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PHNG PHP TA TRONG KHNG GIAN

I. PHNG PHP GII TON

gii c cc bi ton hnh khng gian bng phng php ta ta cn phi chn h trc ta thch hp.
Lp ta cc nh, im lin quan da vo h trc ta chn v di cnh ca hnh.
PHNG PHP
Bc 1: Chn h trc ta Oxyz thch hp. (Quyt nh s thnh cng ca bi ton)
Bc 2: Xc nh ta cc im c lin quan.
Bc 3: S dng cc kin thc v ta gii quyt bi ton.
Cc dng ton thng gp:
nh tnh: Chng minh cc quan h vung gc, song song,
nh lng: di on thng,, gc, khong cch, tnh din tch, th tch, din tch thit din,
Bi ton cc tr, qu tch.

Ta thng gp cc dng sau

1. Hnh chp tam gic
a. Dng tam din vung
V d : Cho t din OABC c y OBC l tam gic vung ti O, OB=a, OC= a 3 , (a>0) v ng cao OA= a 3 . Gi
M l trung im ca cnh BC. Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng AB v OM.
z
Cch 1:
a 3 A
Chn h trc ta nh hnh v. Khi O(0;0;0),
A(0; 0; a 3); B (a; 0; 0), C (0; a 3; 0),
N

a a 3
a 3 a 3
M ;
; 0 , gi N l trung im ca AC N 0;
;
.
2
2
2
2

MN l ng trung bnh ca tam gic ABC AB // MN

AB //(OMN) d(AB;OM) = d(AB;(OMN)) = d(B;(OMN)).




 a a 3


 a 3 a 3
OM = ;
; 0 , ON = 0;
;

2
2
2
2





3a 2 a 2 3 a2 3 a 2 3
[OM ; ON ] =
;
;
=
4
4
4
4

a 3


a2 3 
n , vi n = ( 3; 1; 1) .
4

Phng trnh mt phng (OMN) qua O vi vect php tuyn n : 3 x + y + z = 0
3.a + 0 + 0

Ta c: d ( B; (OMN )) =

3 +1+1

3; 1; 1 =

a 3
5

a 15
a 15
. Vy, d ( AB; OM ) =
.
5
5

Cch 2:
Gi N l im i xng ca C qua O.
Ta c: OM // BN (tnh cht ng trung bnh).
OM // (ABN)
d(OM;AB) = d(OM;(ABN)) = d(O;(ABN)).
Dng OK BN , OH AK ( K BN ; H AK )

a 3

C
a 3

Ta c: AO (OBC ); OK BN AK BN

BN OK ; BN AK BN ( AOK ) BN OH
OH AK ; OH BN OH ( ABN ) d (O; ( ABN ) = OH

T cc tam gic vung OAK; ONB c:

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

5
2

OH =

a 15
a 15
. Vy, d (OM ; AB) = OH =
.
5
5

OH
OA OK
OA OB
ON
3a
a
3a
3a
b. Dng khc
V d 1: T din S.ABC c cnh SA vung gc vi y v ABC vung ti C. di ca cc cnh l SA =4, AC = 3,
BC = 1. Gi M l trung im ca cnh AB, H l im i xng ca C qua M.
Tnh cosin gc hp bi hai mt phng (SHB) v (SBC).
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Hng dn gii
z
Chn h trc ta nh hnh v, ta c:
S
A(0;0;0), B(1;3;0), C(0;3;0), S(0;0;4) v H(1;0;0).
mp(P) qua H vung gc vi SB ti I ct ng thng SC ti K, d thy






SHB ) , ( SBC ) = ( IH , IK ) (1).
(
4







SB = (1; 3; 4) , SC = (0; 3; 4) suy ra:
I
K
x = 1 t
x = 0
y

A
ptts SB: y = 3 3t , SC: y = 3 3t v (P): x + 3y 4z 1 = 0.
C
z = 4t
z = 4t

M






H
5 15 3
51 32
IH
.
IK

SHB ) , ( SBC ) =
=
I ; ; , K 0; ; cos (
B
x
IH .IK
8 8 2
25 25
Ch : Nu C v H i xng qua AB th C thuc (P), khi ta khng cn phi tm K.
V d 2: Cho hnh chp SABC c y l tam gic ABC vung cn ti A, AB = AC = a (a > 0), hnh chiu ca S trn y
trng vi trng tm G ca ABC. t SG = x (x > 0). Xc nh gi tr ca x gc phng nh din (B, SA, C) bng 60o.
Cch 1:
BC = a 2
a 2
a 2
.
Gi M l trung im ca BC AM =
; AG =
z
2
3
Gi E, F ln lt l hnh chiu ca G ln AB, AC. T gic AEGF l hnh vung
a
x
AG = AE 2 AE = AF = .
3
Dng h trc ta Axyz, vi Ax, Ay, Az i mt vung gc, A(0;0;0), B(a;0;0),
a a
a a
C(0; a; 0), G ; ; 0 , S ; ; x .
3 3
2 2
C
F
A


 a a

 2a
a



 a 2a

SA = ; ; x , SB = ; ; x , SC = ; ; x
y
G
E
3
3 3
3

3 3

M






a2
a


a

[ SA; SB ] = 0; ax;
= a 0; x; = a.n1 , vi n1 = 0; x;

3
3
3





a2
a


a

x
[ SA; SC ] = ( ax; 0; ) = a x; 0; = a.n2 , vi n2 = x; 0; .
3
3
3





Mt phng (SAB) c cp vect ch phng SA, SB nn c vect php tuyn n1 .







Mt phng (SAC) c cp vect ch phng SA, SC nn c vect php tuyn n2 .
o
Gc phng nh din (B; SA; C) bng 60 .
a a
a2
0.x + x.0 +
3 3
S
9
cos 60o =
=
2
2
2
2
9x + a
a
a
0 + x2 +
x2 + 0 +
9
9
9

1
a2
a
= 2
9 x 2 + a 2 = 2a 2 9 x 2 = a 2 x = .
2
2 9x + a
3
a
Vy, x = .
A
3
Cch 2:
Gi M l trung im ca BC AM BC (ABC vung cn)
Ta c: SG ( ABC ) SG BC . Suy ra: BC ( SAM )
 l gc phng nh din (B; SA; C).
Dng BI SA IM SA v IC SA BIC

SAB = SAC (c c c) IB = IC IBC cn ti I.

BC = a 2; AM = BM = MC =

1
a 2
a 2
.
BC =
; AG =
2
2
3

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AIM ~ AGS IM = SG.

Trn Duy Thi

AM
a 2
1
= x.
=
.
AS
2
SG 2 + AG 2

ax 2

2a 2
2 x +
9

IM =

3ax 2
2 9 x 2 + 2a 2

3.3ax 2
 = 30o BM = IM . tan 30o a 2 =
 = 60o BIM
.
Ta c: BIC
2
2 9 x 2 + 2a 2
a
9 x 2 + 2a 2 = 3 x 3 9 x 2 + 2a 2 = 27 x 2 18 x 2 = 2a 2 9 x 2 = a 2 x = .
3
a
Vy, x = .
3
V d 3: (Trch thi i hc khi A 2002). Cho hnh chp tam gic u S.ABC c di cnh y l a. Gi M, N
l trung im SB, SC. Tnh theo a din tch AMN, bit (AMN) vung gc vi (SBC).
Hng dn gii
Gi O l hnh chiu ca S trn (ABC), ta suy ra O l trng tm ABC . Gi I l trung im ca BC, ta c:
3
a 3
a 3
a 3
AI =
BC =
OA =
, OI =
2
2
3
6
Trong mt phng (ABC), ta v tia Oy vung gc vi OA. t SO = h, chn h trc ta nh hnh v ta c:
a 3

a 3

a 3 a
O(0; 0; 0), S(0; 0; h), A
; 0; 0 I
; 0; 0 , B
; ; 0 ,
z
6
6
2
S
3

a 3 a

a 3 a h
a 3 a h
C
; ; 0 , M
; ; v N
; ; .
6
2
12
4
2
4 2

12















5a 2 3 
a2 3
ah

n ( AMN ) = AM , AN = ; 0;
, n ( SBC ) = SB, SC = ah; 0;

