(0,4 + j3,23).10 -3
2
2
U m
0,4
= (22,5 + j181,69).10 -3 MVA

Cong suat trc tong tr may bien ap 22/04 kV:
S b 2 = Pb 2 + jQ b 2 = S 5 + S b 2 = 2,4 + j1,8 + (22,5 + j181,69).10 -3
= 2,4225 + j1,98169 MVA
Dong cong suat chay vao cuon day cao ap cua may bien ap 22/04 kV:
S c = Pc + jQ c = S b 2 + S 0 b 2 = 2,4225 + j1,98169 + (3,5 + j 25,2).10 -3
= 2,426 + j 2,0069 MVA
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142
Ton that cong suat tren tong tr ng day:

Pc2 + Q 2c
2,426 2 + 2,0069 2
Zd =
(1,8 + j1) = 0,037 + j 0,02 MVA
S d =
U 2m
22 2
Dong cong suat trc tong tr ng day:
S d = Pd + jQ d = S c + S d = 2,426 + j 2,0069 + 0,037 + j 0,02
= 2,463 + j 2,0269 MVA
Ton that cong suat trong tong tr may bien ap 110/22 kV:
P2 + Q2
2,463 2 + 2,0269 2
S b 1 = d 2 d Z b 1 =
(0,07 + j1,82)
U m
22 2
= 1,47.10 -3 + j 0,0383 MVA

Cong suat trc tong tr may bien ap:
S b 1 = Pb 1 + jQ b 1 = S d + S b 1 = 2,463 + j 2,0269 + 1,47.10 -3 + j 0,0383
= 2,464 + j 2,0652 MVA
Cong suat t he thong truyen vao ng day 0-5:
S 05 = P0 5 + jQ 05 = S b 1 + S 0 b 1 = 2,464 + j 2,0652 + 2(15 + j62,5)10 _ 3
= 2,494 + j 2,1902 MVA
ien ap tren thanh gop cao ap cua tram 22/0,4 kV:
P R + Q d Xd
2,463.1,8 + 2,0269.1
= 22 = 21,70635 kV
U 5 max = U m - d d
U m
22
ien ap tren thanh gop ha ap, quy oi ve pha cao ap:
U 5 q max = U 5 max
Pb 2 R b 2 + Q b 2 X b 2
2,4225.0,4.10 -3 + 1,98169.3,23.10 -3
= 21,70635 U 5 max
21,70635
= 21,70601 kV
b.
Che o phu tai cc tieu

HT
5 km
2 As-40
B1
B2
S 5min = 1,44 +j1,08

MVA
Hnh 4.11. S o mang ien che o phu tai cc tieu.

Tnh cac thong so che o cua mang ien khi phu tai cc tieu c tien hanh tng t nh che
o tai cc ai. Ket qua tnh toan c trnh bay bang 8.19.
Bang 4.19. Ket qua tnh cac thong so che o khi phu tai cc tieu.
S 0 5 MVA
S b1 MVA
S d MVA
S d MVA
S b 2 MVA
1,495 + j1,316
0,51.10-3 + j 0,0133
1,4645 + j1,1778
0,0129 + j0,0072
1,4481 + j1,1454

P R + Q d Xd
1,4645.1,8 + 1,1778.1
U 5 min = U m - d d
= 22 = 21,8266 kV
U m
22
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U 5 q min = U 5 min -
Pb 2 R b 2 + Q b 2 X b 2
1,44.0,4.10 -3 + 1,08.3,23.10 -3
= 21,8266 U 5 min
21,8266
= 21,8264 kV
c.
Che o sau s co
S co trong mang ien thiet ke co the xay ra khi ngng mot may phat, ngng mot mach tren
ng day hai mach noi t cac nguon cung cap en cac phu tai. Khi xet s co, chung ta khong
gia thiet s co xep chong, ong thi ch xet trng hp ngng mot mach tren cac ng day noi
t he thong en cac phu tai khi phu tai cc ai.
HT
5 km
As-40
B2
B1
a.
S 05
S d
S b1
S c
Z
b1
Z
d
Z b2
S5max 2,4 j1,8MVA
S 0b2
0b1
b.
S
b2
S5max = 2,4 +j1,8

