I S

1/ n thc: l mt tch ca h s v bin ( bin c bc ln hn

hoc bng 0 )
2
V d: f=2xy, f=3x, f =x

, f=(3-2)*x , f= 3x-2x,

1
x

F= => khng phi l n thc v bin c bc l -1

2/ a thc: l tng ca 2 hoc nhiu n thc
2
f= 2x f= x y +

V d: f=2x+3y

1
x

F= => khng phi a thc v F khng phi n thc

3/ n thc ng dng : l nhng n thc c phn bin ging
nhau
V d: 3xy v 4xy v (5-3)xy l nhng n thc ng dng
x2 y

3xy v 3
l nhng n thc khng ng dng v chng
c phn bin khc nhau
4/ cng tr a thc
Phng php :
b1: xc nh nhng n thc ng dng
b2: gi nguyn phn bin, cng tr phn h s
b3: rt gn a thc
v d: rt gn a thc :
b1:

3x 2 y
4xy

v
v

7xy

l 2 n thc ng dng

l 2 n thc ng dng

3x y 6x y
2

b2:

6x 2 y

A 3x 2 y 4 xy 5 x 2 7 xy 6 x 2 y

4xy 7xy

) = (3-6)

=11

xy

x2 y

= (-3)

x2 y

xy

x2 y

5x 2

b3: A=11 -3
+
5/ bc ca n thc : l tng bc ca cc bin
A=3xy c bc ca bin x l bc 1 ca bin y l bc 1 => bc ca
A l 1+1=2
6/ bc ca a thc: l bc cao nht ca n thc trong a thc
V d:

A 3 x 2 y 4 xy 5 x 2 7 xy 6 x 2 y xy 3

Bc ca
Bc ca

3x 2 y
4xy

l 3

bc ca

7xy

l 2

6x y
2

l 2

bc ca

xy

5x 2

l 3

Bc ca
l 2
bc ca
l 4
Vy bc ca A l 4
7/ nghim ca a thc
Trng hp 1: a thc c dng : ax+b=0 ( vi a,b l 2 s
bit)
ax=-b => x=

b
a

v d : 3x+2=0 => x=

2
3

Trng hp 2: a thc c dng

ax b
2

+)
+)

b
a

x 2

b
a

b
a

0 =>

b
0
a

ax 2 b 0

=> a thc v nghim

V d:

3x 2 8 0

x 2

8
8
x
3
3

3x 8 0
2

x 2

8
0
3

a thc v nghim

II/ Hnh Hc
1/ so snh cc cnh gc ca mt tam gic
Ta c
AC>AB<=>

)
B

)
A

>

AC=BC <=> =
)
A

)
C
)
B

)
C

BC>AB<=> >
2/ ng xin, hnh chiu
BH l hnh chiu ca AB
CH l hnh chiu ca AC
ta c AB<AC <=> BH<CH

3/ bt ng thc tam gic: trong mt tam gic tng 2 cnh bt k

lun ln hn cnh cn li
trong tam gic ABC c
AB+AC>BC
AC+BC>AB
AB+BC>AC
4/ trung tuyn : ng trung tuyn ca mt tam gic l ng
thng xut pht t mt nh v i qua trung im ca cnh i
din nh
Ta c: tam gic ABC c AD l ng trung tuyn =>BD=CD
CE l ng trung tuyn => AE=BE
BF l ng trung tuyn => AF=CF
AD, BF v CE giao nhau ti G => G gi l trng tm v
AG BG CG 2

AD BF CE 3

5/ ng phn gic
Trong tam gic ABC c AD l tia phn gic gc A =>
BE l tia phn gic gc B =>
CF l tia phn gic gc C =>

Gi K AD , k

KM AB

DAC

DAB

EBC

EBA
FCB

FCA

KN AC

=>KM=KN

AD BE CF giao nhau ti O , t O k
OM=ON=OP

OM AB, ON AC , OP BC

6/ ng trung trc ca mt on thng

L ng i qua trung im v vung gc vi on thng
ME AB
AB c M l trung im.. t M dng
MA=MB
Tam gic ABC . gi giao im 3 ng trung trc l O
OA=OB=OC

