ng dng iu khin thch nghi

nng cao kh nng cng ngh ca

my cng c iu khin s
PGS. TS. o Vn Hip, Th.S. Trn
Vn Khim
Khoa Hng khng V tr - Hc vin
KTQS, 100 Hong Quc Vit, H
Ni
Email: hdaovan@gmail.com
TM TT:
Tri qua hn na th k xut hin v
pht trin, my cng c iu khin s
(my CNC) khng nh c v tr ch cht ca mnh trong cc h thng sn xut hin
i (cc h FMS, CIM).
Nh ng dng mt cch tng hp cc thnh tu khoa hc, cng ngh tin tin trong thit
k v ch to c kh, t ng ho, in t, cng ngh thng tin, k thut iu khin CNC
pht trin vt bc. Tuy nhin, v nguyn tc, CNC vn khng th trnh khi nhc
im c hu ca mt b iu khin cng, theo chng trnh, v hiu qu s dng my
CNC khng th vt qua c nhng gii hn ca cng ngh truyn thng.
ng dng iu khin thch nghi (KTN) l gii php tch cc, da trn s gim st trc
tuyn cc thng s u ra ca qu trnh cng ngh v hiu chnh cc thng s u vo
theo thi gian thc. Cc nghin cu gn y trn th gii v trong nc chng t rng
my CNC c KTN mang li hiu qu kinh t, k thut rt cao.

Bi bo trnh by c s khoa hc v thc tin ca vic ng dng k thut KTN my

CNC, trong c cc kt qu nghin
cu ti Khoa Hng khng V tr, Hc
vin KTQS.
1. Xut x ca vn nghin cu
1.1. S cn thit phi KTN my
CNC
Nhn nhn vn theo quan im
cng ngh

Hnh 1: S bin ng ca hnh hc phi

Trong qu trnh gia cng, li ca

dng c ct tc ng ln lp vt liu trn b mt ca phi, bt mt phn vt liu khi b
mt phi (qu trnh to phi). Lc tc dng gia dao v phi c gi l "lc ct". L
thuyt ct gt truyn thng c 2 c im:
- Tnh ton lc ct, cng sut ct v ch cng ngh ch yu da vo l thuyt n hi
v l thuyt bin dng do.
- Coi qu trnh ct l qu trnh tnh. Quan nim dn n s s dng mt gi tr tnh,
trung bnh ca lc ct trong tnh ton ch cng ngh. Nhng trong qu trnh ct thc t
xy ra ng thi cc tng tc c, l, ho gia dng c ct, mi trng v phi. Cc yu
t ny nh hng qua li ln nhau, vi cc quy lut cha tng minh. Trong qu trnh ct
gt lun xy ra nhng bin ng khng th no lng trc c: s bin ng ca c
tnh vt liu gia cng; s bin ng ca hnh hc chi tit gia cng (hnh 1); s bin ng
v kh nng ct ca dng c; s bin ng v cng vng ca HTCN; s bin ng do
cc yu t bn ngoi;...
Nhn nhn vn theo quan im iu khin
t c kt qu gia cng mong mun, qu trnh cng ngh cn phi c iu khin.
C th ni lch s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh ch to my gn lin vi lch s
pht trin ca k thut iu khin qu trnh gia cng v iu khin my cng c.

Hnh 2: iu khin qu trnh theo cng ngh truyn thng

Hnh 3 : iu khin qu trnh vi my t ng

- My cng c truyn thng c iu khin bng tay (hnh 2). Thng s u vo ca h
thng l ch cng ngh (tc ct S v lng chy dao F), cc thng s u ra Y th
hin phn ng ca h thng: kch thc, nhm b mt, lc ct, nhit vng ct, rung
ng, mn dao,... Chc nng iu khin hon ton do con ngi (cng nhn) thc hin.
Vi cu trc ny ca h thng, qu trnh cng ngh nm trong vng iu khin nn mc
d khng t c chnh xc v nhy cn thit (do con ngi thc hin), h thng
c kh nng thch ng vi bin ng ca qa trnh. Do cc c im ni trn m my
cng c thng thng c gi l h thng KTN bng tay (Manual Adaptive
Control).
Trn my t ng (hnh 3), vic tnh ton cc ch cng ngh vn do con ngi thc
hin trc v a vo chng trnh. B iu khin thay con ngi a cc thng s cng
ngh (S, F) vo my v iu khin my hot ng theo cc gi tr n nh. CNC l
dng in hnh ca h thng iu khin theo chng trnh.
Mc tiu iu khin t ng trn cc my cng c hin nay, k c my CNC l m bo
cc c cu cng tc hot ng theo ng trnh t v cc ch cng ngh (S, F) ghi trong

chng trnh ch khng phi l cc thng s ra (Y) ca qu trnh. Qu trnh cng ngh
nm ngoi vng gim st ca b iu khin nn n khng th nhn bit v khng th
phn ng trc cc bin ng xy ra trong qu trnh cng ngh v nhng bin ng ca
thng s ra Y. B iu khin ny cn c gi l b iu khin tnh (Fixed Controller).
Mun t ng kim sot kt qu gia cng, b iu khin phi c kh nng nhn bit
nhng thay i ca cc thng s ra Y hoc cc thng s mi trng c trng, c kh
nng b tr hoc hn ch bin ng ca chng, nhm duy tr s lm vic bnh thng
hoc m bo hiu qu cao nht cho qu trnh.H thng iu khin nh vy c gi l
h KTN.