MVA
a. S o mang ien
b.S o thay the cua mang ien.
Hnh 4.12. Tnh che o mang ien che o sau s co.
Tr khang cua oan li 0-5:
Z d Rd jX d r0 l05 jx 0 l05 0,7172.5 j 0,399.5 3,6 j 2
Ton that trong tong tr may bien ap 22/0,4 kV:
P2 + Q2
2,4 2 + 1,8 2
(0,4 + j 3,23).10 _ 3
S b 2 = 5 2 5 Z b 2 =
2
U m
0, 4
= (0,0225 + j 0,18169) MVA
S b 2 = Pb 2 + jQ b 2 = S 5 + S b 2 = 2,4 + j1,8 + 0,0225 + j 0,18169
= 2,4225 + j1,98169 MVA
Dong cong suat chay vao cuon day cao ap cua may bien ap:
S c = Pc + jQ c = S b 2 + S 0 b 2 = 2,4225 + j1,98169 + (3,5 + j 25,2).10-3
= 2,426 + j 2,0069 MVA

Ton that cong suat tren tong tr ng day:
P2 + Q2
2,426 2 + 2,0069 2
S d = c 2 c Z d =
(3,6 + j 2) = 0,074 + j 0,04 MVA
U m
22 2
Dong cong suat trc tong tr ng day:

S d = Pd + jQ d = S c + S d = 2,426 + j 2,0069 + 0,074 + j 0,04
= 2,5 + j 2,0469 MVA

Ton that cong suat trong tong tr may bien ap 110/22 kV:
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144
Pd2 + Q 2d
2,5 2 + 2,0469 2
S b 1 =
Z b1 =
(0,07 + j1,82)
U 2m
22 2
= 1,5.10 -3 + j 0,039 MVA
S b 1 = Pb 1 + jQ b 1 = S d + S b 1 = 2,5 + j 2,0469 + 1,5.10 -3 + j 0,039
= 2,5015 + j 2,0859 MVA
Cong suat t he thong truyen vao ng day 0-5:
S 05 = P05 + jQ 05 = S b 1 + S 0 b 1 = 2,5015 + j 2,0859 + 2(15 + j62,5).10-3
= 2,5315 + j 2,2109 MVA
P R + Q dXd
2,5.3,6 + 2,0469.2
= 22 = 21,4048 kV
U 5 sc = U m - d d
U m
22

P R + Q b2 X b2
2,4.0,4.10 -3 + 1,8.3,23.10 -3
U 5 qsc = U 5 sc - b 2 b 2
= 21,4048 U 5 sc
21,4048
= 21,4045 kV
4.2.15.2. Chon au ieu chnh trong may bien ap
ien ap yeu cau tren thanh gop ha ap cua tram:

U yc U m U %.U m
ay:
U m
- ien ap nh mc cua mang ien ha ap, kV;
U % - o lech ien ap tren thanh gop ha ap cua tram, U % 5% .

