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Ha hc lp 8 1

CC DNG BI TP V NGUYN T

Dng 1: Xc nh cc yu t ca nguyn t
Phng php

Bi tp vn dng

Ha hc lp 8 2
CC DNG BI TP V NGUYN T

Ha hc lp 8 3
CC DNG BI TP V NGUYN T

(Kt hp sgk trang 42)


Hng dn
Bi 4. xc nh s electron ti a mi lp, cc em quan st v d lp 1 ca cc nguyn t
vi nhau, ti a c bao nhiu electron (2) th l s electron ti a ca lp 1; lp 2 (c 2
s 5 v 8), vy s electron ti a ca lp 2 l 8. Tng t nh th cho lp 3. Nh vy ta thy
rng, phi in s e ti a mt lp ri mi ti lp khc.
Ta nn hiu 1 lp c th in bao nhiu e cng c nhng khng vt s e ti a ca lp
. V d: lp 1 khng c in 3 e v ti a lp 1 ch cha 2e.
Bi 5. T bi 4, ta xc nh c s e ti a ca mi lp, chng ta s in e vo mi lp
theo nguyn tc v tng s e ca cc lp phi bng vi s e ca nguyn t.
V d: nguyn t Cacbon: c 6 e, lp 1s cha 2e (bng vi s e ti a), cn 4e s in sang
lp 2. Nguyn t Natri c 11e, vy lp 1 cha 2e, lp 2 cha 8e, cn 1e s in sang lp 3.
Tng t c cc nguyn t khc.
Bi 6. Ta nh li cng thc tnh tng s ht trong nguyn t, tnh s khi (phn phng
php). xc nh tn nguyn t, da vo s proton, ngc xc nh c s proton, ta da
vo tn nguyn t.
Nguyn t th hai: 15p=> c 15e. S khi A l 21 => s n = A p. C p, n, e ta tnh c
tng s ht trong nguyn t. Nguyn t th 5, 6, da vo tn ta xc nh s p => s e.
Tng t nh trn cho cc yu t cn li.

Ha hc lp 8 4
CC DNG BI TP V NGUYN T

Dng 2: V m hnh nguyn t


Phng php
- Ta dng cc vng trn biu din, mi vng trn l 1 lp. Th t lp tnh t nhn tr
ra.
- Cn ch s electron ti a trong mt lp (ch p dng vi cc nguyn t c s p t 1
20):
+ Lp 1: cha ti a 2 electron.
+ Lp 2: cha ti a 8 electron.
+ Lp 3: cha ti a 8 electron.
+ Lp 4: cha ti a 8 electron.
- Vng trn trung tm (nhn): k hiu p+ (vi p l s proton).
- Mi electron k hiu bng mt du chm trn m.

Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1
Hy v m hnh nguyn t ca:
a) nguyn t oxi c 8 electron.
b) nguyn t neon c 2 lp electron, lp ngoi cng c 8 electron.
c) nguyn t Kali c lp th 4 c 1 electron ngoi cng.
Bi 2
Hy v m hnh nguyn t photpho bit s khi l 31 v c 16 ntron.
Hng dn
Bi 1
b) Neon c lp ngoi cng 8 electron, c 2 lp, tc l lp 2 c 8 e, vy lp 1 c 2e. Tng
cng neon c bao nhiu proton? V hnh.
c) Tng t cch suy ngh nh trn.
Lp 4 c 1 e c ? lp xc nh v v electron tng lp xc nh tng s p in
k hiu vo nhn.
Bi 2 Nh li cng thc tnh s khi tnh c s p v m hnh.

Ha hc lp 8 5
CC DNG BI TP V NGUYN T

Dng 3: Tnh s ht ca nguyn t


Phng php

V d 1:
Nguyn t Nhm c in tch ht nhn l 13+. Trong nguyn t nhm, s ht mang in
nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 12 ht. Hy cho bit s khi ca nhm.
Hng dn:
S ht mang in (p + e) nhiu hn s ht khng mang in (n) l 12. Tc l (p+e) n = 12.

Gii:
13+ p = 13 (1)
(p+e) n = 12
M p = e 2 p n = 12 (2)
Th (1) vo (2) 2 . 13 n = 12
n = 26 - 12 = 14
S khi A = p + n = 13 + 14 = 27.
V d 2:
Bit nguyn t Y c tng s ht l 21. S ht khng mang in chim 33,33%. Xc nh cu
to ca nguyn t Y.
Hng dn:

Ha hc lp 8 6
CC DNG BI TP V NGUYN T

Gii:

Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1. Nguyn t Z c tng s ht l 52, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng
mang in l 16. Tnh s ht tng loi.
S: p = e = 17; n = 18
Bi 2. Nguyn t A c tng s ht l 28. S ht khng mang in chim 35,7%. Hy tnh s
p, n , e.
S: p = e = 9; n = 10
Bi 3. Nguyn t St c in tch ht nhn l 26+. Trong nguyn t, s ht mang in nhiu
hn s ht khng mang in l 22. Hy xc nh s khi ca nguyn t St.
S: A = 56
Bi 4. Nguyn t M c s ntron nhiu hn s proton l 1 v s ht mang in nhiu hn s
ht khng mang in l 10. Xc nh cu to nguyn t. D sgk/42, M l nguyn t no?
S: p = e =11; n = 12; M l Na.
Bi 5. Tng s ht trong nguyn t l 28, trong s ht khng mang in chim xp x 35
%. Tnh s ht mi loi. V s cu to nguyn t.
S: p = e = 9; n = 10.
Bi 6. Nguyn t ca mt nguyn t A c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 48, trong
s ht mang in gp hai ln s ht khng mang in. Tnh s ht mi loi.
S: p = e = n = 16
Bi 7. Nguyn t X c tng s proton, ntron, electron l 116 trong s ht mang in
nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 24. Xc nh s ht tng loi.
S: p = e = 35; n = 46
Bi 8. Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong 2 nguyn t kim loi A v B l 142 trong
s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 42, s ht mang in ca B nhiu

Ha hc lp 8 7
CC DNG BI TP V NGUYN T

hn A l 12. Tnh s proton mi loi.


S: pA = 20; pB = 26
Bi 9. Tng s ht p,n,e trong 2 nguyn t kim loi A v B l 177. Trong s ht mang
in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 47. S ht mang in ca nguyn t B nhiu hn
ca nguyn t A l 8. Tnh s proton mi loi.
S: pA = 26; pB = 30
Hng dn
Bi 7

Ch : ta thy phng trnh (1) v (2) c +n v n nu cng li s bng 0, gim bt


mt n, do ta tin hnh (1) + (2). Lc ny php tnh cng c thc hin theo hng dc.
Nh l phi cng n theo hng dc.

Bi 8

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