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CC H TH NG K HI U V T LI U KIM LO I

M i n c u c tiu chu n quy nh cc mc (k hi u) c ng nh cc yu c u k thu t cho cc


s n ph m kim lo i c a mnh v c cch vi t tn cc k hi u (mc) khc nhau. Ngoi tiu chu n Vi t
nam nh trnh by, chng ta th ng g p tiu chu n qu c t c a cc n c l n trn th gi i: M ,
Nh t, Nga, Trung qu c, Php,
c, Anh, v c a EU.
T ch c tiu chu n Qu c t ISO (International Standard Organization) tuy c a ra cc tiu
chu n, song qu mu n i v i cc n c cng nghi p pht tri n v h c h th ng k hi u t tr c v
quen dng, khng d g s a i; v th ch c tc d ng v i cc n c ang pht tri n, ang xy d ng
cc tiu chu n.
Tiu chu n Nga OCT, Trung Qu c GB c ph n quen thu c ! n c ta. Do cc quan h l ch s ,
ni chung TCVN v GB u "c xy d ng theo cc nguyn tc c a OCT.
i v i thp cn thng d ng:
Cc lo i thp ch quy nh ( m b o) c tnh : OCT c cc mc t CTO n CT6; GB : A1 n
A7 (Con s ch th t c$p
b n t%ng d n.
phn bi t thp si, n a l ng v l ng sau cc mc OCT
c ui K&, &C, C&; c a GB c F, b ( thp l ng khng c ui);
Cc lo i thp quy nh (b o m) thnh ph n: OCT c cc mc t 'CTO n 'CT6; GB: t B1
n B7;
Cc lo i thp quy nh (b o m) c c tnh l(n thnh ph n: OCT c cc mc t 'CT1 n
'CT5; GB c t C2 n C5.
i v i thp cc bon
ch t o my OCT v GB c cc k hi u gi ng h t nhau: theo s ph n
v n cc bon, v d mc 45 l thp c trung bnh 0,45 %C.
i v i thp d ng c cc bon OCT c cc mc t Y7 n Y13, GB c t T7 n T13 (s ch
ph n nghn cacbon trung bnh).
i v i thp h p kim c c ch) (ch nguyn t h"p kim) l(n s (ch l "ng cc bon v nguyn t
h"p kim) theo nguyn t*c:
2s
u ch ph n v n cc bon (n u khng nh+ hn 1% C th khng c n);
Ti p theo l k hi u c a t ng nguyn t v s ch ph n tr%m c a n (n u g n 1% hay khng
nh+ hn 1% th khng c n).
OCT dng cc ch) ci Nga k hi u nguyn t h"p kim nh sau: X ch Crm, H ch Niken,
B ch Volfram, M ch Molipden, T ch Titan, K ch Cban, C ch Silic, ch Mn,P: bo; ,: vanadi; -:
nhm; .: /ng; ': niobi; 0: zi ccn; A: Nit; 1: $t hi m; Ring ch) A saucng ch thp ch$t l "ngcao
t S, P.
GB dng chnh k hi u ha h c
bi u th t ng nguyn t , v d : Cr cho crm, Nh
12XH3A, 12CrNi3A l thp c kho ng 0.12%C, 1%Cr, kho ng 3%Ni v i ch$t l "ng cao. XB ,
CrWMn l thp c kho ng 1% C, kho ng 1%Cr, kho ng1%Mn v 1% W.
i v i h"p kim m u OCT k hi u nh sau:
- ch uy-ra, ti p sau l s th t AM ch s th t Al, Mg ti p sau l th t A ch h"p kim
nhm c ti p sau l s th t .
- ch latng ti p sau l s ch ph m tr%m /ng ch brng ti p sau l dy cc nguyn t h"p
kim v dy s ch ph m tr%m c a cc nguyn t t ng ng
GB k hi u h"p kim mu nh sau:
- LF h"p kim nhm ch ng g , LY uy-ra (c hai lo i, ti p sau l s th t ), ZL: H"p kim nhm
c v i 3 s ti p theo (trong s
u tin ch lo i, v d 1 ch Al-Si, 2 ch Al-Cu)
- H ch latng, ti p sau l ch ph n tr%m /ng, Q l ch brng ti p sau l nguyn t h"p kim
chnh, s ch ph n tr%m c a nguyn t chnh v t ng cc nguyn t khc.
i v i gang OCT k hi u nh sau :

C1 ch gang xm v s ti p theo ch b (kg/mm2) B1 ch gang c u v s ti p theo ch b


(kg/mm2). K1 ch gang d2o v i cc ch s ch b (kg/mm2) v (%)
GB k hi u gang nh sau: HT cho gang xm v s ti p theo ch b (MPa). QT cho gang c u v
cc s ch b(MPa) v (%). KTH cho gang d2o ferit. KTZ cho gang d2o peclit v cc ch s ti p theo
b(MPa) v (%).
M l n c c r$t nhi u h th ng tiu chu n ph c t p, song c nh hu!ng l n n th gi i (ph
bi n trong sch gio khoa v ti li u k thu t) c bi t ! cc n c ngoi h th ng x h i ch ngh3a c .
4 y ch trnh by cc mc theo h tiu chu n th ng "c dng nh$t i v i t ng lo i v t li u kim
lo i
i v i thp cn thng th ng dng ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) k
hi u theo cc s trn (42, 50, 60, 65) ch 0,2 min(ksi 1ksi = 1000 psi = 6.8948MPa = 0.703kG/mm2)
i v i b ng HSLA th ng dng SAE (Society for Automotive Engineers) k hi u b*t u
b5ng s 9 v hai s ti p theo ch 0,2 min(ksi)
i v i thp C v h"p kim k t c$u cho ch t o my th ng dung h th ng AISI/SAE v i b n s
trong 2 s
u ch lo i thp, 2 s cu i cng ch ph n v n cacbon:
10xx
11xx
12xx
13xx
15xx
2xxx
3xxx

thp cacbon
thp d c*t c S
thp d c*t c S v P
thp Mn (1,00 1.765%)
thp Mn (1.75%)
thp Ni
thp Ni-Cr