oi vi mang ien thiet ke Um = 380 V. V vay, ien ap yeu cau tren thanh gop ha ap:
5
U yc 0,38
0,38 0,4 kV
100
S dung cac may bien ap ieu chnh ien ap di tai cho phep thay oi cac au ieu chnh
khong can cat may bien ap. Do o, can chon au ieu chnh cho che o phu tai cc ai, cc tieu
va sau s co.
e thuan tien, co the tnh trc ien ap tng ng vi moi au ieu chnh cua may bien ap.
Ket qua tnh oi vi may bien ap a chon trnh bay Bang 4.20.
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Bang 4.20. Thong so ieu chnh cua may bien ap ieu chnh di tai.
Th t au
ien ap bo sung,
ien ap bo
ien ap au ieu
ieu chnh
%
sung, kV
chnh, kV
1
+5,0
+1,10
23,10
2
+2,5
+0,55
22,55
3
0
0
22
4
-2,5
-0,55
21,45
5
-5,0
-1,10
20,90
a. Che o phu tai cc ai
ien ap tnh toan cua au ieu chnh cua may bien ap:
U q max .U hm 21,70601.0,4
U c max =
=
= 21,70601 kV
U yc max
0, 4
Chon au ieu chnh tieu chuan n = 4, khi o ien ap cua au ieu chnh tieu chuan
U tc max 21,45 kV .
ien ap thc tren thanh gop ha ap:
U q max .U hm 21,70601.0,4
U t max =
=
= 0,405 kV
U tc max
21,45
o lech ien ap tren thanh gop ha ap:
U m
U
0,405 0,4
U max % t max
100
100 1,25%
0,4
U m
Nh vay, au ieu chnh tieu chuan a chon la phu hp.
b. Che o phu tai cc tieu
U q min .U hm 21,8264.0,4
U c min =
=
= 21,8264 kV
U yc min
0, 4
Chon n = 4, U tc min 21,45 kV .
U q min .U hm 21,8264.0,4
U t min =
=
= 0,407 kV
U tc min
21,45
U
U m
0,407 0,4
U min % t min
100
100 1,75%
0,4
U m
c. Che o sau s co
U qsc .U hm 21,4045.0,4
U csc =
=
= 21,4045 kV
U y csc
0, 4
Chon n = 4, U t csc 21,45 kV .
U qsc .U hm 21,4045.0,4
U tsc =
=
= 0,39915 kV
U t csc
21,45
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146
U sc % =
U tsc - U m
0,39915 - 0,4
100 =
100 = - 0,2125%
U m
0, 4
Vay chon au ieu chnh n = 4 cua may bien ap cho ca che o tai cc ai, cc tieu va che o
sau s co.
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147
PHU LUC
THIT K LI IN PHN PHI

KHU CNG NGHIP
- iu tra, kho st, thu thp bn , ti liu, hin trng kinh
t, x hi;
- Ti liu v quy hoch tng th pht trin kinh t-x hi;
- Quy hoch pht trin ngnh c lin quan.
- H thng h tng k thut Quc gia
- Quy hoch khu cng nghip.
- Tnh cht v nh hng pht trin khu cng nghip

- Bn v s v tr, ranh gii, quy m cc c s cng nghip
ch yu, cc hng mc u mi v mi lin h
- Gii php phn phi in

- H thng cng trnh h tng k thut
- Quy hoch s dng t v phm vi bo v, hnh lang an
ton i vi cc cng trnh h tng k thut chnh
iu tra, kho st, thu thp d liu
Xc nh nhu cu cp in
Lp biu ph ti
Xc nh v tr v cng sut
cc TBA phn phi
Xc nh ngun in (v tr, CS,

hin hu hoc cn u t)
La chn cp in p ca mng
Chn dy dn (theo st p cho

php, kim tra pht nng)
a hnh, a
cht, kh hu,
thy vn
Kho st tuyn
Chn gii php xy dng, kt

cu li.
Vch cc phng n ni dy
So snh kinh t s b chn 2-3
phng n hp l nht
Lp d ton cho cc phng n
So snh kinh t, k thut (phn k u t, pht

trin tng lai, vn hnh linh hot) chn
phng n ti u
Quy phm trang b in ban hnh theo quyt
nh 19/2006/Q-BCN ngy 11/7/2006 ca
B trng B Cng nghip
Lp tng mc u t
Thit k TBA, t phn phi, cc thit b bo v,

ng ct, phn onhon chnh thit k
- Tnh ton phn b cng sut, in p trong

trng hp bnh thng v s c.
- La chn thng s v ch vn hnh
Ti liu tham kho:

- Lut xy dng ngy 26/11/2003;
- Ngh nh 08/2005/N-CP ngy 24/1/2005 ca Chnh ph v quy hoch xy dng.
- Ngh nh 209/2004/N-CP ngy 16/12/2004 ca Chnh ph v qun l cht lng cng trnh xy dng.
- Quy phm trang b in ban hnh theo quyt nh 19/2006/Q-BCN ngy 11/7/2006 ca B trng B Cng nghip.
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148
QUN L D N U T XY DNG CNG TRNH IN