24
6
4



5a 2
1







a 2 10
( AMN ) ( SBC ) n ( AMN ) .n ( SBC ) = 0 h 2 =
S AMN = AM , AN =
.
12
2
16

N
h

I
C

a
2. Hnh chp t gic
a) Hnh chp S.ABCD c SA vung gc vi y v y l hnh vung (hoc hnh
x A
ch nht). Ta chn h trc ta nh dng tam din vung.
b) Hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh vung (hoc hnh thoi) tm O ng cao SO vung gc vi y. Ta chn
h trc ta tia OA, OB, OS ln lt l Ox, Oy, Oz. Gi s SO = h, OA = a, OB = b ta c
O(0; 0; 0), A(a; 0; 0), B(0; b; 0), C(a; 0; 0), D(0;b; 0), S(0; 0; h).
c) Hnh chp S.ABCD c y hnh ch nht ABCD v AB = b. SAD u cnh a v vung gc vi y. Gi H
l trung im AD, trong (ABCD) ta v tia Hy vung gc vi AD. Chn h trc ta Hxyz ta c: H(0; 0; 0),
a
a
a
a
a 3

.
A ; 0; 0 , B ; b; 0 , C ; b;0 , D ; 0;0 , S 0; 0;
2
2

2

z

3. Hnh lng tr ng
Ty theo hnh dng ca y ta chn h trc nh cc dng trn.
V d: 1. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD A'B'C'D' cnh a. Chng minh rng AC'
vung gc vi mt phng (A'BD).

A'
B'

D'
C'

Li gii:
y
A
D
Chn h trc ta Oxyz sao cho O A; B Ox; D Oy v A' Oz .
A(0;0;0), B(a;0;0), D(0;a;0), A'(0;0;a), C'(1;1;1) Phng trnh on
B
C
x
chn ca mt phng(A'BD): x + y + z = a hay x + y + z a = 0






Php tuyn ca mt phng (A'BC): n ( A ' BC ) = (1;1;1) v AC ' = (1;1;1) .
Vy AC' vung gc vi (A'BC)
2. Cho lng tr ABC.A'B'C' cc cc mt bn u l hnh vung cnh a. Gi D, F ln lt l trung im ca cc
cnh BC, C'B'. Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng A'B v B'C'.
Gii
Cch 1:
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V cc cc mt bn ca lng tr u l hnh vung nn AB = BC = CA = A ' B ' = B ' C ' = C ' A ' = a

cc tam gic ABC, ABC l cc tam gic u.
z
Chn h trc Axyz, vi Ax, Ay, Az i mt vung gc, A(0;0;0),
A
a a 3 a a 3
B ;
; 0 , C ;
; 0 , A '(0; 0; a),
2 2
2 2

a a 3
a a 3
B ' ;
; a, C ' ;
;
2 2

2 2
Ta c: B ' C ' //BC , B ' C ' // ( A ' BC )

C
B

d ( B ' C '; A ' B ) = d ( B ' C '; ( A ' BC ) ) = d ( B '; ( A ' BC ) )

 a a 3




 a a 3

A' B = ;
; a , A'C = ;
; a
2
2
2

2









3

3
a 3
2
2 
A ' B A ' C = 0; a 2 ;
= a 0; 1;

= a .n , vi n = 0; 1;
2
2
2


Phng trnh mt phng (ABC) qua A vi vect php tuyn n :
3
3
a 3
0( x 0) + 1( y 0) +
( z a ) = 0 ( A ' BC ) : y +
z
=0
2
2
2
a 3
3
a 3
a 3
+
.a
a 21
a 21
2
2
2
d ( B ' ( A ' BC ) ) =
= 2 =
. Vy, d ( A ' B; B ' C ') =
.
7
7
3
7
1+
4
2
Cch 2:
V cc cc mt bn ca lng tr u l hnh vung nn AB = BC = CA = A ' B ' = B ' C ' = C ' A ' = a
A
cc tam gic ABC, ABC l cc tam gic u.
Ta c: B ' C ' //BC B ' C ' //( A ' BC ) .

d ( A ' B; B ' C ') = d ( B ' C '; ( A ' BC ) ) = d ( F ; ( A ' BC ) ) .

C
F

BC FD
Ta c:
BC ( A ' BC )
BC A ' D (A'BC ca n ta i A')
Dng FH A ' D
V BC ( A ' BC ) BC FH H ( A ' BC )

a 21
A FD vung c:
=
+
= 2 + 2 = 2 FH =
.
D
2
2
2
7
FH
A' F
FD
3a
a
3a
B
a 21
Vy, d ( A ' B; B ' C ') = FH =
7
3. T din ABCD c AB, AC, AD i mt vung gc vi nhau, AB = 3, AC=AD=4. Tnh khong cch t A ti mt
phng (BCD)
z
Li gii
D
+ Chn h trc ta Oxyz sao cho A O.
D Ox; C Oy v B Oz
A(0;0;0); B(0;0;3); C(0;4;0); D(4;0;0)
Phng trnh mt phng (BCD) l:
x y z
+ + = 1 3x + 3y + 4z - 12 = 0.
4 4 3
y
Suy ra khongr cch t A ti mt phng (BCD).

II. Lyuyn tp
B
Bi 1: Cho hnh chp SABC c di cc cnh bng 1, O l trng tm ca
x
tam gic ABC. I l trung im ca SO.
1. Mt phng (BIC) ct SA ti M. Tm t l th tch ca t din SBCM v t din SABC.
2. H l chn ng vung gc h t I xung cnh SB. Chng minh rng IH qua trng tm G ca SAC.
Li gii
1. Chn h trc ta Oxyz sao cho O l gc ta . AOx, SOz, BC//Oy
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Trng THPT G Cng ng

3

A
; 0; 0 ; B
3








Ta c: BC = (0;1; 0) ; IC =

Trn Duy Thi

3 1
3 1
6
6
; ; 0 ; C
; ; 0 ; S 0; 0
; I 0; 0;

6
2 6 2
3
6






3 1
6
6
3
; ;
; 0;
; BC , IC =

6 2
6
6
6

6
3
6
( x 0) + 0( y 0) +
(z
)=0
6
6
6


 3
6
6

 
Hay: 2 + z
= 0 m ta li c: SA =
; 0;
SA// u SA (1; 0; 2) .
6
3
3

Phng trnh mt phng (IBC) l:

3
+ t ; y = 0; z = 2t .
3

3
+t
(1)
x =
3

(2)
y = 0
+ Ta im M l nghim ca h:
.
(3)
y = 2t

2 x + z 6 = 0 (4)
x

6
Thay (1), (2), (3) v (4):



 3




3
3
6
6
6


x=
; y = 0; z =
M
; 0;
; 0;
; SM =
SA = 4 SM
12
12
4
4
12
12
V( SBCM ) 1
SM 1
M nm trn on SA v
=
= .
SA 4
V ( SABC ) 4
2. Do G l trng tm ca tam gic ASC
SG i qua trung im N ca AC
GI (SNB) GI v SB ng phng (1)



3 1 6
3 1 6
Ta li c G
; ;
; ;
GI =

B
6 18
18 6 9
18








3 1 6
GI =
; ;
GI .SB = 0 GI SB (2)
18 6 18
T (1) v (2) GI SB = H .
x

Phng trnh ng thng SA: x =

I
G
C
O

z
S

M
I

C
O

Bi 2: Cho hnh chp O.ABC c OA = a, OB = b, OC = c i mt vung gc. im M c nh thuc tam gic ABC c
khong cch ln lt n cc mt phng (OBC), (OCA), (OAB) l 1, 2, 3. Tnh a, b, c th tch O.ABC nh nht.
Hng dn gii
Chn h trc ta nh hnh v, ta c:
z
O(0; 0; 0), A(a; 0; 0), B(0; b; 0), C(0; 0; c).
C
d(M, (OAB)) = 3 zM = 3.
Tng t M(1; 2; 3).
x y z
(ABC): + + = 1
M
a b c
c
1 2 3
1
M ( ABC ) + + = 1 (1). VO. ABC = abc (2).
a b c
6
3
1 2 3
1 2 3
b
(1) 1 = + + 3 3 . .
O
a b c
a b c
y
B
a
H
1
abc 27 .
6
A
1 2 3 1
x
(2) Vmin = 27 = = = .
a b c 3

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Bi 3: Cho t din ABCD c AD vung gc vi mt phng (ABC) v tam gic ABC vung ti A, AD=a, AC=b, B=c.
Tnh din tch ca tam gic BCD theo a, b, c v chng minh rng 2S abc ( a + b + c ) .

