CHUONGS PHUONG PHAP HAP THU PHAN TU UV — 8:1 Téng quan ilu thé ky 19, hu hét phan tich hod hoc dink Ineng déu sir dung phuong phép trong long (gravimetry method) hoje phwong phip chuan 5 (titrimetry methed). Véi ahimg phvong phap nay déu dat duge 49 diing (accuracy) cao, nhumg khé o6 thé xc dinh duge nhimg thai phn hop chat c6 ndng 46 thip trong nude. ‘rong sudt théri gian nay nhiéu nghién ciru duge bit du dé mi rong kha ning phin tich dinh Iuong do biét cic cde yéu tS vet trong moi ‘ruimg. Mot trong 6 nhiimg phat minh 46 18 phurong php so mau quang pho. Phucmg phip so miu dau tign Ta phuomg phip Nessler phan tich Inirn Iuang ammonia. trong, tre vio nim 1856, Nessler khim pha ni ring khi thm High va KT vio trong moi inating o6 eh NH sto hin dang dish mu mi vag dn wut chew wg ba [NHy . Mau cua miu s@ due so sinh vii mau eta mu chudin dade din ming d@ tuomy ding trong. mau. Cho dén ngay nay phuong php nay di duwe nghién eta bd sung d phan tel ‘huge mt vii nude thai trong Standard Methods. Cudi thé ky 19, mt s6 phuong phép mii ba «au durge khém pha nr phuong php hip thu, phét xa, tan xa, tia cuc tim, dign ti hong ngoai phit xa. Thé ky 20 1a giai doam phi trién cba tia X, microwave, va sng radio, cic hat mang Ingng bao gdm hyl electron va ion, 8.2 Ljeh siz nghién ciru quang phé he Quang phé hoc 12 mgt mén hoc chinh yéu trong thién van hoc, no da duge img dung thank céng dé nghién céru vé khi quyén trong hinh tinh ching ta, Cach day 200 nam, Joseph von ‘Fraunhofer (1787-1826) lan dau tién san xudt logi may Go quang pho ma tinh nding khong 6 gi sinh kip lie bay gid, Ong dy da khdm pha ra rat nhiéu céc dung t6i trong quang phd cia fink sing mt tr. Ong dy e6 thé xc dink chinh xc 40 di bude song cia nhiéu “Fraunhofer lines” (vach) va thuge ngir nay ngiy nay vin duvge ding. Tuy nlsién, trong thoi gian nay ng dy ‘khong hiéu duoc nhting ca 86 vat If va ¥ nghia vé nhting vin dé ma Ong ay Kham phi ra Hin 8.1. Thigt bj Spektralapparat thidt ké b6t Kirchhoff vi Bunsen (1833) a9‘Thin tym quan trong ke tid vé “Fraunhofer lines” 1a qua trick tim ra nguyén Wy vit 1¥ clas ihdp tha vi phe xq vio nim 1859 véi sy cng tic cia nhiéu nha vit If ndi tiéng niu Gustav R. Kirchihoff'va Robert W. Bunsen tai Heidelberg. Thiét bi ma ho sir dung Ia “Spektralapparat”, hho ghi nha duge qué trinh phét xo rit dje bigt cia ahiéu nguyén 06 kehic nhaw. Voi phuong. phip nay ho 43 tiép tye khdm pha ma 2 nguyén t6 mbi 1a Clsium va Rubidium, ho chiét dupe mét hugng rit nhé (7g) tir 44.000 lit mide khong gin nii Bad Nauheim, Dic. Sy khim phi nay Id nda tang cho sy kiiém pha tip theo v8 ay hip thu vi phat xq cba hip thu phan tit, ‘Nam 1879 Marie Alfred Cornu thiy ring, nhiing tia od bude séng ngin ca bite xq mit tréi ‘én bé mat cei Ct i hip thy BG Khi quyén. MOK nam sau G6, Walther Noel Hariley m6 ti rit timi vé su hip thu UV eba O: véi d6 di bude séng 200 va 300 nm. va n6 tri nén rd ring hom, hi ho phit hign ra ring O, chita day trong bin khi quyén. Nam 1880, Chappuis khim pd ra sur hip thn trong ving kha kién (400 — 840nm). Nam 1925 Dobson phat trién mot may quang phd méi rét én dinh siz dyng lang kinh bing thach anh. 8.3 Pai canmg ve quang phd Trong quang phé hoe, anh sing nin héy (inh sing kha kign), tia hbng ngoa, tin tt ngooi, tia Ronghen, séng radio. déu doe goi chung mét thuit nei la bite xa ‘Theo thuyét song, cae dang bite xa nay [a dao Gong sng cua cong d9 dign tong va cuing 46 tir trudng, nén bite xa con durve goi la bite xa dign tit. Sau thuySt sng, thuyél het cho thdy bée xq gm cdc “hpl ning luge” got 18 photon chuydn dng véi tbe 46 anh sing (¢ = 3.10* mis), Cie dang bie xg khie nhau thi khie nhaw ve nding long Av cia ei photon. 