Ch u t lp
BO CO U T
xy dng cng trnh
Cc b, ngnh, a
phng lin quan
Ly
kin
B qun l ngnh
Nghin cu, tng hp
Bo co
xut
Th tng Chnh ph
Khng cho php
Cho php u t
Ch u t lp D N
(Thuyt minh & Thit k c s)
Thit k c s
(cng trnh thit k 2 hoc 3 bc)
Khng t
Thm quyn
thm nh D N
Khng t
Thm quyn
quyt nh u t
Khng
Thit k k thut, d ton

(cng trnh thit k 3 bc)
Khng t
Ch u t t chc
OKduyt
Thm nh, ph
Thit k bn v thi cng, d ton

(cng trnh thit k 1,2,3 bc)
Khng t
Ch u t t chc
Thm nh, ph duyt
t
Xin giy php xy dng
La chn nh thu xy lp, k hp ng
Qun l thi cng xy dng cng trnh

Nghim thu, bn giao, a vo vn hnh
Quyt ton, Bo hnh cng trnh
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149
Phn loi d n (lin quan cng trnh in) theo quy m v tnh cht:
Loi d n u t xy dng cng trnh
Mc vn
D n quan trng Quc gia Do Quc hi thng qua ch trng v cho php Theo Ngh quyt ca
u t
Quc hi
Nhm A:
XD cng trnh h tng khu cng nghip
Khng k mc vn
Cc d n u t xy dng cng trnh cng nghip in
Trn 600 t ng
Cc d n u t xy dng cng trnh h tng k thut, k thut in
Trn 400 t ng
Nhm B:
T 30 n 600 t ng
T 20 n 400 t ng
Nhm C:
Di 30 t ng
Di 20 t ng
* Cc d n quan trng Quc gia phi lp bo co u t xy dng cng trnh trnh Quc
hi thng qua ch trng v cho php u t. Cc d n nhm A khng phn bit ngun vn phi
lp bo co u t xy dng cng trnh trnh Th tng Chnh ph cho php u t.
Ni dung bo co u t xy dng cng trnh bao gm: s cn thit u t, iu kin thun li, kh
khn, ch khai thc v s dng ti nguyn Quc gia; D kin quy m u t, cc hng mc cng
trnh, a im xy dng cng trnh v nhu cu s dng t; Phn tch, la chn s b v cng ngh,
k thut, cc iu kin cung cp vt t, thit b, nguyn liu, nng lng, dch v, h tng KT,
phng n gii phng mt bng, ti nh c, nh hng ca d n i vi mi trng, sinh thi,
PCCN, an ninh, quc phng; Hnh thc u t, xc nh s b tng mc u t, thi hn thc hin
d n, phng n huy ng vn v phn k u t
* Cc d n h tng x hi s dng vn ngn sch khng nhm mc ch kinh doanh c tng
mc u t di 7 t ng; cng trnh ci to, sa cha, nng cp c tng mc u t di 3 t ng,
ch cn lp bo co kinh t - k thut xy dng cng trnh. Ch cn thit k 1 bc v h s gm c
thit k bn v thi cng v d ton.
* Cn li, khi u t xy dng cng trnh, ch u t phi t chc lp d n u t xy dng
cng trnh. Ni dung d n bao gm phn thuyt minh v phn thit k c s.
* Ni dung phn thit k c s ca d n phi th hin c gii php thit k ch yu, m bo
iu kin xc nh tng mc u t v trin khai cc bc thit k tip theo.
* Cc d n do ngi c thm quyn quyt nh u t t chc thm nh.
* Thm quyn quyt nh u t (vn ngn sch): Th tng CP quyt nh u t cc d n
c Quc hi thng qua ch trng v cho php u t; B trng, Ch tch UBND tnhquyt
nh u t cc d n nhm A,B,C; B trng, Ch tch UBND tnhc y quyn hoc phn cp
quyt nh u t i vi cc d n nhm B,C cho c quan cp di thc hin
* Ty theo quy m v tnh cht ca cng trnh, vic thit k xy dng cng trnh c th c thc
hin theo 1 bc, 2 bc hoc 3 bc nh sau:
- Thit k 1 bc l thit k bn v thi cng p dng cho cng trnh ch lp bo co kinh t - k
thut nh ni trn.
- Thit k 2 bc bao gm bc thit k c s v thit k bn v thi cng p dng i vi cng
trnh phi lp d n nhng khng buc phi thit k 3 bc.
- Thit k 3 bc bao gm bc thit k c s, thit k k thut v thit k bn v thi cng p
dng i vi cng trnh quy nh phi lp d n v c quy m l cp c bit, cp I v cng trnh cp
II c k thut phc tp do ngi quyt nh u t quyt nh.
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150