BI TP:
Bi 1: Cho 2 a thc: P(x) = - 2x2 + 3x4 + x3 +x2 1
4

1
4

x; Q(x) =

3x4 + 3x2 - - 4x3 2x2

a) Sp xp cc hng t ca mi a thc theo lu tha gim dn
ca bin.
b) Tnh P(x) + Q(x) v P(x) - Q(x)
c) Chng t x = 0 l nghim ca a thc P(x), nhng khng phi l
nghim ca a thc Q(x)
Bi 2: Cho a thc: P(x) = x4 + 3x2 + 3

a) Tnh P(1), P(-1).

b) Chng t rng a thc trn khng
c nghim.
Bi 3: Thu gn cc a thc sau ri tm bc ca chng :
4
3

a) 5x2yz(-8xy3z);
b) 15xy2z(- x2yz3). 2xy
Bi 4: Cho 2 a thc: A = -7x2 - 3y2 + 9xy - 2x2 + y2,
+ xy x2 2y2
a) Thu gn 2 a thc trn.
b) Tnh C = A + B.

B = 5x2

1
2

c) Tnh C khi x = -1 v y = Bi 5:
Tm h s a ca a thc A(x) = ax2 + 5x 3, bit rng
a thc c 1 nghim bng
1
2

1
2

Bi 1: Cho cc n thc : 2x2y3 ;

1
2

5y2x3 ; - x3 y2 ; - x2y3
a) Hy xc nh cc n thc ng dng .
b)Tnh a thc F l tng cc n thc trn
c) Tm gi tr ca a thc F ti x = -3; y = 2
Bi 6: Cho cc a thc f(x) = x5 3x2 + x3 x2 - 2x + 5
g(x) = x5 x4 + x2 - 3x + x2 + 1
a) Thu gn v sp xp a thc f(x) v g(x) theo lu
tha gim dn.
b)Tnh h(x) = f(x) + g(x)
Cu 7: Cho cc a thc: f(x) = x3 - 2x2 + 3x + 1; g(x) = x3 + x
1; h(x) = 2x2 - 1
a) Tnh: f(x) - g(x) + h(x)
b) Tm x sao cho f(x) - g(x) + h(x) = 0
Cu 8: Cho hai a thc:
A(x) = 4x5 x3 + 4x2 + 5x + 9 + 4x5 6x2 2

B(x) = 3x4 2x3 + 10x2 8x + 5x3 7 2x3 + 8x

a) Thu gn mi a thc trn ri sp xp chng theo ly
tha gim dn ca bin. b) Tnh P(x) = A(x) + B(x) v
Q(x) = A(x) B(x)
c) Chng t x = 1 l nghim ca a thc P(x).
Bi 9:Tm x, bit:
a.

c.

e.

b.

2
5 3
x
3
7 10

21
1
2
x
13
3
3
d.

x 1,5 2

x
f.

x2 x

3 1
0
4 2

x 3,4 2,6 x 0

Bi 10: Tm x, bit:
a.(x+ 5)3 = - 64
Bi 11:Tm t s

x
y

b.(2x- 3)2 = 9

, bit x, y tho mn:

2x y 2

x y
3

Bi 12: Cho gc nhn xOy. im H nm trn tia phn gic ca

gc xOy. T H dng cc ng vung gc xung hai cnh Ox v
Oy (A thuc Ox v B thuc Oy).
a) Chng minh tam gic HAB l tam gic cn
b) Gi D l hnh chiu ca im A trn Oy, C l giao
im ca AD vi OH.
Chng minh BC Ox.
c) Khi gc xOy bng 600, chng minh OA = 2OD.

Bi 13: Cho ABC vung C, c A 60 0 , tia phn gic ca gc

BAC ct BC E, k EK vung gc vi AB. (K AB), k BD vung gc

AE (D AE).
Chng minh: a) AK = KB
b) AD = BC
Bi 14: Cho ABC cn ti A v hai ng trung tuyn BM, CN ct
nhau ti K.
a) Chng minh BNC = CMB
b) Chng minh BKC cn ti K
c) Chng minh BC < 4.KM
Bi 15: Cho ABC vung ti A c BD l phn gic, k DE BC (
EBC ). Gi F l giao im ca AB v DE.
Chng minh rng
a) BD l trung trc ca AE; b) DF = DC
c) AD < DC;
d) AE // FC.