Hnh 4: S KTN qu trnh cng ngh

S KTN my cng c nh hnh 4. Trong h thng ny, con ngi ch phi tnh s b
ch gia cng. B CNC vn gi chc nng nhn v duy tr thng s cng ngh nh.
B KTN gim st thng s ra hoc thng s mi trng, ra quyt nh iu khin v
lnh cho b CNC thc hin cc hiu chnh cn thit.
Vic gim st v hiu chnh ch cng ngh c thc hin trong thi gian thc, khin
my cng c lm vic vi ch gia cng S2, F2 khc vi ch gia cng tnh ton S1,
F1, m bo gi tr hp l nht ca thng s ra.
V cu trc, s KTN tng t nh s iu khin bng tay, nhng KTN do my
mc thc hin nn m bo c chnh xc v nhy cao. Khc v bn cht so vi
CNC thng thng, KTN mang tnh tch cc, ng v thng minh.
Gii php KTN my cng c

Nhng bin ng trong qu trnh cng ngh c nh hng xu n cht lng gia cng
v tnh an ton ca h thng. Vn ny t lu tr thnh mt trong nhng vn
trng tm ca cng ngh ct gt kim loi, c nhiu th h cc nh cng ngh tm cch
khc phc. Vn l gii php.
Gii php truyn thng theo nguyn tc phng nga: mi tnh ton, thit k u nhm
tha mn cc iu kin kh khn, nng n nht. Trn thc t, cc iu kin ch l gi
nh hoc xy ra trong khonh khc. Trong phn ln thi gian, my lm vic di kh
nng thit k, vi nng sut thp, chi ph cao. My CNC khng nm ngoi tnh trng .
V d, khi gia cng vi chiu su ct thay i (hnh 5), lng chy dao FCNC c xc
nh sao cho khi ct vi chiu su ct ln nht (Hmax) m dao khng b m. Trong phn
ln thi gian gia cng, tuy chiu su ct thc (H) nh hn Hmax rt nhiu nhng h iu
khin vn duy tr gi tr FCNC khng i.
Gii php mi - KTN, ngc li da trn nguyn
tc gim st v x l tnh hung theo thc t. V d,
nu bng cch no , b iu khin gim st c
chiu su ct thc v hiu chnh lng chy dao
theo quan h FAC=f(H) th hiu qu gia cng cao
hn rt nhiu.
Nh vy, khc vi cng ngh CNC truyn thng
(thit lp ch cng ngh trc khi gia cng (Offline), theo nguyn tc phng nga, b ng), AC l
gii php tch cc, thng minh v hiu chnh ch
cng ngh ngay trong khi gia cng (On-line).
Cc h AC cho my cng c c phn lm 3 loi:
h b hnh hc thch nghi (Geometric Adaptive

Hnh 5: Ch ct trn my CNC

Compensation - GAC), h KTN ti u (Adaptive

Control Optimization - ACO), h KTN theo trng thi gii hn (Adaptive Control with
Constraints - ACC). Hin nay ACC l hng kh thi nht cho AC my cng c.

thch vi ch mnh lit th h vn c th tr v trng thi xc lp sau mt cht dao

ng, thi gian qu khong 15s, sai s tnh vo khong 11%.

Hnh 11: Th nghim kho st cht lng iu khin

3.3. nh gi v cng ngh
th tn hiu trong mi trng hp u kh trn tru, cho php d on rng KTN
khng gy nh hng xu n cht lng gia cng. Tuy nhin, nh gi ACC v mt
cng ngh, chng ti o nhm b mt gia cng v chnh xc kch thc. Kt qu
nghin cu cho thy nh hng ca ACC n sai s kch thc gia cng v nhm b
mt khng th hin r.
Thi gian gia cng c th xc nh nh cc biu lc ct. Cc th nghim cho thy, nh
ACC m thi gian gia cng gim r rt (gn 27%). Theo cng b cu nc ngoi [2] th
KTN cho php tng nng sut gia cng th t 20 n 80%, cn chi ph gia cng ch
bng 4050% so vi gia cng CNC thng thng, tu thuc cn vo loi vt liu gia
cng v vt liu dao.
4. Kt lun
KTN my cng c l ch m nhm nghin cu ti Hc vin KTQS quan tm rt
sm. Trong khun kh ca mt ti cp B Quc phng v cc ti nghin cu tip
theo, chng ti thit lp c mt h KTN kiu ACC theo lc ct gii hn u tin
Vit Nam, ni ghp thnh cng n vi b iu khin s cng nghip. T nhu cu cng
ngh v kt qu t c c th khng nh, KTN l mt gii php hon ton mi

gii quyt cc vn vn tn ti lu i ca cng ngh ct gt kim loi. ti i

nhng bc ban u theo hng thng minh ho my CNC.