6 diy. ning lung ein bite xa di dune haem tt hoa, neha Bi ning long cia bite xa khong phi lign tue ma céc Ingng tr nang lung ti If véi tin sé v cia dao. dong dign tir theo hg thire Planck. esky = 6,625.10-™ J.s: hing s6 Planck, Louis de Broglie da dua ra thuyét théng obit cf khi nigm song va khai nigm hat cua soag anh, sing, Aah sing vita 66 tinh chit séng vita c6 tinh chit hat. Téng quit hon la bite xa 08 ban chit song ht. N6i dung nbur sau: Hac ki lumg m chuyén ding vil vin tbe v 06 bute sing di Abi vi nd a # cho ba he thie: my Trong db: p~ mv li dong huong cua hat AMA buns ing (de Broglie) +h = 6,625.10 J.s la hing 56 Planck,83.1 Cie dai lwgng do bite xa dign tir Bude song 2; La.quang dung ma bise xa di duge sau méi dao dng day di, Bon vi: m,em, m,nm, “4. (lem=10" 44 ~ 10? nm—10" um) Tin sd v La sb dao dong trong mat dun vi thi gian (gidy) ‘Trong | gidy bite xe di duge ¢ em va bite song 4 cm, vay: Luu ¥: Bate xq truyén trong chin khong voi vin te ¢ = 2,9979.10* mis (thug léy tron 3.10* ms) i: CPS ( VONG DAY), Hz, KHz, MHz. (ICPS=IHz; IMHz=10* KHz=10°Hz) Nang long bite xa* C&e dao dong tit (phan tir ching han) chi c6 thé phat ra hoge hip thy ning luemg timg dom vi gin doan, time lung nho nguyen ven goi la haemg te mang hueme: Don enhy Bon vi: Jun (J), Calo (Cal), eleetron von (eV). 83.2 Cie dang bite xp Bite xa dién tir hao gém 1 diy cde séng dign tit 06 bude sén tit c& mét 6 séng radio dén c® 4 (10"™ m) 6 tia Ronghen hoe nhé hon nifa. ‘Toin b6 diy s6ng 46 duge chia thinh cée ving pid khic nhau, 1 46% trong khoving rt wt aa wot wot 0? 1? T 102 1? 10 woe 10 wo? 10? rd Tey Max w Tabina ngoal | visérg | Séngraclo Ying vis \ (ra ny Buveséng Ainm) aga TT Tm Chim lam We Virg Cam 88 inh 8.2, Cée phd evia séng dign tir slMit ngudi chi cim nha duge mt ving phd dién tr rt ahd got la ving nin thy (cha bao gdm cde bie xa o6 bude séng tir 396 ~ 760 nm, Hai ving ti ‘ving hong ngoai va ving tit ngoai UV. en) sip véi ving nin thdy ta 83.3 Sy tuong tic giita vat chit va bie xg dign tir 6 didu kign binh thug, dign ti eda phin Ur nim & trang thdi Fen k&4, nen phin tte 06 mite ning Iuomg thi, got li trang thai corbin F,, (inh 8.3) Khi chiéu mot bire xe dign ti vao mot moi trudng vét chit, sé xy ra hign twong cde phn tir vat chit hip thy (absorption) hoje phat xa (emission) ning long, bay duge goi la trang thi kich thich (Hinh 8.3), Ning Iugng msi phan tpt xa hay hp thu vo bs Trong 46, Ey va Ep 18 mite mang Itong ciia phan tir & trang thai ddu va wang thai cudi v (hay cdn goi la trang thai kich thich) 14 tin s6 cia bite xq dign tir bj hap thy hay phit x9 ra. ‘Néu AE > O thi xdy ra sy hip thy bite x9 dign tt. Néu AE < 0 thi xiy ra sy phit xa ning hromg, ———————_+ ———————__« A B * 5, & 5 5 inh 8.3. Sy hip chy (A) hoge phat xg (B) ning lugng cia mt photon ‘Theo thuyét long ti, ede phin tr va cde bite xa dign tir trao ddi ning lngng véi nhau khong phai bit ky va lién nue ma e@ tinh chit gin dogn, Phin tr chi hip thy hoe phat xa 0, 1, 2. yon Fin Irgng tr hv-mi dh Khi phn te hp thy bi cela bire xa nhung khéng lm thay dai nang Ingng eda n6, bai dinh bing mit dj ei hat photon c6 trong chim ia, cim ning bugmg bit xa di thuge tin sv cia bie xa, phat xg s8 lim thay dai eutmg d suimg d6 ize xe di n tir Tai phy tir xe Vi thé Kh chido nat clvim bie xo digm tr véi mot tin 96 duy nhdt di qua moi tring vit chlt thi sau Ki di qua nding lang cis bite xp khong h8 thay di ma chi e6 cutmg dG bite xe thay di, Cie phin tr khi hap thy ning Ivgng eda bie xq sé dan dén thay 46i ede qué trinh trong, phin ti (quay, dao dng, kich thich electron...) hoe trong nguyén tir (cong heme spin electron, edng hurémg ti hat nin) (MGi mot qua trinh nw vay Oi hoi mot nang lung de trang cho nd, ngifa la doi hoi bue xe dign ti c6 tin s6 hay chieu dai séng nhdt dinh dé kich thieh. Do sy hip thy chon ye ny ma hi chiéu chim bite xa dign tir voi m@t dai tn sé khéic nhau di qua moi truimg véit chat thi sau 52Xeni di qua chim bite xa nay 38 bi mit di mét sé bite xa o6 tin 36 xée dinh, nga Ta cfc tia nay 48 phn trip the Bing €.1, Uing dung quang phé dién hink do sy thay 46i ning hyng Kidu chuyén ddi ning hrgng Ving burde sng Tia y TiaX UVNis Hip thy (absorption ‘Hong ngogi Microwave Song radio UWVis Phat xq (emission) “Thide bj quang phd May quang phé Mossbauer May hip thy quang phd ia X My so miu quang phd UVA ‘May hap thu nguyén tir AAS: ‘May so quang phd hing ngogi May so miu higu ng Raman May quang pha vi song ‘Mi quang pho tirhat nha “Miiy phat xa nguyen ti May phat xa hujmh quang tia X. ‘May quang pho hujah quang ‘May phat kin quang May quang phé phit xa hun quang aguyén ti ‘Bing 8.2. Quang phé dién hinh khéng do sy thay di nang hrong Ving bute song, Kigu ong tée TiaX Nhiéu xa uv Khie xa Tan xq 834 Sy hip thy bite xg vi mau sie cia ede chat Thiét bi May niu x¢ tia X May Kkhtie