Loi cng trnh
CT ngun nhit in
CT ngun thy in
CT ngun in nguyn t
CT ng dy v TBA
Cp c bit
CS>2.000MW
> 1.000MW
> 1.000MW
-

Cp I
600-2.000MW
300-1.000MW
= 1000MW
500 kV
Cp II
50-<600MW
30-<300MW
110 kV
Cp III
5 - <50MW
3 - <30MW
35 kV
Cp IV
< 5MW
< 3MW
-
Ti liu tham kho:

- Lut xy dng ngy 26/11/2003;
- Ngh nh 16/2005/N-CP ngy 7/2/2005 ca Chnh ph v qun l d n u t xy dng cng
trnh.
- Ngh nh 209/2004/N-CP ngy 16/12/2004 ca CP v qun l cht lng cng trnh xy dng.
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151
LU THIT K K THUT
p dng vo thit k li in phn phi khu dn c
FUNCTIONS: m bo nhu cu, p ng pht trin v m rng,

chuyn cng sut h, vn hnh li phn phi v th t u tin ti.
ANALYSIS: Nhu cu cng sut ph ti, tc pht trin, kh nng

tng vng ph ti, ngun, kt cu h tng v quy hoch, hng
tuyn, iu kin t nhin, kt qu kho st, cc iu kin vn hnh.
CRITERIA: Lut in lc, quy phm trang b in, tiu chun k

thut ca cc PC, Lut lin quan tuyn ng dy, PCCN, VSMT
SYNTHESIS: Hng tuyn, gii php phn phi, g/php xy dng
PROVISIONAL DESIGN: S ni dy, c dy dn, v tr v

cng sut TBA, thit b bo v, phn on ng dy.
SIMULATION: Thit lp s tng ng, tnh ton phn b