4xxx
5xxx
6xxx
7xxx
8xxx
9xxx
xxBxx
xxLxx

thp Mo
thp Cr
thp Cr-V
thp W -Cr
thp Ni-Cr-Mo
thp Si-Mn
thp B
thp ch a

Mu n bi t thnh ph n c th ph i tra b ng. V d thp 1038 c 0,35-0,42%C; 0,60-0,90%Mn;


%P 0,040; %S 6 0,050 cho cc bn thnh ph m rn, thanh, dy, cn nng, cn tinh v ng khng rn;
thp 5140 c 0,38-0,43%C; 0,70-0,90%Mn; %P 6 0,035; %S 6 0,040; 0,15-0,3%Si; 0,70-0,90%Cr
N u thp "c b o m
th$m ti th 5ng sau k hi u c thm ch) H, v d 5140 H, 1037 H.
i v i thp d ng c th ng dng h th ng c a AISI (American iron and steel institute) "c
k hi u b5ng m t ch) ci ch c i m c a thp v ch th t quy c:
M
T
H
A

thp gi mlp en
thp gi volfram (tungsten)
Thp lm khun d p nng (hot word)
Thp lm khun d p ngu i h"p kim trung bnh t ti, ti
trong khng kh
D
Thp lm khun d p ngu i, crm v ccbon cao
O
Thp lm khun d p ngu i ti d u (oil hardening)
S
Thp lm d ng c ch u va p (shock resisting)
L
Thp d ng c c cng d ng ring h"p kim th$p (low-alloy)
P
Thp lm khun p (nh a) c cacbon th$p
W
Thp d ng c cacbon ti n c (water-hardening)
i v i thp khng g , tiu chu n c a AISI khng nh)ng th nh hnh ! M m cn "c nhi u
n c a vo tiu chu n c a mnh, n "c k hi u b5ng ba ch) s trong b*t u b5ng 2 ho c 3 l
thp auxtenit, b5ng 4 l thp ferit hay mactenxit.

i v i h"p kim nhm, tiu chu n AA (Aluminum Association) c uy tn nh$t ! M v trn th


gi i c ng "c nhi u n c ch$p nh n, n k hi u b5ng 4 ch) s
i v i lo i d ng:
1xxx
2xxx
3xxx
4xxx

l n hn 99% Al
Al-Cu
Al-Mn
Al-Si

5xxx
6xxx
7xxx
8xxx

H"p kim nhm c c ng c 4 ch) s song tr

c s cu i (th

ng l s 0) c d$u ch$m (.)

Nhm s ch th ng ph m
Al-Cu
Al-Si-Cu (Mg)
Al-Si
Al-Mg
Al-Zn
Al-Sn

1xx.0
2xx.0
3xx.0
4xx.0
5xx.0
7xx.0
8xx.0
i v i h"p kim /ng ng
1xx
2xx
3xx
4xx
5xx
60x 64x
65x 69x
7xx

Al-Mg
Al-Si-Mg
Al-Zn
Al-nguyn t khc

i ta dung h th ng CDA (Copper Development Association):

Khng nh+ hn 99% Cu (ring 19x l n hn 97% Cu)


Cu-Zn (latng)
Cu-Zn-Pb
Cu-Zn-Sn
Cu-Sn
Cu-Al v Cu-Al-nguyn t khc
Cu-Si v Cu-Zn-nguyn t khc
Cu-Ni v Cu-Ni-nguyn t khc

Ngoi cc t ch c tiu chu n trn, ! M cn hng ch c cc t ch c khc c ng c k hi u ring


v v t li u kim lo i, do v y vi c phn bi t chng r$t kh kh%n. Xu$t pht t mu n c m t k hi u
th ng nh$t cho m i thnh ph n c th , SAE v SATM t 1967 a ra h thng s th ng nh$t UNS
(Unified Numbering System) trn c s! c a nh)ng s trong cc k hi u truy n th ng. UNS g/m 5 con
s v ch) ng u ch lo i v t li u, ! y ch gi i thi u m t s : A nhm, C - /ng, F gang, G
thp cacbon v thp h"p kim, H thp b o m
th$m ti, S thp khng g v ch u nhi t, T thp
d ng c .
Trong s n%m con s s7 c nhm ba - b n con s ( u hay cu i) l$y t cc k hi u
truy n th ng k trn (tr gang, thp d ng c ).
V d , UNS G 10400 xu$t pht t AISI/SAE 1040 (thp 0,40%C), UNS A 91040 xu$t pht t
AA 1040 (h"p kim nhm bi n d ng c 99,40% Al).
Nh t B n ch dung m t tiu chu n JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards), v i c i m l dung
hon ton h o
ng qu c t , c th l ng su$t theo MPa.
T$t c cc thp u "c b*t u b5ng ch) S.
Thp cn thng d ng "c k hi u b5ng s ch gi i h n b n ko hay gi i h n ch y th$p nh$t
(tu8 t ng lo i). SS thp cn th ng c tc d ng chung, SM thp cn lm k t c$u hn, n u thm ch)
A l SMA thp ch ng %n mn trong kh quy n, SB thp t$m lm n/i hi.

