TCXDVN 33 2006 P CapNuoc MangLuoiVaCT PDF

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B XY DNG
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TCXDVN 33:2006
CP NC - MNG LI NG NG V CNG TRNH
TIU CHUN THIT K
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nc
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Water Supply - Distribution System and Facilities

Design Standard
H Ni, 3/2006
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MC LC
Ch dn chung
2.
S cp nc vng
3.
Tiu chun v h s dng nc khng iu ho, lu lng nc cha chy v p lc

nc t do
4.
Ngun nc
5.
Cng trnh thu nc
6.
Lm sch v x l nc
7.
Trm bm
8.
ng dn, mng li v cc cng trnh trn mng
9.
Dung tch d tr v iu ho
10.
Cp nc tun hon
11.
Vng bo v v sinh
12.
Trang b in, kim sot cng ngh t ng ho v iu khin
13.
Nhng yu cu v cc gii php xy dng, kt cu nh v

cng trnh
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ol
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nc
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14.
1.
Cc yu cu b sung i vi h thng cp nc trong nhng iu kin kh hu thin

nhin c bit
w
w
Cc Ph lc
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CP NC - MNG LI NG NG V CNG TRNH TIU CHUN THIT K

WATER SUPPLY - DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND FACILITIES DESIGN STANDARD
1.
CH DN CHUNG
1.1.
Tiu chun ny c p dng thit k xy dng mi hoc ci to m rng cc

h thng cp nc th, cc im dn c nng thn v cc khu cng nghip.
Ghi ch: 1- Khi thit k cc h thng cp nc cn phi tun theo cc
tiu chun c lin quan khc c Nh nc ban hnh.
1.2.
2- Tiu chun v cp nc cha chy ly theo TCVN 2622-1995.

Khi thit k h thng cp nc cho mt i tng cn phi:
1.3.
- Phi hp vi vic thit k h thng thot nc.

H thng cp nc c chia lm 3 loi, theo bc tin cy cp nc, ly theo
bng 1.1.
Khi lp s cp nc ca cc x nghip cng nghip phi cn bng lng s
dng nc bn trong x nghip. tit kim nc ngun v trnh s nhim bn
cc ngun nc, nu iu kin kinh t k thut cho php khi lm lnh cc my
mc, thit b sn xut, ngng t nc v cc sn phm cng ngh ni chung phi
p dng s lm ngui nc bng khng kh hoc nc tun hon li.
Khi s dng trc tip nc ngun lm ngui sau li x tr li ngun phi
da theo c s kinh t k thut v c s tho thun ca c quan qun l v
bo v ngun nc.
Khi thit k h thng cp nc cho mt i tng phi chn c cng ngh
thch hp v k thut, kinh t, iu kin v sinh ca cc cng trnh, kh nng s
dng tip cc cng trnh hin c, kh nng p dng cc thit b v k thut tin
tin.
H thng cp nc phi m bo cho mng li v cc cng trnh lm vic kinh
t trong thi k d tnh cng nh trong nhng ch dng nc c trng.
Phi xt n kh nng a vo s dng ng ng, mng li v cng trnh theo
tng t xy dng. ng thi cn d kin kh nng m rng h thng v cc
cng trnh ch yu so vi cng sut tnh ton.
Khng c php thit k cng trnh d phng ch lm vic khi c s c.
Khi thit k h thng cp nc sinh hot v h thng cp nc sinh hot - sn
xut hn hp, phi d kin vng bo v v sinh theo quy nh Mc 11.
Cht lng nc n ung sinh hot phi m bo yu cu theo tiu chun, cht
lng do Nh nc quy nh v Tiu chun ngnh (xem Ph lc 6).
Trong x l, vn chuyn v d tr nc n ung phi s dng nhng ho cht,
vt liu, thit b,... khng gy nh hng xu n cht lng nc.
Cht lng nc dng cho cng nghip v vic s dng ho cht x l nc
phi ph hp vi yu cu cng nghip v phi xt n nh hng ca cht lng
nc i vi sn phm.
Nhng phng n v gii php l thut ch yu p dng thit k h thng cp
nc phi da trn c s so snh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut bao gm:
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nc
1.4.
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- Xt vn bo v v s dng tng hp cc ngun nc, phi hp cc im

tiu th nc v kh nng pht trin trong tng lai, ng thi phi da vo
s cp nc ca quy hoch vng, s quy hoch chung v n thit k
xy dng cc im dn c v khu cng nghip;
1.5.
1.6.
w
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1.7.
1.8.
1.9.
1.10.
1.11.
- Gi thnh u t xy dng;
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- Chi ph qun l hng nm;

- Chi ph xy dng cho 1m3 nc tnh theo cng sut ngy trung bnh chung
cho c h thng v cho trm x l;
-
Chi ph in nng, ho cht cho 1m3 nc;
- Gi thnh x l v gi thnh sn phm 1m3 nc.
1.12.
Ghi ch: Cc ch tiu trn phi xt ton b v ring tng t xy dng trong thi
gian hot ng ca h thng.
Phng n ti u phi c gi tr chi ph quy i theo thi gian v gi tr hin ti
nh nht, c xt n chi ph xy dng vng bo v v sinh.
Ghi ch: Khi xc nh vn u t so snh phng n phi xt gi tr thc t
gia thit b, vt t nhp ngoi v sn xut trong nc.
ol
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c im h dng nc
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Bng 1.1.
Bc tin cy ca
h thng cp
nc
H thng cp nc sinh hot ca im dn c trn 50.000 ngi v

ca cc i tng dng nc khc c php gim lu lng nc
cp khng qu 30% lu lng nc tnh ton trong 3 ngy v ngng
cp nc khng qu 10 pht.
nc
H thng cp nc sinh hot ca im dn c n 50.000 ngi v

ca cc i tng dng nc khc c php gim lu lng nc
cp khng qu 30% lu lng trong 10 ngy v ngng cp nc trong
6 gi.
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H thng cp nc sinh hot ca im dn c n 5000 ngi v ca

cc i tng dng nc khc c php gim lu lng cp nc
khng qu 30% trong 15 ngy v ngng cp nc trong 1 ngy.
II
III
Ghi ch: 1 - Nhng c s sn xut c h thng cp nc tun hon th xp vo bc II.
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2 - Cc h dng nc c bit do c quan c thm quyn xt duyt khng

p dng bc tin cy ni trn.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
S CP NC VNG
Phi lp s cp nc vng xc nh kh nng v s hp l v kinh t trong
vic s dng ngun nc cp cho cc i tng c yu cu khc nhau v ch
dng nc, v khi lng v cht lng nc chn phng n cp, thot
nc bn vng theo mc tiu pht trin ca vng.
Lp s cp nc vng theo hng dn Ph lc 1.
Tiu chun dng nc tng hp tnh theo u ngi gm nc cp cho: n ung
sinh hot; Cng nghip; Cng trnh cng cng; Ti cy, ra ng; Tht
thot; ly theo bng 2.1. (Chi tit cho tng loi nhu cu dng nc ly theo
bng 3.1-Mc 3).
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Bng 2.1
i tng dng nc
Thnh ph ln, thnh ph du lch, ngh mt, khu
cng nghip ln.
Tiu chun cp nc tnh theo u

