Cu 1 :Nguyn l kch thch phn cc Plasmon b mt s dng m hnh

Kretchmans. Phn tch iu kin cng hng trong m hnh ny ?

Kch thch SPPs bng photon c nhiu cch. Mt trong s l :

Dng thit b ATR kch thch : dng lng knh ( prism ) hoc cch t ( grating ).
Dng lng knh : ta c th dng m hnh Kretchmans hoc Otto.
M hnh Kretchmans :

D x

ksp

d
Prism

ko= /c
k photon
in air

k0 =

=> k =

 kx=

0 sin =

1+

iu kin cng hng :

+ S dng lng tr SiO2
+ To tia sng evanescent bi TIR.
+ Ghp ni tt khi k //,SiO2 ksp
+ Sng phn x ci thin v cng

Cu 2:

 Nh mt SPP truyn dc theo b mt , n s mt nng lng cho kim loi do

s hp th . Cng ca plasmon b mt phn r vi bnh phng ca in
trng , do mt khong cch x , cng gim theo h s exp [ - 2kx
"x ] . Chiu di tuyn truyn c nh ngha l khong cch i vi cng
SPP phn r theo h s 1 / e . tnh trng ny l hi lng mt di [10]

Mi quan h gia di truyn sng ny v tn s cng hng

Theo s ta thy khi tn s tng th chiu di truyn sng Lx gim n khi
=p thi Lx min,chiu di Lx s tng ln khi tip tc tng tc l >p

Cu 3: Phn tch s nh hng ca b mt nhm nh (small roughness) n

vic hnh thnh plasmom b mt?

1. Pht x nh sng cng hng (quan st c vi thit b ATR.)

Th nghim:

Nu SPs kch thch t ti a ti gc cng hng 0 , cng phn x i qua

mc ti thiu (trn cng bn phi), ng thi pht x nh sng cc i ti khp
ni ca SP vi cc photon thng qua b mt g gh (di cng bn tri). C hai
phng php cho php th nghim chi tit vi SPs. c ngha l hng quan st
c nh

Th nghim ny chng minh s nh hng r rt u tin ca b mt g gh ln

SPs l s pht x ca nh sng. Cc SPs khng bc x tr nn bc x. Vic tng cng
cc bc x ny c th hin bng s lng cc nhn t t012

- pht x nh sng ca b mt g gh, 5 A do khp ni gia photons vi SPs, Kch

P
thch cng hng ca SP to ra s tng cng t012

ca trng in t trong b mt

phim, cng trng in t ny mnh hn vi cc vc sng di hn. Cng pht

ra c l hm ca bc sng nh sng n vi t l cc gc gi c nh. S kch
thch cc i ti cc bc sng khc nhau chng t vic tng cng trng bc x v
phn nh h thc tn x ca SP.
- S pht x nh sng tng t, n l hm ca ca gc ti , thc hin vi Ag v Au ti
hng s . S tng cng cc bc x pht ra trong cng hng l mt iu hin nhin.
Hai kim loi c s dng c nhy khc nhau. C hai ng cong chng t c s
bin dng Lorentz */
2. Hng tn x
Trn b mt g gh, cc SP nm ri rc trn b mt, ngoi s ch o ca kx m
khng thay i gi tr ca n gi l tn x nh hng