Thp cacbon
ch t o my: SxxC hay SxxCK trong xx ch ph n v n cacbon trung bnh
(ch) K ! cu i l lo i c ch$t l "ng cao: l "ng P, S khng l n hn 0,025%).
Thp h"p kim ch t o my g/m h th ng ch) v s :
+ B*t u b5ng SCr thp Cr, SMn thp Mangan, SNC thp niken-crm, SNCM
thp nikel-crm-mlp en, SCM thp crm-mlp en, SACM thp nhm-crm-mlp en, SMnC
thp mangan-crm;
+ Ti p theo l ba ch) s trong hai ch) s cu i cng ch ph n v n cacbon trung bnh.
Thp d c*t "c k hi u b5ng SUM, thp n h/i SUP, thp l%n SUJ v s th t .
Thp d ng c b*t u b5ng SK v s th t :
SKx thp d ng c cacbon
SKHx thp gi
KSx thp lm dao c*t v khun d p ngu i
SKD v SKT thp lm khun d p nng, c p l c.
Thp khng g
"c k hi u b5ng SUS v s ti p theo trng v i s c a AISI, thp ch u nhi t
"c k hi u b5ng SUH.
Gang xm "c k hi u b5ng FCxxx, gang c u FCDxxx, gang d2o li en FCMBxxx, li
tr*ng FCMWxxx, peclit FCMPxxx, cc s xxx u ch gi i h n b n.
Cc h"p kim nhm v /ng c nhm l$y s theo AA v CDA v i pha tr c c A (ch nhm),
C (ch /ng).
Php v
c c tiu chu n AFNOR (Association Franccaise de NORmalisation) v DIN
(Deutsche Institut fur Normalisierung), chng c nhi u nt gi ng nhau.
Php,
c c ng nh cc n c trong lien minh chu u EU ang trn qu trnh nh$t th ho kinh
t c ng nh tiu chu n. Hi n nay cc n c trong EU dung chung tiu chu n EN 10025 90 v thp
cn thong d ng lm k t c$u xy d ng v i cc mc Fe 310, Fe 360, Fe 430, Fe 510, Fe 590 (s ch
b n ko theo MPa).
Thp cacbon
ch t o my "c k hi u theo s ph n v n cacbon trung bnh. V d , v i thp
c kho ng 0,35%C AFNOR k hi u l C35 hay XC35 (mc sau c dao ng thnh ph n h9p hn), DIN
k hi u C35 hay CK35.
Thp h"p kim th$p (lo i khng c nguyn t no v "t qu 5%) "c k hi u theo tr t t sau:
- Hai ch) s
u bi u th l "ng cacbon trung bnh theo ph n v n;
- Li t k cc nguyn t h"p kim: DIN dng chnh k hi u ha h c, cn AFNOR dng
cc ch) ci: C cho crm, N cho niken, M cho mangan, S cho silic, D cho molipden, W cho volfram, V
cho vanadi;
- Li t k l "ng cc nguyn t h"p kim theo tr t t , sau khi nhn s ph n tr%m v i 4 ( i v i
Mn, Si, Cr, Co, Ni) v v i 10 ( i v i cc nguyn t cn l i). V d : 34 CD4 c a AFNOR v 34CrMo 4
c a DIN c kho ng 0.34%C, kho ng 1% Cr v kho ng 0.10%Mo.