ngi (ngy trung bnh trong nm)
l/ngi.ngy
300 - 400
200 - 270
Th trn, trung tm cng - nng nghip, cng ng nghip, im dn c nng thn
80 - 150
Nng thn
40 - 60
Thnh ph, th x va v nh, khu cng nghip

nh
.v
Ghi ch: Cho php thay i tiu chun dng nc sinh hot ca im dn c 10 20% tu
theo iu kin kh hu, mc tin nghi v cc iu kin a phng khc.
Tiu chun dng nc cho nhu cu sn xut cng nghip phi xc nh trn c s
nhng ti liu thit k c, hoc so snh vi cc iu kin sn xut tng t. Khi
khng c s liu c th, c th ly trung bnh:
-
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2.8.
- i vi cc ngnh cng nghip khc: 22 m3/ha/ngy.

Khi cn i vi nhu cu cp nc vng phi u tin xc nh nhng ngun nc
hin c trong vng, sau mi xc nh ni dung v hiu qu kinh t k thut ca
cc bin php nh b sung lu lng t cc vng ln cn, kh nng cp nc ca
cc h ln khi iu ho dng chy.
Khi s dng tng hp cc ngun nc cho nhiu h tiu th c bc tin cy khc
nhau th vic cn i nhu cu cp nc phi c tin hnh vi ton b bc tin cy
tnh ton cho tt c cc h tiu th, ring i vi h tiu th c bc tin cy thp hn
cho php kim tra ring.
Khi s dng ngun nc mt m khng cn iu ho dng chy cn i, cng
trnh cp nc phi tnh ton theo tuyn lu lng nh nht. Trng hp ny phi
lp bng cn i cng trnh nc theo lu lng trung bnh thng ng vi tn sut
tnh ton ca ngun nc.
Trng hp nhu cu dng nc vt qu lu lng ca ngun nc mt th cn
nghin cu iu ho dng chy bng h cha.
C th iu ho dng chy bng cc bin php sau y:
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2.6.
2.7.
i vi cng nghip sn xut ru bia, sa, hp, ch bin thc phm,

giy, dt: 45 m3/ha/ngy.
nc
2.5.
ol
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2.4.
2.9.
Xy dng h cha iu chnh theo ma khi nhu cu ly nc nh hn hoc

bng lu lng ca nm kit ng vi tn sut tnh ton k c lu lng
nc mt i h cha.
Xy dng h cha iu chnh dng chy nhiu nm khi nhu cu ly nc

hng nm vt qu lu lng nc ca nm kit ng v tn sut tnh ton
nhng b hn lu lng ca dng chy trung bnh nhiu nm.
Khi s dng tng hp cc ngun nc ngm v nc mt phi lp bng cn i s
dng cc ngun nc theo ma xt vic s dng cc ngun nc mt theo cc
iu khon trn. Cn cc ngun nc ngm khi cn b sung lu lng phi p
dng theo Mc 5. Lu lng s dng v b sung cho 2 loi ngun nc phi xc
nh tng hp trn c s kinh t k thut.
-
2.10
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Nhu cu dng nc cho n ung sinh hot ca khu vc xy dng nh v cc

cng trnh cng cng;
Ti v ra ng ph, qung trng, cy xanh, nc cp cho cc vi phun;
Ti cy trong vn m;
Cp nc n ung, sinh hot trong cc c s sn xut cng nng nghip;
Cp nc sn xut cho nhng c s sn xut dng nc i hi cht lng nh

nc sinh hot, hoc nu xy dng h thng cp nc ring th khng hp l
v kinh t;
Cp nc cha chy;
Cp nc cho yu cu ring ca trm x l nc;
Cp nc cho cc nhu cu khc, trong c vic sc ra mng li ng ng

cp, thot nc v lng nc tht thot trong qu trnh phn phi v dng
nc.
Tiu chun dng nc cho n ung sinh hot v cc nhu cu khc tnh theo u
ngi i vi cc im dn c ly theo bng 3.1.
Lu lng ngy tnh ton (trung bnh trong nm) cho h thng cp nc tp trung
c xc nh theo cng thc:
q1N1f1 + q2N2f2+
qiNifi
Q ngy.tb (m3/ngy) = ----------------------- + D = -------------- +D (3-1)
1000
1000
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3.3.
nc
3.2.
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3.1.
TIU CHUN V H S DNG NC KHNG IU HO, LU

LNG NC CHA CHY V P LC NC T DO
Cng sut ca h thng cp nc sinh hot v cha chy th v cc im dn
c tu theo iu kin a phng phi c tnh ton m bo cp nc theo
thi gian qui hoch ngn hn l 10 nm v di hn l 20 nm v phi tho mn cc
yu cu sau:
ol
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3.
w
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Trong :
- qi: Tiu chun cp nc sinh hot ly theo bng 3.1.
- Ni: S dn tnh ton ng vi tiu chun cp nc qi.
- fi: T l dn c cp nc ly theo bng 3.1.
- D: Lng nc ti cy, ra ng, dch v th, khu cng nghip, tht thot,
nc cho bn thn nh my x l nc c tnh theo bng 3.1 v lng nc
d phng. Lng nc d phng cho pht trin cng nghip, dn c v cc
lng nc khc cha tnh c cho php ly thm 5-10% tng lu lng nc
cho n ung sinh hot ca im dn c; Khi c l do xc ng c php ly
thm nhng khng qu 15%.
Lu lng nc tnh ton trong ngy dng nc nhiu nht v t nht ngy
(m3/ngy) c tnh theo cng thc:
Qngy.max = Kngy.max x Qngy.tb
Qngy.min = Kngy.min x Qngy.tb
(3-2)
H s dng nc khng iu ho ngy k n cch t chc i sng x hi, ch
lm vic ca cc c s sn xut, mc tin nghi, s thay i nhu cu dng nc
theo ma cn ly nh sau:
Kngy max = 1,2 1,4
Kngy min = 0,7 0,9
i vi cc thnh ph c qui m ln, nm trong vng c iu kin kh hu kh
nng quanh nm (nh: Thnh ph H Ch Minh, ng Nai, Vng Tu,), c th
p dng mc:
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.v
Kngy max = 1,1 1,2