3. Mc g gh v bc x SPs
Bc x v hng SPs tng tc vi g gh b mt.
H thc phn tn ca bc x nm bn tri ca nh dng nh sng SPs :
1

Bt u ti vi p v tng n khong 1.
2

1k d
p [1 p
2 2

kx

kp

S gim ca n tng dn vi
k
x
2
1

kx

kp

S gim dn l do cc bc x nh sng t cc bc x SPs c kt trc tip vi cc

photon nm bn trong nn nh sng, ca SPs l ng nht vi ca nh sng.
Cu 4 : Nguyn l hnh thnh plassmon b mt, so snh SPs vi sng b mt.
+ Plasmon b mt v s hnh thnh plasmon b mt
Plasmon b mt l nhng sng in t c lan truyn dc theo giao din kim loi-in
mi. n gin hn, plassmon b mt l s dao ng ca cc in t t do b mt ca
cc ht nano vi kch thch nh sng ti.
Nguyn l hnh thnh.
S dao ng ca cc in t lin k b mt c s thay i hng s in mi( chng hn
lp tip gip kim loi v in mi) Khi nhn c nng lng kch thch ph hp, cc
ht ny sao ng mnh hn v hnh thnh mt sng in t, lan truyn dc theo b mt
tip xc v bc x vo khoogn gian t do.
C 4 phng php kch thch hnh thnh SPs b mt:
+ S dng cu trc Kresman .
+ Kch thch nh sng ln b mt cch t.
+ Kch thch nh sng ln b mt c nhm ln
+kch thch bng electro
Nhn chung, c 4 phng php trn u nhm mc ch a nng lng kch thch v
ng ngng m cc in t c th hp th c.
+ phn bit s khc nhau ca SPs b mt Sng b mt
v sng b mt. Sps b mt
Do s dao ng ca cc ht in
Nguyn nhn hnh thnh
S cng hng ca mt
t v l trng, xung quanh lp tip
ngun dao ng in t
gip kim loi in mi khi nhn
c nh sng kch thch

Khong cch lan truyn

trong khng gian

Kch thc mt vi nm

Suy hao

Suy hao vi h s e m ,
gm c h s suy hao bin
v pha, suy hao t l
thun vi tn s
E = E0*e^jkr. Vi k l
vecto sng
K =k+jk

Phng trnh trng bc

x

Ph thuc vo tn s ,
thng trong kch thc
quan st
Suy hao vi h s e m ,
gm c h s suy hao bin
v pha, suy hao t l
thun vi tn s
E= E0*e^-r*e^jr
K=j+

ng dng

Ch to cc linh kin c
kch thc nh, tin cy
cao( photonic bangapvng cm quang t)

ng dng trong truyn

sng

Cu 5: Nguynly kic hthic hphnccplasmonb m ts du ngmhin

hcacht

(Grating).

Phntichi uki nc nghng.

Nu mt cch t c s dng cho th nghim phn x, trong mt tm kim loi
tha mn iu kin cho s kch thch ca SPs: '< 0, | ' | > 1 v ''< ' , cng nhiu x
bc 0 (n = 0), chm tia phn x, cho thy gc cng hng cng ti thiu. y l
gi tr ca nh sng phn cc p, nh sng phn cc s khng cho bit gi tr ti thiu. Cng
hng xut hin khi kx = (/c) 1' / (1' 1) = (/c)sin g khi kx = g, min l chng ta
b qua nh hng ca bin .

a. Cng ca phn x mc 0 ti cch t vi nh sng phn cc p. Gi tr ti thiu ch

ra mc hp th nng lng vi mc ch kch thch SP. LL ch v tr ca ng nh sng.
Gi tr 26.1o l gi tr tnh ton, 29.0o l v tr quan st; gi tr dch chuyn vi mc ch
gn sng trn b mt bc.

 su ti thiu ny ph thu c vo chiu cao bin ca cch t (hnh b). Tn

ti bin c m ti cng phn x bng 0, iu ny ch ra cc khp ni mnh nht
gia photons vi SPs thng qua cc gn sng. iu ny cng xy ra i vi b mt nhm
v b mt nhn.
Mt cu trc khc t r rng hn "Wood's anomaly" cng c nhn thy trong
hnh a; ti o 24o s gin on ca cng nhiu x c th nhn thy l do s bin
mt ca cc nhiu x n = +1. S khc bit ca cng trn v di gin on tng vi
2 do cng nhiu x cng xy ra nh vy vi 2.
Nu gi tr ca vt qu gi tr bin c, mc ti thiu I0 s tr nn kh bt i
xng v gi tr ca R trn c khng t gi tr di c nh cc im i vi I0 nh trong
hnh c.

Hnh b. Quan st phn x (I0+I-1) ca mt cch t bc hnh sin (a = 6015 A), bin
ca ng bao hnh sin nh l tham s chc nng ca gc t l o ( = 5145 A). Ti =
130 A cng hng mnh nht dn n s tng cng cng in trng khong
231. Gi tr ca [A]: (--) 25; (---) 75;( ) 135; () 215; (--) 315; () 550.

