Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

PHNG PHP BO TON IN TCH

(Trch t cun 16 Phng php, k thut gii nhanh bi ton Ha hc)

I. C S Ca Phng Php

1. C s: Nguyn t, phn t, dung dch lun trung ha v in

- Trong nguyn t: s proton = s electron

- Trong dung dch:
tng s mol x in tch ion = | tng s mol x in tch ion m |

2. p dng v mt s ch

a) khi lng mui (trong dung dch) = tng khi lng cc ion m

b) Qu trnh p dng nh lut bo ton in tch thng kt hp:

- Cc phng php bo ton khc: Bo ton khi lng, bo ton nguyn t

- Vit phng trnh ha hc ng ion thu gn

II. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP

Dng 1: p dng n thun nh lut bo ton in tch

V D 1: Mt dung dch c cha 4 ion vi thnh phn : 0,01 mol Na+, 0,02 mol Mg2+ , 0,015
mol SO42- , x mol Cl- . Gi tr ca x l:
A. 0,015.

B. 0,02.

C. 0,035.

D. 0,01.

Hng dn:
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch ta c:
0,01x1 + 0,02x2 = 0,015x2 + Xx1 x = 0,02 p n B
Dng 2: Kt hp vi nh lut bo ton khi lng
V D 2: Dung dch A cha hai cation l Fe2+: 0,1 mol v Al3+ : 0,2 mol v hai anion l Cl-: x
mol v SO42- : y mol. em c cn dung dch A thu c 46,9 gam hn hp mui khan.
Gi tr ca x v y ln lt l:
A. 0,6 v 0,1

B. 0,5 v 0,15

C. 0,3 v 0,2

D. 0,2 v 0,3

Hng dn:
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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

- p dng nh lut bo ton in tch ta c:

0,1x2 + 0,2x3 = Xx1 + y x 2 X + 2y = 0,8 (*)
- Khi c cn dung dch, khi lng mui = tng khi lng cc ion to mui
0,1x56 + 0,2x27 + Xx35,5 + Yx 96 = 46,9
35,5X + 96Y = 35,9 (**)
T (*) v (**) X = 0,2 ; Y = 0,3 p n D
V d 3: Chia hn hp X gm 2 kim loi c ha tr khng i thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1:
Ha tan haonf ton bng dung dch HCl d thu c 1,792 lt H2 (ktc). Phn 2: Nung trong
khng kh d, thu c 2,84 gam hn hp rn ch gm cc oxit.
Khi lng hn hp X l:
A. 1,56 gam.

C. 2,4 gam.

B. 1,8 gam.

D. 3,12 gam.

Hng dn:
Nhn xt: Tng s mol x in tch ion dng (ca 2 kim loi) trong 2 phn l
Bng nhau Tng s mol x in tch ion m trong 2 phn cng bng nhau.
O2 2 ClMt khc: nCl- = nH+ = 2nH2 = 1,792/ 22,4 = 0,08 (mol)
Suy ra: nO (trong oxit) = 0,04 (mol)
Suy ra: Trong mt phn: mKim Loi - m oxi = 2,84 - 0,08.16 = 1,56 gam
Khi lng hn hp X = 2.1,56 = 3,12 gam
p n D
Dng 3: Kt hp vi bo ton nguyn t
V D 4: Cho hn hp X gm x mol FeS2 v 0,045 mol Cu2S tc dng va vi HNO3 long,
un nng thu c dung dch ch cha mui sunfat ca cc kim loi V gii phng kh NO duy
nht, Gi tr ca x l:
A. 0,045.

B. 0,09.

C. 0,135.

D. 0,18.

Hng dn:
- p dng bo ton nguyn t:
Fe3+ : x mol ; Cu2+ : 0,09 ; SO42- : ( x + 0,045) mol
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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

- p dng nh lut bo ton in tch (trong dung dch ch cha mui sunfat)
Ta c : 3x + 2.0,09 = 2(x + 0,045)
x = 0,09
p n B
V D 5: Dng dch X c cha 5 ion : Mg2+ , Ba2+ , Ca2+ , 0,1 mol Cl- v 0,2 mol NO3-. Thm
dn V lt dung dch K2CO3 1M vo X n khi c lng Kt ta ln nht thig gi tr ti thiu
cn dng l:
A. 150ml.