Kngy min = 0,8 0,9
Lu lng gi tnh ton q m3/h, phi xc nh theo cng thc:
Qngy.max
qgi. max = Kgi.max ------------24
Qngy.min
qgi. min = Kgi.min ------------(3-3)
24
H sng dng nc khng iu ho K gi xc nh theo biu thc:
Kgi max = max x bmax
Kgi min = min x bmin
(3-4)
A: H s k n mc tin nghi ca cng trnh, ch lm vic ca cc c s sn
xut v cc iu kin a phng khc nh sau:
max = 1,2 1,5
amin = 0,4 0,6
b: H s k n s dn trong khu dn c ly theo bng 3.2.
ol
d
Bng 3.1.
S
i tng dng nc v thnh phn cp nc
TT
I.
th loi c bit, th loi I, khu du lch, ngh mt
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II.
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nc
a) Nc sinh hot:
- Tiu chun cp nc (l/ngi.ngy): + Ni
+ Ngoi vi
- T l dn s c cp nc (%):
+ Ni
+ Ngoi vi
b) Nc phc v cng cng (ti cy, ra ng, cu
ho,); Tnh theo % ca (a)
c) Nc cho cng nghip dch v trong th; Tnh theo %
ca (a)
d) Nc khu cng nghip (ly theo iu 2.4-Mc 2)
e) Nc tht thot; Tnh theo % ca (a+b+c+d)
f) Nc cho yu cu ring ca nh my x l nc; Tnh
theo % ca (a+b+c+d+e)
th loi II, th loi III
a) Nc sinh hot:
- Tiu chun cp nc (l/ngi.ngy): + Ni
+ Ngoi vi
+ Ni
+ Ngoi vi
b) Nc phc v cng cng (ti cy, ra ng, cu
ho,); Tnh theo % ca (a)
c) Nc cho cng nghip dch v trong th; Tnh theo %
ca (a)
d) Nc khu cng nghip (ly theo iu 2.4-Mc 2)
e) Nc tht thot; Tnh theo % ca (a+b+c+d)
f) Nc cho yu cu ring ca nh my x l nc; Tnh
theo % ca (a+b+c+d+e)
th loi IV, th loi V; im dn c nng thn
a) Nc sinh hot:
III.
Giai on
2010
2020
165
120
85
80
10
200
150
99
95
10
10
10
22 45
< 25
7 10
22 45
< 20
58
120
80
85
75
10
150
100
99
90
10
10
10
22 45
< 25
8 10
22 45
< 20
78
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- Tiu chun cp nc (l/ngi.ngy):

b) Nc dch v; Tnh theo % ca (a)
c) Nc tht thot; Tnh theo % ca (a+b)
d) Nc cho yu cu ring ca nh my x l nc; Tnh
theo % ca (a+b+c)
60
75
10
< 20
10
100
90
10
< 15
10
Bng 3.2.
0,1
0,15
0,20
0,30
0,50
0,75
bmax
4,5
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,2
2,0
1,8
bmin
0,01
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,05
50
10
20
1,6
1,4
1,3
1,2
bmin
0,20
0,25
0,40
0,50
Ghi ch:
0,10
0,15
100
300
1000
1,15
1,1
1,05
1,0
0,60
0,70
0,85
1,0
.v
0,07
ol
d
S dn (1000
ngi)
bmax
S dn (1000
ngi)
1. H s bmax dng xc nh p lc ca my bm v chiu cao i m bo p lc
nc
cn thit ca mng trong gi dng nc ln nht. H s bmin dng xc nh p lc

d ca mng trong gi dng nc t nht.
2. Khi xc nh lu lng tnh ton cng trnh v mng li, k c mng li bn
3.4.
Vic phn phi nc theo gi trong ngy ca h thng cp nc tp trung ly theo

cc biu dng nc tng hp ca th. Biu ny c lp trn c s cc biu
dng nc ca tng i tng hoc tham kho biu thc t ca cc khu dn
c tng t.
Tiu chun nc ti, ra trong khu dn c v khu cng nghip tu theo loi mt
ng, cch ra, loi cy v cc iu kin a phng khc cn ly theo bng 3.3.
w
w
3.5.
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trong khu nh , h s b phi ly theo s dn c phc v, cn trong h thng cp

nc phn vng phi tnh ton theo s dn ca mi vng.
Bng 3.3.
Mc ch dng nc
n v tnh
Ra bng c gii, mt ng v qung trng

hon thin
Ti bng c gii, mt ng v qung trng
hon thin.
Ti bng th cng (bng ng mm) va h v mt
ng hon thin
Ti cy xanh th
Ti thm c v bn hoa
Ti cy trong vn m cc loi.
1 ln ra
Tiu chun cho 1

ln ti (l/m2)
1,21,5
1 ln ti
0,50,4
1 ln ti
0,40,5
1 ln ti
1 ngy
34
46
1015
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Ghi ch:
1. Khi thiu s liu v quy hoch (ng i, cy xanh, vn m) th lu lng nc
ti tnh theo dn s ly khng qu 8-12% tiu chun cp nc sinh hot tu theo iu
kin kh hu, kh nng ngun nc, mc hon thin ca khu dn c v cc iu
kin t nhin khc.
2. Trong khu cng nghip c mng li cp nc sn xut th nc ti ng, ti cy
c php ly t mng li ny, nu cht lng nc ph hp vi yu cu v sinh v
k thut trng trt.
S ln ti t 1 n 2 ln xc nh theo iu kin a phng.
Tiu chun nc cho nhu cu sinh hot trong c s sn xut cng nghip phi ly
theo bng 3.4.
3.6.
3.7.
.v
Bng 3.4.
H s khng
iu ho gi
45
2,5
25
Phn xng to nhit trn

20 Kcalo/m3. gi
Cc phn xng khc
Lu lng gi mt nhm vi tm hng sen trong c s sn xut cng nghip cn

ly bng 300l/h. Thi gian dng vi tm hng sen ko di 45 pht sau khi ht ca.
S vi tm hng sen tnh theo s cng nhn trong ca ng nht v theo c im
v sinh ca qu trnh sn xut theo bng 3.5.
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nc
3.8.
ol
d
Loi phn xng
Tiu chun dng nc sinh hot trong c

s sn xut cng nghip tnh cho 1 ngi
trong 1 ca (l/ngi/ca)
Bng 3.5.
c im v sinh ca qu trnh sn xut
S ngi s dng tnh

cho 1 nhm hng sen
30
b) Lm bn qun o v tay chn
14
c) C dng nc
10
d) Thi nhiu bi hay cc cht bn c
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a) Khng lm bn qun o v tay chn
Ghi ch: Tiu chun nc cho chn nui gia sc, gia cm ly theo tiu chun ca B nng
nghip.
3.9.
3.10.
Lu lng nc cho nhu cu sn xut ca cc c s sn xut cng nghip phi xc

nh da trn yu cu cng ngh.
Khi cn xc nh lu lng tnh ton tp trung ca nh v nh cng cng ng
ring bit th tiu chun dng nc ly theo tiu chun thit k cp nc trong nh.
LU LNG NC CHA CHY

