Educational Technology

Integrating Educational Technology

into Teaching

Chapter Objectives
Definitions

of educational technology
Identifying the component parts of a
computer system
Functions of a given systems device
Classifying computer software
Describing the contributions of educational
technologists
Classifying educational technology products

Technology in Education:
Concepts and Definitions
Educational Technology has no
agreed upon definition.

Technology is commonly
thought of in terms of gadgets,
instrument, machines, and
devices.most (educators) will
defer to technology as
computers
-- Muffoletto(1994)-p.5 Integrating Education
Technology into Teaching (IETIT)

Only

about a decade ago, a

history of technology in
education since 1920 placed the
emphasis on radio and
television, with computers as
an afterthought .
--Cuban, 1986 (IETIT) p.5

However, Saettler (1990) urges

The historical function of

educational technology is a
process rather than a product.

Any useful definition of

educational technology, therefore,
must focus on the process of
applying tools for educational
purposes, and the materials used.

In education, the combination of

process and product merges
instructional procedures with
instructional tools.

Technology in Education as
Media and Audiovisual
Communications

 Audiovisual

movement: ways of
delivering information that could be used
as alternatives to lectures and books.
Audiovisual communications: the
branch of educational theory and
practice concerned primarily with the
design and use of messages which
control the learning process. (Saettler,
IETIE,p6)
AECT- Association for Ed. Commo. and
Technology.

Technology in Education as
Instructional Systems

 1960s

and 1970s
Human and non-human resources
( teachers and media).
Systematic approach to designing,
developing, and delivering instruction
matched to carefully identified needs.
International Society for Performance
Improvement.
Validating and creating instruction.

Technology in Education as
Vocational Training Tools

 Technology

in Education:
1. School learning prepares students
for
the world of work.
2. Vocational training can be a
practical
means of teaching.

ITEA

(International Technology Education

Association).

Technology in Education as
Computers and Computer-based
Systems

 Instructional

and supportive
applications of computers.
Computers began to be used in
classrooms in 1960s until 1990
and was known as educational
computing.
By the mid-1990s, educational
computing became known as
educational technology.
ISTE (International Society for
Technology in Education) holds the
following views:

Approaches to Technology in
Education

An emphasis on Computer
Systems
Computers as media are becoming
more complex and more capable.
Computer systems are subsuming other
forms of media.
The perceived complexity of computerbased systems has made it more difficult
for educators to effectively integrate
software and computer media into
classrooms.

Background on
Computer-based
Educational Technology

Whats a Computer??
Hardware

Providing the Electronic Capability

Software

Communicating with the Hardware

Any electromechanical device that
accepts input, processes input and
produces output.

Software in a Computer System

Systems

Software ( Types of
Operating Systems)
Applications Software (used for
Education, Entertainment, or
Edutainment)

Systems Software (Types of

Operating Systems)
Unix
Ms-DOS
Apple

Dos, ProDOS
Macintosh DOS, System 7
Windows 95

Applications Software for

Education
Tool

Software:

1. Word Processing
2. Spreadsheets
3. Database Management
4. Integrated Packages
5. Graphics Software
6. Communications Software
7. Other Tools

Applications Software for

Education( cont.)
Programming

Software:

1. BASIC
2. Logo
3. FORTRAN
4. COBOL, SNOBOL
5. C
6. Pascal
7. PL/1

Applications Software for

Education( cont.)
Courseware:

1. Tutorial
2. Drill & Practice
3. Simulation
4. Instructional Games
5. Problem Solving

Hardware: Providing the

Electronic Capability
1. Input functions:

Keyboard
Mouse
Joystick and game paddle
Bar-code reader
Scanner
Touch screen and light pen

Hardware: Providing the

Electronic Capability (cont.)
2. Output Functions
Printers
Monitors

3. Input and Output Functions

Disk drives

The CPUs Steps

Step 1.
The controller gets an instruction from
the systems internal memory and
puts it in a register.
Step 2.
The controller directs the ALU to do
necessary computations.
Step 3.
The controller gets the result from the
register and stores it once again in
internal memory.

CPU Central Processing Unit

ALU

: stands for Arithmetic/Logic

Unit
Control Unit: directs the activities of
the whole system.

The Internal and External

Memory and Communication
Functions
The

internal memory functions:

A limited amount of space is
arranged inside the computer for
storage of instructions. For example:
RAM and ROM.
The external memory functions:
External storage devices can store
larger quantities of information. For
Example: Hard Disks and CD-ROM.

The Internal and External

Memory and Communications
Functions
The

communications function is
optional, but it is vital for
communicating with other systems.
For example: Modem and Fax.

Software: Communicating with the

Hardware
Programming Languages:
Low-Level languages (Machine and
Assembly).
High-Level languages (Java, Cobol,
VC++ and Fortran ).

Types of Software
Systems

Software

Acts as a visible interface between

the machine and the user.
Applications

Software

Programs written to do tasks, such

as word processing or drawing
pictures.

Software Design
Step 1. Analyzing the problem
Step 2. Developing the algorithm
Step 3. Coding
Step 4. Testing
Step 5. Revising and Debugging

Types of Computer Systems

Personal

Computers
Mini and Mainframe Computers
Supercomputers
Cost , the number of users that can be
supported, size, speed, and storage
capacity distinguish between these.

The Developments During the

Period before Microcomputer
IBM

1500 system in universities and

Stanford University and the CCC
Control Data Corporation (CDC) and
the PLATO System
Brigham Young University and the
TICCIT System
Computerized instructional
management systems

The Microcomputer
Revolution in Education
The

Minnesota Educational
Computing Consortium (MECC) and
the software publishing movement.

MicroSIFT, EPIE,

and other
courseware evaluation efforts.

Courseware

authoring activities.

The Microcomputer
Revolution in Education
(cont.)
The

Computer Literacy Movement

Logo and Problem-Solving
The emergence of integrated
learning systems.

What Have We learned from the

Past ?
Direct

technology resources to
specific problems and needs
Anticipate and plan for change
Separate fad from fact

Current Types of Educational

Technology Systems

Standalone Personal Computers

Portable

units (PDAs)
Workstations
Labs

Networked Stations: From LANs

to MANs
Networks

are for sharing(Kee

1994), and this sharing was designed
to make computing activities more
efficient and cost-effective.
A network centralizes resources and
cuts down on handling of individual
disks.

Types of LANs
Physical

design

Types of LANs (Cont.)

Physical

design

Types of LANs (Cont.)

Physical

design

Types of LANs (Cont.)

Function (transmission method or

protocol)
* Token ring method
* Ethernet method

Three kinds of cable for

connecting LANs
Coaxial

cable: Designed to transfer

signals with minimal interference.

Twisted

pair cable: An inexpensive

way of handling ARCnet, Ethernet,

and token ring connections.
Fiber

optic cable:Allow networks

to send large amounts of information

at high speeds.

Current Applications of
Educational Technology
Systems

Instructional Technology Applications:

--Instructional software
--Interactive video-based materials
--Courses through distance learning
Productivity Tools:
--Prepare print instructional materials
--Keep records and analyze data
--Prepare and make instructional and
informative presentations
--Organize time and materials

 Tools for Students:

-- Writing assignments
-- Helping with research
-- Assisting with learning tasks in
various content areas
-- Developing products and
presentations.

-- The End --