Tp ch Khoa hc v Pht trin 2011: Tp 9, s 2: 278 - 285

TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI

M PHNG BM ST IM CNG SUT CC I DN PIN NNG LNG MT TRI

DA TRN IU KHIN M
Simulation of Maximum Power Point Tracking for Solar Cells Based on Fuzzy Control
Nguyn Vit Ng1,2 , WANG Hong-hua1, Nguyn Xun Trng1,3,
V Vn Nam3, L Th Minh Tm2
P

Vin Nng lng v cng trnh in, Trng i hc H Hi, Nam Kinh, Trung Quc (College
of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, P.R.China)
2
Khoa in v in t, Trng i hc S phm K thut Hng Yn, Vit Nam (Electrical and
electronic department Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Vietnam)
3
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni, Vit Nam (Hanoi University of Agriculture,
Hanoi city, Vietnam)

a ch email tc gi lin lc: ngunguyenviet@yahoo.com
Ngy gi ng (Received date): 15.9.2010; Ngy chp nhn (Accepted date): 18.3.2011

TM TT
Vit Nam nm trong khu vc c cng nh sng mt tri trung bnh kh cao, c nhiu li th
s dng nng lng mt tri. y l ngun nng lng sch, thn thin vi mi trng, tr lng
gn nh v tn, v ang c nghin cu ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc ca sn xut v i
sng. Nng lng mt tri c th s dng trc tip dng nhit hoc chuyn i thnh nng lng
in nh pin nng lng mt tri. Mc d c nhiu u im, nhng dn pin nng lng mt tri li
ph thuc nhiu vo cng nh sng mt tri v nhit mi trng. V vy, vn bo m dn
pin nng lng mt tri lun lm vic bm st im cng sut cc i MPPT ( Maximum Power Point
Tracking) c nhiu ngi quan tm. Bi bo ny trnh by c tnh cng sut u ra ca dn pin
nng lng mt tri, xy dng m hnh m phng bm st im cng sut cc i ca dn pin nng
lng mt tri da trn iu khin m.
T kha: Bm st cng sut cc i, cng nh sng mt tri, iu khin m, nhit mi
trng, pin nng lng mt tri.
R

TR

TR

SUMMARY
Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia having high sunlight intensity in average and advantages to
use solar energy. Solar energy, a clean and sustainable energy resource and environment friendly,
has been studied and applied in many fields of life. Solar energy can be used directly as a heat source
or converted to electricity by solar cells. Although of its advantages, the solar energy depends a lot
on sunlight intensity and ambient temperature. Adjustment the solar cells how to work at maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) is one of the issues of great interest. This paper presents characteristics
of the power output and simulation model of MPPT for solar cells based on fuzzy control.
RT

Key words: Environmental temperature, fuzzy control, light intensity, maximum power point
tracking (MPPT), solar cell.
RT

HRRTH

1. T VN
Cng sut u ra ca dn pin nng
lng mt tri ph thuc vo cng nh
sng mt tri v nhit mi trng
(Nguyn Vn ng, 2005). iu kin
cng nh sng mt tri v nhit mi
278

trng bin i th in p v cng sut u

ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri c quan
h phi tuyn tnh v ch c duy nht mt
im cng sut cc i. Mc tiu ca MPPT
l iu khin dn pin nng lng mt tri
lun lm vic im cng sut cc i khi
cng nh sng mt tri v nhit mi

M phng bm st im cng sut cc i dn pin nng lng mt tri da trn iu khin m

trng bin i. C nhiu phng php

MPPT nh: phng php n nh in p,
phng php quan st dao ng nhiu,
phng php tng lng in dn, phng
php ti u Gradient, phng php iu
khin m v phng php mng nron nhn
to, v.v Bi bo gii thiu kt qu c tnh
cng sut u ra ca dn pin nng lng
mt tri, m phng bng Matlab Simulink
/Power System v p dng phng php
quan st dao ng da trn iu khin m
thc hin MPPT ca dn pin nng lng
mt tri. Kt qu m phng ca bi bo cho
thy, dn pin nng lng mt tri lun lm
vic MPPT (Pm = 55 W) khi iu kin mi
trng bn ngoi thay i.

2. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

T c s l thuyt ca dn pin nng
lng mt tri v h thng pht in nng
lng mt tri kt hp vi phn mm
Matlab/Simulink thit lp m hnh m
phng, xc nh ng c tnh ca dn pin
nng lng mt tri v c tnh ca phng
php iu khin bm st im cng sut cc
i dn pin nng lng mt tri.
R

3. KT QU NGHIN CU V THO
LUN
3.1. Xy dng m hnh v m phng dn
pin nng lng mt tri
3.1.1. Xy dng m hnh dn pin nng lng
mt tri

Pin nng lng mt tri (hay pin quang

in), l thit b bn dn cha lng ln cc
diod p-n, c kh nng chuyn i nng lng

nh sng mt tri thnh nng lng in.

c tnh c bn ca pin nng lng mt tri
gn ging vi diod p-n.
Mch in tng ng ca dn pin
nng lng mt tri theo Zhao zheng Ming,
Liu Jian Zheng, Sun Xiao Ying (2005) v Li
Ji Yong (2010) c th hin hnh 1.
T s mch in tng ng ca
dn pin nng lng mt tri, ta c dng in
IL l:
T

IL = Iph ID Ish

q(UL + ILRs ) UL + ILRs

(1)
1
nkT
Rsh

= Iph Io exp

Trong :
Iph- dng in do nh sng mt tri v
dn pin nng lng mt tri sinh
ra, (A)
ID- dng in chy qua diod D, (A)
Ish- dng in chy qua ni tr song
song Rsh, (A)
IL- dng in chy qua in tr ti RL
v ni tr ni tip Rs, (A)
I0- dng in bo ha ca diod D, (A),
(gi tr ca n rt nh thng ly
Io = 8 10-4 A)
Rsh, Rs- ni tr song song v ni tr ni
tip ca dn pin nng lng mt
tri, ()
UL - in p trn ti RL, (V)
Q- in tch, (C), (Q = 1,6 1019C)
n- h s mt ghp p-n trong dn pin
nng lng mt tri
T- nhit tuyt i ca b mt dn pin
nng lng mt tri, (K), (T = 300 K)
k- h s Boltzman s , (J/K),
(k = 1,38 10-23J/K).
B

Hnh 1. Mch in tng ng ca dn pin nng lng mt tri

279

Nguyn Vit Ng, WANG Hong-hua, Nguyn Xun Trng, V Vn Nam, L Th Minh Tm

Thng thng Rsh c gi tr rt ln v

Rs c gi tr rt nh v vy ta c th b qua
lng U L + I L Rs t biu thc (1) c rt
Rsh
gn l:

U ' m = U m (1 cT )(1 + bS )
Trong :

Sref- cng nh sng mt tri chun,

(W/m2), (ly Sref =1000 W/m2)
P

IL = Iph ID Ish
qUL
1
nkT

= Iph Io exp

Tref- nhit mi trng chun, (25 oC , 298K)

PR

(2)

(3)

Um

C1 = m 1 exp
U oc

C2U oc

(4)

mt tri thc t vi cng nh sng

mt tri chun, (W/m2)
P

T- gi tr sai lch gia nhit mi trng

thc t vi nhit mi trng chun, (K)
K- h s nhit ca dn pin nng lng mt
tri, gi tr in hnh l 0,3oC (m2/W)

BR

BR

(6)

T = Tamb Tref

(7)

S
S ref 1

I ' sc = I sc

S
(1 + aT )
S ref

U ' oc = U oc (1 cT )(1 + bS )

I 'm = I m

S
(1 + aT )
S ref

I'm- dng in cng sut cc i ca dn pin

nng lng mt tri di cng nh
sng mt tri S v nhit mi trng
T, (A)
B

BR

Tamb = Tair + KS

S =

280

U'oc - in p h mch ca dn pin nng lng

mt tri di cng nh sng mt
tri S v nhit mi trng T, (V)

(5)

I'sc - dng in ngn mch ca dn pin nng

lng mt tri di cng nh sng
mt tri S v nhit mi trng T, (A)

tnh ton cc tham s Tamb, T , S ,

I'sc, U'oc , I'm , U'm di iu kin cng
nh sng mt tri v nhit mi trng
bin i s da vo cc cng thc:
B