3.11.
Phi thit k h thng cp nc cha chy trong cc khu dn c, cc c s sn xut

cng nng nghip kt hp vi h thng cp nc sinh hot hoc cp nc sn xut.
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Khi thit k cp nc cha chy cn theo tiu chun phng chy v cha chy
(TCVN-2622:1995).
P LC NC T DO
3.13.
p lc t do nh nht trong mng li cp nc sinh hot ca khu dn c, ti im

ly nc vo nh, tnh t mt t khng c nh hn 10 m.
Ghi ch: i vi nh cao tng bit lp cng nh i vi nh hoc nhm nh
t ti im cao cho php t thit b tng p cc b.
p lc t do trong mng li bn ngoi ca h thng cp nc sinh hot ti cc h
tiu th khng nn qu 40 m.
Ghi ch:
1. Trng hp c bit c th ly n 60 m.
3.12.
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4.2.
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4.
4.1.
Trong h thng cp nc cha chy p lc cao, nhng my bm cha chy c nh

phi c thit b bo m m my khng chm qu 3 pht sau khi nhn tn hiu c
chy.
p lc t do trong mng li cp nc cha chy p lc thp khng c nh hn
10 m tnh t mt t v chiu di ng vi rng dn nc cha chy khng qu 150
m.
Ghi ch: cc tri chn nui p lc t do cha chy cn tnh vi iu kin
vi rng ti im cao nht ca tri chn nui mt tng.
NGUN NC
Chn ngun nc phi cn c theo ti liu kim nghim da trn cc ch tiu la
chn ngun nc mt, nc ngm phc v h thng cp nc sinh hot TCXD-2331999; Ti liu kho st kh tng thu vn, a cht thu vn; Kh nng bo v
ngun nc v cc ti liu khc. Khi lng cng tc thm d, iu tra cn xc nh
tu theo c im, mc ti liu hin c ca khu vc; Tu theo lu lng v cht
lng nc cn ly; Loi h dng nc v giai on thit k.
Trong mt h thng cp nc c php s dng nhiu ngun nc c c im
thu vn v a cht thu vn khc nhau.
m bo lu lng trung bnh thng hoc trung bnh ngy ca cc ngun nc
mt phi ly theo bng 4.1, tu theo bc tin cy.
nc
3.15.
H thng cp nc cha chy phi dng p lc thp. Ch c xy dng h thng

cp nc cha chy p lc cao khi c y c s kinh t k thut.
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3.14.
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2. Khi p lc trn mng li ln hn p lc cho php i vi nhng nh bit

lp hoc nhng khu bit lp c php t thit b iu ho p lc hoc phi
phn vng h thng cp nc.
4.3.
Bng 4.1.
Bc tin cy cp nc
m bo lu lng thng hoc ngy ca cc

ngun nc mt (%)
95
II
90
III
85
Ghi ch: Bc tin cy cp nc ly theo iu 1.3.
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4.8.
4.9.
4.10.
4.11.
4.12.
4.13.
4.7.
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4.6.
Nhit cao nht ca nc cp cho n ung sinh hot khng c qu 35C.

Cc phng n chn ngun nc phi c nh gi ton din v kinh t bao gm
cc chi ph xy lp, qun l, tiu th in nng,... ng thi phi xt n nh hng
ca vic khai thc ngun nc i vi nhu cu s dng nc ca cc ngnh kinh t
khc.
Chn bin php iu ho dng chy v dung tch h cha phi da vo nhng c
trng tnh ton thu vn v nhng quy nh v s dng ngun nc ca c quan quy
hoch v qun l ngun nc.
H cha cp nc n ung sinh hot nn xy dng ngoi cc khu dn c, trong
cc lu vc tha dn, c nhiu rng, khng c b g v nc bn x vo.
ol
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4.5.
Vic nh gi kh nng s dng ngun nc vo mc ch cp nc v vic chn

khu vc xy dng h cha cn thc hin theo ch dn ca Ph lc 2.
Chn ngun nc phi theo nhng quy nh ca c quan quy hoch v qun l
ngun nc. Cht lng ngun nc dng cho n ung sinh hot phi m bo Tiu
chun TCXD-233-1999. Cht lng ngun nc dng cho sn xut phi cn c vo
yu cu ca tng i tng dng nc la chn.
Cn tit kim trong vic s dng ngun nc ngm. Khi c ngun nc mt m
bo Tiu chun TCXD-233-1999 th u tin s dng ngun nc mt.
Khng c php dng ngun nc ngm cp cho cc nhu cu tiu th nc khi
cha c php ca c quan qun l ngun nc.
Cn nghin cu kh nng b sung tr lng nc ngm bng cc cng trnh b cp
nhn to khi c iu kin trong trng hp ngun nc ngm t nhin khng tr
lng khai thc.
c php x l nc khong hoc nc bin cp cho h thng cp nc n
ung, sinh hot, nhng phi so snh kinh t - k thut vi cc ngun nc khc.
Cho php dng nc a nhit cp cho n ung, sinh hot v sn xut nu m bo
nhng quy nh iu 4.5.
nc
4.4.
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5. CNG TRNH THU NC
CNG TRNH THU NC NGM
CH DN CHUNG
Chn v tr, kiu v s cng trnh thu nc ngm phi cn c vo ti liu a

cht, a cht thu vn, cng sut ca cng trnh, loi trang thit b, iu kin thi
cng v iu kin bo v v sinh ca khu vc; ni chung phi xt n:
w
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5.1.
5.2.
c im ca tng cha nc v iu kin b cp nc ngm.
iu kin bo m v sinh v t chc vng bo v v sinh, bo v ngun nc

khng b nhim bn bi nc thi sinh hot, nc thi sn xut v khng b
nc c khong ho cao hoc c cht c hi thm vo.
Khu t khng b xi l, trt hoc cc loi bin dng khc gy ph hoi cng
trnh.
C sn hoc c th lm c ng thi cng, ng phc v cho vic qun l

cng trnh v ng ng dn nc.
- Ging khoan phi cch xa cc cng trnh kin trc ti thiu 25m.
S dng ngun nc ngm vo mc ch cp nc phi c s ng ca c
quan v sinh dch t, c quan qun l ngun nc.
Cng trnh thu nc c cng sut ln phi c c quan c thm quyn v qun l
ngun nc ph duyt.
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Ti liu xc nh tr lng thit k ging khai thc phi do Hi ng tr lng

quc gia ph duyt.
Vic khoan thm d kt hp vi khoan khai thc phi do c quan c chc nng v
thm quyn quyt nh.
Khi thit k cc cng trnh thu nc mi v m rng cc cng trnh hin c phi
xt n iu kin hot ng phi hp vi nhng cng trnh thu nc hin c hoc
ang c xy dng khu vc ln cn.
Cc loi cng trnh thu nc ngm c th s dng l:
5.3.
5.4.
1) Ging khi dng thu nc mch nng vo t xung quanh hoc t y

su thch hp.
2) Hng hay ging thu nc ngm chy l thin
.v
3) ng hm hoc ng thu nc nm ngang dng khai thc tng nc

