B Y t

Cc an ton v sinh thc phm

********

AN TON V SINH thc phm

I VI C S SX, CBTP

Phn 1: Cc khi nim c bn

1. nhim thc phm:

nhim thc phm l tnh trng xut hin bt c mt cht l
no (cht nhim) trong thc phm
2. Cht nhim: Bt k cht no khng c ch cho vo
thc phm m c mt trong thc phm do kt qu ca vic sn
xut, ch bin, x l, ng gi, bao gi, vn chuyn v lu gi
thc phm hoc do nh hng ca mi trng ti thc phm.
3. c im ca cht nhim:
+ Khng c mc ch cng ngh v khng ch ng cho vo
thc phm.
+ Xut hin khng do ch nh trong thc phm.
+ C th xut hin mt cch t nhin (tnh c) trong thc phm,
kh c kh nng kim sot c hoc cn phi chi ph rt cao
cho vic loi b chng.
+ S c mt trong thc phm thng kh nhn bit c, cn
phi gim st.

Phn 2: phn loi nhim thc phm

1. nhim sinh
hc
2. nhim ho
hc
3. nhim vt l
3

 nhim sinh hc
Cc con ng gy nhim sinh hc vo thc phm

Tc nhn sinh hc
Sc vt
b bnh

m tht

Nu
khng k

Mi tr
ng

nhim:
t
Nc
Khng
kh

Sinh vt c
c t

c t nm
mc
Thc vt c
c
ng vt c
c

ch bin
thc phm

Bo qun
thc phm

V sinh c
nhn

iu kin
mt v sinh.
Khng che
y rui,
b, chut

(Tay ngi
lnh mang
trng, ho
ht hi)

Thc phm

 nhim sinh hc
Cc tc nhn sinh hc gy nhim thc phm

1. Vi khun:

Cc vi khun c trong
thc phm c th gy
bnh nhim khun
hoc ng c thc
phm.

Bnh nhim khun thc phm l do n

phi vi khun gy bnh, chng pht trin
v sinh c t trong c th ngi, thng
trong rut.
Ng c thc phm do n phi cht c
hnh thnh t trc (cht c do VK sinh
ra trong thc phm t trc khi n).

 nhim sinh hc
Cc tc nhn sinh hc gy nhim thc phm

1. Vi khun:

(Tip theo)

Thng ngi ta chia ra 2 loi vi khun hnh

thnh bo t v vi khun khng hnh thnh bo
t.

Cc loi vi khun
hnh thnh bo
t:
(VD:
Cl.
botulinum;
Cl.perfringens;
Bacillus cereus)

Cc loi vi khun khng

hnh thnh bo t:
(VD: Vibrio cholerae;
Vibrio
parahaemolyticus;
Shigella; Salmonella;
Campylobacter; Listeria;
Staph.aureus;
Streptococcus; E.coli;
yersinia enterocolitica;
Proteur)
6

thc phm chn nhim e.coli

a ph ng
Nam nh

Hu
Ph Th

Thi B
nh
Thnh ph HCM
Qung B
nh
Thanh Ho

Cmau

Lo i Thc phm
- Gi
- Nem, cho, chua
- Lng l n chn
- Ch qu
- Thc n chn n ngay ng ph
- Tht luc
- Tht kho
- Tht rn, n ng
- Rau sng
- Kem bn rong c
ng tr nghc
- Thc n n ngay ng ph
- Thc n n ngay ng ph
- Thc n ltht
- Thc n lc
- Thc n lrau
- Xi
- Bnh mkp tht

T l(%)

100
40,0
40,2
24,0
32,0
100
96,7
90,0
25,0
78,9
69,7
78,1
82,3
77,2

 nhim sinh hc
Cc tc nhn sinh hc gy nhim thc phm

2. Vi rus:

Virus vim gan A

Virus vim gan E
Rotavirus
Norwalk virus
Virus bi lit

 nhim sinh hc
Cc tc nhn sinh hc gy nhim thc phm

3. K sinh
trng:

K sinh trng n bo
Giun a
Giun tc
Giun mc
Giun xon
Sn l gan nh
Sn l phi
Sn dy ln
Sn dy b

 nhim sinh hc
Cc tc nhn sinh hc gy nhim thc phm

4. Cc sinh vt c c t:
c t nm c:
aflatoxin: L c t ca nm aspergillus
flavus v aspergilus parasiticus, hay c
trong ng, u, ci da kh l c t gy
ung th gan, gim nng sut sa, trng.
ochratoxin: L c t ca nm aspergillus
ochraccus v Penecillium viridicatum, hay c
trong ng, la m, la mch, bt u, ht c
ph. c t ny cng c kh nng gy ung th.

10

Kt qu xt nghim AFLATOXIN B1

Lc nhn:

7/55 mu (13%)

X du:

2/6 mu (33%)

Tng:

C ph:

30%

u phng:

68%

9/30 mu (30%)

11

 nhim sinh hc
Cc tc nhn sinh hc gy nhim thc phm

4. Cc sinh vt c c t:

(Tip

theo)
ng vt c cht c:
Cc
C nc (tetradotoxin).
Cc loi c c khc.
c t trong nhuyn
th:
DSP (Diarrhetic Shellfh Poisoning): Gy tiu
chy
NSP: Gy lit thn kinh
ASP (Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning): Gy ng
tr
12
PSP (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning): Gy lit

 nhim sinh hc
Cc tc nhn sinh hc gy nhim thc phm

4. Cc sinh vt c c t:

(Tip

theo)

Thc vt c c: (Pyrrolizidine,
Alkaloids, Lipin alkaloids):

Sn (HCN).
L ngn
Mng

13

 nhim ho hc

Gm c:

1. Nhng cht ho hc cho thm

vo thc phm theo mun.
2. Nhng ho cht ln vo thc
phm.
3. Ho cht bo v thc phm.