Gii
Chn h trc ta nh hnh v, ta c: A(0;0;0), B(c;0;0), C(0;b;0), D(0;0;a).















D
BC = ( c; b; 0 ) , BD = ( c; 0; a ) , BC , BD = ( ab; ac; bc )
1






1 2 2
S BCD = BC , BD =
a b + a2 c2 + b2 c2
2
2

pcm a 2 b 2 + a 2 c 2 + b 2 c 2 abc (a + b + c)

a 2 b 2 + a 2 c 2 + b 2 c 2 abc(a + b + c)
Theo bt ng thc Cachy ta c:
a 2 b 2 + b 2 c 2 2ab 2 c

b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 2bc 2 a

c 2 a 2 + a 2 b 2 2ca 2 b

y
A

C
B
x

Co ng ve : a 2 b 2 + a 2 c 2 + b 2 c 2 abc(a + b + c)
Bi 4: Cho hnh lng tr ABCD. A1B1C1 c y l tam gic cnh a. AA1 = 2a v vung gc vi mt phng (ABC).

Gi D l trung im ca BB1; M di ng trn cnh AA1. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca din tch tam gic
MC1D.

Li gii
+ Chn h trc ta Oxyz sao cho AO; BOy; A1Oz. Khi : A(0;0;0), B(0;a;0); A1 (0;0;2a)
z

a 3 a

C1
; ; 2a v D(0;a;a)
2 2

Do M di ng trn AA1, ta M(0;0;t) vi t [0;2a]

1







Ta c : S DC1M = DC1 , DM
2

 a 3 a
DC1 =
; ; a








a
2 DG , DM =
Ta c:
(t 3a; 3(t a ); a 3)
2

2





DM = ( 0; a; t a )








a
DG , DM =
(t 3a ) 2 + 3(t a ) 2 + 3a 2
2
a
4t 2 12at + 15a 2
2
1 a
S DC1M = . . 4t 2 12at + 15a 2
2 2
Gi tr ln nht ca S DC1M ty thuc vo gi tr ca tham s t.

C
D

Xt f(t) = 4t2 12at + 15a2

f(t) = 4t2 12at + 15a2
f '(t) = 8t 12a
3a
f '(t ) = 0 t =
2

(t [0;2a])

Lp bng bin thin ta c gi tr ln nht ca S DC1M =

a 2 15
khi t =0 hay M A.
4

Ch
+ Hnh chp tam gic u c y l tam gic u v cc cnh bn bng nhau, nhng khng nht thit phi bng y.
Chn ng cao l trng tm ca y.
+ T din u l hnh chp tam gic u c cnh bn bng y.
+ Hnh hp c y l hnh bnh hnh nhng khng nht thit phi l hnh ch nht.
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Bi 5: Cc bi ton xc nh th tnh bng php tnh ta - Kha LTH m bo Thy Phan Huy Khi

BTVN BI CC BI TON XC NH TH TCH

BNG PHP TNH TA
Gii cc bi ton sau bng phng php ta , vecto.
Bi 1: Gi O l trung im ca AD . Chn h trc Oxyz sao cho:
(O, Ox, Oy, Oz) trng vi (O,OD,ON,OS). Ta c:

a
a
a
a
3
A( ;0;0), B( ; a;0), C ( ; a;0), D( ;0;0), S (0;0; a )
2
2
2
2
2
a a a 3
a a
), N (0; a;0), P ( ; ; 0)
4 2 4
2 2

M ( ; ;

2
2



 a a









1











CM .CN = (0; a 3 ; a ) v CP = ( ; ;0)
v

i
CM
.
CN
.
CP

4 2
8
4
6

V: VCMNP =

Vy: VCMNP =

a3 3
96

Bi 2: Chn gc tam din l (A, AB, AD, AA) ta c:












BD = ( a; a; 0); BD ' = ( a; a; h ); BC ' = (0; a; h )
M : VBDD ' C ' =






1











BD.BD ' BC ' vi BD.BD ' = (ah; ah;0)

Vy : VBDD ' C ' =

ha 2
6



Bi 3: Gi S(a;0;x) SB = ( a; 0; x )







60 = ( SB, ( ABCD ) ) = 90 SB,n( ABCD ) SB,n( ABCD ) = 300

 
SB.n
cos30 =


  =
SB. n

x + a2

x=a 3

V:

VS .BCMN = 1 SM .SC SB + 1 SM .SC SN
















Chn gc tam din l (A,AB,AD,AS)

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Bi 5: Cc bi ton xc nh th tnh bng php tnh ta - Kha LTH m bo Thy Phan Huy Khi

n( BCM ) = BC.MN = (1;0;



Ta c:







3) ( BCM ) : x 3 z a 3 = 0

Tm giao ca (BCM) vi (SD) trong :

x = 0

2a a 3
( SD ) : y = a + at N (0; ;
)
3
3

z = a 3t

Ta c:
2
2








SM .SC = 2a 3 ; 2a 3 ;0

3
3

1 2a 2 3 4a 2 3 10a 3 3
VS .BCMN =
+
=
6 3
9
27

Bi 4:
a) Gi O l trung im ca AB; M l trung im ca CD
Chn gc tam din l: (O;OB;OM;OS)

VSACD = 1 SC.SD SA ; SC.SD = (0; a













VSACD =

; a2 )

1 a3 3 a 3 3
=
6
2
12





a 3
b) SA.SD = ( 3;0; 1) ( SAD ) : x 3 z +
=0
2

d ( C ( SAD ) ) =

a 3
2

.Ht
Ngun:

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MT S BI TP HNH HC KHNG GIAN

(C LI GII CHI TIT)

BI 1
Cu 1:
Trong khng gian Oxyz, vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha ng thng (d) :
x y 2 = 0
sao cho giao tuyn ca mt phng (P) v mt cu (S) :

2x z 6 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x 2y + 2z 1 = 0 l ng trn c bn knh r = 1.
Cu 2:
Cho lng tr ABC.A'B'C' c cc mt bn u l hnh vung cnh a. Gi D, F ln lt l
trung im cc cnh BC, C'B'. Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng A'B v B'C'.
GII
Cu 1:
Mt phng (P) cha (d) c dng: m(x y 2) + n(2x z 6) = 0
(P) : (m + 2n)x my nz 2m 6n = 0
Mt cu (S) c tm I(-1; 1; -1), bn knh R = 2.
(P) ct (S) theo mt ng trn giao tip (C) c bn knh r = 1

d(I; P) = R 2 r 2 = 3

m 2n m + n 2m 6n
2

(m + 2n) + m + n

= 3

4m 7n = 3. 2m 2 + 5n 2 + 4m.n

5m + 22m.n + 17n 2 = 0

Cho n = 1 5m 2 + 22m + 17 = 0 m = 1 hay m =

(P ) : x + y z 4 = 0
Vy, c 2 mt phng (P): 1
(P2 ) : 7x 17y + 5z 4 = 0

17
5

Cu 2:
. Cch 1:
V cc mt bn ca lng tr l cc hnh vung
AB = BC = CA = A / B/ = B/ C/ = C/ A / = a
cc tam gic ABC, A/B/C/ l cc tam gic u.
Ta c: B/ C/ // BC B/ C/ //(A / BC)

d(A / B; B/ C/ ) = d(B/ C/ ; (A / BC)) = d(F; (A / BC))

BC FD
BC (A / BC)
Ta c:
/
/
/
BC A D (A BC ca n tai A )
Dng FH A / D
V BC (A / BC) BC FH H (A / BC)
Trang 1