su khng qu 8m, hoc thu nc cc lp t cha nc nm gn cc dng
nc mt (nh sng sui, h cha) thi cng bng phng php o m, nu
su hn v mc nc ngm cao dng phng php khoan p, ng knh ging
ng khoan p ngang 2m.
GING KHOAN
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5.8.
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5.6.
5.7.
Trong n thit k ging phi ch r kt cu ging, phng php khoan, xc nh

chiu su, ng knh ging, kiu ng lc, loi my bm v v bao che ca trm
bm ging.
Chn phng php khoan ging phi da vo iu kin a cht, a cht thu vn,
su v ng knh ca ging, ly theo ch dn Ph lc 4.
Chiu su ging ph thuc vo su a tng, chiu dy tng cha nc hoc h
thng cc tng cha nc, lu lng cn khai thc v mc nc ng tng ng.
Xc nh ng knh v chiu di on ng vch u tin ca ging, ng knh
cui cng ca l khoan ging phi cn c vo lu lng cn khai thc, loi v c
my bm, chiu su t gung bm nu dng bm chm v bm trc ng hoc
chiu su t ng ht nu dng bm trc ngang, nghing cho php ca ging,
thit b o mc nc ng trong qu trnh khai thc bm
Ghi ch: ng knh on ng vch u tin ca ging l ng knh trong ca
ng m trong t bm hoc cc b phn ht ca bm.
Kch thc v kt cu ng lc cn xc nh trn c s iu kin a cht v a
cht thu vn tu theo liu lng v ch khai thc, theo ch dn Ph lc 5.
Chiu di phn cng tc ca ng lc, nu thu nc trong tng cha nc c p v
chiu dy tng cha nc di 10m th ly bng chiu dy tng cha nc; nu
thu nc trong tng cha nc khng p c chiu dy di 10m, th chiu di phn
cng tc ca ng lc ly bng chiu dy tng cha nc tr i h mc nc
trong ging khi khai thc (ng lc phi t ngp di mc nc tnh ton). Khi
chiu dy tng cha nc ln hn 10m th chiu di phn cng tc ca ng lc
phi c xc nh tu thuc vo h s thm ca t, lu lng khai thc v kt
cu ng lc.
Phn cng tc ca ng lc phi t cch nh v y tng cha nc t nht 0,51m.
Khi khai thc trong nhiu tng cha nc th phn cng tc ca ng lc phi t
nc
5.5.
ol
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4) Ging khoan mch su c p hoc khng c p, hon chnh hay khng hon
chnh.
La chn dng loi cng trnh no phi da vo iu kin nu iu 5.1 v da
vo tnh ton kinh t k thut m quyt nh.
5.9.
5.10.
5.11.
5.12.
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5.16.
5.17.
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5.18.
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5.15.
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5.14.
nc
5.13.
trong tng tng khai thc v ni cc phn cng tc ca ng lc li vi nhau bng

ng khng khoan l.
Nhng ch chuyn tip thay i ng knh ca cc on ng vch, hay ch
chuyn tip t ng vch sang ng lc c th cu to bng cch ni ng hn lin
(dng cn chuyn tip) hoc ni lng. chng thm ti ch ni lng c th dng
b phn ni p (ng bao bn trong dng si ay du).
u mt trn ca ng lc phi cao hn chn ng vch khng t hn 3m khi
ging su n 30m v khng t hn 5m khi ging su trn 50m.
ng knh trong ca ng vch ti ch ni lng vi ng lc khi khoan p phi
ln hn ng knh ngoi ca ng lc t nht 50mm, nu phi si quanh ng
lc - phi ln hn t nht 100mm.
Khi khoan xoay, nu khng gia c thnh ging bng ng th ng knh cui cng
ca l khoan ging phi ln hn ng knh ngoi ca ng lc t nht 100mm.
Kt cu ming ging phi m bo kn tuyt i ngn nga nc mt thm
xung ging.
Khong trng gia cc ng vch hoc gia ng vch v thnh ging phi c
chn k bng btng hay t st vin (30mm) m k trnh nc mt thm
qua lm nhim bn ging.
Trong mt ging khoan nu bn trn ng nh hng ca tng cha nc d kin
khai thc c mt tng t b ri cha nc, th khong gia thnh ging v mt
ngoi ng vch phi chn k bng btng hoc t st vin. Trong trng hp cn
thit phi cu to nhiu lp ng chng hn ch mc nc tng trn rt xung
di mang theo ht mn lm rng t gy st l nn ging.
Chiu di ng lng cn ly ph thuc tnh cht ca t nhng khng qu 2m.
Phn ng vch ca ging phi cao hn mt sn t my bm t nht 0,3m. Sau khi
hon thnh vic khoan ging v lp t ng lc, cn tin hnh sc ra ging v
bm th. Vic thau ra ging v bm th cn thc hin theo cc ch dn Ph lc
3.
Ging khoan trc khi a vo khai thc phi m bo cc yu cu cht lng sau
y:
-
su ng thit k; mc nc ng, mc nc tnh, bo m khai thc lu

di k c khi c nh hng ca nhng ging khai thc xung quanh.
nghing ca ging nh hn 1:1500
Hm lng ct ca nc bm ln < 5mg/l
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- Lu lng bm th cao hn lu lng khai thc ti thiu 7%.

Khi t bm c ng c trn ming ging (bm ging trc ng); hoc nu dng
my bm chm th ng knh khai thc ca ng vch phi ln hn ng knh qui
c ca my bm t nht l 50mm.
Tu theo iu kin c th v kiu thit b, ming ging phi t trong nh hoc
trong h chm. Khi dng my bm c ng c t trn ming ging nht thit phi
c v bao che.
khai thc nhm ging khi mc nc ng khng qu 8-9m cho php dng ng
thu kiu xi phng.
Trng hp khng dng c cc thit b ly nc khc hon chnh hn, nu c
c s kinh t k thut th c php dng my nn kh, nhng phi ly khng kh
cao cch mt t t nht 4m. Ca ht khng kh phi c li lc v khng
nc ma ri vo, ng thi phi m bo lc sch du cho khng kh sau my
nn.
Chiu cao trm bm ging tnh t mt t phi ly theo kch thc thit b nhng
khng di 3,5m. Din tch trm bm ti thiu phi bng 12m2 t my, thit b
5.19.
5.20.
5.21.
5.22.
5.23.
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5.24.
5.25.
iu khin dng c o lng kim tra v m bo thng thong.