xa May do d9 due Anh sing nin thdy bao gdm tit ca dai bite xp 06 bube sng tir 396 — 760 nm e6 mau tring, (oh sing tng hop). Khi cho nh sing tring (Anh sing mf trOi) chiéu qua mot ling kin, nd s@ bj phan tich thinh mot s6 tia mau (46, da cam, ving, lye, lam, chim, tim). Méi tia mau dd ding v6i mgt khoang bude song hep hon (xem Bang 8.3). Cim gide cde mau sie IA mgt chudi ccée qua trinh sink IY va tam ite tap ki bite x trong viing shi kién chigu vdo vag myc cia mat, M6t tia mau voi mgt khoang bude song xac djnh, Chang han bie xq voi bude song 3400-430 nm gay cho ta cdm giée miu tim, tia sing vei bude séng $60 nm cho ta cdm gic min Ine ving. Anh sing chiéu vio mét chit nio 46 né di qua hoan toin thi d6i voi mat ta chat d6 Khong ‘Thi du, tity tinh thisimg hip thy cée bire xa voi bude sng nhs hon 360 nm nén nd trong subt she bite xq Kha kin, Thiy tinh thech anh hép thy bite xa véi burde sng nha hom 160 nm, in trong sub Adi vii bite xg kha kign vit ed bite xa tie ngoat edn ‘Mit chit hip thy boda todn tit cd cde tia dnh sing thi ta thy chit 46 o6 mau den. Néu sy hip thy chi xAv ra 6 mgt khosing nao G6 ciia ving kha kién thi cc bit xa 6 khoang c6a lai khi dé mit ta sé gay cho ta cim gife vé mgt miu nio 45, Ching han mit chit hip tay tia mau 46 (4~ 610-730 nm) thi anh sng con lai gay cho ta cém gide mau luc (ta thay chat do ¢6 mau Ic), Newoe Iai, nu cht hip thu Gia miu Iye thi i vGi mil ta nd SE c6 mu di. Ngwb voi miu dé vd miu lye Hi hai mau phu nhau. Trdn hai miu phy nhau lui ta sé cé miu tring, [Noi céch Khe, ai tia phy shau khitrén vio nhau s8 tao ra anh sing ting. Quan he gitta mau cia tia bj hip thy va mau tia chit hip thu (ede miu phy nhau) duge ghi é bang sau Bang 8.3. Quan hé gitm mau cia tia bj hp thy va mau chit hap thu Tia bj hp thy ‘Miu cia chat hip thy De et in 400 — 430 ‘Tim ‘Vang lye 430-490 Xanh Vang da cam 490-510 ‘Lyc xanh DO $10— $30 Lye Do tia 530 — $60 Lye vang Tim S60 — 590 Vang Xanh 390-610 Da cam ‘Xanh lye, 610-750 DO Luc La §: Gita tia mau canh nhau khdng e6 mét ranh gis thge v8 rét ‘Vige phan chia anh sng tring than 7, 8 hay 9 tia mau... c6n ty thude vao King kinh va sy. tind cia mit nab quan sit, Mot chit e6 mau, thi dy nhur mau d6 chang hen 1a do né da hip thy chon loc trong ving kha kign theo mot trong cfc kieu sau: = Chat d6 hap thy tia phy cia tia d6 (tire la hdp thy tia mau Tye) = Chit 6 hdp thy e&e tia trr tia mau 48, = Chit dé hip thy & hai viang khéo nhau ota dank wing tring sao cho edo tia cin lei cho ‘mail ta cém gifie miu di,'Bé mot hyp chit cd miu, khong abit thiét A,., cit né phi nim 6 ving khé kién ma chi eda cutng 46 hap thy 6 ving kha kign 40 Ién. Noi mot eéch khde tuy gid tr} eye dai cia van hip thy niim ngodi ving kha kién nhung do van hap thy trai rong sang vimg kha kién nén hyp chat vin ¢6 méu. Tét nhién 48 6 duge su hip thy théy duoc & ving khé kign thi 4,,, cia chét cing phai gin véi ranh giéi cia ving kha kién, Tuomg tmg v6i mot buée chuyén dign ni, ta thu duge phd hip thu c6 dang: Fai dai huang die tng ein phi hip thu lv te vi cute 6 — Vj tri eve dpi bép thu, gid tr] Jose ty thuGe vao AZ ma hop ebit nay hip thu & céc ‘ving phé khie nhau. Ban chiéu rng ciia vin phé dign tir dao dong kha rong khoang 50—60.am. ~ Cuémg dé thé hign qua dign tich hod ehiGu eao eda dinh bigu dd (peak). Cumy 86 van phd phy thude vio xe xu ehuyén mite ning yng eis ign tt, Xe suit Km eho ceuting 49 vain phd Ki Mét hop chit mau e6 phé hip thu tét khi Ginh biéu dé (peak) cao va bén chiéu rng vin pho hep. Peak Boring Bn vn phdHiinh 8.4. Dinh (peak) va bin chidu rng vin phd Khi ban chiéu rng van phé hep, khi 2. thay di nhé thi rat @ hip thu A thay dai lon, Didu niy i § nghia trong phan tich djnh hegng. Gii sie hap chAt X e6 Amax 500 -nm, Khi ching ta do & bude sng $10 nm... thi d@ hip thu do dg 00 nm. Tit dé ta thay ring 6 mai hgp chit mau co mot gid tri 2,,, nhdt dinh va n6 phan anh 49 hay cia phurong phip. Mit khic, mot hyp chit di hoi dinh biéu d8 cao nghfa 1A khi ta do & buée s6ng .q thi ta dinge 46 hap thy quang ce dai, khoang lam vige rong. khie rfl xa di vii ade sé 835 Dinh lujt Lambert ~ Beer Khi chiéu m9« chim tia séng don sie di qua mot moi wrémg v6t cht thi cuémg d cia tia sing, ban di (Ia) s® bj gid di chi edn ka L Tish 1 100% =7 