S- gi tr sai lch gia cng nh sng

U L
1
I L = I sc 1 C1 exp

C
U
2
oc

Tamb- nhit mi trng thc t, ( C)

U

I
C2 = m 1 ln1 m
U oc
I sc

Trong cng thc (2) c nhiu tham s

kh xc nh v khng cn thit cho ln c
th b qua.
Theo Su Jian Hui (2001), m hnh s
hc n gin ha dn pin nng lng mt
tri l:

S- cng nh sng mt tri thc t,

(W/m2)
P

(12)

(8)

(9)
(10)
(11)

U'm- in p ng vi cng sut cc i ca

dn pin nng lng mt tri di cng
nh sng mt tri S v nhit mi
trng T, (V)

a, b, c l cc hng s c gi tr:
a = 0,0025; b = 0,5; c = 0,00288.
3.1.2 M phng dn pin nng lng mt tri

M hnh m phng c xy dng da

theo m hnh ton hc ca dn pin nng
lng mt tri trn c s ca Matlab
Simulink/Power System (Hnh 2). Dn pin
nng lng mt tri c chn m phng l
STP040S-12/C ca Hng Suntech (Dai Chen
Jun, 2010), vi Um = 17,2 V; Im = 2,33 A;
Uoc= 21,5 V; Isc= 3 A.
B

M phng bm st im cng sut cc i dn pin nng lng mt tri da trn iu khin m

Hnh 2. M hnh m phng dn pin nng lng mt tri

Da vo m hnh m phng tin
hnh m phng c c tnh ca dn Pin
nng lng mt tri di cng nh sng
v nhit mi trng khc nhau. Hnh 3 l
ng cong m phng P- V v V-I khi nhit
mi trng thay i, cng nh sng
mt tri khng i. Hnh 4 ng cong m
phng P-V v V-I khi cng nh sng mt
tri thay i, nhit mi trng khng i.
T hnh 3 cho thy, khi cng nh
sng mt tri khng i, nhit mi trng
tng ln, dng in I ngn mch tng ln
khng ng k, in p U h mch gim
xung rt thp. T , lm cho cng sut u
ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri gim.
Nh vy, khi nhit mi trng bin i
cng c nh hng trc tip n cng sut
u ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri. T
hnh 4 cho thy, khi nhit mi trng
khng i, cng nh sng mt tri tng
ln, in p U h mch tng ln khng ng
k, dng in I ngn mch tng ln rt cao.
T , cng sut u ra ca dn pin nng
lng mt tri tng ln rt cao. Do , cng
R

nh sng mt tri l mt yu t quan trng

nh hng trc tip n nng lng in pht
ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri. T hnh 3
v 4 cho thy, nhit mi trng v cng
nh sng mt tri l hai tham s quan
trng nh hng trc tip n cng sut u
ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri.
3.2 Phng php quan st dao ng da
trn iu khin m
Phng php quan st dao ng l dng
in p v dng in u ra ca dn pin
nng lng mt tri tnh cng sut u
ra, sau so snh vi cng sut ln trc.
Nu gi tr tnh ton nh hn gi tr cng
sut ln trc th iu khin in p u ra
bin i theo hng ngc li. Nu khng th
duy tr gi tr in p u ra khng i
(Nicola Femia, Giovanni Petrone, Giovanni
Spagnuolo, 2005) . Trong ng dng thc t,
c th thay i in p u ra bng cch
thay i rng xung (PWM) dn pin
nng lng mt tri lm vic lun bm st
im cng sut cc i. S khi cu trc
c th hin trn hnh 5 .
R