Ca ra vo ca trm bm ging phi m bo a my ra vo d dng. Phi c ca
s thng gi, cc ging phi c gi tho lp my hoc t lu ng t trn
mi bng ca ging. Trn mi trm bm phi c l v cn d kin thit b nng ti
tho lp ng c v my bm.
gi cho cc tng t cha nc khng b nhim bn th nhng ging b hng
hoc b nhim bn khng th s dng c na phi lp b bng t st hoc
btng. Nht thit phi lp b nhng ging thm d nu chng khng c dng
lm ging khai thc hoc ging quan trc.
S lng ging d phng cn ly theo bng 5.1.
Ghi ch:
1- Tu theo iu kin a cht thu vn v khi c l do xc ng c th tng s

ging d phng nhng khng qu 2 ln ghi trong bng 5.1.
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2- i vi bt k loi cng trnh thu nc no cng phi c bm d phng t

trong kho. Khi s bm cng tc di 10 ly 1, trn 10 ly bng 10% s my bm
cng tc.
Bng 5.1
S ging lm vic
S ging d phng theo bc tin cy

Bc I
Bc II
Bc III
1
3-9
1-2
10 tr ln
20%
10%
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nc
1-2
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3- Bc tin cy ca cng trnh thu nc cn ly theo mc m bo v cp nc

theo iu 1.3.
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GING KHI
5.26. Chiu su ca ging khi khng qu 15m. ng knh ca ging xc nh theo ti
liu thm d, yu cu b tr thit b v thi cng thun tin, ti thiu l 0,7m v
khng qu 5m. Ging c th lm hnh tr trn hay hnh chp ct; thnh ging c
th xy bng gch, bng hay btng ct thp lp ghp.
Nc
vo ging khi c th vo t thnh, t y hoc va t thnh v y, hoc c
5.27.
thm cc ng thu hnh nan qut. Chn kiu no l tu theo ti liu a cht thu
vn, yu cu dng nc v tnh ton kinh t k thut m quyt nh.
5.28. Cc l nc vo ging khi c th thit k bng tng lc si mt lp hay hai lp,
mi lp dy ti thiu 100mm. ng knh ht ca lp lc tip gip vi tng cha
nc ly theo Ph lc 5. T l ng knh tnh ton ca cc ht gia 2 lp vt liu
lc tip gip khng nh hn 5. C th chn cc l thu nc bng nhng vin
btng rng c sn, cp phi ly theo iu 5.29
5.29. Chn thnh phn ht si, t l nc xi mng cho tng lc bng b tng rng phi
da vo tnh ton theo loi nham thch ca tng cha nc bn ngoi. S b chn
thnh phn ht nh sau:
C si bng 16d50 (d50 l ng knh ht trung bnh ca lp t cha nc, tc l
c mt sng cho lt qua 50% s ht em th nghim).
- Lng xi mng mc 400 ly 250 kg cho 1m3 btng
- T l nc/ximng = 0,3 - 0,35 cho c ht 7-10mm
= 0,3 - 0,4 cho c ht 2 - 6mm.
= 0,35 - 0,45 cho c ht 2 - 3mm.
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5.33.
5.32.
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5.31.
Khi ly nc t y th y ging khi phi lm mt tng chn ngn nga ct

n ln gm 3 - 4 lp ct si c ng knh ht ln dn t di ln trn. Mi lp
c chiu dy ti thiu khng nh hn 100mm, thnh phn ca ht vt liu chn
xem Ph lc 5.
Khi thit k ging khi phi tun theo cc iu sau y trnh nhim bn nc:
1 - Thnh ging cao hn mt t ti thiu 0,8m. Phi c ca thm ngi qun l
c th ra vo trng nom hoc sa cha.
2 - Xung quanh ming ging phi c mt dc thot nc bng vt liu khng thm
nc rng 1,5m, c dc i = 0,05 hng ra ngoi, xung quanh thnh ging cn p
vng ai t st chiu rng 0,5m v chiu su khng t hn 1m.
3 - Ging kn phi lm ng thng hi, u ng thng hi phi c chp che ma v
c bt bng li.
Khi thit k mt nhm ging, nu c iu kin th nn dng kiu xi phng tp
trung nc, khi mc nc ng trong ging tp trung phi cao hn u ht
nc ca xi phng 1m. su ng dn khng qu 4m. su tnh t tim ng n
mc nc ng trong ging khng qu 7m.
Tc nc chy trong ng xi phng ly bng 0,5-0,7m/s. dc ca on ng
t ging n ging tp trung khng nh hn 0,001.
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5.30.
CNG TRNH THU NC KIU NM NGANG
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5.35.
Cng trnh thu nc kiu nm ngang c xy dng trong cc tng cha nc

khng p nm su khng ln (< 8m) v gn ngun nc mt.
Cng trnh thu nc kiu nm ngang c th thit k di dng mng h, rnh
thu bng , dm; ng hm hoc ng thu.
Cng trnh thu dng rnh dm ch nn dng cp nc tm thi. i vi cng
trnh ny nc c thu qua rnh ngm y hoc hc kch c 0,1 - 0,15m,
chung quanh hai, ba lp dm hoc cui c ht b hn - to thnh tng lc
ngc, chiu dy mi lp t nht l 150mm. ng knh ht gia cc lp k nhau
ly theo Ph lc 5. Kch thc phn rnh ly ph thuc vo cng sut cn
khai thc v iu kin a cht thu vn ca tng tng t cha nc. Pha trn
tng lc cn ph mt lp t st trnh nc trn mt t thm trc tip vo
rnh.
i vi h thng cp nc c bc tin cy loi I, loi II phi thit k ng hm thu
nc. ng hm ngang thu nc lm bng btng c cha l hay khe h hoc
bng btng rng cp phi tu thuc a tng bn ngoi, ly theo iu 5.29. Bn
ngoi ca ng hm cn c mt lp si dy 150mm, c si ly theo ch dn Ph
lc 5.
i vi ng hm thu nc lng sng hay bi bi cn tu theo tnh hnh xi mn
ca dng sng m c bin php bo v cho b phn trn ca tng lc. Khi thit k
ng hm thu nc nm ngang di lng sng cn tu theo cht lng nc
sng kt hp vi nin hn s dng m ly h s d tr mt cch thch ng.
Tit din ng hm thu nc cn tnh ton thu lc vi iu kin nc chy
khng y, ng thi tho mn cc iu kin sau:
nc
5.34.
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5.36.
5.37.
5.38.
5.39.
Tc chy trong ng hm ly bng 0,5 - 0,8m/s.
Chiu dy lp nc ly bng 0,4D (D l ng knh ng hm thu nc).
- ng knh trong ca ng hm thu nc D200mm.

ng thu nc nm ngang c thit k khi su nh tng cha nc nh hn
5m. Phn thu nc c th l ng snh, ng b tng ct thp hoc ng cht do, c
l trn, hay khe h 2 bn sn v phn trn ng. Phn di ng (khng qu 1/3
chiu cao) khng khoan l hoc khe h, ng knh nh nht ca ng l 150mm.
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Ghi ch:
1) Cho php dng ng bng kim loi khi c l do chnh ng.
5.40.
5.41.
5.42.
2) ng bng cht do ch c dng loi m bo v sinh, khng nh hng n

cht lng nc.
Xung quanh ng thu nc t trong rnh phi t tng lc ngc. Thnh phn c
hc cc lp ca tng lc ngc phi c xc nh bng tnh ton. Chiu dy mi
lp khng nh hn 150mm. Cp phi xem Ph lc 5.
ng knh ng dn nc ca cng trnh thu nc kiu nm ngang phi xc nh
ng vi thi k mc nc ngm thp nht. y tnh ton bng 0,5 ng knh
ng.
dc ca ng v pha ging thu khng c nh hn:
0,007 khi D = 150mm

0,005 khi D = 200mm
.v
0,004 khi D = 250mm

0,002 khi D = 400mm
0,001 khi D = 500mm
w
.v
5.44.
Tc nc chy trong ng khng nh 0,7 m/s.