duge goi th ds truyén qua. Tisé 6" 10085— 4 auage gi lt 46 hl thy i Nguyén tac cua phuong phap biéu dign theo so dd : Loheht! Hinh 8.5. Sd mé ta sy hip thy nh sing mgt dung dich Trg do: I; Cuémg d6 ban du eda nguén sing 1: Curing di doh sing bi hip tau bai dung dich 1: Cuting d inh sing sau Khi que dung dich, Ig: Cuong 4} anh sing phan xq béi thanh cuvette va dung dich, gid tri nay duge logi 6 bing cach Igp Iai 2 lin do. Gita Ip, 1, 48 day truyén anh séng (Dv ndng a (C) lién he qua quy lngt Lambert ~ Beer la dink luit hop nbét cba Bouguer:Lambert (1766) ‘Dé trayén guang (T) hay dé hap thu (A) phy thuge vao ban chat cia vat chat, 46 day touyen anh sang / va ndng d6 C ota dung dich, Co thé viet: Dion ttn Rar A=, =e xe ‘Trong dé: ¢ la hé s6 hap thu phan tir, C ndng 46 dung dich (mol/L), / 46 day truyén anh sing (cm), A li dé hap thy quang. (Luu ji phuong trinh irén chi ding déi v0i tia sting dom sac). Trong phén tich ¢jnh Ingng bing phwong phip tle quang ngudi ta chen mit bude séag A hit dinb, chigu day euvet / nhét dinh va Ip phuoug trinh phy thude eta d6 hép thy quang A vao nong d@ C. Khio sit khoiing tun theo djnh lugt Lambert ~ Beer: Khi in dinh [uf Lambert — Beer trén dé thi ty theo eéich thye hign phép do, ta thuin gp ding bigu din su phy thude 49 hip thu A vio eumg 49 C cia dung dich e6 dang: y = ax+b Hg s6 g6c a cho biét d6 uhay ciia phwong phap, trong phuong phap trie quang ngudi ta chi do dung dich trong khodng tuén theo dinh lugt Lambert ~ Beer tte la khong néug d6 ma 6 a6 sid tr « khdng thay di. H@ s6 ge a edng lim va khong tui theo dia luge Beer cing rong shun Toi cha php née di Su lich Khai dinh tuft Bor dye bidu didn bing so d& sau | Hinh 8.6, Gidi hgn cis djnh lugt Beer vé sy hap thy quang. Khoing tuyén tinh LOL (Limit of Linear Response) ld khong ning 4 twin theo dink tit Beer (A=cx?xC)nghia IA khi ndng 46 ting thi d6 hp thy quang A ting, Ngodi gigi han LOL la ser léch ki dinh Iuét Beer, nghia la khi ndng 46 ting thi 46 hép thy quang A hdu nur 37hing ting mia, Nguyéa nhin cia qua trinh niy 1A do ndng 46 dung dich qué lon. Ngodi ra, Khodng tuyén tinh LOL edn bi anh hugmg cia nuite 45 don sie cia dn sing sit dung, pH cba dung dich, lye ion, sy pha long... Y¥ nghia cisa cdc dai luyng: - Hé sé hap thu mol ¢: phy thuge ban chit mdi chat, bude song A, nhigt 46, chiét sudt (theo néng dé). Gid tr tinh ly thuyét cia mét bude chuyén duoc phép cho 1 electron Ia. = 10° mol ‘em = foto's © cao cho ta biét dege d6 nhgy cia phan tng, 1a thude dod nhay eta phuong phip, ‘Trong phan tich tric quang, ¢ = 10°— 10" mol’. em" la dii nhay dé ding cho phrong phip trie quang, ¢ phu thude vio chiét suit mi ehiét sudt Igi phy thude vito nding d6. Khi chiét suit tng lén thi c giam va dé ¢ khong thay 46i thi phdi thye hign C $1 mol/L. = BO hap thu quang A: La dai Inong khéng cb don vi, c6 tinh chit quan trong Ia tinh cong 49 bap thy quang. Gif sit2 chat A va B 06 ning €@ Ca va Cp, d6 hip thu tai buée sng li: A= Ag+ Ap~I% (EaCa + e0Ca) Néu mot chit tan X ndo dé e6 dG hép thy quang IA Ax, dung m6i cé 46 hip thy quang I Aaa, tac6: AACS Am BE do duge chinh xic As thi Avw = 0, c6 nghia la phai chon Jon cha dung méi khic xa voi Dagse chi tan, Nhimg chit durge chon lim dumg mdi thurimg e6 % hp thu &mign ranh gid tie ngoai chan khéng. Bang 8.4. Cac dung méi thuing sir dyng trong ving UV - VIS Dung méi Buse s6ng (nm) Dung méi Bude séng (nm) Nude elt 190 Benzen 280 HCI 190 Cloroform: 245 Etanol, metanol 210 Tetra Clorocarbon 265 n- Butanol 210 Dietyl Eter 218 n- Hexan 210 Aceton 330 Cyclohexan 210 14 Dioxan 215 ‘Trong hin hgp 06 nhiéu cfu tir khdng kam thay di tomg tae, khdng phan img héa hc, khong, dich chuyén cén bing, thi o6 thé-xfc djnh hn hop cée efi tr theo be thite eau: 58‘Vi T tinh theo % nén: 4 =2—Ig 7 NéuT 100% thi A= (nghia fa khong bp thu dnb sing ( NéuT= 19% thi A=2 NéuT=0% thi 420 (blip thu hod todn fh sng) 20-4 Donipinya ae oo 0 10 20 4% 40 50 6 70 @ w 100 8 truyén quangT (%) Minh 8.7. M6i quan he gia B9 truyn quang (T) vi DG hip thy (A) Vidy 8.1: Moe miu 60 6 trayén quang a 50%, tink &6 hp thu A cs mu? quyét vin as Tacd: A~-Ig T~ -Ig(0,5)~ 0,301 Vidy 8.2: Mot dung dich o6 ning d9 5 < 104M duge phi tich vi do bing cuvete 1 cm & bude song 490 nim duge 6 hip thu