A/

C/
B/

A
D
B

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1
1
1
4
1
7
a 21
= / 2+
= 2 + 2 = 2 FH =
.
2
2
FH
AF
FD
3a a
3a
7
a 21
Vy, d(A / B; B/ C/ ) = FH =
7
Cch 2:
V cc mt bn ca lng tr l cc hnh vung
C/
z
ABC, A/B/C/ l cc tam gic u cnh a.
A/
Dng h trc Axyz, vi Ax, Ay, Az
a
B/
i mt vung gc, A(0; 0; 0),
a a 3 a a 3 /
B ;
; 0 , C ;
; 0 , A (0; 0; a),
2 2
2 2

A/FD vung c:

a a 3 / a a 3
B ;
; a, C ;
; a
2 2

2 2

/ /
/ /
/
Ta c: B C // BC, B C // (A BC)

C
A

D
x

d(B/ C/ ; A / B) = d(B/ C/ ; (A / BC)) = d(B/ ; (A / BC))

uuuur a a 3
uuuur a a 3

A/ B = ;
; a , A/ C = ;
; a
2 2

2 2

2
uuuur uuuur

a 3
3
3
r
2
2 r
[A / B; A / C] = 0; a2 ;
= a 0; 1;
= a .n, vi n = 0; 1;

2
2

2
r
Phng trnh mp (A/BC) qua A/ vi php vect n :
3
0(x 0) + 1(y 0) +
(z a) = 0
2
3
a 3
(A / BC) : y +
z
=0
2
2
a 3
3
a 3
a 3
+
.a
2
2 = 2 = a 21 .
d(B/ (A / BC)) = 2
7
3
7
1+
4
2
a 21
Vy, d(A / B; B/ C/ ) =
.
7

BI 2
Cu 1:
Trong khng gian Oxyz cho A(0; 1; 0), B(2; 2; 2), C(-2; 3; 1) v ng thng
x 1 y + 2 z 3
=
=
() :
2
2
1
1. Tm im M thuc () th tch t din MABC bng 3.
2. Tm im N thuc () th tch tam gic ABN nh nht.
Trang 2

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Cu 2: (1,0 im)
Cho hnh chp S.ABC y ABC l tam gic u cnh a. SA = SB = SC, khong cch t
S n mt phng (ABC) l h. Tnh h theo a hai mt phng (SAB) v (SAC) vung
gc nhau.

GII
Cu 1:

x = 1 + 2t

1. Phng trnh tham s ca (D): y = 2 t

z = 3 + 2t

M ( ) M(1 + 2t; 2 t; 3 + 2t)

uuur
uuur
AB = (2; 1; 2), AC = (2; 2;1)
uuur uuur
r
r
[AB; AC] = (3; 6; 6) = 3(1; 2; 2) = 3.n , vi n = (1; 2; 2)
r
Phng trnh mp (ABC) qua A vi php vect n : (ABC): x + 2y 2z 2 = 0.
1 uuur uuur
1
9
SABC = [AB; AC] =
(3)2 + (6)2 + 62 = .
2
2
2
ng cao MH ca t din MABC l khong t M n (ABC):
1 + 2t + 2(2 t) 2(3 + 2t) 2
4t 11
MH = d(M(ABC)) =
=
3
1+ 4 + 4
1 9 4t + 11
Th tch t din MABC bng 3 V = . .
=3
3 2
3
5
17
4t + 11 = 6 t = hay t = .
4
4
3 3 1
15 9 11
Vy, c 2 im M cn tm l: M ; ; hay M ; ;

2 4 2
2 4 2
2. N ( ) N(1 + 2t; 2 t; 3 + 2t)
1 uuur uuur
1
2
3 2
32t 2 + 128t + 146 =
(4t + 8)2 + 9
SABN = [NA; NB] =
2
2
2
2
S
3 2
max SABN =
4t + 8 = 0 t = 2.
2
Vy, im N cn tm l N(-3; 0; 1).
I
Cu 2:
Cch 1:
Gi O l tm ca ABC
A
SA
=
SB
=
SC

O
Ta c:
M
=
=

OA
OB
OC
(
ABC
e
u
)

B
SO l trc ca ng trn (ABC)
SO (ABC)
M : AO BC; SO BC BC (SOA) BC SA
Dng BI SA , suy ra: SA (IBC) SA IC.

Trang 3

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BIC l gc phng nh din (B, SA, C).

SOA vung c: SA 2 = SO2 + OA 2 = h 2 +

Gi M l trung im BC
Ta c: BM (SOA), BI SA
IM SA (nh l 3 ng vung gc)
MIA SOA

a2 3h 2 + a2
3h 2 + a2
=
SA =
3
3
3

AM
a 3
3
3ah
.
= h.
=
2
2
SA
2
3h + a
2 3h 2 + a2
SAB = SAC (c.c.c) IB = IC IBC cn ti I.
1
(SAB) (SAC) IBC vung cn ti I IM = BC
2
3ah
1

= a 3h = 3h 2 + a2
2 3h 2 + a2 2
MI = SO.

9h 2 = 3h 2 + a2

h=

a 6
.
6

a 6
Vy, h =
.
6
Cch 2:
Gi H l tm ca ABC
v M l trung im ca BC
SA = SB = SC
Ta c:
HA = HB = HC (ABC eu)

Dng h trc ta Axyz, vi Ax, Ay, Az

i mt vung gc A(0; 0; 0),

A
H
z

M
B

a a 3 a a 3 a 3 a 3
B ;
; 0 , C ;
; 0 , H 0;
; 0 , S 0;
; h .
2
3
2 2
2 2

uuur a 3 uur a a 3
uuur a a 3

SA = 0;
; h , SB = ;
; h , SC = ;
; h
3

2 6

2 6

uuur uur ah 3 ah a2 3
a
a r
[SA; SB] =
; ;
= (3h 3; 3h; a 3) = .n1 ,
2
2
6
6
6

r
vi n1 = (3h 3; 3h; a 3)

uuur uuur
ah 3
ah a2 3
a
a r
[SA; SC] =
; ;
= (3h 3; 3h; a 3) = .n 2 ,
2
2
6
6
6

r
vi n 2 = (3h 3; 3h; a 3) .
uuur uur
r
Mt phng (SAB) c cp vect ch phng SA; SB nn c php vect n1 .
uuur uuur
r
Mt phng (SAC) c cp vect ch phng SA; SC nn c php vect n 2 .
Trang 4

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r r
(SAB) (SAC) cos(n1; n 2 ) = 0

3h 3.3h 3 3h.3h + a 3(a 3) = 0 27h 2 9h 2 3a2 = 0

18h 2 = 3a2 h =

Vy: h =

a 6
.
6

a 6
.
6

BI 3
Cu 1:
Trong khng gian Oxyz cho ng thng (d) v mt cu (S):

2x 2y z + 1 = 0
(d) :
;
x + 2y 2z 4 = 0

(S) :x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4x 6y + m = 0

Tm m (d) ct (S) ti hai im M, N sao cho MN = 8.

Cu 2:
Cho t din OABC c y l OBC vung ti O, OB = a, OC = a 3, (a > 0) v ng
cao OA = a 3 . Gi M l trung im cnh BC. Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng
AB v OM.

GII
Cu 1:
Mt cu (S): (x 2)2 + (y 3)2 + z 2 = 13 m c tm
I(-2; 3; 0), bn knh R = IN = 13 m , vi m < 13.
Dng IH MN MH = HN = 4

IH = IN 2 HN 2 = 13 m 16 = m 3 , vi m < -3.
x = t

Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng (d): y = 1 + t

2

z = 1 + t
r 1 1
(d) c vect ch phng u = 1; ; 1 = (2; 1; 2) v i qua im A(0; 1; -1)
2 2
uur
uur r
AI = (2; 2; 1); [AI; u] = (3; 6; 6)
uur r
[AI; u]
32 + 62 + 62
81
Khong cch h t I n ng thng (d): h =
=
=
= 3.
r
u
9
22 + 12 + 22
Ta c: IH = h
m 3 = 3 m 3 = 9 m = 12 (tha iu kin)
Trang 5

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Vy, gi tr cn tm: m = -12.