14

 nhim ho hc
Nhng cht ho hc cho thm vo thc phm theo mun:
bo qun thc phm:
- Cht st khun: mui nitrat, nitrit, acid benzoic, natri benzoat,
natri borat (hn the)
- Cc cht khng sinh: chloramphenicol, tetracycllin, streptomycin,
penicillin.
- Cc cht kch thch, tng trng.
- Cc cht chng oxy ho: acid ascobic, a.citric, a.lactic,
-Tocophenol
- Cht chng mc: natri diaxetat, diphenyl...
Tng tnh hp dn ca thc n:
- Cht to ngt tng hp: saccarin
- Cc phm mu: phm mu v c, hu c, phm mu tng hp.
Cc cht cho thm vo ch bin c bit:
- Cc cht lm trng bt: kh chlor, oxyt nit
- Cht lm tng kh nng thnh bnh, dai, dn ca bt: bromat,
hn the
- Cc cht lm cng thc phm: canxi chlorua, canxi citrat, canxi
phosphat
15
- Tng khu v: m chnh (natri monoglutamate)

Nhng ho cht ln vo thc phm:

Cc ha cht cng nghip, cc ha cht trong

t: dioxin, PCBs, vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile,
benzopyrene, styrene
Cc kim loi nng: thy ngn, ch, cadimi,
km, arsen, ng, st.
Cht nhim trong nu nng, ch bin:
acrylamide, chloropropanols.

16

Ho cht bo v thc vt:

nhim thc phm do ho cht bo v thc vt

(HCBVTV) nc ta ngy cng gia tng.
Nguyn nhn do cha kim sot c tnh trng nhp lu,
bun bn cc loi HCBVTV cm qua bin gii, cha hng dn
v cch dng HCBVTV n ni n chn cho ngi dn,
chnh quyn cc cp, nht l c s cng nh cc ngnh
chc nng cha thc s c bin php qun l nghim ngt.
Tnh trng rau qu, k c ch xanh, b nhim HCBVTV
cn kh ph bin.

17

 nhim vt l
Cc d vt: Cc mnh thu tinh, sn,
t si, mnh vn vt dng khc ln
vo thc phm.
Cc mnh kim loi, cht do
Cc yu t phng x: do s c n l
phn ng nguyn t, cc nh
myin nguyn t, r r phng x t
cc Trung tm nghin cu phng x,
hoc t cc m phng x.
Cc ng vt, thc vt trong vng
mi trng b nhim phng x, k c
nc ung, s b nhim cc cht phng
x v gy hi cho ngi s dng khi n
18
phi chng.

II.
II. Ni
Ni dung
dung iu
iu kin
kin VSATTP
VSATTP::
Ni
Ni dung
dung iu
iu kin
kin VSATTP
VSATTP bao
bao gm
gm 33
nhm
nhm iu
iu kin
kin sau:
sau: iu
iu kin
kin nh
nh xxng
ng
(iu
(iu kin
kin c
c s),
s), iu
iu kin
kin dng
dng c,
c, thit
thit b
b
v
v iu
iu kin
kin v
v con
con ng
ngi.
i.
1.
1. iu
iu kin
kin v
v c
c s:
s:
C
C s
s cn
cn phi
phi hiu
hiu l
l bt
bt c
c to
to nh
nh hay
hay khu
khu
vc
vc no
no
x
x l
l thc
thc phm,
phm, k
k c
c cc
cc khu
khu vc
vc
xung
xung quanh,
quanh, ddii s
s kim
kim sot
sot ca
ca cng
cng mt
mt ban
ban
qun
qun l.
l. iu
iu kin
kin
m
m bo
bo VSATTP
VSATTP cho
cho
mt
mt c
c s
s thc
thc phm
phm l:
l:
19

1.1.
1.1. V
V tr:
tr:

+
+ Cn
Cn xem
xem xt
xt cc
cc ngun
ngun nhim
nhim bn
bn tim
tim n
n nh
nh hhng
ng
ti
ti thc
thc phm
phm khi
khi quyt
quyt nh
nh chn
chn v
v tr
tr
xy
xy dng
dng
c
c s
s sn
sn xut,
xut, cng
cng nh
nh chn
chn cc
cc bin
bin php
php hp
hp l
l c
c hiu
hiu
qu
qu
bo
bo v
v thc
thc phm.
phm. C
C s
s khng
khng
c
c t
t ni,
ni,
m
m sau
sau khi
khi xem
xem xt
xt nhng
nhng bin
bin php
php bo
bo v,
v, ng
ngi
i ta
ta
thy
thy vn
vn cn
cn mi
mi e
e do
do cho
cho s
s an
an ton
ton v
v ph
ph hp
hp ca
ca
thc
thc phm.
phm. c
c bit,
bit, v
v tr
tr c
c s
s th
thng
ng phi
phi xa:
xa:
--Khu
Khu vc
vc c
c mi
mi tr
trng
ng nhim
nhim v
v cc
cc hot
hot ng
ng cng
cng
nghip
nghip khc
khc c
c nhiu
nhiu kh
kh nng
nng gy
gy nhim
nhim thc
thc phm;
phm;
--Khu
Khu vc
vc d
d b
b ngp
ngp lt
lt tr
tr phi
phi c
c bin
bin php
php bo
bo v
v c
c
s
s khi
khi b
b ngp
ngp lt
lt mt
mt cch
cch hu
hu hiu;
hiu;
--Khu
Khu vc
vc d
d b
b sinh
sinh vt
vt gy
gy hi
hi ph
ph hoi;
hoi;
--Khu
Khu vc
vc c
c cc
cc cht
cht thi,
thi, rn
rn hay
hay lng,
lng, m
m khng
khng th
th
loi
loi b
b chng
chng mt
mt cch
cch c
c hiu
hiu qu.
qu.
+
+ V
V tr
tr c
c s
s cn
cn m
m bo:
bo:
--Khng
Khng b
b nhim.
nhim.
--Khng
Khng b
b ngp
ngp lt.
lt.
--C
C ngun
ngun nnc
c m
m bo.
bo.
--Thun
Thun tin
tin v
v giao
giao thng
thng
--ng
20v
ng x
x ni
ni b
b
c
c xy
xy dng
dng m
m bo
bo tiu
tiu chun
chun
v