B ng

i chi u m t s mc thp, gang c a cc n

TCVN
C45
40Cr
OL100Cr2
20Cr13
08Cr18Ni10
CD100
210Cr12
80<18Cr4V

:OCT
45
40X
;X15
20X13
08X18H90
Y10
X12
P18

GB
45
40Cr
GCr15
2X13
0Cr18Ni9
T10
Cr12
W18Cr4V

UNS
G10450
G51400
G52986
S42000
S30200
T72301
T30403
T12001

CT34
GX28-48
GC50-2

CT2
C130
B150

A2
HT300
QT500-7

F12803
F33800

AISI/SAE
1045
5140
42100
420
304
W109
D3
T1
----------ASTM
----------36
No40
8055-06

c
JIS
S45C
SCr440
SUJ2
SUS420J1
SUS304
SK4
SKD1
SKH2

AFNOR
X45
42C4
100C6
Z20C13
Z7CN18.09
Y1-90
Z200C12
Z80WCV
18-04-01

SS330
FC300
FCD500

F3360
FGL300
FGS500-7

DIN
C45
42C4
100C6
X20Cr13
X15Cr-Ni18
10
C105W1
X210C12
S 18-0-1

Fe360
GG30
GGG50

BS
06A45
530A40
535A99
420S29
304S31
BD3
BT1

Fe360
260
B500/7

Thp h"p kim cao (lo i c t nh$t m t nguyn t v "t qu 5%) th tr c k hi u c ch) Z
(AFNOR), X (DIN) v l "ng nguyn t h"p kim u bi u th ng theo ph n tr%m. V d , Z20C13
(AFNOR), X20 Cr13 (DIN) l mc thp khng g c kho ng 0.20% C v kho ng 13%Cr.
AFNOR k hi u gang xm b5ng FGLxxx, gang c u b5ng FGSxxx-xx v gang d2o MBxxx-xx,
trong nhm ba con s
u ch gi i h n b n ko theo Mpa, nhm hai con s sau ch
gin di (%).
DIN k hi u gang xm b5ng GGxx, gang c$u b5ng GGGxx v gang d2o li en GTSxx-xx,
gang d2o li tr*ng GTWxx-xx v i cc s bi u th gi i h n b n theo kG/mm2 v gin di (%).
Anh v i tiu chu n BS (British Standard) k hi u thp v gang nh sau:
Thp "c k hi u b5ng h th ng ch) v s :
- Ba con s
u ch lo i thp;
- M t ch): A, M, H ( trong H ch thp m b o
th$m ti);
- Hai con s sau cng ch ph n v n cacbon.
Gang xm k hi u b5ng xxx, gang c u b5ng xxx/xx, gang d2o li en b5ng Bxx-xx, gang d2o
li tr*ng b5ng Wxx-xx, gang d2o peclit b5ng Pxx-xx, trong nhm s th nh$t ch gi i h n b n ko
theo Mpa hay kG/mm2 ty theo c ba hay hai con s , nhm th hai ch
gin di theo %.
Thp khng g
"c k hi u b5ng xxxSxx, trong xx l$y theo AISI.

PH L C
1 - Thnh ph n ha h c c a cc mc thp cacbon ch t l ng th ng phn nhm B
2 - Thnh ph n ha h c v c tnh c a nhm thp k t c u cacbon ch t l ng t t
3 - Thnh ph n ha h c v c tnh c a thp xy d ng h p kim th p
4 - Thnh ph n ha h c c a cc thp th m cacbon
5 - Thnh ph n ha h c c a m t s thp ha t t
6 - Thnh ph n ha h c c a thp n h i
7 - Thnh ph n ha h c v c tnh c a thp d c t
8 - M t s lo i thp d ng c chnh c a M (Tiu chu n SAE/AISI)
9 - Thnh ph n ha h c c a m t s thp d ng c h p kim th p
10 - Thnh ph n ha h c c a m t s lo i thp gi
11 - Thnh ph n ha h c c a m t s thp khun d p ngu i
12 - Thnh ph n ha h c c a m t s thp khun d p nng
13 - Thnh ph n ha h c v c tnh c a m t s lo i thp khng g
14 - M t s mc gang thng d ng (Theo tiu chu n ASTM)
15 - K hi u, cng d ng c a m t s
ng
(TCVN 1659-75)
16 - Thnh ph n, k hi u c a m t s latng theo TCVN v CDA
17 - Thnh ph n, k hi u c a m t s brng theo TCVN v CDA
18 - K hi u v tr ng thi gia cng h p kim nhm c a Nga, M v Canada
19 - Tiu chu n k hi u h p kim nhm theo Aluminum Association
20 - B ng quy i thnh ph n, k hi u m t s HK nhm theo TCVN v Aluminum Association (AA)

1 - Thnh ph n ha h c c a cc mc thp cacbon ch$t l "ng th


Mc thp

C, %

Mn, %

BCT31
BCT33
BCT34
BCT38
BCT42
BCT51
BCT61

60.23
0.06-0.12
0.09-0.15
0.14-0.22
0.18-0.27
0.28-0.37
0.38-0.49

0.25-0.50
0.25-0.50
0.30-0.65
0.40-0.70
0.50-0.80
0.50-0.80

Si
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.07
-

ng phn nhm B

Si trong thp, %
N a l ng
L ng
0.05-0.17 0.12-0.30
0.05-0.17 0.12-0.30
0.05-0.17 0.12-0.30
0.05-0.17 0.12-0.30
0.05-0.17 0.15-0.35
0.05-0.17 0.15-0.35

S, %
P, %
Khng qu
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04

2 - Thnh ph n ha h c v c tnh c a nhm thp k t c$u cacbon ch$t l "ng t t


Mc
thp

C, %

Mn, %

C tnh sau khi th


b,
0.2,
5,
MPa MPa
%
=
320
200
33
340
210
31
380
230
27
420
250
25
460
280
23
500
300
21
540
320
20
580
340
19
610
360
16
640
380
14
660
390
13
690
410
12
710
420
10
730
430
9
1100
900
7
1100
950
6
1150 1000
6

ng ha
,
HB
%

C8 0.05-0.12 0.35-0.65
60
C10 0.07-0.14 0.35-0.65
55
C15 0.12-0.19 0.35-0.65
55
C20 0.17-0.24 0.35-0.65
50
C25 0.22-0.30 0.50-0.80
50
C30 0.27-0.35 0.50-0.80
45
C35 0.32-0.40 0.50-0.80
45
C40 0.37-0.45 0.50-0.80
40
C45 0.42-0.50 0.50-0.80
40
C50 0.47-0.55 0.50-0.80
35
C55 0.52-0.60 0.50-0.80
C60 0.57-0.65 0.50-0.80
35
C65 0.62-0.70 0.50-0.80
30
C70 0.67-0.75 0.50-0.80
30
C75 0.72-0.80 0.50-0.80
30
C80 0.77-0.85 0.50-0.80
30
C85 0.82-0.90 0.50-0.80
30
Ghi ch:
- Cc mc u ch a 0.17-0.37 %Si;
- M(u th c
ng knh v chi u dy nh+ hn 80 mm;
dai va p cc thp th ! tr ng thi ha t t;
- C tnh c a cc thp C75, C80, C85 c ng th ! tr ng thi ha t