cng sut, st p, tn tht in nng. Cung cp trong tnh trng s c
EXPECTED PROPERTIES: CS,in p,AT,n nh,tin cy,TTN
EVALUATION: in p, an ton, lin tc cp in, TTN
VALUE OF DESIGN: tng mc u t
DECISION
APPROVED DESIGN
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152
MC CH:
C ci nhn tng qut v thit k li in phn phi cho khu dn c;
Nm c cc yu cu c bn ca thit k li in phn phi;
Hnh dung c trnh t cc cng vic cn thc hin;
Hiu c mi lin h gia li in vi cc kt cu h tng k thut khc.
HNG DN S DNG LU :
Functions - Li in phi:
o m bo nhu cu dng in ca khu dn c; m rng khu dn c theo quy hoch;
o p ng tc pht trin ph ti trong nhiu nm;
o C th chuyn ti h cho cc khu vc ln cn;
o L mt b phn vn hnh thng nht trong li phn phi a phng;
o m bo ng th t u tin theo tnh cht ph ti.
Analysis - Cn phn tch:
o Nhu cu cng sut ph ti (thng dng phng php thng k trc tip);
o Tc pht trin. D on theo t l cc thnh phn s dng in (nng lm thy sn,
cng nghip xy dng, thng mi dch v, nh sng sinh hot v tiu dng dn c)
ca cc khu vc tng t. Kh nng m rng khu dn c.
o Hin trng cc ngun v kh nng cung cp. Lu quy hoch ngun tng lai.
o Cc kt cu h tng k thut hin c v quy hoch: ng b, ng st, ng thy,
cu cng, iu, cp thot nc, thng tin lin lc, cy xanh
o Hng tuyn. y l vn mu cht. Cn phn tch k v c kin ca a phng
v cc c quan qun l.
o iu kin a hnh, a cht, kh tng, thy vn (ti liu) v kt qu kho st thc t.
o Cc iu kin v ch vn hnh theo CQ qun l in a phng, tha thun u
ni
Criteria:
o Lut in lc nm 2004 v cc ngh nh, thng t hng dn;
o Quy phm trang b in ban hnh theo quyt nh 19/2006/Q-BCN ngy 11/7/2006
ca B trng b Cng nghip;
o Tiu chun k thut ca cc Cng ty in lc;
o Lut v cc vn bn di lut lin quan tuyn ng dy (ng x, cu cng,
iu, rng), PCCN v v sinh mi trng (trong TK buc phi c PCCN v bo co
nh gi tc ng mi trng);
o p dng cc tiu chun k thut tin tin phi c kin ca cc CQ chc nng.
Synthesis:
o Hng tuyn. (Gn nh khng c nhiu la chn)
o Gii php phn phi: Chn ngun, hng cng sut, cp in p, s ni dy, c
dy dn, v tr v cng sut TBA, thit b bo v ng ct
o Gii php xy dng: Mng, tr, , s, kt cu TBA
Provisional Design: C th xem y nh thit k c s. Th hin r nhng ni dung chnh:
S ni dy, c dy dn, v tr v cng sut TBA, thit b bo v, phn on ng dy
Simulation:
o Thit lp s tng ng, tnh ton phn b cng sut, st p, tn tht in nng.
o S cung cp trong tnh trng s c hoc ct in.
Expected properties: Cng sut (chuyn ti), in p, an ton, n nh, tin cy, TTN
Evaluation:
o in p ( 5%), an ton, lin tc cung cp in, TTN (hin cha quy nh c th)
Value of design: Lp tng mc u t
Decision: Quyt nh, ph duyt
Approved design: Thit k c s c chp thun, tin hnh thit k k thut thi cng (c
thm cc chi tit v d phn b tr, ng sut v vng cng dy).
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LU THIT K K THUT
So snh vi trnh t thit k li in khu cng nghip
FUNCTIONS
Cp in lin tc cho khu CN, m bo CS, in p,
Analysis
Nhu cu ph ti, tnh cht v nh hng pht trin,

ngun, kt cu h tng, kt qu kho st
Criteria
Quy hoch khu cng nghip, quy phm trang b in,

tiu chun KT ca cng ty cp in
Synthesis
H thng cng trnh h tng sn c v d nh. Cc

gii php thit k
Provisional
Design
Xc nh v tr TBA phn phi, xc nh ngun, la

chn cp in p, vch phng n ni dy, chn dy
dn, chn gii php xy dng, kt cu li
Simulation
Tnh ton phn b cng sut, in p
Expected
properties
Cng sut , in p, an ton , n nh, tin cy, tn

tht in nng
Evaluation
nh gi in p, tn tht in nng
Value of
design
So snh kinh t, k thut cc phng n
Decision
Approved
Design
La chn phng n
Hon thin thit k, Lp tng mc u t, trnh ngi