1.2.
1.2. Thit
Thit k
k v
v b
b tr:
tr:
+
+ Ni
Ni thch
thch hp,
hp, l
l ni
ni m
m vic
vic thit
thit k
k b
b tr
tr
mt
mt bng
bng cng
cng ngh
ngh cho
cho mt
mt c
c s
s sn
sn xut
xut ch
ch
bin
bin thc
thc phm
phm phi
phi to
to iu
iu kin
kin cho
cho v
v sinh
sinh
thc
thc phm
phm
c
c tt,
tt, ng
ng thi
thi tnh
tnh n
n c
c vic
vic
bo
bo v
v chng
chng nhim
nhim cho
cho do
do thc
thc phm
phm gy
gy ra
ra
gia
gia cng
cng on
on khc
khc cng
cng nh
nh khi
khi thao
thao tc
tc ch
ch bin
bin
v
v x
x l
l thc
thc phm.
phm.
+
+ Yu
Yu cu
cu thit
thit k,
k, b
b tr
tr nh
nh xxng:
ng:
--C
C ttng
ng bao
bao ngn
ngn cch
cch
--C
C kch
kch th
thc
c ph
ph hp
hp
--Dy
Dy chuyn
chuyn sn
sn xut
xut i
i theo
theo mt
mt chiu
chiu
--Thun
Thun tin
tin cho
cho lm
lm v
v sinh
sinh v
v kh
kh trng
trng
--Khng
Khng to
to ni
ni n
n nu
nu cho
cho ng
ng vt
vt gy
gy hi
hi
--C
C s
s ngn
ngn cch
cch gia
gia khu
khu sn
sn xut
xut v
v khu
khu khng
khng
sn
sn xut,
xut, cng
cng nh
nh gia
gia cc
cc khu
khu tip
tip nhn
nhn nguyn
nguyn
liu,
liu, s
s ch,
ch, ch
ch bin,
bin, bao
bao gi
gi phn
phn ph,
ph, kho
kho
21
hng,
hng, khu
khu v
v sinh,
sinh, thay
thay bo
bo h
h lao
lao ng,
ng, khu
khu n
n

1.3.
1.3. Cu
Cu trc:
trc:
1.3.1.
1.3.1. Kho,
Kho, xxng,
ng, thit
thit b
b
c
c b
b tr
tr ph
ph hp
hp
v
v thun
thun li
li trong
trong qu
qu trnh
trnh sn
sn xut,
xut, ch
ch
bin
bin thc
thc phm
phm
d
d p
p dng
dng cc
cc bin
bin php
php
x
x l
l v
v sinh.
sinh.
+
+ Trn
Trn nh:
nh: sng
sng mu,
mu, khng
khng thm
thm nnc,
c, khng
khng rn
rn
nt,
nt, trnh
trnh mc
mc v
v ng
ng nnc
c v
v cc
cc cht
cht bn.
bn.
+
+ Sn
Sn nh:
nh: sng
sng mu,
mu, lm
lm bng
bng cc
cc vt
vt liu
liu khng
khng
thm
thm nnc,
c, d
d ra,
ra, khng
khng trn,
trn, khng
khng gy
gy c
c i
i
vi
vi thc
thc phm,
phm, d
d lau
lau chi,
chi, kh
kh trng
trng v
v thot
thot nnc
c tt.
tt.
+T
+Tng
ng v
v gc
gc ttng
ng nh:
nh: Phng,
Phng, sng
sng mu,
mu, khng
khng
gy
gy c
c
vi
vi thc
thc phm,
phm, khng
khng thm
thm nnc,
c, d
d c
c
ra
ra v
v kh
kh khun.
khun.
+
+ Ca
Ca ra
ra vo:
vo: Nhn,
Nhn, khng
khng thm
thm nnc,
c, tt
tt nht
nht l
l t
t
ng
ng m,
m, ng
ng v
v ng
ng kn.
kn. Tr
Trc
c ca
ca ra
ra vo
vo i
i
vi
vi cc
cc c
c s
s sn
sn xut
xut thc
thc phm
phm ng
ng hp,
hp, thc
thc
phm
22 nn
phm ch
ch bin
bin bao
bao gi
gi sn
sn phi
phi thit
thit k
k ch
ch