c ng
sau , HB
6

131
143
149
163
170
179
207
217
229
241
255
255
255
269
285
285
302

187
197
207
217
217
229
229
241
241
255

t (Ti va ram cao)

ak,
kJ/m2
=
900
800
700
600
500
400
-

3 - Thnh ph n ha h c v c tnh c a thp xy d ng h"p kim th$p


Thnh ph n cc nguyn t , %
Mc thp

Si

Mn

Cr

19Mn
09Mn2
14Mn2
17MnSi
14CrMnSi

0.16-0.22
60.12
0.12-0.18
0.14-0.20
0.11-0.16

0.2-0.4
0.2-0.4
0.2-0.4
0.4-0.6
0.4-0.7

0.7-1.1
1.5-1.8
1.2-1.7
1.2-1.6
0.9-1.3

<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
0.5-0.8

15CrSiNiCu

0.12-0.18

0.4-0.7

0.4-0.7

0.6-0.9

35CrSi
18Mn2Si

0.30-0.37
0.16-0.20

0.6-0.9
0.6-0.9

0.8-1.2
1.2-1.6

<0.3
<0.3

khc

0.5-0.8Ni
0.2-0.4Cu

C tnh
0.2,
b,
MPa MPa
490
340
470
340
470
340
520
350
500
350

,
%
22
21
21
23
22

350

21

600
600

14
14

4 - Thnh ph n ha h c c a cc thp th$m cacbon


Mc thp
C10
C20
15Cr
20Cr
15CrV
20CrNi
12CrNi3A
12Cr2Ni4A
18Cr2Ni4MoA
18CrMnTi
25CrMnTi
30CrMnTi
25CrMnMo

C
0.07-0.14
0.17-0.24
0.12-0.18
0.17-0.23
0.12-0.18
0.17-0.23
0.09-0.16
0.09-0.15
0.14-0.20
0.17-0.23
0.22-0.29
0.24-0.32
0.23-0.29

Thnh ph n cc nguyn t , %
Cr
Ni
Mn
<0.25
<0.25
0.35-0.65
<0.25
<0.25
0.35-0.65
0.70-1.00
0.40-0.70
0.70-1.00
0.50-0.80
0.80-1.00
0.40-0.70
0.45-0.75 1.00-1.40
0.40-0.70
0.60-0.90 2.75-3.15
0.30-0.60
1.25-1.65 3.25-3.65
0.30-0.60
1.35-1.65 4.00-4.40
0.25-0.55
1.00-1.30
0.80-1.00
1.00-1.30
0.80-1.00
1.00-1.30
0.80-1.00
0.90-1.20
0.90-1.20

Khc

0.06-0.12V

0.03-0.04Mo
0.03-0.09Ti
0.03-0.09Ti
0.03-0.09Ti
0.20-0.30Mo

5 - Thnh ph n ha h c c a m t s thp ha t t

C40
C45
40Cr
40CrB
40CrMnB
30CrMnSi
40CrNi
40CrNiMo

C
0.37-0.44
0.42-0.49
0.36-0.44
0.37-0.45
0.37-0.45
0.28-0.35
0.36-0.44
0.37-0.44

Thnh ph n cc nguyn t , %
Cr
Mn
Si
Ni
<0.25
<0.8
<0.37
<0.25
<0.25
<0.8
<0.37
<0.25
0.80-1.10
<0.8
<0.4
<0.3
0.80-1.10
<0.8
<0.4
<0.3
0.80-1.10 0.7-1.0
<0.4
<0.3
0.80-1.10 0.8-1.1 0.9-1.2
<0.3
0.45-0.75
<0.8
<0.4
1.0-1.4
0.60-0.90
<0.8
<0.4
1.2-1.6

40CrMnTiB

0.38-0.45

0.80-1.10

Mc thp

0.7-1.0

<0.4

<0.3

Khc

0.002-0.005B

0.15-0.25Mo
0.03-0.09Ti
0.002-0.005B

38CrNi3MoV

0.33-0.42

1.20-1.50

<0.8

<0.4

3.0-3.4

0.35-0.45Mo
0.1-0.2V

6 - Thnh ph n ha h c c a thp n h/i


Mc thp
C70
65Mn
60Si2
60SiMn
50CrV
60Si2CrA
60Si2Ni2A

C
0.67-0.75
0.62-0.70
0.57-0.65
0.55-0.65
0.46-0.54
0.56-0.64
0.56-0.64

Thnh ph n cc nguyn t , %
Mn
Si
Cr
0.5-0.8 0.17-0.37
<0.25
0.9-1.2 0.17-0.37
0.6-0.9
1.50-2.0
0.8-1.0 1.30-1.80
0.5-0.8 0.17-0.37
0.8-1.1
0.5-0.8 1.40-1.80
0.7-1.0
0.5-0.8
1.40-1.80
-

Khc

0.1-0.2V
1.4-1.7Ni

7 - Thnh ph n ha h c v c tnh c a thp d c*t


Mc thp
12S
20S
30S
40MnS

C
0.08-0.16
0.15-0.25
0.25-0.35
0.35-0.45

Thnh ph n ha h c, %
Mn
S
0.60-0.90
0.08-0.20
0.60-0.90
0.08-0.12
0.70-1.00
0.08-0.12
1.20-1.55
0.18-0.30