B. 300 ml.

C. 200ml.

D. 250ml.

Hng dn:
C th qui i cc ion Mg2+, Ba2+, Ca2+ thnh M2+
M2+ + CO32- MCO3
Khi phn ng kt thc, phn dung dch cha K+, Cl-, v NO3p dng nh lut bo ton ton in tch ta c:
nk+ = nCl- + nNO3- = 0,3 (mol) suy ra: s mol K2CO3 = 0,15 (mol)
suy ra th tch K2CO3 = 0,15/1 = 0,15 (lt) = 150ml
p n A
Dng 4: Kt hp vi vic vit phng trnh dng ion thu gn
V D 6: Cho ha tan hon ton 15,6 gam hn hp gm Al v Al2O3 trong 500 dung dch
NaOH 1M thu c 6,72 lt H2 (ktc) V dung dch X. Th tch HCl 2M ti thiu cn cho vo
X thu c lng kt ta ln nht l:
A. 0,175 lt.

B. 0,25 lt.

C. 0,25 lt.

D. 0,52 lt.

Hng dn :
Dung dch X cha cc ion Na+ ; AlO2- ; OH- d (c th). p dng nh lut Bo ton in tch:
n AlO2- + n OH- = n Na+ = 0,5
Khi cho HCl vaof dung dch X:
H+

OH H2O

H+

AlO2- + H2O Al(OH)3

3H+ + Al(OH)3 Al3+ + 3H2O

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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

kt ta l ln nht, suy ra khng xy ra (3) v

n H+ = n AlO2- + n OH- = 0,5
Suy ra th tch HCl = 0,5/2 = 0,25 (lt)
p n B
Dng 5 : Bi ton tng hp
V d 7: Hon ton 10g hn hp X gm Mg v Fe bng dung dch HCl 2M. Kt thc th
nghim thu c dung dch Y v 5,6l kh H2 (ktc). kt ta hon ton cc cation c trong Y
cn va 300ml NaOH 2M.Th tch dung dch HCl dng l:
A: 0,2 lt

B: 0,24 lt

C: 0,3 lt

D: 0,4 lt

Hng dn:
nNa+ = nOH- = nNaOH = 0,6M
Khi cho NaOH vo dung dch Y(cha cc ion :Mg2+;Fe2+;H+ d;Cl-) cc ion dng s tc dng
vi OH- to thnh kt ta .Nh vy dung dch thu c sau phn ng ch cha Na+ v Cl-.
=>nCl- = nNa+=0,6 =>VHCl=0,6/2= 0,3 lt ==> p n C.
V d 8: ha tan hon ton 20 gam hn hp X gm Fe,FeO,Fe3O4, Fe2O3 cn va 700ml
dung dch HCl 1M thu c dung dch X v 3,36 lt kh H2 (ktc). Cho NaOH d vo dung dch
X ri ly ton b kt ta thu c em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i th
lng cht rn thu c l :
A: 8 gam

B: 16 gam

C: 24 gam

D:32 gam

Hng dn:
Vi cch gii thng thng ,ta vit 7 phng trnh ha hc,sau t n s,thit lp h phng
trnh v gii. Nu p dng nh lut bo ton din tch ta c :
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
S mol HCl ha tan Fe l : nHCl = 2nH2 =0,3 mol
S mol HCl ha tan cc oxit =0,7- 0,3 = 0,4 mol
Theo nh lut bo ton din tch ta c
nO2-(oxit) =1/2 nCl- = 0,2 mol ==>
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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

nFe (trong X) =moxit - moxi /56 =(20-0,2 x 16)/56 = 0,3 mol

C th coi : 2Fe (trong X ) Fe2O3

nFe2O3 =1,5 mol ==> mFe2O3 = 24 gam ==> p n C

III . BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1: Dung dch X c cha a mol Na+ ,b mol Mg2+ ,C mol Cl- v d mol SO42-.. Biu thc lin
h gia a,b,c,d l
A: a+2b=c+2d

B:a+2b=c+d

C:a+b=c+

D : 2a+b=2c+d

Cu 2:C 2 dung dch,mi dung dch u cha 2 cation v 2 anion khng trng nhau trong cc
ion sau K+ :0,15 mol, Mg2+ : 0,1 mol,NH4+:0,25 mol,H+ :0,2 mol, Cl- :0,1 mol SO42- :0,075
mol NO3- :0,25 mol,NO3- :0,25 mol v CO32- :0,15 mol. Mt trong 2 dung dch trn cha
A: K+,Mg2+,SO42- v Cl-;

B : K+,NH4+,CO32- v Cl-

C :NH4+,H+,NO3-, v SO42-

D : Mg2+,H+,SO42- v Cl-

Cu 3: Dung dch Y cha Ca2+ 0,1 mol ,Mg2+ 0,3 mol,Cl- 0,4 mol,HCO3- y mol. Khi c cn
dung dch Y th c mui khan thu c l :
A: 37,4 gam