Cu 2:
Cch 1:
Gi N l im i xng ca C qua O.
Ta c: OM // BN (tnh cht ng trung bnh)
OM // (ABN)
d(OM; AB) = d(OM; (ABN)) = d(O; (ABN)).
Dng OK BN, OH AK (K BN; H AK)

Ta c:

AO (OBC); OK BN AK BN
BN OK; BN AK BN (AOK) BN OH
OH AK; OH BN OH (ABN) d(O; (ABN) = OH

T cc tam gic vung OAK; ONB c:

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
a 15
=
+
=
+
+
= 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 OH =
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
OH OA OK OA OB ON 3a a 3a 3a

Vy, d(OM; AB) = OH =

a 15
.
5

a 3 A

Cch 2:
Dng h trc Oxyz, vi Ox, Oy, Oz
i mt vung gc O(0; 0; 0),
A(0; 0; a 3); B(a; 0; 0), C(0; a 3; 0),

a a 3
a 3 a 3
M
B
M ;
; 0 v N 0;
;

a
2
2
2 2

x
l trung im ca AC.
MN l ng trung bnh ca ABC
AB // MN
AB // (OMN) d(AB; OM) = d(AB; (OMN)) = d(B; (OMN)).
uuuur a a 3 uuur a 3 a 3
OM = ;
; 0 , ON = 0;
;

2
2
2 2

uuuur uuur 3a2 a2 3 a2 3 a2 3

a2 3 r
r
[OM; ON] =
;
;
3;
1;
1
n , vi n = ( 3; 1; 1)
=
=

4
4
4
4
4
r
Phng trnh mp (OMN) qua O vi php vect n : 3x + y + z = 0

Ta c: d(B; (OMN)) =

Vy, d(AB; OM) =

3.a + 0 + 0
3 +1+1

a 3 a 15
=
5
5

a 15
.
5

BI 4

Trang 6

a 3

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Cu 1:
Trong khng gian Oxyz cho mt phng () : 2x y + z 5 = 0. Vit phng trnh mt
phng (P) qua giao tuyn ca () v mt phng (xOy) v (P) to vi 3 mt phng ta
125
.
mt t din c th tch bng
36
Cu 2:
Cho hnh chp SABC c y l tam gic ABC vung cn ti A, AB = AC = a
(a > 0), hnh chiu ca S trn y trng vi trng tm G ca ABC. t SG = x
(x > 0). Xc nh gi tr ca x gc phng nh din (B, SA, C) bng 60o.

GII
Cu 1:
Phng trnh mt phng (xOy): z = 0
Phng trnh mt phng (P) thuc chm xc nh bi () v (xOy) c dng:
m(2x y + z 5) nz = 0 (P) : 2mx my + (m + n)z 5m = 0
Giao im A, B, C ca (P) v 3 trc Ox, Oy, Oz ln lt c ta :
5m
5

A ; 0; 0 , B(0; 5; 0), C 0; 0;

m+n
2

125
1
1 5
5m
125
Th tch t din OABC bng
V = .OA.OB.OC = . .5.
=
36
6
6 2 m+n
36
m + n = 3m
m = 1, n = 2
m+n =3m

S
m + n = 3m
m = 1, n = 4
Vy, c 2 phng trnh mt phng (P):
(P1 ) : 2x y + 3z 5 = 0 (m = 1; n = 2)
I
(P ) : 2x y 3z 5 = 0 (m = 1; n = 4)
2
Cu 2:
A
M
G
. Cch 1:
Gi M l trung im ca BC
AM BC (ABC vung cn)
Ta c: SG (ABC) SG BC .
B
Suy ra: BC (SAM)
Dng BI SA IM SA v IC SA

BIC l gc phng nh din (B; SA; C).

SAB = SAC (c.c.c)
IB = IC IBC cn ti I.

BC = a 2; AM = BM = MC =

1
a 2
a 2
BC =
; AG =
2
2
3
AM
a 2
1
AIM ~ AGS IM = SG.
= x.
=
.
AS
2
SG 2 + AG 2

Trang 7

ax 2
2 x2 +

2a2
9

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IM =

3ax 2
2 9x 2 + 2a2

Ta c: BIC = 60o BIM = 30o BM = IM.tg30o

a 2
3.3ax 2
=
2
2 9x 2 + 2a2

9x 2 + 2a2 = 3x 3 9x 2 + 2a2 = 27x 2

a
9x 2 = a2 x = .
3

18x 2 = 2a2

a
Vy, x = .
3
z
Cch 2:
BC = a 2
x
Gi M l trung im BC
a 2
a 2
AM =
; AG =
2
3
Gi E, F ln lt l hnh chiu ca G
F
A
trn AB, AC. T gic AEGF l hnh vung
G
a
AG = AE 2 AE = AF = .
E
M
3
B
Dng h trc ta Axyz, vi Ax, Ay, Az
i mt vung gc, A(0; 0; 0), B(a; 0; 0),
x
a a a a
C(0; a; 0), G ; ; 0 , S ; ; x .
3 3 2 2
uuur a a uur 2a a
uuur a 2a

SA = ; ; x , SB = ; ; x , SC = ; ; x
3
3 3
3

3 3

2
uuur uur
a
a
a
r
r

[SA; SB] = 0; ax; = a 0; x; = a.n1 , vi n1 = 0; x;

3
3
3

uuur uuur
a2
a
a
r
r

[SA; SC] = (ax; 0; ) = a x; 0; = a.n 2 , vi n 2 = x; 0; .

3
3
3

uuur uur
Mt phng (SAB) c cp vect ch phng SA, SB nn c php vect
uuur uuur
Mt phng (SAC) c cp vect ch phng SA, SC nn c php vect
Gc phng nh din (B; SA; C) bng 60o.
a a
a2
0.x + x.0 +
3 3
9
cos60o =
=
2
2
2
9x + a2
a
a
2
2
0+x +
x +0+
9
9
9

1
a2
= 2
2 9x + a2
a
Vy, x = .
3

a
9x 2 = a2 = 2a2 9x 2 = a2 x = .
3

Trang 8

C
y

r
n1
r
n2

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BI 5
Cu 1:
Trong khng gian Oxyz, tm trn Ox im A cch u ng thng
(d) :

x 1 y z + 2
= =
v mt phng () : 2x y 2z = 0.
1
2
2

Cu 2:
Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic u c cnh bng 2a 2 , SA vung gc
vi (ABC) v SA = a. Gi E, F ln lt l trung im ca cnh AB, BC. Tnh gc v
khong cch gia hai ng thng SE v AF.

GII
Cu 1:
Gi A(a; 0; 0) Ox .

Khong cch t A n mt phng () : d(A; ) =

AF =

2a 2. 3
=a 6
2

2a
3

H
K

a 6
; BF = a 2
2
SB2 = SA 2 + AB2 = a2 + 8a2 = 9a2 SB = 3a

EM = BM = MF =

22 + 12 + 22
r
() qua M 0 (1; 0; 2) v c vect ch phng u = (1; 2; 2)
uuuuuur r
t M 0 M1 = u
Do : d(A; ) l ng cao v t A trong tam gic AM 0 M1
uuuuur r
[AM 0 ; u]
2.SAM0M1
8a2 24a + 36
d(A; ) =
=
=
r
M 0 M1
u
3
Theo gi thit: d(A; ) = d(A; )
2a
8a2 24a + 36

=
4a2 = 8a2 24a + 36 4a2 24a + 36 = 0
3
3
4(a 3)2 = 0 a = 3.
Vy, c mt im A(3; 0; 0).

Cu 2:
Cch 1:
Gi M l trung im ca BF EM // AF
(SA; AF) = (EM; AF) = SEM
SAE vung ti A c:
SE2 = SA 2 + AE = a2 + 2a2 = 3a2 SE = a 3

2a

Trang 9

C
F

M
B

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SF 2 = SA 2 + AF 2 = a2 + 6a2 = 7a2 SF = a 7
p dng nh l ng trung tuyn SM trong SBF c:
1
SB2 + SF 2 = 2.SM2 + BF 2
2
1
15a2
9a2 + 7a2 = 2SM 2 + .2a2 SM2 =
2
2
Gi l gc nhn to bi SE v AF
p dng nh l hm Csin vo SEM c:
cos = cosSEM =

ES + EM SM
=
2.ES.EM

= 45o.