P
0.08-0.15
60.06
60.06
60.05

b, MPa
420-570
460-510
520-670
600-750

C tnh
, % , %
22
36
20
30
15
25
14
20

HB
160
168
185
207

8 - M t s lo i thp d ng c chnh c a M (Tiu chu n SAE/AISI)


Lo i thp,
k hi u

Thnh ph n cc nguyn t
C

-W1

0.6-1.4

-W2

0.6-1.4

-S1
-S2
-O1
-O2
-A2
-A4
-D2

Mn
Cr
V
W thp ti n
-

0.25

Cng d ng

W
c
-

Mo

Co

Khc

0.4

2Si

D ng c th y l c,
ko, khun d$u,

D ng c c*t, khun
d p ngu i

L ko s"i, tr c cn
nh+

Tr c cn, khun d p

S- Thp ch u va p
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.55
0.8
Thp lm vi c nhi t
th p (O, A, D):
O Thp ti d u
0.9
1.0
0.5
0.9
1.6
A- Thp ti trong khng kh
1.0
5.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
D Thp cacbon v crm
1.5
12.0
1.0 1.0

- D ng c gia cng
g , d ng c c m
tay, d ng c ch u va
p ! nhi t
th ng,

-D3

2.25

-H10
-H21

12.0
H Thp lm vi c nhi
0.40
3.25
0.4
0.35
3.5
-

-H42

0.60

-T1
-T6

0.75
0.80

-M1
-M2
-M30

0.80
0.90
0.80

-P1
-P2

0.17
0.10

4.0

2.0

1.0
t
cao
2.5
0.9
-

8.0

T- Thp gi h volfram
4.0
1.0 18.0
4.5
1.5 20.0
M- Thp gi h W v Mo
4.1
1.0 1.5 8.0
4.0
2.0 6.0 5.0
2.0
1.25 2.0 0.8
P Thp lm khun p Polyme
2.0
0.2
2.6
-

ngu i, calip,

Khun p kim lo i
(Al, Mg). khun
c, khun rnd p,

12

Dao ti n, phay, bo,


m i khoan,

5.0

D ng c c*t nhanh,
c tnh ch ng mi
mn r$t cao

0.5Ni D ng c
1.25Ni nh a,

9 - Thnh ph n ha h c c a m t s thp d ng c h"p kim th$p


Mc thp
130Cr05
100Cr2
90CrSi
90Mn2
140CrW5

Thnh ph n cc nguyn t , %
C
Cr
Mn
1.25-1.40
0.40-0.60
0.95-1.10
1.30-1.60
0.85-0.95
0.95-1.25
0.85-0.95
1.5-1.7
1.25-1.50
0.40-0.70
-

Si
<0.35
<0.35
1.20-1.60
<0.30

W
4.5-5.5

10 - Thnh ph n ha h c c a m t s lo i thp gi
Mc thp

Thnh ph n cc nguyn t , %
C
Cr
W
Nhm thp gi c n%ng su$t c*t bnh th ng
80W18Cr4VMo
0.70-0.80
3.8-4.4
17.0-18.5
90W9Cr4V2Mo
0.85-0.95
3.8-4.4
8.5-10.0
85W12Cr3V2Mo
0.80-0.90
3.1-3.6
12.0-13.0
85W6Mo5Cr4V2
0.80-0.88
3.8-4.4
5.5-6.5
145<9V5Cr4Mo
1.40-1.50
3.8-4.4
9.0-10.5
Nhm thp gi c n%ng su$t cao
90W18Cr4V2Mo
0.85-0.95
3.8-4.4
17.5-19.0
95W9Co5Cr4V2Mo
0.90-1.00
3.8-4.4
9.0-10.5
95W9Co10Cr4V2Mo 0.90-1.00
3.8-4.4
9.0-10.5
150W10Co5V5Cr4Mo 1.45-1.55
4.0-4.6
10.0-11.5
160W12Co5V4Cr4Mo 1.55-1.65
4.0-4.6
12.0-13.5
90W18Co5Cr4V2Mo 0.85-0.95
3.8-4.4
17.5-19.0
130W14V4Cr4Mo
1.20-1.30
4.0-4.6
13.0-14.5
90W6Mo5Co5Cr4V2 0.85-0.95
3.8-4.4
5.5-6.5

Mo

Co

1.4-1.4
2.0-2.6
1.5-1.9
1.7-2.1
4.3-5.1

61
61
61
5.0-5.5
61

1.8-2.4
2.0-2.6
2.0-2.6
4.3-5.1
4.3-5.1
1.8-2.4
3.4-4.1
1.7-2.1

61
61
61
61
61
61
61
5.0-5.5

5.0-6.0
9.5-10.5
5.0-6.0
5.0-6.0
5.0-6.0
5.0-6.0

11 - Thnh ph n ha h c c a m t s thp khun d p ngu i


Mc thp

Thnh ph n cc nguyn t , %
C
Cr
W
0.90-1.05 0.9-1.2
1.2-1.6
0.90-1.05 0.6-1.1
0.5-0.8
2.00-2.20 11.5-13.0 1.45-1.65 11.0-12.5 1.25-1.45 11.0-12.5 1.05-1.15 5.5-6.5
1.1-1.5
0.34-0.45 1.3-1.6
0.35-0.44 1.0-1.3
2.0-2.5