Mk 0338. My tin 6 hp thu phat cin chit & bude song my ? Glai quyét vin a’: 8.3.6 Nguyén ly cfu tgo cia miy quang pha Ngudn sing Ngudn sing cho may quang phé 18 chim bie xq phat ra rir dén, May quang phd dimg dn hydro hay dén Deuterium cho phé phat x9 liga tye trong ving UV tir 160 — 380nm (niamg, thudmg sir dung 200 - 340 nm) va dn tungsten halogen do ving 380 — 1000 nm, Bé lim vise 59)cho cf hai ving thi phi c6 dit 2 logi dn tn, Mér yéu chu d6i véi nguén sing 18 phai én inh, tu8i tho cao va phit bite xq lién tc tong ving ph i do ‘én Deuterium: cau tao som mét soi dét phi dxit va mot cye kim logi dat trong mét bong thuy tinh chia Ebi Deuteri hoge hydro cé cira s6 bing thach anh dé bie xa tr ngosi di ra viné khong truyén qua duge thiy tinh, Khi spi d6t duge d6t néng, clectron sinh ra kieh thich ede pin tr kh Deuter’ (hoje hidro) biénthinla nguyen tr va phat ra photon theo phan img: D: +E, => Di 9D’ + D> hv E> By =Ept Eo hv 6 dy 18 ning lugng electron kich thich, bite xp phit ra 18 m@t phd e6 bude séng tir 160 nm ‘én ving khi kién, Bing &5. Ngudn phit ning ligng trong ee thiét bj quang phé Navin Vang bute song Sirdyng cho ‘Dé Hy va Dy 160 —380nm ‘Hap thy phan tir tir ngogi DaniTongsten 320-2400 nm ip thu phan tir kha kign in hd quany Xe 200 — 1000 nin Phat xg hugh quany phn se én Nemst 04-20 4m Tip thy phin trhéng ngosi Pin eye am hallow UV/Vis Hip thy muyén tir én hoi muse He UvNis Pht xq huynh quang phan tir Laser Uvivis Hip thy phin wi, mguyén ni, huni quang, tin xa Bg don sic BO don site c6 chite nfing tich bire xa da sie thanh bite xa don sée, bao gdm kinh Ipc, King kinh hay efeh tt, Céch tir 18 mot bang nhém hay céc kim logi Cu, Ag, Au... dugc vach than ning ran lain, tam gise song song. Khi chiéu énh sing qua edch tir, phan cOn Iai c6 tée dung to nén vain nhigu xa.66 bute sng khéc nha, Khi quay cach tir & tao ra phd nhigu xa gidng nhu trig, hop anh sing qua Kang kinh, U'u diém li cho &@ phan giai tr, tin sic myén tinh, a6 rOng cla dai én dinh, chon bude sng don gian, gon nhe, dé ché tao nén hign nay sir dung cich tir tao finh sing don sfc duge ua chung. Céch tr ding cho UV/Vis ¢6 1200 vach! mm (thuemg dao {6ng tir 300 — 3600 vach/mm, s4 vach cng nhiéu thi ning suit phan gifi cing cao, 60Noun sang Bol9e tia don ede Cuvette dung miu inh 8.8 Sw 8 mé phing edu tyo eda may quang pha [Ling kinh ein miy quang phd ding ling kinh littrow (ling kinh 30°) bing thgch anh, e6 de 2 Kin mita bin chiéu rong cv van phd (khoang 80 ~ 100 nm). Thi dy, khi phan tich Fe bing phuong phép O-phenanthroline, Sau Kini thém thude thir ta duge phic maw Vang cam (ma 510 nm), trong khi 46 thude thir 1,10- Orthophenanthroline ¢6 Mux = 250 Bing 8.7 MG¢ s6 img dung phuong phip tric quang trong phin mét sé yéu té thing. husimy trong a0 nudi thuy sim Chiti¢u Phuong phap Phhite miu ax (nm) AL Phan img véi Eriochrome cyanide R 6 pH 6,0 Hong 535 cu Phin dmg visi Neocuprine, ly treh ting CHCl Vang, 457 oyFe Phan tg véi O-phenaathroline, p= 5 Cam-do 510 Ho Phenate, tg0 phi Indophenol Xanh 630 NO Tyo mudi diazonium, pH -2-3 Hing-ditia 543 Noy Tpomubisaliylae, pHL> 9 ving a0 PO. Tao phie moybden anh 690 SO? Tao phite véi sodium thodivonate PA 520 SiO: Tao phite heteropoly Xanh 815 84.1 Phuong phiip so sinh So sinh cutmg 49 miu cia dung djch edn xée dinh véi cudng 49 miu eta dung dich chudn ca bidt ning a6. Pigu kin: ed hai dung dieh trén phai 6 nding dni trong khodng tuiin theo dinh lui Beer. Ge Ge Tacinxéedinh Cy: C, as hi sr dung 2 dung dich chuda: G~G4 4) Véi Ar, As, Ci, Coli d6 hp thu vi ndng d6 cia dung dich chuda twong img sao cho Ay < Ag SA cOnphiaC 0,999. 1H s4 tong quan r bidn dBi trong khong -I< R< 1 (R?= 031) = KhiR = | c6 sutuomg quan chit che giitax vi y thee t1@ thud, = Khi R=-1 06 sir tong quan chat ché gitta x vay theo ti 1é nghich, ~ Khi R = O hai dai hug nly khing edn emg quan, 8.5 D9 chinh xée trong phuong phip tric quang: ‘Trong phan tich tric quang cling nu bat ky phirong php ndo khéc cé thé chia sai 6 thanh 2 nnhom: = Sai sé do tién hinh phin img hou hoe (hia chét, thao tie, dung cy...) ~ Sai sé cba tin higu do d6 hap thu cia dung djch (do hg théng do). 