3a2 15a2

2
2 = 2 = 2.
2
2
a 6
2.
.a 3
2

3a2 +

a 2
v AH (SME)
2
V AF // ME d(SE; AF) = d(AF; (SME)) = AH.
z
SAK vung c:
a S
1
1
1
1 2
3
a 3
=
+
= 2 + 2 = 2 AH =
2
2
2
AH
SA
AK
a a
a
3
a 3
Vy, d(SE; AF) =
.
A
3
Cch 2:
x
F
Dng h trc Axyz, vi Ax, Ay, Az
E
M
i mt vung gc, A(0; 0; 0),
B
B(a 2; a 6; 0), C(a 2; a 6; 0), S(0; 0; a),

Dng AK ME; AH SK. Ta c: AK = MF =

a 2 a 6
E
;
; 0 ; F(0; a 6; 0)
2
2

a 2

v M
; a 6; 0 .
2

uur a 2 a 6
uuur a 2
uuur

SE =
;
; a ; AF = (a; a 6; 0), SM =
; a 6; a
2
2

Gi l gc nhn to bi SE v AF.ta c:
uur uuur
cos = cos(SE; AF) =

a 2
a 6
0(a)
+ a 6.
3a2
2
2
2
=
=
.
2
2
2
a 6.a 3
a 3a
2
2
0 + 6a + 0.
+
+a
2
2
0.

= 45o.
uur uuur a2 6
a2 3 a2 3
a2 3 r
r
=
=
[SE; SM] =
; 0;
(
2;
0;
1)
n, vi n = ( 2; 0; 1)

2
2
2
2
Trang 10

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r
Phng trnh mt phng (SEM) qua S vi php vect n : 2x + z a = 0.

Khong cch t A n (SEM): d(A;SEM) =

V AF // EM AF //(SEM) d(SE; AF) = d(A; SEM)

Vy, d(SE; AF) =

0+0a
2 +1

a 2
3

a 3
.
3

BI 6
Cu 1:
Trong khng gian vi h ta vung gc Oxyz cho mt phng (P) v mt cu (S):
(P): 2x + 2y + z m 2 3m = 0 ;

(S) : (x 1)2 + (y + 1)2 + (z 1)2 = 9 .

Tm m (P) tip xc (S). Vi m tm c xc nh ta tip im.

Cu 2:
Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung ti B, AB = a, BC = 2a, cnh SA
vung gc vi y v SA = 2a. Gi M l trung im SC. Chng minh MAB cn v tnh
din tch MAB theo a.
GII
Cu 1:
(P) : 2x + 2y + z m 2 3m = 0

(S) : (x 1)2 + (y + 1)2 + (x 1)2 = 9 c tm I(1; -1; 1) v bn knh R = 3.

(P) tip xc (S)

d[I, (P)] = R

2.1 + 2.(1) + 1.1 m 2 3m

22 + 22 + 12

m 2 + 3m 1 = 9
m = 2
= 3 m 2 + 3m 1 = 9 2

m + 3m 1 = 9
m = 5

Vy, (P) tip xc (S) khi m = -5 hay m = 2, khi (P): 2x + 2y + z 10 = 0

ng thng (d) qua I v vung gc vi (P) c phng trnh:
x 1 y +1 z 1
=
=
2
2
1
x = 3
2x + 2y + z 10 = 0

Ta tip im l nghim ca h: x 1 y + 1 z 1 y = 1
z = 2
2 = 2 = 1

Vy, ta tip im M(3; 1; 2).

Cu 2:
Cch 1:
Ta c: SA (ABC) SA AC.

Trang 11

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Do SAC vung ti A c AM l
1
trung tuyn nn MA = SC.
2
SA (ABC)
Ta li c:
AB BC (ABC vuo ng tai B)

SB BC (nh l 3 ng vung gc)

1
Do SBC vung ti B c BM l trung tuyn nn MB = SC.
2
Suy ra: MA = MB MAB cn ti M.
Dng MH // SA v HK // BC (H AC; K AB)

H
K
B

MH = SA = a

SA (ABC)
MH (ABC)

2
v:

BC
AB
HK
AB
1

HK = BC = a

MHK vung ti H c: MK 2 = MH 2 + HK 2 = a2 + a2 = 2a2 MK = a 2

1
1
a2 2
Din tch MAB: SMAB = .MK.AB = .a 2.a =
2
2
2
Cch 2:
z
ABC vung ti B c:
S
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = a2 + 4a2 = 5a2
2a

AC = a 5

Dng BH AC (H AC), ta c:

AB
a
a
=
=
AC a 5
5
C
H
A
1
1
1
5
a 5
=
+
= 2

2
2
2
K
BH
AB BC
4a
x
B
a
2a
BH =
5
5
Dng h trc ta vung gc Axyz, vi Ax, Ay, Az i mt vung gc v
2a a

A(0; 0; 0), C(0; a 5; 0), S(0; 0; 2a), B

;
; 0
5 5

AH =

a 5
Ta trung im M ca SC l M 0;
; a

uuuur a 5
3a
Ta c: MA = 0;
; a MA =
2
2

uuur 2a 3a
3a

MB =
;
; a MB = .
2
5 2 5

suy ra: MA = MB MAB cn ti M.

Trang 12

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uuuur uuur a2
uuuur uuur
2a2 2
Ta c: [MA; MB] =
;
; a [MA; MB] = a2 2
5
5

1 uuuur uuur
1 2
a2 2
Din tch MAB: SMAB = [MA; MB] = .a 2 =
.
2
2
2

BI 7
Cu 1:
Cho hnh chp u S.ABC, y ABC c cnh bng a, mt bn to vi y mt gc bng
(0o < < 90o ) . Tnh th tch khi hnh chp S.ABC v khong cch t nh A n
mt phng (SBC).
Cu 2:
. Trong khng gian oxyz cho hai ng thng:
x = 2 t
x + y 3 = 0

(d1) : y = t ;
(d2) :
4 x + 4 y + 3z 12 = 0
z = 4

Chng minh (d1) v (d2) cho nhau. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) c ng knh l
on vung gc chung ca (d1) v (d2).

GII
Cu 1:
Cch 1:
Gi H l trung im ca BC.
Do S.ABC u v ABC u nn
chn ng cao nh S trng vi
giao im ba ng cao l trc tm O
ca ABC v c SBC cn ti S.
suy ra: BC SH, BC AH, nn SHA = .

A
O

H
B

1
a 3
.
Ta c: OH = AH =
3
6
SHO vung gc: SO = HO.tg =

a 3
HO
a 3
tg v SH =
=
6
cos 6.cos

1
1 a 3
a2 3 a3tg
tg.
=
Th tch hnh chp S.ABC: V = .SO.SABC = .
3
3 6
4
24

1
a2 3
Din tch SBC: SSBC = .SH.BC =
2
12.cos

Gi h l khong cch t A n (SBC), ta c:

Trang 13

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1
3.V
a3 tg a2 3
a 3
V = .h.SSBC h =
= 3.
:
=
sin
3
SSBC
24 12 cos
2
Cch 2:
V S.ABC l hnh chp u
nn chn ng cao nh S trng
vi tm O ng trn (ABC).
Gi M l trung im ca BC. Ta c:

z
S

2
a 3
a 3
AM =
v OM =
3
3
6

AO =

AM BC, SM BC SMA =

C
A

1
a3tg
Th tch hnh chp: V = .SO.SABC =
3
24
uur a a 3 a 3
uuur
Ta c: BS = ;
;
tg , BC = (a; 0; 0)
6
6
2

uur uuur
a2 3
a2 3 r
[BS; BC] = 0;
tg;
=n
6
6

r
Phng trnh mt phng (SBC) qua B vi vect php tuyn n :

a a2 3
a 3 a2 3

O x
tg y
(z 0) = 0

2
6
2
6

a 3
tg = 0.
2
Khong cch d t A n (SBC):
(SBC) : tgy + z

M
SOM vung c:
a 3
B
x
SO = OM.tg =
tg
6
Dng h trc ta Axyz, vi Ax, Ay, Az i mt vung gc, A(0; 0; 0),
a a 3 a a 3 a 3 a 3 a 3 a 3
B ;
; 0 ,C ;
; 0 ,M 0;
; 0 , O 0;
; 0 , S 0;
;
tg
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
6

tg.O + O
d=

a 3
tg
2

tg2 + 1

a 3
tg
a 3
= 2
=
sin .
1
2
cos

Cu 2:

r
(d1) i qua im A(0; 0; 4) v c vect ch phng u1 = (2; 1; 0)
r
(d2) i qua im B(3; 0; 0) v c vect ch phng u2 = (3; 3; 0)
uuur
AB = (3; 0; 4)

Trang 14

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uuur r r
uuur r r
AB.[u1; u2 ] = 36 0 AB, u1 , u2 khng ng phng.