B 49,8 gam

C: 25,4 gam

D : 30,5 gam

Cu 4 : Mt dung dch cha 0,02 mol Cu2+;0,03 mol K+,x mol Cl- v y mol SO42-.Tng khi
lng cc mui tan c trong dung dch l 5,435 gam. Gi tr ca x v y ln lt l:
A:0,03 v 0,02

B: 0,05 v 0,01

C : 0,01 v 0,03

D:0,02 v 0,05

Cu 5: Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS2 v x mol Cu2S vo dung dch HNO3 va
, thu c dung dch X ch cha 2 mui sunfat ca cc kim loi v gii kh NO duy nht. Gi
tr l :
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Lin h: 04.39152590 - 0989768553 (Linh)

Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

A :0,03

B :0,045

C:0,06

D:0,09

Cu 6: Cho m gam hn hp Cu,Zn,Mg tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO3 long, d. C
cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c (m+62). Gam mui khan. Nung hn hp mui khan trn
n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn c khi lng l:
A: (m+4) gam

B: (m+8) gam

C: (m+16) gam

D: (m+32)gam

Cu 7:Cho 2,24 gam hn hp Na2CO3,K2CO3 tc dng va vi dung dch BaCl2.Sau phn

ng thu c 39,4 gam kt ta.Lc tch kt ta,c cn dung dch th thu c bao nhiu gam
mui clorua khan ?
A: 2,66 gam

B 22,6 gam

C: 26,6 gam

D : 6,26 gam

Cu 8: Trn dung dch cha Ba2+;OH- 0,06 mol v Na2+ 0,02 mol vi dung dch cha HCO30,04 mol; CO32- 0,03 mol va Na+. Khi lng kt ta thu c sau khi trn l
A: 3,94 gam

B 5,91 gam

C: 7,88 gam

D : 1,71 gam

Cu 9:Ha tan hon ton 5,94 gam hn hp hai mui clorua ca 2 kim loi nhm IIA vo nc
c 100ml dung dch X. lm kt ta ht ion Cl- c trong dung dch X,ngi ta cho dung
dch X trn tc dng va vi dung dch AgNO3. Kt thc th nghim, thu c dung dch
Y v 17,22 gam kt ta. Khi lng mui khan thu c khi kt ta dung dch Y l:
A: 4,86 gam

B: 5,4 gam

C: 7,53 gam

D : 9,12 gam

Cu 10: Dung dch X cha 0.025 mol CO32-;0,1 mol Na+;0,25 mol NH4+ v 0,3 mol Cl-. Cho
270ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M vo v un nng nh (gi s H2O bay hi khng ng k).
Tng khi lng dung dch X v dung dch Ba(OH)2 sau qu trnh phn ng gim i l :
A: 4,125 gam

B: 5,296 gam

C: 6,761 gam

D : 7,015 gam

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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

Cu 11: Trn 100ml dung dch AlCl3 1M vi 200ml dung dch NaOH 1,8M n phn ng hon
ton th lng kt ta thu c l :
A: 3,12 gam

B: 6,24 gam

C: 1,06 gam

D : 2,08 gam

Cu 12: Dung dch B cha ba ion K+;Na+;PO43-. 1 lt dung dch B tc dng vi CaCl2 d thu
c 31 gam kt ta. Mt khc nu c cn 1 lt dung dch B thu c 37,6 gam cht rn khan.
Nng ca 3 ion K+;Na+;PO43- ln lt l:
A:0,3M;0,3M v 0,6M

B: 0,1M;0,1M v 0,2M

C: 0,3M;0,3M v 0,2M

D : 0,3M;0,2M v 0,2M

Cu 13: Cho dung dch Ba(OH)2 n d vo 100ml dung dch X gm cc ion: NH4+, SO42-,
NO3-, ri tin hnh un nng th c 23,3 gam kt ta v 6,72 lt(ktc) mt cht duy nht.
Nng mol ca (NH4)2SO4 v NH4NO3 trong dung dch X ln lt l :
A: 1M v 1M

B: 2M v 2M

C: 1M v 2M

D : 2M v 1M

Cu 14:Dung dch X cha cc ion : Fe3+,SO42-,NH4+,Cl-. Chia dung dch X thnh 2 phn bng
nhau:
-Phn 1 tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaOH,un nng thu c 0.672 lt kh (ktc) v 1,07
gam kt ta
-Phn 2 tc dng vi lng d dung dch BaCl2, thu c 4,66gam kt ta
Tng khi lng cc mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch X l
A:3,73 gam

B: 7,04 gam

C: 7,46 gam

D : 3,52 gam

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