100CrWMn
100CrWSiMn
210Cr12
160Cr12Mo
130Cr12V
110Cr6WV
40CrSi
40CrW2Si

Mn
0.8-1.1
0.6-0.9
60.35
60.35
60.35
60.45
60.40
60.40

Si
60.4
0.65-1.0
60.4
60.4
60.4
60.35
1.2-1.6
0.6-0.9

Khc
0.05-0.15V
0.4-0.6Mo
0.7-0.9V
0.5-0.8V
-

12 - Thnh ph n ha h c c a m t s thp khun d p nng


Mc thp
50CrNiMo
50CrNiW
50CrMnMo
30Cr2W8V
40Cr2W5MoV
40Cr5W2VSi

Thnh ph n cc nguyn t , %
C
Mn
Cr
0.50-0.60 0.50-0.80 0.5-0.8
0.50-0.60 0.50-0.80 0.5-0.8
0.50-0.60 1.20-1.60 0.6-0.9
0.30-0.40 0.15-0.40 2.2-2.7
0.35-0.45 0.15-0.40 2.2-3.0
0.35-0.45 0.15-0.40 4.5-5.5

W (Mo)
(0.15-0.3)
0.4-0.7
(0.15-0.3)
7.5-8.5
4.5-5.5
1.6-2.2

Ni (Si)
1.4-1.8
1.4-1.8
(0.8-1.2)

V
0.2-0.5
0.6-0.9
0.6-0.9

13 - Thnh ph n ha h c v c tnh c a m t s lo i thp khng g


S hi u thp
(SAE/AISI)

Thnh ph n cc nguyn t

Tr ng
thi

C tnh,
MPa
?0.2
?b

>,
%

Ti v
ram !
400oC

700
1375
1900

1000
1760
1950

20
10
3

Cr

Ni

Khc

<0.15
>0.15
0.75-0.95

12.5
13.0
17.0

<0.08
<0.12
<0.20

13.0
17.0
25.0

0.2Al
<0.25N

275
345
350

450
650
560

25
25
20

<0.15
<0.08
<0.08
<0.03
<0.08

17.0
19.0
17.0
17.0
18.0

7.0
9.0
12.0
12.0
11.0

2.5Mo
2.5Mo
Nb ho c
Ta =10%C

275
250
290
260
275

750
580
580
550
655

50
55
50
50
45

Lo i ha c ng ti t pha
361(17-7PH) 0.09

17.0

7.0

1.2Al

1150

1650

Lo i Mactenxit
410
420
440B
Lo i Ferit
405
430
446
Lo i Austenit
301
304
316
316-L
347

Ha gi

14 - M t s mc gang thng d ng (Theo tiu chu n ASTM)


Mc gang

K hi u
tiu chu n

Gi i h n
b n ko min

Gi i h n
ch y min

ksi

ksi

MPa

d2o
min, %

c ng
max, HB

Mc t ng ng
theo tiu chu n Lin
X c

MPa

Gang xm
No.20B* A48
20
138
No.25B
A48
25
172
C 8-36
No.30B
A48
30
207
C 1-40
No.35B
A48
35
241
C 4-44
No.40B
A48
40
276
C 8-48
No.45B
A48
45
310
C 2-52
No.50B
A48
50
345
C 5-56
No.55B
A48
55
379
C 8-60
No.60B
A48
60
414
Gang c u
32510
A 47-84
50
32.5
10
156
35018
A 47-84
53
35
18
156
22010
A47M-90
340
220
10
156
40010
A220-88
60
40
10
149-197
45008
A220-88
65
45
8
156-197
45006
A220-88
65
45
6
156-207
50005
A220-88
70
50
5
179-229
60004
A220-88
80
60
4
197-241
70003
A220-88
85
70
3
217-269
80002
A220-88
95
80
2
241-285
90001
A220-88
105
90
1
269-231
280M10
A220M-88
400
280
10
149-197
B 0-10
310M8
A220M-88
450
310
8
156-197
310M6
A220M-88
450
310
6
156-207
340M5
A220M-88
480
340
5
179-229
B 5-5
410M4
A220M-88
550
410
4
197-241
480M3
A220M-88
590
480
3
217-269
550M2
A220M-88
650
550
2
241-285
620M1
A220M-88
720
620
1
269-231
Gang d o
0-40-18
A 536-84
60
414
40
276
18
5-45-12
A 536-84
65
448
45
310
12
0-55-06
A 536-84
80
552
55
379
6.0
10-70-03 A 536-84
100
689
70
483
3.0
10-90-02 A 536-84
120
827
90
621
2.0
Ghi ch: Sau cc k hi u mc gang c th c cc ch) ci A, B, C, S ph thu c vo
ng knh m(u
th , ! y, B ng v i m(u c
ng knh l 30.5 mm.