1.3.2.
H
1.3.2.
H thng
thng thng
thng gi:
gi:
+
+ H
H thng
thng thng
thng gi
gi thch
thch hp
hp
loi
loi hi
hi nnc
c
ng
ngng
ng t,
t, khng
khng kh
kh nng,
nng, kh
kh b
b nhim,
nhim, mi
mi ll
v
v bi.
bi.
+
+ HHng
ng ca
ca h
h thng
thng thng
thng gi
gi phi
phi m
m bo
bo
khng
khng
c
c thi
thi gi
gi t
t khu
khu vc
vc nhim
nhim bn
bn sang
sang
khu
khu vc
vc sch.
sch.
+
+ C
C llii bo
bo v
v bng
bng cc
cc vt
vt liu
liu khng
khng r,
r, d
d
tho
tho ri
ri
lm
lm v
v sinh.
sinh.
1.3.3.
1.3.3. Dng
Dng c
c cha
cha cht
cht thi
thi v
v vt
vt phm
phm
khng
khng n
n
c:
c:
Dng
Dng c
c cha
cha cht
cht thi
thi phi
phi kn,
kn, c
c np
np y
y
trnh
trnh s
s xm
xm nhp
nhp ca
ca ng
ng vt
vt v
v
c
c dn
dn
ra
ra th
thng
ng xuyn.
xuyn.
23

1.3.4.
1.3.4. H
H thng
thng chiu
chiu sng:
sng:
C
C s
s thc
thc phm
phm phi
phi lun
lun
c
c chiu
chiu sng
sng y
y
:
:
--Ni
Ni sn
sn xut
xut c
c ccng
ng
nh
nh sng
sng khng
khng ddii
200lux.
200lux.
--Ni
Ni cn
cn kim
kim tra
tra thc
thc phm
phm phi
phi t
t ccng
ng

nh
nh sng
sng khng
khng ddii 540
540 lux.
lux.
--n
n trong
trong khu
khu vc
vc c
c s
s thc
thc phm
phm phi
phi c
c hp
hp
hoc
hoc llii bo
bo v
v
trnh
trnh khi
khi v
v lm
lm ri
ri mnh
mnh vo
vo
thc
thc phm
phm v
v
c
c lau
lau chi
chi th
thng
ng xuyn.
xuyn.
1.3.5.
1.3.5. H
H thng
thng cng,
cng, rnh
rnh phi
phi kn,
kn, thot
thot nn
c
c tt,
tt, d
d ci
ci to,
to, khng
khng gy
gy nhim
nhim cc
cc
vng
vng xung
xung quanh.
quanh.
1.3.6.
b
1.3.6. H
H thng
thng nh
nh v
v sinh
sinh y
y

c
c 24
b
tr cc v tr thun tin cho tt c mi ng

1.3.7.
1.3.7. Khu
Khu vc
vc nui
nui ng
ng vt
vt (nu
(nu c)
c)
c
c
b
b tr
tr cui
cui hhng
ng gi
gi chnh
chnh v
v cch
cch ly
ly
ring
ring bit
bit vi
vi khu
khu vc
vc sn
sn xut,
xut, ch
ch bin,
bin,
kinh
kinh doanh
doanh thc
thc phm:
phm:
Yu
Yu cu
cu v
v cu
cu trc:
trc:
-- Kt
Kt cu
cu vng
vng chc,
chc, d
d lm
lm v
v sinh
sinh v
v kh
kh
trng.
trng.
-- Vt
Vt liu:
liu: Khng
Khng thm
thm nnc,
c, khng
khng thi
thi nhim,
nhim,
thch
thch hp
hp vi
vi tng
tng loi
loi thc
thc phm,
phm, khng
khng c,
c,
bn,
bn, d
d bo
bo tr,
tr, d
d lm
lm v
v sinh
sinh v
v kh
kh trng.
trng.
-- B
B mt
mt nhn,
nhn, tr,
tr, d
d lm
lm v
v sinh,
sinh, kh
kh trng.
trng.
25

2.
2. iu
iu kin
kin v
v thit
thit b
b v
v dng
dng c
c ch
ch bin:
bin:
2.1.
2.1. Yu
Yu cu:
cu:
+
+ Cc
Cc dng
dng c
c dng
dng cha
cha ng
ng v
v ch
ch bin
bin thc
thc
phm
phm phi
phi
c
c lm
lm t
t nguyn
nguyn liu
liu khng
khng c,
c,
khng
khng gy
gy mi
mi ll so
so vi
vi mi
mi v
v ca
ca thc
thc phm
phm ban
ban
u,
u, khng
khng hp
hp th,
th, khng
khng thi
thi nhim
nhim vo
vo thc
thc
phm,
phm, khng
khng b
b n
n mn.
mn.
+
+ Dng
Dng c
c cha
cha ng
ng v
v ch
ch bin
bin thc
thc phm
phm phi
phi
nhn,
nhn, khng
khng rn
rn nt,
nt, d
d lm
lm sch
sch v
v ty
ty trng
trng b
b
mt.
mt.
+
+ Cc
Cc ph
phng
ng tin
tin vn
vn chuyn
chuyn phi
phi ph
ph hp
hp vi
vi cc
cc
tnh
tnh cht
cht c
c bit
bit ca
ca thc
thc phm,
phm, d
d dng
dng c
c ra
ra
v
v phi
phi
c
c gi
gi gn
gn sch
sch s
s th
thng
ng xuyn
xuyn
m
m
bo
bo v
v sinh
sinh an
an ton
ton thc
thc phm.
phm.
+
+ Cc
Cc ph
phng
ng tin
tin vn
vn chuyn
chuyn s
s dng
dng trong
trong qu
qu
trnh
trnh ch
ch bin,
bin, sn
sn xut
xut kinh
kinh doanh,
doanh, lluu thng
thng thc
thc
phm
phm khng
khng
c
c gy
gy nhim,
nhim, thay
thay i
i mi
mi hoc
hoc
26
lm bin cht thc phm.