Hnh c. Cng quan st(im) v tnh ton(nt lin) phn nh ti mt cch t

vng(can thip) hnh sin vi a = 7965 A v = 6471 A. I0 + I-1 l tng ca hai cng
nh sng. y l cng tng i(I0). Bin ca ng bao c a ra nh
tham s: (1) 89 A, (2) 174 A, (3) 308 A, (4) 514 A. su nh nht xy ra ti =
300 A m ti mi mt s tng cng |tp|2 59 c tnh ton s dng (', '') = (9.75;1.1).S dch chuyn gi tr nh nht gc ln hn v tng chiu rng nh nht vi
gi tr ln hn hin th s ph thuc ca quan h phn tn SP.(o): bin ca cch
t.
Hnh c cho thy, ngoi I0, gi tr I-1 c phn x ti cch t vng hnh sin vi a =
7965 A ti = 6471 A. Nu cng I0 v I-1 c cng vo, cng I0 + I-1 c
tng ln gi tr ti thiu tt nht c xc nh (hnh c).

Nhng gi tr thay i 0 ca mc ti thiu ATR cng nh s gia tng chiu rng

0 1/2 c nh lng bng phng php Reileigh, gi tr gii hn /a = 0.007. tnh
ton gi tr ln hn /a, nh l suy gim Toigo c p dng cho php hi t t
ti /a 0.5.
Trong hnh c, ng cong phn x quan st c cho bit chc nng ca v l
cc tham s c so snh trc tip vi ng cong tnh ton c ca Diaz. Thay i
hnh dng ca phn x ti thiu gn vi m phng nh lng. S khc bit nh xut
hin, v d, trn cch t bc ti bc sng = 5145: v tr ti thiu c tnh ton nh
hn 0.5 so vi gi tr gc cng hng quan st c. Gi tr ca phi c ly l 11/0.33 thay cho gi tr -10.4/0.38, tuy nhin c hai gi tr nm trong gii hn chnh xc
ca php o.

Hnh d. Phn x tnh ton c (1) (---) v d liu thc nghim (2) (-) vi cc nhiu x
khc nhau n. Cc hng s cch t = 1200 A v a = 20140 A; = 5682 A.(..., )
trong (a), n = 0, d liu c quan st.
Mt v d khc trong hnh d trong cng phn x i vi cch t bc vi a =
20140 A v = 1200 A bc sng 5682 A c hin th trn cc hng khc nhau t
n = 0 n n = 4 nh mt hm ca gc ti 0. Trong khi cc gi tr o, bn phi, chng
minh cho n = 0, s bin dng ca I0 tng t nh trong hnh 6.10, cc gi tr quan st n >
0 cho bit cc tiu c pht trin: pha bn tri, cc gi tr o c ca n = 0(chm
".", ng cong tng t nh n = 0 trong hnh d2) ph hp vi d liu tnh ton
c(ng y pha di). Ngoi ra, tng ca cc gi tr quan st ca tt c cc gi
tr I(n), bao gm c n = +5 v n = +6 khng c m phng trong hnh d, c hin th
bng cc vng trn m, cho bit gi tr ti thiu c dch chuyn tt. Cc dng y
trn l gi tr tnh ton ph hp vi d liu quan st c. Ti 45.9 o th t nhiu x bin
mt di ng chn tri cng c s gin on tng t trong hnh a.

Cu 6. H s truyn Plasmon b mt ti phn cch gia lp kim loi v in

mi theo cc h s pha v h s suy hao trong lp in mi
Bi lm
Plasmon b mt l nhng sng in t c truyn dc theo giao din
kim loi in mi hay l s kch thch cc electron b mt ca kim loi
bng ngun sng ti.
Cng in trng ca plasmon b mt gim theo hm m khi xa dn
giao din kim loi in mi. Ti vng giao din c s nh x ln ca
nng lng v cc in tch.
Nhng tnh cht ca chng ph thuc vo cc tnh cht ca c kim loi
(hm in mi phc, cu hnh, nhm) v in mi (chit sut).
iu kin tn ti SP

vi: m l hng s in mi ca kim loi

d l hng s ca mi trng in mi

Biu thc quan h ca kx l : kxm= kxd

Vi bt k dng sng EM no th:
vi kx= kxm=kxd

H s truyn Plasmon b mt:

Vi: H s pha
kx l thnh phn ca vc t sng dc theo hng lan
truyn ca sng plasmon.
Ti b mt tip gip th k0= /c

Cu 7.Phng php o nhm ca b mt khng c thit b ATR?