c thm quyn quyt nh u t.
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154
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1.
Quyen Huy Anh, Gao trnh Cung cap ien, H SPKT Tp HCM 2006.
2.
Hng dan thiet ke va lap at ien theo tieu chuan IEC, NXB Khoa hoc va Ky thuat 2009.
3.
Nguyen Xuan Phu. Cung Cap ien, NXB Khoa hoc va Ky thuat 2002.
4.
Nguyen Hoang Viet, Thiet Ke He Thong ien, NXB ai hoc Quoc gia Tp. Ho Ch Minh 2003.
5.
Nguyen Van am, Thiet Ke Cac Mang Va He Thong ien, NXB Khoa hoc va Ky thuat 2004.
6.
Ngo Hong Quang, Giao Trnh Cung Cap ien, NXB Giao duc 2004.
7.
Ngo Hong Quang, So Tay La Chon Va Tra Cu Thiet B ien T 0,4 kV en 500 kV NXB Khoa
hoc va Ky thuat 2002.
8.
Trnh Hung Tham, Nguyen Hu Khai, Nha May ien Va Tram Bien Ap, NXB Khoa hoc va Ky thuat
1996.
9.
Turan Gonen, Electric Power Distribution System Engineering 1986.
10.
Huyng Ba Minh, Chuyen e: La Chon Chong Set Li Phan Phoi 2003(photo).
11.
Ho Van Hien, He thong ien truyen tai va phan phoi NXB ai Hoc Quoc Gia TP. HCM 2003.
12.
Nguyen Xuan Phu, Nguyen Cong Hien, Tnh toan cung cap va la chon thiet b kh cu ien, NXB
Giao duc 2006.
13.
Ngo Hong Quang, Vu Van Tam, Thiet ke cap ien, NXB Khoa Hoc Va Ky Thuat 2006.
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BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO

TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP. HO CH MINH

PGS.TS. QUYEN HUY ANH

THIET KE HE THONG IEN

TP. HO CH MINH 2009

Giao trnh Thiet ke he thong ien

PGS.TS. Quyen Huy Anh

THIET KE MANG PHAN PHOI IEN

He thong phan phoi gom:

Hnh 1.1. S o n tuyen he thong phan

NG DAY TRUYEN TAI TRUNG GIAN

Giao trnh Thiet ke he thong ien

PGS.TS. Quyen Huy Anh

Hnh 1.3. S o mang truyen tai trung gian

Hnh 1.4. S o mang truyen tai

Hnh 1.5. S o mang truyen tai trung gian dang li

Giao trnh Thiet ke he thong ien

PGS.TS. Quyen Huy Anh

1.2. MANG PHAN PHOI S CAP

Hnh 1.7. Tuyen s cap hnh tia va he thong dao cach ly

Giao trnh Thiet ke he thong ien

PGS.TS. Quyen Huy Anh

Giao trnh Thiet ke he thong ien

PGS.TS. Quyen Huy Anh

Hnh 1.10. S o tuyen day trung the mach vong

c. Mang phan phoi s cap dang li

Hnh 1.11. Mang phan phoi s cap dang li

Giao trnh Thiet ke he thong ien

PGS.TS. Quyen Huy Anh

1.2.2. Cac cap ien ap cua he thong phan phoi s cap

He so bnh phng ien ap L-N, mi

Giao trnh Thiet ke he thong ien

PGS.TS. Quyen Huy Anh

Tai tuyen day mi

1.2.3. Chon c day trung the

Giao trnh Thiet ke he thong ien

PGS.TS. Quyen Huy Anh

Hnh 1.14. Cac yeu to anh hng en so lng tuyen day.

Hnh 1.15. Cac yeu to anh hng en chon la c day dan.

Hnh 1.16. S quan he gia he so phu

Giao trnh Thiet ke he thong ien

PGS.TS. Quyen Huy Anh

Bang 1.1. He so phu tai

Dong hieu dung

he so ton that cong suat

Cho he so tai la 0,7.

Giao trnh Thiet ke he thong ien

PGS.TS. Quyen Huy Anh

Thi gian s dung cong suat cc ai Tmax, h

Day dan tran

Tiet dien kinh te cua moi oan:

Giao trnh Thiet ke he thong ien

PGS.TS. Quyen Huy Anh

Chon tiet dien day tieu chuan:

I cp 0 ,82 610 500 ,2 A

Giao trnh Thiet ke he thong ien

PGS.TS. Quyen Huy Anh

oi vi cap ngam chon x 0 0 ,08 /km

T o xac nh tiet dien day dan can tm.

Xac nh tiet dien day:

Giao trnh Thiet ke he thong ien

PGS.TS. Quyen Huy Anh

vi la ien tr suat cua kim loai lam ra day.

S2 = 3 +j2 MVA S3 = 2 +j2 MVA