2.2.
2.2. Cc
Cc thit
thit b
b dng
dng c
c ch
ch yu:
yu:
2.2.1.
2.2.1. Dng
Dng c
c ch
ch bin,
bin, my
my ch
ch bin:
bin:
phi
phi thch
thch hp
hp vi
vi loi
loi thc
thc phm,
phm, m
m bo
bo an
an
ton
ton v
v sinh,
sinh, khng
khng gy
gy c,
c, bn,
bn, d
d bo
bo
tr,
tr, d
d lm
lm v
v sinh
sinh kh
kh trng.
trng.
2.2.2.
2.2.2. Thit
Thit b,
b, dng
dng c
c ng
ng gi:
gi: m
m
bo
bo khng
khng thi
thi nhim
nhim cht
cht c
c ra
ra thc
thc
phm,
phm, bn,
bn, d
d bo
bo tr,
tr, lm
lm sch.
sch.

27

2.2.3.
2.2.3. Thit
Thit b
b kim
kim sot
sot -- gim
gim st
st thc
thc
phm:
phm:
Ngoi
Ngoi nhng
nhng yu
yu chung
chung thit
thit b
b dng
dng
un,
un,
x
x l
l nhit,
nhit, lm
lm ngui,
ngui, lluu gi
gi hay
hay lm
lm ng
ng lnh
lnh thc
thc
phm
phm phi
phi
c
c thit
thit k
k
lm
lm sao
sao nhanh
nhanh chng
chng t
t

c
c nhit
nhit
theo
theo yu
yu cu
cu ca
ca thc
thc phm,
phm, nhm
nhm bo
bo
m
m tnh
tnh an
an ton
ton v
v ph
ph hp
hp ca
ca thc
thc phm,
phm, v
v

duy
duy tr
tr nhit
nhit

mt
mt cch
cch hu
hu hiu.
hiu. Thit
Thit b
b

phi
phi
c
c thit
thit k
k c
c th
th gim
gim st,
st, kim
kim sot
sot
c
c
nhit
nhit .
. nhng
nhng ni
ni cn
cn thit,
thit, cc
cc thit
thit b
b

phi
phi c
c ph
phng
ng tin
tin hu
hu hiu
hiu
kim
kim sot
sot v
v gim
gim
st
st
m
m khng
khng kh,
kh, dng
dng kh,
kh, v
v cc
cc thng
thng s
s bt
bt
k
k no
no khc,
khc, c
c tc
tc dng
dng bt
bt li
li ti
ti tnh
tnh an
an ton
ton v
v ph
ph
hp
hp ca
ca thc
thc phm.
phm. Nhng
Nhng yu
yu cu
cu ny
ny nhm
nhm m
m
bo:
bo:
-- Cc
Cc vi
vi sinh
sinh vt
vt c
c hi
hi hay
hay cc
cc vi
vi sinh
sinh vt
vt khng
khng
mong
mong mun
mun hoc
hoc cc
cc c
c t
t ca
ca chng,
chng,

c
c loi
loi
tr
tr hay
hay lm
lm gim
gim ti
ti mc
mc an
an ton,
ton, hoc
hoc s
s tn
tn ti
ti v
v
tng
hu
tng tr
trng
ng ca
ca chng
chng

c
c kim
kim sot
sot mt
mt cch
cch28
hu

2.2.4.
2.2.4.
ng
ng cht
cht ph
ph thi
thi v
v cc
cc th
th
khng
khng n
n
c:
c:

ng
ng ph
ph thi,
thi, sn
sn phm
phm ph
ph v
v cc
cc
cht
cht khng
khng n
n
c
c hoc
hoc cht
cht nguy
nguy him
him phi
phi c
c
thit
thit k
k c
c bit
bit
d
d nhn
nhn bit,
bit, c
c cu
cu trc
trc
ph
ph hp,
hp, ni
ni cn
cn thit,
thit, phi
phi oc
oc lm
lm bng
bng vt
vt
liu
liu t
t b
b hh hng.
hng.
cha
cha cc
cc cht
cht nguy
nguy him
him
phi
phi
c
c phn
phn bit
bit r
r v
v khi
khi cn
cn c
c th
th kho
kho
c
c

trnh
trnh s
s nhim
nhim bn
bn thc
thc phm
phm do
do c
c hay
hay
tnh
tnh c.
c.

29

2.2.5.
2.2.5. Thit
Thit b
b cung
cung cp
cp nnc
c v
v nnc
c :
:
Cn
Cn c
c h
h thng
thng cung
cung cp
cp nnc
c ung
ung sao
sao
cho
cho lun
lun lun
lun
c
c y
y
v
v c
c cc
cc ph
phng
ng tin
tin
thch
thch hp
hp
lluu tr,
tr, phn
phn phi
phi nnc,
c, kim
kim sot
sot
nhit
nhit ,
,
m
m bo
bo tnh
tnh an
an ton
ton v
v ph
ph hp
hp
ca
ca thc
thc phm.
phm. NNc
c ung
ung
c
c l
l nnc
c

c
c quy
quy
nh
nh trong
trong tiu
tiu chun
chun nnc
c ung
ung ca
ca B
B YY t
t
hoc
hoc l
l nnc
c ung
ung c
c tiu
tiu chun
chun cao
cao hn.
hn. NNc
c
khng
khng ung
ung
c
c (v
(v d
d nh
nh nnc
c dng
dng
dp
dp
chy,
chy, sn
sn xut
xut hi
hi nnc,
c, lm
lm lnh
lnh v
v cc
cc mc
mc
ch
ch khc
khc m
m khng
khng lm
lm nhim
nhim thc
thc phm),
phm),
th
th nnc
c ny
ny
c
c cp
cp theo
theo mt
mt h
h thng
thng ring.
ring.
Cc
Cc h
h thng
thng nnc
c khng
khng ung
ung
c
c phi
phi
c
c tch
tch
ring
ring bit,
bit, khng
khng
c
c ni
ni hoc
hoc khng
khng cho
cho php
php
hi
hi lluu vo
vo h
h thng
thng nnc
c sch
sch ung
ung
c.
c. NNc
c