281

Nguyn Vit Ng, WANG Hong-hua, Nguyn Xun Trng, V Vn Nam, L Th Minh Tm

(b) ng c tnh ca quan h gia V-I khi

nhit mi trng thay i

(a) ng c tnh ca quan h gia P- V khi

nhit mi trng thay i
R

Hnh 3. ng c tnh ca quan h gia P- V v V-I khi nhit mi trng bin

i v cng nh sng mt tri khng i (S = 1000W/m2)
R

(a) ng cong c tnh P- V khi cng sng

mt tri thay i
R

(b) ng cong c tnh V-I khi cng sng

mt tri thay i
R

Hnh 4. ng cong c tnh khi cng sng mt tri bin i v nhit

mi trng khng kh (Tamb=25oC)
B

Hnh 5. S khi cu trc phng php quan st dao ng

R

282

M phng bm st im cng sut cc i dn pin nng lng mt tri da trn iu khin m

Hnh 6. S khi cu trc ca b iu khin m

iu chnh in p bng cch thay i
chu k ng ct PWM thng thng c nhc
im l: Nu chu k ng ct qu ln s lm
mc iu chnh cng sut u ra ln,
chnh xc thp, sai lch tnh ln. Nu chu k
ng ct qu nh th thi gian bm st di,
thi gian iu chnh ln. khc phc
nhc im ny, c th s dng b iu
khin m thay i chu k ng ct nhm
mc ch ti u ha qu trnh iu chnh.
Ly cng sut u ra ca dn pin nng
lng mt tri gi l hm s mc tiu ca b
iu khin m, thay i chu k ng ct ca
tn hiu PWM, sai lch cng sut u ra ca
thi im th n ca dn pin nng lng mt
tri vi gi tr chu k ng ct ca thi im
th n-1 gi l bin u vo ca b iu khin
m. S cu trc b iu khin c th
hin hnh 6 (Yan Wan Juan, 1996).
Trn s cu trc, ta c:
e(n)- sai lch gia cng sut u ra thi
im th n vi cng sut u ra
thi im th n-1
E(n), A(n)- gi tr trong min tp m ca
e(n) , a(n)
R

m hnh ny, khi bt u mi mt chu

k ti u ha, u tin tnh ton gi tr cng
sut u ra P(n) thi im ny, sau ly
gi tr sai lch e(n) gia P(n) v P(n-1) lm
u vo ca b iu khin m, qua b bin
i x l m ha tr thnh bin E(n) v A(n-1)
trong min tp m. Xc nh bng quy tc
iu khin ph hp thu c gi tr bc
A(n) ti u ha ca thi im ny, chu k
ng ct ca ngay thi im sau tng tng
ng vi chu k ng ct ca thi im
ngay trc . Nh vy, c th iu chnh
in p u ra ca dn Pin nng lng mt
tri cho n khi chu k ti u ha tip theo
c bt u. Qu trnh m t trn c
tin hnh nhiu ln cho n khi in p
u ra c iu chnh ti im in p
cng sut cc i ca dn Pin nng lng
mt tri th dng li.
3.3 M phng phng php quan st dao
ng da trn iu khin m
nh ngha bin ngn ng u vo -ra
E(n); A(n-1); A(n) l: 8 gi tr m; 6 gi tr
m; 6 gi tr m, min ca n u l (-6, +6)
( Ying , 1993 ; Phan Xun Minh & Don
Phc , 1999). dn pin nng lng mt
tri lun lm vic ln cn im cng sut
cc i th quy tc iu khin m c biu
th bng 1.
R

a(n)- gi tr thc t bc thi im th n

D(n) v D(n-1)- chu k ng ct thi

im th n v n-1
Ke , Ka- h s bin i , h s t l
R

283

Nguyn Vit Ng, WANG Hong-hua, Nguyn Xun Trng, V Vn Nam, L Th Minh Tm

Bng 1. Quy tc iu khin m

E(n)
A(n)

A(n-1)

NB

NM

NS

NO

PO

PS

PM

PB

NB

PB

PM

PS

PS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NM

PB

PB

PM

PS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

PB

PB

PM

PS

NS

NS

PB

NS

PS

NS

NS

NS

NS

PS

PM

PB

PB

PM

NS

NS

NS

NM

PM

PM

PB

PB

PB

NS

NS

NS

NM

PM

PS

PM

PB

Ghi ch: NB-negative small; NM-negative medium; NS-negative small; NO-negative zero; PO-positive zero;
PS-positive small; PM-positive medium; PB-positive big.