Phi t cc ging thm quan st ch lm vic ca ng thu v ng hm thu
nc cng nh thng gi v sa cha; ng thu c ng knh t 150mm 600mm, th khong cch gia cc ging thm ly khng qu 50 m. Khi ng knh
ln hn 600mm th khong cch gia cc ging thm ly bng 75m. i vi
ng hm khong cch gia cc ging ly trong khong 100 - 150m. Ti nhng
im ng thu hoc ng hm thu nc i hng theo mt bng hay mt ng
cng u phi t ging thm.
Ging thm phi c ng knh 1m. Ming ging cao hn mt t ti thiu 0,5m.
Xung quanh ging phi lng lp chng thm rng 1m v chn t st. Ging thm
phi c ng thng hi.
Trm bm trong cng trnh thu kiu nm ngang phi kt hp vi ging tp trung.
Trng hp c l do chnh ng c php t trm bm ring.
nc
5.43.
ol
d
0,003 khi D = 300mm
5.45.
w
w
THU NC MCH
5.46.
Cng trnh thu nc mch (h hoc ging thu nc c su khng ln) c

dng thu cc ngun nc mch chy l thin. i vi mch nc i ln phi
thu nc qua y, i vi mch nc i xung cn thu nc qua l trn thnh ngn
thu.
5.47.
Kch thc mt bng, ct y v ct mc nc (ct ng trn) trong ngn thu phi

da vo iu kin a cht, a cht thu vn v lu lng khai thc m quyt nh.
5.48.
thu nc mch t cc lp t c khe nt cho php khng dng tng lc, cn

thu nc t cc lp t b ri phi c tng lc ngc.
5.49.
Ngn thu phi t ng trn, ct ming ng trn cn tnh theo lu lng ca mch;
nu t cao qu, p lc tnh trc ming phun tng ln, lu lng mch chy ra b
gim v c th xy ra trng hp mch chuyn ra ni khc c p lc thp hn.
Nu t ct ming ng trn thp qu s khng tn dng ht lu lng phun ra ca
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mch. ng cho nc vo ngn thu c ng knh khng nh hn 100mm.
5.50.
lng cn khi nc c nhiu cn ln phi cu to tng trn chia ngn thu lm 2

ngn, mt ngn lng v mt ngn thu nc.
5.51.
Ngn thu phi c bo v khi s nhim b mt v phi m bo iu kin bo

v v sinh nh ghi iu 5.31.
B SUNG NHN TO TR LNG NC NGM
.v
5.53.
Khi cn thit c th b sung tr lng nc ngm bng cc ngun nc mt qua

nhng h thng cng trnh c bit, hot ng lin tc hay nh k. Ngoi cng
trnh thm, cng trnh thu v bm nc, tu theo iu kin c th cn d kin cng
trnh lm sch v kh trng nc.
B sung nhn to tr lng nc ngm c p dng :
-
Tng cng sut cp nc v m bo s lm vic n nh ca cng trnh thu

nc hin c hoc c xy dng mi.
Nng cao cht lng ngun nc ngm thm lc v ang c khai thc.
Bo v mi trng xung quanh (ngn nga h thp mc nc ngm xung

di gi tr cho php gy nh hng n thm thc vt trong vng).
ol
d
5.52.
5.54.
w
.v
5.55.
Bo v tng cha nc khi b nhim mn, nhim bn do nc thi sn xut,

nc thi sinh hot ngm xung.
Khi dng ngun nc thm cho nhu cu n ung sinh hot, cht lng ngun
nc mt b sung phi m bo tiu chun v sinh do Nh nc quy nh. Khi c
l do v c s nht tr ca c quan v sinh dch t, c th dng nc lm ngui
v cc loi nc khc b sung nc ngm.
Cng trnh b sung tr lng nc ngm phi do c quan c thm quyn v qui
hoch, qun l ngun nc v s dng nc ph duyt.
Trong tt c cc cng trnh b sung nhn to nc ngm cn t thit b v dng c
iu tit lng nc c cung cp v quan st qu trnh lm vic ca cng
trnh v s thm nc qua b dy tng cha nc.
Cng trnh b sung nhn to tr lng nc ngm cp nc sinh hot nht thit
phi c vng bo v v sinh (theo ch dn Mc 11).
nc
5.56.
w
w
5.57.
CNG TRNH THU NC MT
5.58.
5.59.
Kt cu cng trnh thu phi m bo:

-
Thu c t ngun nc lu lng tnh ton
Khng to nn s lng cn cc b ti khu vc khai thc
- Khng cho rc, rong to, c lt vo cng trnh.

Kt cu cng trnh thu nc mt cn cn c vo:
-
Lu lng nc tnh ton
Bc tin cy ca cng trnh thu
c im thu vn ca ngun nc, c k n mc nc cao nht v thp nht.
Yu cu ca c quan v sinh dch t, c quan qun l ngun nc, giao thng

ng thu.
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5.60.
5.61.
Cng trnh thu nc chia lm 3 bc tin cy theo bc tin cy ca h thng cp nc