phi
phi
c
c lm
lm t
t nnc
c sch.
sch. Thit
Thit b
b cha
cha ng
ng
30
vn
chuyn,
bo
qun
n
c

phi
sch,
khng
vn chuyn, bo qun nc phi sch, khng

2.2.6.
2.2.6. Thit
Thit b
b thot
thot nnc
c v
v
cht
cht thi:
thi:
C
C thit
thit k
k b
b tr
tr h
h thng
thng thot
thot nnc
c v
v ph
ph
ng
ng tin
tin
cht
cht thi
thi hp
hp l.
l. Chng
Chng phi
phi
c
c thit
thit
k
k v
v xy
xy dng
dng sao
sao cho
cho trnh
trnh
c
c mi
mi nguy
nguy
nhim
nhim bn
bn cho
cho thc
thc phm
phm hay
hay gy
gy nhim
nhim ngun
ngun
cung
cung cp
cp nnc
c sch
sch ung
ung
c.
c.
2.2.7.
2.2.7. Thit
Thit b
b lm
lm sch
sch v
v kh
kh trng:
trng:
Cn
Cn b
b tr
tr cc
cc ph
phng
ng tin
tin phc
phc v
v hp
hp v
v
sinh
sinh
c
c thit
thit k
k thch
thch hp
hp
lm
lm sch
sch thc
thc
phm,
phm,
dng
dng v
v thit
thit b.
b. Nhng
Nhng ph
phng
ng tin
tin nh
nh
vy,
vy, u
u thch
thch hp,
hp, phi
phi
c
c cung
cung cp
cp
nnc
c
ung
ung
c,
c, nnc
c nng
nng v
v nnc
c lnh.
lnh. Thit
Thit b
b lm
lm v
v
sinh
sinh v
v kh
kh trng
trng phi
phi bng
bng vt
vt liu
liu khng
khng r,
r,
bn,
bn, d
d lm
lm sch,
sch, ph
ph hp
hp vi
vi tng
tng khu
khu vc.
vc.
31

2.2.8.
2.2.8. Ph
Phng
ng tin
tin v
v sinh
sinh c
c nhn
nhn v
v khu
khu
vc
vc v
v sinh:
sinh:
Cn
Cn c
c cc
cc ph
phng
ng tin
tin v
v sinh
sinh c
c nhn
nhn

lun
lun duy
duy tr
tr ch
ch
v
v sinh
sinh c
c nhn
nhn mc
mc
thch
thch hp
hp nhm
nhm trnh
trnh nhim
nhim bn
bn cho
cho thc
thc phm.
phm.
u
u thch
thch hp,
hp, cc
cc ph
phng
ng tin
tin
phi
phi bao
bao
gm:
gm:
-- Ph
Phng
ng tin
tin
ra
ra v
v lm
lm kh
kh tay,
tay, nh
nh
chu
chu ra
ra c
c h
h thng
thng cp
cp nnc
c nng
nng v
v nnc
c lnh
lnh
(hoc
(hoc c
c nhit
nhit
ph
ph hp,
hp, c
c thit
thit b
b kim
kim
sot)
sot)
-- Nh
Nh v
v sinh
sinh
c
c thit
thit k
k hp
hp v
v sinh.
sinh.
-- C
C cc
cc ph
phng
ng tin,
tin, khu
khu vc
vc ring
ring bit
bit v
v
hp
hp l
l
nhn
nhn vin
vin thay
thay qun
qun o.
o.
Nhng
Nhng ph
phng
ng tin
tin trn
trn phi
phi
c
c b
b tr
tr v
v thit
thit
k
k hp
hp l.
l.
32

2.2.10.
2.2.10. Thit
Thit b
b bo
bo qun
qun thc
thc phm:
phm:
nhng
nhng ni
ni cn
cn thit,
thit, phi
phi b
b tr
tr ph
phng
ng
tin
tin thch
thch hp
hp
bo
bo qun
qun thc
thc phm,
phm, cng
cng nh
nh
bo
bo qun
qun cc
cc cht
cht liu
liu v
v cc
cc ho
ho cht
cht phi
phi thc
thc
phm
phm (nh
(nh cc
cc cht
cht ty
ty ra,
ra, du
du nhn,
nhn, nhin
nhin liu).
liu).
u
u thy
thy thch
thch hp,
hp, cc
cc ph
phng
ng tin
tin dng
dng

bo
bo qun
qun thc
thc phm
phm phi
phi
c
c thit
thit k
k v
v
xy
xy dng
dng sao
sao cho:
cho:
-- C
C ch
ch
bo
bo ddng
ng duy
duy tu
tu v
v lm
lm v
v sinh
sinh
thun
thun li.
li.
-- Trnh
Trnh
c
c sinh
sinh vt
vt gy
gy hi
hi xm
xm nhp
nhp v
v
n
n nu.
nu.
-- Bo
Bo v
v mt
mt cch
cch hu
hu hiu
hiu
thc
thc phm
phm
khi
khi b
b nhim
nhim trong
trong khi
khi bo
bo qun
qun v
v khi
khi cn
cn to
to
ra
ra
c
c mt
mt mi
mi tr
trng
ng nhm
nhm gim
gim n
n mc
mc ti
ti
thiu
thiu s
s hh hi
hi ca
ca thc
thc phm
phm (v
(v d
d bng
bng cch
cch
kim
kim sot
sot
c
c nhit
nhit
v
v
m
m khng
khng kh).
kh).33

3. iu kin v con ngi:

3.1. Hc tp kin thc v sinh v an
ton thc phm:
Ch cc c s thc phm c trch
nhim lin h vi c quan y t a phng t
chc cho cng nhn trc tip tham gia vo
qu trnh sn xut, ch bin thc phm hc
tp v cc kin thc an ton v sinh thc
phm. Mi ngi sn xut ch bin thc phm
phi c chng ch c hc tp VSATTP
theo quy nh.