1} chinh xe trong phuomy phip miy phu thude vio hing logl nguyén nh Khe nha rit hire tap bao gém sai s6 ngfiu nhién va sai he thing, trong d6 sai s6 quan trong nhit a sai sé cin tin higu trong qu crinh do dS hp thu quang hoc 8.6 Mot sé vidy 4p dung phuung php djnh linyng trite quang Vidu ss: D6 hip thy quang A cia dung djch anilin 2 « 10%M trong nude do 6 bude song 4 ~ 280 nm 18.0,252. Chiu dai anh sng di qua cuvet fa Tem, Tinh d@ truyén quang ea anitin 1,03.10° M. Kido 6 cing d6 dai bude song nbisug ding cuvet 0.5em. Git quyée vin ad: “x € xf visi dung dich 1 ta cé: Pi - he ‘Ap dung eng thie 4=1e(°*), = 0.252/(2.10* 1) ~1,26.10°1. mot Ap dung edng thite A 17), eo! x CxI véi dung dich 2ta cd: A= 126.10" 0,5 * 1,03.10*= 619, Miz A=-lg Tsuy tu: lg T=-A = -0,649, do db T = 0,224 = 22,4% Vay dé truyén quang T = 22.4% Vidy Ba: 1B@ hip thu quang A do duge tr céc miu chun va miu nude thu tr ao mudi ed chia ion POS ur sau Nénge} miuchuén (mpl) 00050100200251G hp thy quang A Q010 0480 0,930 1,370 1,830 2,281 BG hip thy quang A cia mfu mage ao cia 3 lin Ifp Iai IR: 1,256; 1,2 PO,* trong miu nude ao. Gia quyée vin ads ‘Tit cde nOng 46 mau chuan va do hap thy quang A. Tir két qua thiét lap phuong trinh hoi qui ta eb: ¥=9,0543 X+0,0184 (R? =0,9996). 5; 1264, ‘Tinh ning a9 Tir két qua cia 3 Lin phan tieh I§p Igi ta eb A= y~ 1,255 y-0.0184 _1,255—0,0184 9,0543 9,043 Tird6 ta.c6 x= = 0,137 mg/L. ‘Vay ning d6 PO,* trong man mde ao 14 0,137 mg, Vidy 8.5: Dé xe dinh hing 56 phan ly cite Methyl da cam (ki higu Tin), ngwdi ta do 46 hip thy quang, Aciia 3 dung dich cing néng 46 Methyl da cam 6 cc pH khéc nhau: + Dung dich 1 trong HCLO,1M; Ar = 0475. = Dung dich 2 wong NaOH 0,1 M; As = 0,130, 34; As= 0,175 = Dung dich 3 e6 pl Cho bidt do 6 birée sng 2 = 510 nm va chiéu dai Anh sing di qua cuvet fi Lem. Tinh hing s6 phan ly K eta Metyl da cam? Giai quyét vin ae: D6 hip thy quang cia dung dich 3: Ay = 6, [le fel + ey [Hn (8.1) Voi [In"] ~ x; [HIn] ~ y ta cd: x+y ~ Cy ~ C (8.2) Aes sean yp chit ent 5 vi ton bd chit eh Uh dang Tw 8.3) on = Gey is 83) Sim = Mi totn bd chit chi hd dang tIn (4) Thay (8.3) va (8.4) vao (8.1) ta dsge: aed Anaad, 85) Qui mie: f= 052 = Ca) => 0.175 0.1300 +0475 (1-0) =~ 0.869 Ting s8 phan ly cia 1IIn: 67Mines Wim 5 K& get Mn") Hl pRAABA- | ‘Vay hiing s6 phan ly cia methyl da cam Ia K = 3,02.10°. 8.7 Nguyén Iy phan tich eéc yéu 16 mat truimg nurée bing phurong phip quang phd 87.1 nh ting dam amoni TAN (Total Ammonia Nitrogen) Phuong phap Nessler Niguyén in thanh Nils. Nis mdi hinh thinh va Nits sin e6 dung véi phite chit Indo-mercurate kalium (K:Hgl), hinh thanh phire img d6 miu dim hay nhat tay thude vio him luong NH; e6 trong Troe mdi trugmg haze manh NIG" 5 trong miu nue chi ¢6 miu ving niu, Phuemg trinh phn img: 2K2Hgl: + NHs + 3KOH > Hg(HglONH.)~7KI+2H:0 (miu ving) Hg) + NHy + KOH = Hg(HgbNH:) + SKI + H:0 (mtu nav) Phuong pip Indophenol blue (Phenate) Nguyén by Trong moi trudmg idm manh, NH;! sé chuyén thinh NH3. Ammonia phin img. vi hypochlorite vi phenol véi chit xe tie Ti sodium nitroprusside s® 190 thnh phite idlophenol 166 mau xan, phite nay hip thy anh sang 661 da (Anu) & bude song 640am, NH, + CIO. ——+ NH,Cl+ OH OH +3HCI+ 20H Pan Gro. +H Indophenol Cite chat gay nhigu va git han phan tich Ca va Mg bi két tha trong moi trrdmg pI cao (do NaOH cho vao miu muée trong qué trinh, phi tich) 1am dung dich bj duc Tim anh hirimg dén két qua do d6 hip thy quang. Cho vio miu mde trisodium eitrare 48 trib hién tong két tha ciia Ca va Mg. Néu mally murée era 68HES vi him luong cto, cin phai loni b6 HS bing céch giim pH xuéng 3 bing HCI va swe kei dn khi khdng cn mii cia HS. Phuong phap Salicylate Neguvén i NH, + OCF ——— + NH,CI + OFF NHC] ~ —— HN Son + CE i—¢ Salicylate COO- S-atsonisalicylate COO Fe(CN)NOy + HNC OH ‘Nitroprusside \¢ ‘S-aminosaticylate ‘coo. Indosalicylate (miu vanh)COO- B72 Phuong phip Ferrous Sulfate Nguyen I Trong méi trade acid v6i tie dung cia Fe(SO.):, NOY chuyén thinh NO (Nitrous oxide). Fe? Fign két véi NO tao thinh phiie mau miu, 2Fe+ 4H +2NO, <=» 2Fe* = 2NO = 2H,0 NO + Feso, FeSO,.NO (mau néu) Phuong phip tao mudi diazonium Naveen BF NOr trong méi mu’mg acid mank s€ hinh thiah TINO, TINO» méi inh thin s& kér hop v6 acid sulfanitique cho ra mudi Diazonium sulfanilique. Sau 46 mudi diazonium sulfanilique s& kt hop véi thaée thir @-napthylammine cho