Hnh 7. H thng m phng phng php quan st dao ng da trn iu khin m

Chn b iu khin loi Mamdani, gii
m bng phng php im trng tm. H
thng m phng bm st cng sut cc i
dn pin nng lng mt tri da trn iu
khin m (Hnh 7). u vo ca b iu
khin m l gi tr ca chu k ng ct D
thi im th n-1 cng vi gi tr sai lch
cng sut ca thi im th n v n-1, u
ra l gi tr ca chu k ng ct D thi im
th n. Gi tr ca Ke, Ka c chn l: 100
v 0,01.
3.4. Kt qu m phng v tho lun
Nhit b mt dn pin nng lng
mt tri l 25oC, thay i cng nh sng
t 500 W/m2 ln mc 1000 W/m2, cng sut
u ra P v chu k ng ct D (Hnh 8).
T hnh 8 cho thy, phng php quan
P

284

st dao ng da trn iu khin m thay

i chu k ng ct phn ng vi tc rt
nhanh i vi s thay i ca cng nh
sng nh mt tri. Thi gian qu rt
ngn, sai lch tnh rt nh. Nh vy, s
dng iu khin m iu khin bm st
cng sut cc i dn pin nng lng mt
tri c kh nng MPPT vi thi gian rt
nhanh, chnh xc cao, gim dao ng cng
sut u ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri
ln cn im cng sut cc i (k c di
s thay i ca cng nh sng mt tri
v nhit mi trng). T , gim thiu
c hao tn cng sut do dao ng sng
cng sut pht sinh dn ti cng sut u ra
ca dn pin ln. Trn y l nhng u im
ca iu khin m m nhng phng php
iu khin kinh in kh t c.

M phng bm st im cng sut cc i dn pin nng lng mt tri da trn iu khin m

b)

a)

Cng sut u ra P

Chu k ng ct D

Hnh 8. p ng u ra di bc nhy ca cng nh sng

m trong my p trng gia cm c s
dng nng lng mt tri. Lun n tin s
k thut, Trng i hc Nng nghip H
Ni, tr. 41-47 .

4. KT LUN
S dng iu khin m iu khin
bm st cng sut cc i khng ch nng
cao tc MPPT m cn khng pht sinh ra
dao ng ln. Cng sut pht ra ca dn pin
nng lng mt tri c trng thi tnh v
ng rt tt. T kt qu m phng hnh 8
cho thy cng sut u ra dn pin nng
lng mt tri lun lm vic MPPT (Pm = 55
W) vi tc nhanh v chnh xc khi iu
kin mi trng bn ngoi thay i, tc ng
ca nhiu gn nh trit tiu hon ton, h
thng lm vic n nh.
Do , s dng iu khin m kt hp
tng ng vi phng php quan st dao
ng iu khin MPPT ca dn pin nng
lng mt tri l con ng hu hiu
nng cao cht lng v hiu sut ca h
thng nng lng mt tri pht in. H
thng quang nng ca bi bo c th s
dng l ngun cung cp in h tr, d
phng rt tt trong cc l p trng gia cm,
l sy nng sn sau thu hoch..., c cng
sut nh nhm tic kim ngun nng lng,
gim gi thnh sn phm v gii quyt vn
an ninh nng lng quc gia.
R

TI LIU THAM KHO

Nguyn Vn ng (2005). Nghin cu tng
hp h thng iu khin qu trnh nhit

Phan Xun Minh & Don Phc (1999). L

thuyt iu khin m, NXB. Khoa hc v
K thut , tr 95-101
Nicola Femia, Giovanni Petrone, Giovanni
Spagnuolo (2005). Optimization of Perturb
and Observe Maximum Power Point
Tracking Method. IEEE Trans. On Power
Electronics, 20(4), p.963-973 .
H.Ying (1993). A nonlinear fuzzy controller
with liear rules is the sum of a global twodimensional multilevel relay and a local
nonlinear PI controller . Automatica, vol.
29, no. 2.p. 499-505.
R

(2005).

. :, p. 1-8.
R

, (2001). .
, (22) , p. 409-412.
R

(1996).
. , ( 1 ), p. 15-26.
R

(2010).
, p. 19-20.
R

(2010).
, p. 21-23.
R

285