Bi 16: Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A, = 600. V AH vung gc

vi BC, (H BC ) .
a. So snh AB v AC; BH v HC;
b. Ly im D thuc tia i ca tia HA sao cho HD = HA.
Chng minh rng hai tam gic AHC v DHC bng nhau.
c. Tnh s o ca gc BDC.
Bi 17: Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A, v trung tuyn AM. T M k
ME vung gc vi AB ti E, k MF vung gc vi AC ti F.
a. Chng minh BEM = CFM .
b. Chng minh AM l trung trc ca EF.
c. T B k ng thng vung gc vi AB ti B, t C k ng
thng vung gc vi AC ti C, hai ng thng ny ct nhau ti D.
Chng minh rng ba im A, M, D thng hng.
Bi 18:
Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A, ng cao AH. Bit AB = 5cm,
BC = 6cm.
a) Tnh di cc on thng BH, AH?
b) Gi G l trng tm tam gic ABC. Chng minh rng ba

im A, G, H thng hng.

ABG

ACG

c) Chng minh:
=
.
Bi 19: Cho ABC c AC > AB, trung tuyn AM. Trn tia i ca
tia MA ly im D sao cho MD = MA . Ni C vi D
ADC DAC

MAB
MAC

. T suy ra:
a. Chng minh
b. K ng cao AH. Gi E l mt im nm gia A v H. So
snh HC v HB; EC v EB.
Bi 20: Cho ABC ( = 900) ; BD l phn gic ca gc B
(DAC). Trn tia BC ly im E sao cho BA = BE.
a) Chng minh DE BE.
b) Chng minh BD l ng trung trc ca AE.
c) K AH BC. So snh EH v EC.
Bi 21: Cho tam gic nhn ABC c AB > AC, v
ng cao AH.
a. Chng minh HB > HC
b. So snh gc BAH v gc CAH.
c. V M, N sao cho AB, AC ln lt l trung trc ca cc
on thng HM, HN. Chng minh tam gic MAN l tam gic
cn.
Bi 22: Cho gc nhn xOy, trn 2 cnh Ox, Oy ln lt ly 2 im
A v B sao cho OA = OB, tia phn gic ca gc xOy ct AB ti I.
a) Chng minh OI AB .
b) Gi D l hnh chiu ca im A trn Oy, C l giao im ca
AD vi OI Chng minh BC Ox .
A

Bi 23: Cho tam gic ABC c

= 900 , AB = 8cm, AC = 6cm .
a. Tnh BC .
b. Trn cnh AC ly im E sao cho AE = 2cm; trn tia i
ca tia AB ly im D sao cho AD = AB. Chng minh BEC =
DEC .
c. Chng minh DE i qua trung im cnh BC .

Bi 24.Cho tam gic nhn ABC. V pha ngoi ca tam gic v cc tam gic vung
cn ABE v ACF B v C.Trn tia i ca tia AH ly im I sao cho
AI = BC. Chng minh:
a) Tam gic ABI bng tam gic BEC
b) BI = CE v BI vung gc vi CE.
c) Ba ng thng AH, CE, BF ct nhau ti mt im.
c.Tam gic MNP l tam gic u
Bi 25.Cho tam gic cn ABC, AB = AC, ng cao AH.K HE vung gc vi
AC.Gi O l trung im ca EH, I l trung im ca EC.Chng minh:
a. IO vung gc vi AH
b. AO vung gc vi BE
Bi 26.Cho tam gic ABC vung A, ng cao AH, phn gic AD.Gi I, J ln
lt l cc giao im cc ng phn gic ca tam gic ABH, ACH; E l giao im
ca ng thng BI v AJ. Chng minh rng:
a. Tam gic ABE vung
b. IJ vung gc vi AD
Bi 27.Cho tam gic u AOB, trn tia i ca tia OA, OB ly theo th t cc
im C v D sao cho OC = OD.T B k BM vung gc vi AC, CN vung gc vi
BD. Gi P l trung im ca BC.Chng minh:
a.Tam gic COD l tam gic u
b.AD = BC
c.Tam gic MNP l tam gic u
Bi 28: Cho tam gic ABC, ba ng trung tuyn AD, BE, CF.T E k ng
thng song song vi AD ct ED ti I.
a. Chng minh IC // BE.

Chng minh rng nu AD vung gc vi BE th tam gic C

l tam gic vung.