ra c-napthylammine diazonium sulnilique. - napthylammine diazonium sulfanilique la mot hgp cht cé miu hang, extmg 6 dim hay nhat y thuge vio him kzgng NOs’ oé trong miu mise lie ban du. Nong d due ase diah bai indy so miu quang phd a bade sng $43 nm, Clic chat gay nhiéu va gidi han phan tich coNCly lim sai Ich mau d& cin phite miu, Cac fon sau dy gy két tia nhu Sb, Au!, Bi Fe Pb, He! Ag', PCL, VO; Ion Cu lam gm xi teva phn hiy mudi diazonium, 8.7.3. Xie dinh NOs Phurmg phép khir bing cOt cadmium Nguyen I ‘NOy bj ki thimh NO» Khi di qua c6t eadmium (Ca), phorong teinh phn ting xy ra nh sa NO; + HO + Cd => NOr + Ca + OFF NOs hinh thin due ie th phn én bing phuimg phip 40 mau diaronium duage Cae chdt gay nhidu va gid han phn tich Ham hgng vat cht lo limg qué cao lam gm higu suat cia cOt khir, toc miu qua giy loc 0,45 jum trudc Ki cho qua c6t Khit. Céc ion kim logi nhu Fe", Cu? va céc kim logi Khe cling lim gidm higa suit ofa oft kine khi hie ugg dot vai mg/L, ding EDTA dé logi tre ath ‘nutng niy. Dau, md trong miu made s& bao quanh bé mal ede hat Cd 18 gm su tigp xe 0 niu nue vai hat Cd, do dé mau nude ein Logi du mir bing dung méi hiiu eo true Khi cho qua e6t khis, Du lugng chlorine sé oxy héa Cd eding lam giim hiGu suit cia e6t Khi, c6 thé kkidm tra dir lygng chlorine bing chi thi DPD va khir chlorine bing Na,S.0s. NCly lam sai Igch mau @6 cia phise mau. Cac ion sau day gay két cua nhu Sb’, Au, Bi, He, Pb, Hg, Ag’, PtCle”, VOs*. Ion Cu am gid xtc téc va phiin huy mudi diazonium, Phuong phép salicylate Ngupén I 70‘rong méi traéug kiém NO¥'s hink thanh phite mau ving anh véi acid sulfanilic. Acid sane Nitro-salieylate 8.7.4 Xéc djnh him long lan hoa tan PO, Phuong phap Ascorbic acid Phuong phip so mau quang phé ascorbic acid dya tren nguyén tic ammonium molydate va potassium antimonyl phan img voi PO.* tao thanh phosphomolybdate cng v6i str tham gia cin avcorbie acid khir thinh hop chit phe ofa molydate o6 mau xamh duve hip dhuénh eéng, trbuade song 880nm, 12MoO, + Hs (B,PMo) 2045) Phite phosphomolybdate Phuong php Clo Thiée (SnCL) Ngwrén bj Mudi orthophosphate rong mi trutmg acid, iom PO,” s8 phan ag vi thube thir Molybdate ‘ammonium cho mt phite chit ammonium phosphomolybdate, mau vang chanb. PO, + 12(0NH,):MoO, + 24H” ~ (NH.):PO4.12MoO3 + 2NHy* + 12:0 (Ammonium phosphomolybdate) Voi sw hign dign ciia ede chat khit nh SoCls, dang ammonium phosphomolybdate bi Kh thanh dang molybden blue &% miu xanh, Cuong 46 mau dam hay mhat phy thude vio him Iugng ion PO¢ c6 trong miu mute hie ban du, (NH)):PO:.12MoO; + Sn?" + 16H” = (NH,)sPO..(4MoOs.2Mo0;): + Sa” + 8H20 Phite mau niy hip thu anh sing Ubi da (igus) & bude sing 690 nm, Cae chat gy nhiéu va gidi han phan tich SiO; va AsO? gay nhigu duemg khi miu nude bi dun néng. Cae chit A802, F, thorium (Th), bismuth (Bi), sulfide, thiosulfate, thiocyanate gay nhiéu am. Fe” giy nhiéu khi ham lugng lim hon 100 mg/L. CI gay nhiéu khi ham lugng Ion hon 75 mg/L vii cé str dyng HINO, trong qué trinh phan tich, Him Iugng lugng thip nit ¢6 thé phat hign bang phuong phap nay 1a 3 g/L. 878 1h him lugng H,S trong muviePhuong php Methylence blue Nguyen bp Neuyén Ij cia phuumg phip my dye. tn phén img eis hysrogen sulfide (HLS) wi FeCl, va N.N-limethykp-phenylenediamine to nén methylene blue (miu xan). Ammonium phosphate dine thém vio sau Khi hign miu dé Khir mau cia FeCl;. Methylene blue hip thy anh sng thi da (max) & bude song 664 nm, + HCL + OFeCl + 7hS (CH).N™ (Dimnethyl-p-phenylenediamine) _ (Han (Methylene xanh) Cie cht iy nhc Sulfite (SOs) kam chm phan img hign mau néu him hing Iém fon 10 mg/L ngay oa khi ham lrgng HS cao, BE khic phy su gay mhigu ciia SOs”, rang hong Fe” tham gia phan img Hen 2-6 tin, 876 Xi inh ham long Fe Phuong php Thiocyanate Niguvén b Phuong phap nay dya tén nguyén tie: trong moi trang acid, Fe” bj oxy hoa thanh Fe”! bing mot téc nbn oxy hoa thich hgp. Fe”! méi duge hinh thanh va Fe’! ¢6 sin trong miu nuge sé kkéthgp véi ion SCN’ hinh thinh mot phite eh e6 miu dé miu, curing dé: mu pha thud: him Tugng ion Fe™! 