34

3.2.
3.2. Sc
Sc kho
kho ng
ngi
i sn
sn xut:
xut:
+
+ Ng
Ngi
i tham
tham gia
gia trc
trc tip
tip vo
vo sn
sn xut,
xut, ch
ch bin
bin
thc
thc phm
phm u
u phi
phi khm
khm sc
sc kho
kho tr
trc
c khi
khi
tuyn
tuyn dng
dng v
v nh
nh k
k kim
kim tra
tra li
li theo
theo quy
quy
nh
nh ca
ca B
B YY t.
t.
+
+ Nhng
Nhng ng
ngi
i ang
ang b
b mc
mc cc
cc bnh
bnh truyn
truyn
nhim
nhim theo
theo danh
danh mc
mc quy
quy nh
nh ca
ca B
B YY t
t
khng
khng
c
c tham
tham gia
gia trc
trc tip
tip vo
vo qu
qu trnh
trnh sn
sn
xut
xut hay
hay ch
ch bin
bin thc
thc phm.
phm.
+
+ Vic
Vic khm
khm sc
sc kho
kho phi
phi
c
c tin
tin hnh
hnh cc
cc
c
c quan
quan yy t
t t
t cp
cp qun,
qun, huyn
huyn tr
tr ln.
ln. 100%
100%
cng
cng nhn
nhn u
u phi
phi
c
c cy
cy phn
phn 11 -- 22
ln/nm.
ln/nm.
+
+ Ng
Ngi
i trc
trc tip
tip sn
sn xut
xut hay
hay ch
ch bin
bin thc
thc
phm
phm u
u phi
phi chp
chp hnh
hnh "thc
"thc hnh
hnh bn
bn tay
tay
35
tt":
tt":

Thc hnh bn tay tt (GHP)

36

+
+ Ng
Ngi
i ch
ch bin
bin thc
thc phm
phm phi
phi
thc
thc hin
hin cc
cc yu
yu cu
cu sau:
sau:
--Mc
Mc trang
trang phc
phc ring
ring khi
khi ch
ch bin.
bin. Ngoi
Ngoi
ra,
ra, trong
trong nhng
nhng tr
trng
ng hp
hp cn
cn thit,
thit, ng
ngi
i sn
sn
xut,
xut, ch
ch bin
bin thc
thc phm
phm phi
phi i
i m
m v
v
i
i gng
gng tay
tay hay
hay eo
eo khu
khu trang
trang sch
sch
--Khng
Khng n
n ung
ung trong
trong khu
khu vc
vc sn
sn xut
xut thc
thc
phm
phm
--Khng
Khng khc
khc nh,
nh, ht
ht thuc
thuc l
l trong
trong khu
khu vc
vc
ch
ch bin.
bin.
37

3.3.
3.3. Khch
Khch tham
tham quan:
quan:
Khch
Khch tham
tham quan
quan vo
vo khu
khu vc
vc sn
sn xut
xut
ch
ch bin
bin thc
thc phm
phm phi
phi mc
mc qun
qun o
o bo
bo
h
h v
v chp
chp hnh
hnh cc
cc quy
quy nh
nh v
v v
v sinh
sinh c
c
nhn
nhn nh
nh cy
cy phn,
phn, ra
ra tay,
tay, kh
kh trng
trng

38

thc hnh bo qun thc phm tt

(GSP)
1. Thc phm cn c bo qun lu gi trong khu vc, dng c, trang
b chuyn dng cho thc phm (t lnh, bung lnh, kho lnh...)
2. ng, bao gi thc phm phi an ton, khng thi nhim,
khng thng, khng r st, c np y kn, d chi ra.
3. Bo qun thc phm nhit an ton
Nhit vng lu
tr thc phm nng

100 oc
60 oc

Nhit
vng
nguy him
5 oc
Nhit vng lu
tr thc phm lnh
Nhit vng lu tr
thc phm ng lnh

0 oc
- 15 oc

Nhit :
Vi khun sinh si ny n mau chng khi
nhit gia 50C v 600C, y gi l
vng nhit nguy him (temperature
danger zone)
Qu v phi bo m l thi gian
thc phm trong vng nhit nguy
him cng ngn cng tt.