Vy, (d1) v (d2) cho nhau.

x = 3 + t /

(d2) c phng trnh tham s: y = t /

z = 0

Gi MN l ng vung gc chung ca (d1) v (d2)

M (d1 ) M(2t; t; 4) , N (d 2 ) N(3 + t / ; t / ; 0)
uuuur
MN = (3 + t / 2t; t / t; 4)
uuuur r
/
/
MN u1
t / = 1
M(2; 1; 4)
2(3 + t 2) (t + t) = 0

Ta c: uuuur r

/
/
N(2; 1; 0)
3 + t 2t + (t + t) = 0
MN u2
t = 1
1
MN = 2.
2
Vy, phng trnh mt cu (S): (x 2)2 + (y 1)2 + (z 2)2 = 4.
Ta trung im I ca MN: I(2; 1; 2), bn knh R =

BI 8
Cu 1:
Trong khng gian Oxyz c 2 mt phng (P): 3x + 12y 3z 5 = 0,
(Q): 3x 4y + 9z + 7 = 0 v 2 ng thng:
(d1):

x+ 5 y 3 z +1
=
=
;
4
2
3

(d 2 ) :

x 3 y +1 z 2
=
=
2
3
4

Vit phng trnh ng thng () song song vi hai mt phng (P) v (Q),
v ct hai ng thng (d1) v (d2).
Cu 2:
Cho hnh lp phng ABCD . A'B'C'D' cnh a. M, N ln lt l trung im ca AB v
C'D'. Tnh khong cch t B' n (A'MCN).

GII

/
P

Cu 1:
(P) c php vect:
r
r/
r/
n P = (3; 12; 3) = 3(1; 4; 1) = 3n P , vi n P = (1; 4; 1)
r
(Q) c php vect n Q = (3; 4; 9)
r
(d1) c vect ch phng u1 = (2; 4; 3)
r
(d2) c vect ch phng u2 = (2; 3; 4)
Trang 15

r
np

r
nq Q
r
u

Q/

P/
r
u1

r
u2

A
d1

d2

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( / ) = (P) (Q)
/
/
(P )//(P), (Q )//(Q)
Gi:
/
/
(d1 ) (P ), (d 2 ) (Q )
r r /
u = u
Suy ra () l giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (P/)
v (Q/), v () // (/).
r r/ r
r/
() c vect ch phng u = [n P ; n Q ] = (32; 12; 16) = 4(8; 3; 4) = 4u ,
r/
vi u = (8; 3; 4).
r
r/
mp (P/) c cp vect ch phng u1 v u nn c php vect:
r
r r/
n P/ = [u1; u ] = (25; 32; 26)
r
Phng trnh mp (P/) cha (d1) i qua im A(-5; 3; -1) (d1 ) vi n P/ l:
25(x + 5) + 32(y 3) + 26(z + 1) = 0
/
(P ) : 25x + 32y + 26z + 55 = 0
r
r/
mp (Q/) c cp vect ch phng u2 v u nn c php vect:
r
r r/
n Q/ = [u2 ; u ] = (0; 24; 18)
r
Phng trnh mp (Q/) cha (d2) i qua im B(3; -1; 2) (d 2 ) vi n Q/ l:
0(x 3) + 24(y + 1) 18(z 2) = 0
/
(Q ) : 4y 3x + 10 = 0

Ta c: () = (P / ) (Q / ).

25x + 32y + 26z + 55 = 0

Vy, phng trnh ng thng () :
4y 3z + 10 = 0

Cu 2:
Cch 1:

Bn tam gic vung AA / M, BCM, CC/ N, A / D/ N bng nhau (c.g.c)

A / M = MC = CN = NA /

D/

A / MCN l hnh thoi.

A/

Hai hnh chp B/A/MCN v B/.A/NC c chung

ng cao v t nh B/ v SA/ MCN = 2.SA / NC
A

B/

nn: VB/ .A/ MCN = 2.VB/ .A/ NC.

1
1 1
a3
a3
VB/ .A / MCN = .
M: VB/ .ANC = VC.A/ B/ N = .CC/ .SA/ B/ N = .a. .a.a =
3
3 2
6
3
1
Ta c: SA/ MCN = .A / C.MN, vi A / C = a 3; MN = BC/ = a 2
2
SA / MCN =

a2 6
.
2
Trang 16

C/

C
B

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1
Gi H l hnh chiu ca B/ trn (A/MCN), ta c: VB/ .A/ MCN = .B/ H.SA/ MCN
3
3.VB/ .A/ MCN
a3 a 2 6 a 6
B/ H =
= 3. :
=
.
SA/ MCN
3
2
3

Cch 2:
Chn h trc Dxyz, vi Dx, Dy, Dz
i mt vung gc,
A(a; 0; 0), B(a; a; 0), C(0; a; 0),
D(0; 0; 0), A/(a; 0; a),
B/(a; a; a), C/(0; a; a), D/(0; 0; a),
a a
M a; ; 0 , N 0; ; a
2 2
uuuur
uuuur
Ta c: A / C = (a; a; a), MN = (a; 0; a)
uuuur uuuur
[A / C; MN] = (a2 ; 2a2 ; a2 ) = a2 (1; 2; 1)
r
r
= a2 .n v i n = (1; 2; 1).

z
/
a D

C/

A/

C
a y

D
A
a

r
Phng trnh mp (A/MCN) qua C(0; a; 0) vi php vect n :
1(x 0) + 2(y a) + 1(z 0) = 0

(A / MCN) : x + 2y + z 2a = 0.

Khong cch d t B/(a; a; a) n mp(A/MCN):

d=

a + 2a + a 2a
1+ 4 +1

2a a 6
=
.
3
6

BI 9
Cu 1:
Trong khng gian Oxyz cho 2 ng thng:
x = t
x = t '

(d1) : y = 4 + t ;
v (d2) : y = 3t ' 6
z = 6 + 2 t
z = t ' 1

Gi K l hnh chiu vung gc ca im I(1; -1; 1) trn (d2). Tm phng trnh tham s
ca ng thng qua K vung gc vi (d1) v ct (d1).
Cu 2:
1. Tnh th tch ca hnh chp S.ABC, bit y ABC l mt tam gic u cnh a, mt
bn (SAB) vung gc vi y, hai mt bn cn li cng to vi y gc .

GII
Cu 1:
Trang 17

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r
(d1) c vect ch phng u1 = (1; 1; 2)
r
(d2) c vect ch phng u2 = (1; 3; 1)
uur
K (d 2 ) K(t / ; 3t / 6; t / 1) IK = (t / 1; 3t / 5; t / 2)
uur r
18
18 12 7
IK u2 t / 1 + 9t / 15 + t / 2 = 0 t / =
K ; ;
11
11 11 11
Gi s () ct (d1) ti H(t; 4 + t; 6 + 2t), (H (d1 ))
uuur 18
56
59

HK = t;
t;
2t
11
11
11

uuur r
18
56
118
26
HK u1
t
t
4t = 0 t =
11
11
11
11
uuur
30
7 1
HK = 4; ; = (44; 30; 7).
11 11 11

18

x = 11 + 44

12

Vy, phng trnh tham s ca ng thng (): y = 30 .

11

z = 11 7

Cu 2:
Cch 1:
Dng SH AB
S
Ta c:
(SAB) (ABC), (SAB) (ABC) = AB, SH (SAB)
SH (ABC) v SH l ng cao ca hnh chp.
Dng HN BC, HP AC
B

N
SN BC, SP AC SPH = SNH =
H
SHN = SHP HN = HP.