6 trong miu nude. 10 Fe®* + 10H-+K,8,0,~ 10 Fe + K,S,0, + 3H,0 Fev + 38CN = Fe(SCN), Phuong phap chuan dj Nguyen ly Phuong phép nay chi sit dung trong trong hop him hrgng sft ting trong moi trutmg nude cao, Fe? trong miu nue st ‘hoa thinh Fe", Fe! st duge phit hign biti acid sulfosatieytie (lao thinh phite miu d6). Ta diing dung dich nay chun d6 EDTA (Khng miu) cho dén Khi dung dich chuyén sang mau vang. Phuong trinh phan dmg hia hoe: Fe* + 3HNO, Fe(NO,), + 3/2H,Phuong php O-phenanthroline Nguyen Be Sit bj khir than dang e™ bing ech dun soi véi acid va hydroxylamine va duge xit by véi 1,10 phenanthroline & pH 3,2 3,2, Ba phan tir phenanthroline tg0 hop chat céng eva v6i méi ‘mot nguyén tir Fe thin dang phite chat c6 mau dé-cam, Phire mau hap thy dnh sing t6i da Craas) 6 bude sings $10nm, i Le vy Oda bat Cée chat giiy mhidu va gidi han Cle chit gy nhigu trong phin tich ghm: chit oxy hia, eyanide, nitrite, polyphosphate, Cr vit Zn (16n hon 10 lan eta Fe), Co va Cu (én lion 5 mg/L), Ni (lém hon 2 mg/L. Bi, Cd, Tig, Mo, va Ag gly két tila phenanthrotine, Dun miu v6i acid ¢ chuyén polyphosphate tinh ‘orthophosphate vi loai bo eyanide, nitrite, Xtr1y hydroxylamine dé loai bi ci chat oxy hoa. ‘Trong truing hop bj niu do kim logi cao néa ting thém ugg phenanthrotine khi phan th. BHim lung Fe ahd hon 1Opg/L o6 the xic dinh bing miy quang phd véi d8 dai tuyén quang Sem hoge Ién hon. Phung phip TPTZ. Nguyén bi 2.4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazin (TPTZ) phin mg v6i Fe" tao think phire miu xanh tia (blue purple. 8.7.7 Xe djnh ham lugng Si; Phuong php Molybdosilicate Trong moi rung pH ti 3 - 4, SiO va cde din suat eta nd tai dui dang H.SiOs (ilicie acid), H,SiOs sé két hop véi QNHL)2MoO, (Molybdate ammonium) hinh thinh phite chit Molybdosilicate 06 mau ving, eutimg d} dim nhat phy thuge vio him lugng H;SiO% 66 trong miu. SIO, + 12(NHL):Mo T,Si(Mo,0;), + 24NH.CL + 91,0 y. + 241IC1 Phuong php Heteropoly blue Naguyén Bi Troug mi tewing pH thip (1) ammonium molyodete phin tng vbi tile bbe tan (tective silica) trong aude tao thanh molybdosilicic acid (silicomolybdic acid) mau ving. Sit +H,0 > H,Si0; (Silicie acid) si 10; + 3H,0 > HySi0, (silicic avid hydrate) H,Si0, + 12(NH,)sMoOy + 18180, = Te[Si(Mo.01)e] +12 (NH):SO, + 1210 Molybdositieie avid bj Khir bi ascorbic acid hoje aminonaphtholsulfonic acid thinh hheteropoly bine (miu xanih). Heteropody blue hap ti anh sing tdi da. (hess) & bude song 815 4Phosphate cing phan ting véi ammonium molyadate tgo thank phosphomolybdic acid (méu vving). Vi vy, phosphate e6 trong miu nuée $8 gay nhiu Khi phan tich silic. Ding oxalic acid hofe citric acid dé pha hity phosphomoly‘odic acid trrée thi Khit Molybdosilicic acid than heteropoly acid c6 thé khic phye sy mhigu do phosphate, Gidi han phan tich 1a 50 jy/L véi pphurong php so mau quang pho. ic chat gay mhida Dung eu thay tinh va hoa chat chia silie c6 thé gay nhigu, nén ding héa chat vi dung cu 66 ‘hm lung silic th4p. ‘Tanin, phosphate, sit, mau, nude dye 06 thé gay nhieu, oxalic acid co thé Jogi trix nhigu do phosphate va tanin, Néu can thiés thi ¢6 thé higu chinh ¢@ hp thy quang. 446i voi mau nude dye vi c6 miu. 8.7.8 Xie dinh him wong Phenol Phuong phép 4-Amiinoantipyrine ‘Trong moi trudng pH = 10, voi sy hign dign cia Fe(CN)s phenol phin img voi 4- aminoantipyrine hinh thanh phire miu vang va duge ly trich trong trong dich CHCl (Chlorofarm), So maw i bure song 2.= 500mm. wel J— 4-Aminosntipytine Phenol 8.8 Mot sé thiét bj ehinh trong phi tich quang phi i CCuvette thach anh 1 cm Cuvette nhya Lem Cuvet thuy tinh Lem 78May so miu di hign truimg May so mau 1 ehiim tia May so may 2 chitm tia TAL LIEU THAM KHAO APHA, AWWA, WEF. 2001, Standard moethods for the examination of water and wastewater, 19" edition... American Public Health Association 1015 Fifteenth Street, NW Washington, DC 20005. Gauglitz, G., Vo-Dinh, T,, 2003, Handbook of Spectroscopy. Wiley: Co. KGaA, Weinheim, ISBN 3-527-29782-0. 1156 pp. VCH Verlag GmbH and Harvey, D., 2000. Modern analytical chemistry. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. The Intemational Edition. 816 pp. Laitenen, TLA., Ewing, G.W., 2003. A history of analytical chemistry. The Division of Analytical Chemistry of the American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C. pp. 103 m3, Lykos, P., 1992. The Beer-Lambert Law Revisited: A development without caleulus. J. Chem, Educ. 69, 730-732 6