4. Bo m thi gian bo qun

5. Khng nhim cho trong qu trnh bo qun hoc nhim
t mi trng, cn trng
6. Khng dng cc cht hoc phng php bo qun thc phm ngoi
39
quy nh.

thc hnh lu thng phn phi thc phm tt

(GDP)
1. Chd ng trang thit bchuyn d ng cho thc phm vn
chuyn, trnh gy thi nhim
2. Che y, bao gi thc phm an ton, trnh gy nhim thm
vo thc phm
3. Gi nhit an ton cho tng lo i thc phm trong qu tr
nh
vn chuyn
4. Khng lm bin tnh, thay i tnh cht ca thc phm trong
qu tr
nh l u thng phn phi
5. Khi vn chuyn thc n v dng c cho khch hng cn
trong cc vt liu s ch s , khng c, chc chn, che y kn
khng h hng, nhim.
6. m bo ng thi gian vn chuyn. Thc n chn, thi gian
sau khi nu n khi n khng qu 2 gi

40

thc hnh nhn mc thc phm tt

(glp)
1. c c t hc phm bao g i sn ph i c nh n y n i dung
t heo quy
nh
1.1.Tn hng ho thc phm
1.2. Tn

a chth ng nh
n ch
u trch nhim vhng ho thc phm
1.3.
nh l ng ca hng ho thc phm
1.4. Thnh phn cu t o
1.5. Chtiu cht l ng ch y
1.6. Ngy sn xut, thi h n s dng, thi h n bo qun
1.7. H ng dn bo qun, h ng
1.8. Xut x hng ho (hng nhp khu, hng xut khu)
2. c c t hc phm t i s ng, c h bin k h ng c bao g i sn,
n, u ng c gi t r t i u d ng t r o ng v ng 24 gi
2.1. Phi bit r ngun gc an ton
2.2. Thc n phi c bo qun s ch, chng rui b, m a, gi,bi
2.3. Dng c bao gi cha
ng phi s ch khng g
y thi nhim,
nhim vo thc phm.

41

chng
ng trnh
trnh GMP
GMP
ch

1.
1. nh
nh ngha:
ngha:
GMP
GMP l
l ba
ba ch
ch ci
ci ca
ca ba
ba t
t ting
ting Anh:
Anh: Good
Good
Manufacturing
Manufacturing Practices,
Practices, ngha
ngha l
l thc
thc hnh
hnh sn
sn
xut
xut tt.
tt.
+
+ GMP
GMP l
l quy
quy phm
phm sn
sn xut,
xut, tc
tc l
l cc
cc bin
bin
php,
php, thao
thao tc
tc thc
thc hnh
hnh cn
cn tun
tun th
th nguyn
nguyn
tc
tc m
m bo
bo sn
sn xut
xut ra
ra nhng
nhng sn
sn phm
phm t
t
yu
yu cu
cu cht
cht llng
ng v
v sinh
sinh an
an ton.
ton.
+
+ Quy
Quy phm
phm sn
sn xut
xut th
thng
ng tp
tp trung
trung vo
vo cc
cc
thao
thao tc,
tc, vn
vn hnh
hnh trong
trong cng
cng ngh
ngh v
v thit
thit b,
b,
th
thng
ng
c
c xy
xy dng
dng cho
cho tng
tng sn
sn phm
phm hoc
hoc
nhm
nhm sn
sn phm
phm ttng
ng t,
t, bao
bao gm
gm cc
cc GMP
GMP ca
ca
42
tng
tng cng
cng on
on hoc
hoc mt
mt phn
phn cng
cng on
on sn
sn

2. Phm vi kim sot ca GMP:

+ GMP gip kim sot tt c nhng yu t lin
quan n CLVSATTP ca sn phm trong qu
trnh sn xut ch bin, t khu tip nhn
nguyn liu n thnh phm cui cng. (xem s
hnh
8) 8. Phm vi kim sot ca
Hnh
GMP
Ho

Ph gia

Nc

Nc

cht

Nguy
n liu

Tay
ngh

Thi
gian

Nhit

Thnh
phm

Mi trng

43

Ni dung c bn ca GMP v GHP

Chng trnh v sinh:
To iu kin kim sot c hiu qu cc
nguy c i vi thc phm, cn trng v cc tc
nhn khc c th gy nhim c thc phm
Chng trnh v sinh ch c hiu lc khi thit
b c thit k v lp t tt trong mt khu
vc sch s, v sinh
Chng trnh v sinh i hi s cam kt ca
lnh o cao nht v trin khai n mi n
v v c nhn
44

Ni dung c bn ca GMP v
GHP
Nh xng v phng tin ch bin
Yu cu chung: V tr, din tch, vt liu xy dng, thit
k.
Khu vc x l thc phm: tng, trn nh, ca s, ca ra
vo, cu thang, thang my, cu trc ph, lp t thit
b, bn ln men ngoi tri, cc kh nng nhim bn.
Phng tin v sinh: Cp thot nc, nh v sinh, ra tay.
Phng tin chiu sng: sng; bng n, chao n, dy
Thng gi: Lung kh, lu lng gi, li bo v, cht ph thi,
cht ty ra, kh trng.
Thit b v dng c: Vt liu ch to; thit b ng lnh
hay gia nhit, thit b o; thit k, lp t, s dng;
dng c, phng tin cm tay; thit b khc.
H thng an ton.

45

Ni dung c bn ca GMP v GHP

Kim sot qu trnh ch bin:
Nguyn vt liu,
Hot ng sn xut

46

Ni dung c bn ca GMP v
GHP
Kim sot v sinh nh xng.
Yu cu chung: lm sch thng xuyn,
kh trng;
Cha v x l ph phm v cht thi: L
u gi, vn chuyn, x l trc khi a ra
ngoi, dng c x l.
Bo qun ho cht nguy hi.
Kim sot sinh vt gy hi.
dng c nhn.
47

Ni dung c bn ca GMP v
GHP
Yu cu v con ngi:
iu kin sc kho: Kim tra sc kho, khm
nh k
Cch ly ngun gy nhim bnh: Cch ly,
iu tr ngi b bnh truyn nhim, d
ly lan
Ch v sinh: Sch s, qun o, trang
sc, n ung ni lm vic, khch tham quan
Gio dc, o to v u t
Kim tra, gim st
48

49