Bi lm
y l phng php xc nh nhm b mt bng cch o tia phn x.
Cth, ncgilphngphpTnxtchhptng (TIS)
Vicxcnhnhmbngphngphp "Tnxtchhptng" khngsdngthitb
ATR ctinhnhnhsau:
Mtchmnhsngpvobmtcnghincugnvihngbnhthng, =0.
Mtbncu (cuCoblentz) baophbibmtghgh,
nthuthpnhsngphntntrongbncuRsckthpcngvihiunngtngcanhsng
phnxRtot "Cctnxtchhptng" cnhnghal: TIS= Rsc/Rtot;
viRscvRtotco.

xcnhnhmcamtbmtgistrctin 1>>1 v 1>1

cngvihmtngquan Gauss. Sauxemxtviiukinmchiusng lnh
so vichiuditngquan: k>>1. ln |1|
lgingnhauviccbcsngrtdi, do vycchmphthucvogc (5.2) v
(5.3) gimti |Wpp|2=|Wss|2 = (2cos )2=4, sin 0.

Hnh1. Hmxcnhnhm
Stchhpnhsngtnx (1/I0) (dI/d) (5.1) qua d cthcthchin,
thmnhm|( kx)|2 = |(kx)|2 (kx=0.) cthxpxchngbngmthm delta
Dirac :

Nugis |1| >>1c ngharngccmiquanhgia (5.2) v (5.3)

khngphthucvovosphncccanhsngWpp=Wss(cngiltrnghpvh
ng).Hnna ,skchthchSP cthb quavnnglngnhsng photon lqunh.
Hm Delta Dirac chcgitrvicciukinrngbucnhtnh, Do
vyvivicsdngnhsngnhnthychchoktqugnng.
Stchhpcngtrongbncungnchnnhmkimsothnnahmtngquanc
aphngphp.Tnhuvitcaphngphpnylsngincannhanhchngc
cmtgitrnhmgnng, gitrnylquantrngchoccmcchcth.

Cu 8: S thay i tnh cht Surface Plasmon trong trng hp b mt c nhm

tng cng
Nu cc ATR mini ca tm film bc c quan st trong cc trng hp c
nhm khc nhau (c hnh thnh bi nhng tm film CaF2 c dy khc nhau) th ta s
thu c cc ng cong Fig4.1. N cho thy rng: ti 1 bc sng cho, gc cng
hng (ATR min) s thay th cc vector sng ln hn v rng ca gi tr nh nht
tng mnh. Hiu ng ny c o lng d (CaF2) 250 A hoc 6 & 10 A (tng cng
nhm) nh Fig 4.2. y s ph thuc ca vo kx c thay th bi th: (
di bc sng) so vi 0 (kx = (/)sin0) vi gim t di ln trn. Hm (0) cho
php nhng khong nh ca hm tng quan tn x c hin th tt hn. Nhng gi tr
gia d(CaF2)=0 v 100 l li ca phng php o c. Fig.4.2 chng minh c vn
tc pha /kx ca SPs c gim bt trong khi tang ln. D liu c xem xt c lp t
s phn x hay tn x ca th nghim. Tiu chun nh gi hiu qu ca th nghim
1/2

Fig.4.3 a,b ch ra s tng nhanh ca 0 v 0 cng vi , n chng minh nhiu hn

s nh hng ca di bc song, c bit l hiu qu ca sng ngn.
Kt qu tng t vi b mt bng vng.

Fig.4.1. S tng phn cng nh sng Rp ph thuc vo gc ti 0( = 5000) o

c ti phim bc c dy 540, nhm ca lp bn di ca CaF2 t 0, 500, 1000, v
2000 . Anh hng mnh m ca nhm trn s dch chuyn ATR ti thiu v chiu
rng ca n c thy r rng trong [4,1]. S tng phn c gi tr thp nht ti 1000
CaF3; iu kin l s bc x c tha mn. Cc kt qu th nghim c th hin trong
fig.3.1

Fig.4.2. S thay th ca cc v tr gc ti thiu phn nh di bc sng khc nhau .