15 - K hi u, cng d ng c a m t s

/ng + (TCVN 1659-75)

Cu99.99

Cu
99.99

Hm l "ng %
Bi
Pb
O
0.0005 0.001
-

P
0.001

T ng
0.01

Cu99.97

99.97

0.001

0.004

0.002

0.03

Cu99.95

99.95

0.001

0.004

0.02

0.002

0.5

Cu99.90

99.90

0.001

0.005

0.05

0.1

Cu99.90

99.90

0.001

0.005

0.01

0.04

0.1

STT

Mc

@ng d ng
Lm dy d(n i n
Lm dy d(n ho c ch t o
h"p kim ch$t l "ng cao
Nh Cu99.97
Lm dy d(n i n ch t o
brng khng Sn
Nh Cu99.90

16 - Thnh ph n, k hi u c a m t s latng theo TCVN v CDA


Tn
Latng
Latng
Latng h i qun
Latng
Latng
Mayso

K hi u
TCVN
LCuZn30
LCuZn40
LCuZn29Sn1
LCuZn38Al1Fe
LCuZn29Sn1Pb3
LCuZn27Ni18

Thnh ph n, %

CDA
260
280
464
770

17 - Thnh ph n, k hi u c a m t s brng theo TCVN v CDA


K hi u
STT
TCVN
CDA
1
BCuSn5P0.15
2
BCuSn5Zn5Pb5
836
3
BCuAl5
4
BCuAl9Fe4
952
5
BCuPb30
6
BcuBe2
172

30Zn
40Zn
29Zn-1Sn
38Zn1AlFe
29Zn1Sn3Pb
27Zn18Ni

Thnh ph n, %
5Sn-0.1P
5Sn-5Zn-5Pb
5Al
9Al-4Fe
30Pb
1.9Be-0.2Co

18 - K hi u v tr ng thi gia cng h"p kim nhm c a Nga, M v Canada


Nga
K hi u
M
T
T1
H
H1
TH
T1H
T1H1

ngh3a
H p kim nhm bi n d ng
Am m
Ti v ha gi t nhin
Ti v ha gi nhn t o
Bi n c ng
Bi n c ng khng hon ton
Bi n c ng m nh
Ti, ha gi t nhin, bi n c ng
Ti, bi n c ng, ha gi nhn t o
Ti, bi n c ng 20%, ha gi nhn

M , Canada
K hi u
ngh3a
H p kim nhm bi n d ng v c
F
Tr ng thi phi th
O
A v k t tinh l i
H
Tr ng thi bi n d ng
H11
Bi n d ng v i m c bi n c ng nh+
H12
H14
H16
H18

Bi
Bi
Bi
Bi

nd
nd
nd
nd

ng v
ng v
ng v
ng v

im
im
im
im

c bi n c ng
c bi n c ng
c bi n c ng
c 4/4 bi n c ng

t o
T1
T2
T4
T5
T6

H p kim nhm c
Ha gi nhn t o sau c
A
Ti
Ti, ha gi m t ph n
Ti, ha gi ha b n c c i

H19
H2X
H3X
T1
T3
T4

T7
T8

Ti, ha gi n nh
Ti, ha gi bi n m m (qua ha gi)

T5
T6
T7
T8
T9

Bi n d ng v i m c bi n c ng r$t l n
Bi n d ng ti p theo h/i ph c (X=2..9)
Bi n d ng ti p theo n nh ha (X=2..9)
Ti sau bi n d ng nng, ha gi t nhin
Ti, bi n d ng ngu i, ha gi t nhin
Gi ng T3 nh ng khng c bi n d ng
ngu i
Gi ng T1 nh ng ha gi nhn t o
Gi ng T4 nh ng ha gi nhn t o
Gi ng T6 nh ng ha gi
Ti sau bi n d ng nng, ha gi nhn t o
Ti, ha gi nhn t o, bi n d ng ngu i

19 - Tiu chu n k hi u h"p kim nhm theo Aluminum Association


H"p kim nhm bi n d ng
H th ng h"p kim
Lo i k hi u
Al=99%
1000
Al-Cu v Al-Mg-Cu
2000
Al-Mn
3000
Al-Si
4000
Al-Mg
5000
Al-Mg-Si
6000
Al-Zn-Mg v Al-Zn-Mg-Cu
7000
Al-Cc nguyn t khc
8000
20 - B ng quy
H h"p kim
Al s ch
Al cng nghi p
Al-Cu
Al-Cu-Mg
Al-Mn
Al-Mg
Al-Mg-Si
Al-Zn-Mg
Al-Zn-Mg-Cu
Al-Cu
Al-Si-Cu
Al-Si-Mg
Al-Si-Mg-Cu

H"p kim nhm c


H th ng h"p kim
Lo i k hi u
Al s ch cng nghi p
100.0
Al-Cu
200.0
Al-Si-Mg v Al-Si-Cu
300.0
Al-Si
400.0
Al-Mg
500.0
Al-Zn
700.0
Al-Sn
800.0

i thnh ph n, k hi u m t s HK nhm theo TCVN v Aluminum Association (AA)


K hi u
Thnh ph n
TCVN
AA
H p kim bi n d ng
Al 99.60
1060
99.60 Al
Al 99.00
1100
99.00 Al
AlCu4.4Mg0.5Mn0.8
2014
4.4Cu-0.5Mg-0.8Mn
AlCu4.4Mg1.5Mn0.6
2024
4.4Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn
AlMn1.2
3004
1.2Mn-0.12Cu
AlMg1.4
5050
1.4Mg
AlMg1Si0.6
6061
1Mg-0.6Si-0.2Cr-0.3Cu
AlZn4.5Mg1.4
7005
4.5Zn-1.4Mg-0.12Cr-0.4Mn-0.15Zr
AlZn5.6Mg2.5Cu4.6
7075
5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu
H p kim c
AlCu4.5
295.0
4.5Cu-1Si
AlSi5.5Cu4.5
308.0
5.5Si-4.5Cu
AlSi7Mg0.3
356.0
7Si-0.3Mg
AlSi12Mg1.3Cu4Mn0.6
12Si-1.3Mg-2Cu-0.6Mn-1Ni-0.2Ti

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