C
a 3
P
o
.
AHP vung c: HP = HA.sin 60 =
A
4
a 3
tg
SHP vung c: SH = HP.tg =
4
1
1 a 3
a2 3 a3
.tg.
= tg
Th tch hnh chp S.ABC : V = .SH.SABC = .
3
3 4
4
16
Cch 2:
Dng SH AB
Ta c: (SAB) (ABC), (SAB) (ABC) = B, SH (SAB) SH (ABC)
V (SAC) v (SBC) cng to vi (ABC) mt gc v ABC u, nn suy ra H l
trung im AB.

Trang 18

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Dng h trc ta Hxyz, vi Hx, Hy, Hz

i mt vung gc, H(0; 0; 0),
a
a

A ; 0; 0 ; B ; 0; 0 ,
2
2

z
h S

a 3
C 0;
; 0 , S(0; 0; h), (h > 0).
B
2

H
Phng trnh mp (ABC):
r
z = 0, vi php vect n1 = (0; 0;1)
A
a
Phng trnh mp (SAC):
2
x
y
z
x
+
+ =1
a a 3 h
r
(SAC) : 2h 3x + 2hy + a 3z ah 3 = 0 vi n 2 = (2h 3; 2h; a 3)
(SAC) to vi (ABC) mt gc :
0+0+a 3
a 3
cos =
=
2
2
2
0 + 0 + 1. 12h + 4h + 3a
16h 2 + 3a2
1
16h 2 + 3a2
2
1
tg

=
+

=
cos2
3a2
3a2 tg2
a 3
h2 =
h=
tg
16
4
1
1 a 3
a2 3 a3
Th tch hnh chp S.ABC: V = .h.SABC = .
tg.
= tg .
3
3 4
4
16

C
a 3
2

BI 10
Cu 1:
Trong khng gian Oxyz cho 2 ng thng:
x 3 y 1 z 1
x7 y3 z9
=
=
; ( 2 ):
=
=
(1) :
7
2
3
1
2
1
1. Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca ng thng (3) i xng vi (2) qua (1).
2. Xt mt phng () : x + y + z + 3 = 0. Vit phng trnh hnh chiu ca (2) theo phng
(1) ln mt phng ().
uuuur uuuur
3. Tm im M trn mt phng () MM1 + MM2 t gi tr nh nht bit M1(3; 1; 1) v
M2(7; 3; 9).
Cu 2:
Cho lng tr ng ABC.A'B'C' c y ABC l tam gic cn vi AB = AC = a, gc
BAC = 120o , cnh bn BB' = a. Gi I l trung im CC'. Chng minh AB'I vung ti
A v tnh cosin ca gc gia hai mt phng (ABC) v (AB'I).

GII

Trang 19

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Cu 1:

x = 3 7t1
r

B
2
1. (1 ) : y = 1 + 2t1 c vect ch phng u1 = (7; 2; 3)
z = 1 + 3t
A
1

r
u1
x = 7 + 7t 2
1
qua A (7; 3; 9), B(8; 5; 8) va
H
K

r
( 2 ) : y = 3 + 2t 2
co vect ch phng u2 = (1; 2; 1)
z = 9 t
A/
2

3
Gi H l hnh chiu ca A trn (1)
B/
H (1 ) H(3 7t1; 1 + 2t1; 1 + 3t1 )
uuur
AH = (4 7t1; 2 + 2t1; 8 + 3t1 )
uuur r
AH u1 7(4 7t1 ) + 2(2 + 2t1 ) + 3(8 + 3t1 ) = 0
t1 = 0 H(3; 1; 1)
/
Gi A l im i xng ca A qua H A/(-1; -1; -7)
Gi K l hnh chiu ca B trn (1) v B/ l im i xng ca B qua K. Tng t
nh trn ta tm c:
105 204
114 25 22
/ 20
K
; ;
;
B ;

31
31
31 31 31
31
uuuuur 11 74 13 1
1 r
r
A / B/ = ; ; = (11; 74; 13) = .a , vi a = (11; 74; 13)
31
31 31 31 31
Phng trnh ng thng (3) i xng vi (2) qua (1) chnh l phng trnh
r
ng thng A / B/ qua A/ vi vect ch phng a .
x +1 y +1 z + 7
=
=
Vy, phng trnh chnh tc (3):
.
11
13
74
2. Mt phng () cha (2) v () // (1)
r
r
() c cp vect ch phng u1 = (7; 2; 3), u2 = (1, 2, 1)
r r
r
r
[u1; u2 ] = (8; 4; 16) = 4(2; 1; 4) = 4n , vi n = (2; 1; 4)
r
Phng trnh mp () qua A(7; 3; 9) ( 2 ) vi php tuyn n :
() : 2x + y + 4z 53 = 0

Ta c: () () = ( 2/ ) l hnh chiu ca (2) ln () theo phng (1).

x + y + z + 3 = 0
Vy, phng trnh hnh chiu ( 2/ ) :
2x + y + 4z 53 = 0
3. Gi I l trung im M1M 2 I(5; 2; 5)
uuuur uuuur
uuur
Ta c: MM1 + MM 2 = 2MI
uuuur uuuur
uuur
MM1 + MM 2 nh nht 2MI nh nht

M2
I
r
u

M1

M l hnh chiu ca I trn ()

Phng trnh ng thng () qua I
v vung gc vi () l:

Trang 20

(
)

M0

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x = 5 + t

y = 2 + t
z = 5 + t

Gi M l giao im ca () v ()
M () M(5 + t; 2 + t; 5 + t)
M () 5 + t + 2 + t + 5 + t + 3 = 0 t = 5 M(0; 3; 0)
Vy, im M cn tm: M(0; -3; 0).

Cu 2:
Cch 1:
Gi H l trung im BC AH BC.

ABH l na tam gic u cnh AB = a AH =

IB/ C/ vung c:
IB/ 2 = IC/ 2 + B/ C/ 2 =

AIC

a 3
a
v BH =
BC = a 3
2
2

a2
13a2
+ 3a2 =
4
4

B/
A/

a2
5a2
vung c: AI = IC + AC = + a2 =
4
4
2

5a2
13a2
+ 2a2 =
= IB/ 2
4
4
(AB/ l ng cho ca hnh vung AA/B/B cnh a)
Vy, AB/I vung ti A.

Ta c: AI 2 + AB/ 2 =

H
C

30 o

1
1 a 5
a2 10
Ta c: SAB/ I = .AI.AB/ = .
.a 2 =
2
2 2
4
1
1 a
a2 3
SABC = .AH.BC = . .a 3 =
2
2 2
4
Gi l gc gia hai mt phng (ABC) v (AB/I), theo cng thc chiu, ta c:
cos =

SABC a2 3 a2 10
30
=
:
=
SAB/ I
4
4
10

Cch 2:
Gi H l trung im BC AH BC
ABH l na tam gic u cnh AB = a

a 3
a
BC = a 3
v BH =
2
2
Dng h trc Axyz, vi Ax, Ay, Az
i mt vung gc, A(0; 0; 0),
AH =

C/

A/
B/

I
C

A
60o

Trang 21

C/

H
B

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a 3 a
a 3 a /
B
; ; 0, C
; ; 0 , A (0; 0; a),
2
2
2
2

*
*

a 3 a / a 3 a a 3 a a
B/
; ; a, C
; ; a, I
; ;
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
uuur / a 3 a uur a 3 a a
AB =
; ; a , AI =
; ;
2
2
2
2 2

uuur / uur a 3 a 3 a a
a
3a2 a2 2a2
Ta c: AB .AI =
.
+
.
+
a.
=

+ +
=0

2 2 2 2
2
4
4
4
uuur / uur
AB AI.
Vy, AB/I vung ti A.
r
Phng trnh mp(ABC): z = 0 c php vect n1 = (0; 0; 1)
uuur / uur
mp (AB/I) c cp vect ch phng AB , AI , nn c php vect:
uuur / uur a2
3a2 3 2a2 3
a2
a2 r
[AB ; AI] = ;
;
= (1; 3 3; 2 3) = .n 2
4
4
4
4
4
r
vi n 2 = (1; 3 3; 2 3) .

Gi l gc gia (ABC) v (AB/I), ta c:

0+02 3
2 3
30
cos =
.
=
=
10
0 + 0 + 1. 1 + 27 + 12
40

Trang 22