Nhng con s trn ng cong i din cho dy khc nhau ca film CaF2 c bn. Cc
ng cong s 5 v 6 cho thy mt "im un" ti ln hn.

1/2

Fig.4.3 a,b. Gc thay th 0 (a) v s tng ca gc bc sng (0 ) (b) ca s phn

x nh nht trn film bc (dy 540) ti nhng bc sng c di khc nhau ging nh
hm ca nhm. (1) = 6200 ; = 5600 ; (3) = 5000 ; (4) = 4400 . nhm

c cho bi dy lp di ca film CaF2 c th hin fig.4.2. Cc gi tr quan st

1/2

c ti d>1500 CaF2 v nhiu hn 0

= 6 v 0> 5 b nn xung.

Bng 4.1a. Gi tr 0 ca 1 film bc c dy 540 ti nhng nhm v bc sng

nh sng khc nhau [3.12]

1/2

Bng 4.1b. gi tr 0
bc sng khc nhau.

() ca film bc (dy 540 ) ti nhng nhm v di

Trong fig.4.4 so snh s ph thuc ca 0 trn b mt bc th nh 1 hm ca ( =

5000 ) v s ph thuc vo grating vi hng s grat a = 4400 ( = 5000 ) nh mt
hm ca bin m h.S la chn li c so snh vi b mt nhm ty no ;
Chng ti chn mt gi tr ca a = 4400 , trong cho thy mt s ph thuc tng i
mnh m ca 0 trn gi tr ca h, = 5000 . So snh chng minh rng mt ng

hnh sin c nh hng yu hn nhiu v s phn tn hn mt b mt th. iu ny l d

hiu, nhng tht ngc nhin l s khc nhau nhiu n vy.

Kt lun:
S thay i b mt nhm s nh hng ti cc yu t sau ca surface plasmon:
-

Lm thay i s tng phn cng nh sng Rp.

Lm thay i gc thay th 0, nhm cng ln th 0 cng tng.

Lm thay i 0 , nhm cng tng th 0 cng tng, mc tng ln hn

so vi 0.
Vn tc pha /kx ca SPs c gim bt trong khi nhm tng.

1/2

1/2

Cu 9: c ch hnh thnh di chn PBG.

Trong 1 tinh th photonic, cc l khot tng t nh cc nguyn t trong
bn dn.
nh sng khi xuyn qua cc khe vt liu khot s phn x v khc x qua
giao din gia glass v khng kh. Cc mu phc ca cc beams phc s dn ti tr
hon di sng trong tt c cc hng dn n ngn cn lan truyn bng ny trong
tinh th. Kt qu l cu trc di c th c sa i bng cch in y 1 vi l
khot hoc to thm cc l khot nhng cn m bo tnh chu k cn thn.

Cu 10: Xc nh tn s cng hng trung tm ca di chn to bi cu trc

PBG 1 chiu
Bi lm:

tn s trung tm ca bng thng tng i ti a; f0; ti = maxwhich l mt chc nng

ca cc hng s mng tinh th, t l ch s, t l chit v hng s in mi ca my ch.
n l thy rng, ni suy trc tip ca tn s trung tm nh vy thng l yu hi t. Do
, c u tin ni suy i ng tn s trung tm bnh thng c nh ngha l

Cho > 1, chng hn tn s trung tm bnh thng i ng c th c xp

x nh

Mt khc, cho PBG with <1, bnh thng i ng tn s trung tm c th c xp x

nh

i vi trng hp ca li vung ca thanh in mi trn, cc trung tm tn s c

a ra bi cho > 1, Hnh. 6 (a),

trong khi for <1 hnh. 6 (c)

trong f l trong (GHz) v AIS trong (mm). Hnh 6 cho thy mt so snh gia tnh i
ng tn s trung tm bnh thng v ni suy tng ng l hm ca t l ch s cho c hai
vung cn tam gic ca thanh trn.