(xem iu 1.3).
Cp thit k ca cng trnh thu nc ch yu c xc nh theo bc tin cy ca
chng.
Ghi ch:
Cp thit k ca p dng nc v cha nc c trong thnh phn ca cm cng
trnh thu nc mt phi ly theo tiu chun thit k cng trnh thu li, nhng
khng thp hn:
-
Cp III vi bc tin cy cp nc II
- Cp IV vi bc tin cy cp nc III
Vic thit k cng trnh thu nc cn tnh n kh nng tng nhu cu dng nc
trong tng lai.
V tr t cng trnh thu nc mt cn phi m bo yu cu sau:
a. u dng nc so vi khu dn c v khu vc sn xut,
b. Ly lng nc yu cu cho trc mt v cho tng lai,
c. Thu c nc c cht lng tt v thun tin cho vic t chc bo v v sinh
ngun nc,
d. Phi ch c b, lng sng n nh, t b xi l bi p v thay i dng nc,
su; ch c iu kin a cht cng trnh tt v trnh c nh hng ca
cc hin tng thu vn khc: sng, thu triu
e. T chc h thng cp nc (bao gm thu, dn, x l v phn phi nc) mt
cch hp l v kinh t nht,
f. gn ni cung cp in,
g. C kh nng phi hp gii quyt cc yu cu ca cng nghip, nng nghip v
giao thng ng thu mt cch hp l.
Cc cng trnh thu nc mt ni chung phi c kh nng lm sch nc s b khi
cc vt ni, rc ri v khi cn thit c ph sa. t cng trnh thu ni m trong
ma l c vt ni ln (g, tre, na) phi c bin php hng vt ni di chuyn
trnh cng trnh thu hoc phi ro pha thng ngun cng trnh thu. Khi thit k
cng trnh thu nc mt ln trong iu kin a cht thu vn phc tp cn phi
tin hnh th nghim trn m hnh.
Khng c php t cng trnh thu trong lung i li ca tu b, trong khu vc c
ph sa di chuyn di y sng, thng lu st h cha, vng c ng ca
sng v ni c nhiu rong to.
Khng nn t cng trnh thu h lu st nh my thu in, trong khu vc ngay
di ca sng.
Cng trnh thu h cha phi t:
w
.v
5.64.
nc
ol
d
5.63.
Cp II vi bc tin cy cp nc I
.v
5.62.
w
w
5.65.
5.66.
5.67.
su khng nh hn 3 ln chiu cao tnh ton ca sng trong iu kin

mc nc thp nht.
Trong vng kn sng
5.68.
5.69.
5.70.
Ngoi di t (doi t) chy song song gn b hoc ni vi b gy gin on

dng chy.
Cng trnh thu nc ven bin hoc h ln phi t trong vnh, sau cng trnh chn
sng hoc trong vng khng c sng v.
iu kin thu nc t ngun nc c phn loi theo mc phc tp ca vic
thu nc, s n nh ca lng sng, b sng; ch thu vn v mc nhim
bn ca ngun nc theo cc ch tiu trong bng 5.2
S cng trnh thu nc cn ly theo bng 5.3 tu theo bc tin cy yu cu v
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phc tp ca iu kin thu nc.

m bo bc tin cy cp nc cn thit trong iu kin thu nc kh khn phi
dng cng trnh thu phi hp vi cc kiu khc nhau, ph hp vi cc c im t
nhin v phi c bin php chng ph sa v khc phc cc kh khn khc. Trong
trng hp ny, cn phi t cng trnh thu 2 v tr khng b ngng cp nc
cng mt lc. Cng sut ca mi cng trnh thu c bc tin cy cp nc I cn ly
bng 75% lu lng tn ton; vi bc tin cy cp nc II ly bng 50% lu lng
tnh ton. Cng trnh thu c bc tin cy cp nc II v III trong iu kin thu nc
d dng hay trung bnh c php tng 1 bc.
5.71.
Bng 5.2
Trung bnh
.v
Cht l lng P 5 kg/m3 Lng

sng di chuyn cng vi s bin
ng b v y, gy nn s thay
i ct y sng t 1-2 m trong
nm. B sng b bin i vi s
di chuyn ph sa dc theo b vi
mi dc c dc thay i.
w
w
w
.v
Kh khn
ol
d
D dng
iu kin thu nc
Ph sa v s n nh ca b v
Cc yu t khc
y
Cht l lng P 0,5 kg/m3 lng, Trong ngun nc khng c s,
b sng (h) n nh, khng c rong to, c t rc v cht bn.
l.
C t rong rc v cht bn khng
Cht l lng 1,5 kg/m3 (trung gy tr ngi cho cng trnh thu.
bnh trong ma l). Lng, b v C b mng v tu thuyn qua
bi sng n nh. dao ng li.
mc nc theo ma 1m. Ph
sa dch chuyn dc theo b
khng lm nh hng n s n
nh ca b.
nc
c im iu kin
thu nc
Rt kh khn
Cht l lng P > 5 kg/m3. Lng

sng khng n nh thay i
hnh dng ngu nhin hay c h
thng. B sng thay i nhiu,
c kh nng gy trt.
C vt ni ln (g, tre) khi c

l. C rc v cht bn gy kh
khn nhiu cho cng trnh thu v
x l.
C vt ni ln (g, tre) khi c

l. C rc v cht bn gy kh
khn nhiu cho cng trnh thu v
x l.
Bng 5.3.
Cng trnh thu nc
Cng trnh thu nc st b
Bc tin cy ca cng trnh thu nc

iu kin t nhin ca vic thu nc
D dng
Trung bnh
Kh khn
S cng trnh thu nc
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
I
I
II
I
I
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II
III
I
II
II
III
III
Ghi ch:
1) Bng trn c lp cho 3 s cng trnh thu nc:
III
II
II
khng ngp vi cc ca thu

nc d tip cn qun l
v c cc cng trnh bo v
v h tr cn thit
Cng trnh thu nc ngp cc
loi, nm xa b, thc t
khng th tip cn c vo
cc thi k trong nm
Cng trnh thu nc di ng:
- Dng ni
- Dng ray trt
S a c 1 ca thu nc
S b, tng t nh trn nhng bao gm mt s ngn thu nc c trang b phng

tin ngn nga ph sa v khc phc kh khn khc.
S c c 2 ca thu nc nm cch nhau mt khong cho php loi tr kh nng b

gin on cng mt lc trong vic thu nc.
2) i vi cng trnh thu nc bc tin cy I v II phi chia cng trnh thu nc lm nhiu
ngn. S ngn lm vic c lp khng nh hn 2.
nc
Khi su gn b sng m bo thu nc bnh thng hoc c th tng thm

su bng cc cng trnh iu chnh, ng thi c iu kin v a cht cng trnh
v kh nng thi cng th cn thit k cng trnh thu nc kiu kt hp.
Trong trng hp iu kin a cht cng trnh, iu kin thu vn, kh nng thi
cng cho php v khi cng trnh thu c cng sut nh th c th t hng thu nc
gn b, trm bm t ring v ni vi nhau bng ng ht.
Khi su b sng khng thu nc v dao ng mc nc n 6m, th i
vi cng trnh thu c cng sut nh cn cu to:
w
.v
5.72.
ol
d
.v
Hng thu ngp t lng sng;
Ngn thu c li chn rc t trn b;
ng t chy hoc ng xi phng ni hng thu vi ngn thu;
w
w
5.73.
5.74.
- Trm bm t ring hoc kt hp vi ngn thu.

Khi mc nc dao ng trn 6m v khi dng my bm trc ng th nn b tr trm
bm kt hp vi ngn thu c li chn rc b.
i vi cng trnh thu bc tin cy I c cng sut trung bnh hoc ln phi xt kh
nng dng vnh hoc mng c b cao dn nc t lng sng vo trong trng
hp:
-
5.75.
5.76.
Cn thu lu lng ln khi khng su.
- Trong ngun nc c nhiu ph sa v ct bi.

Chn kiu, cu to v hnh dng vnh thu phi da trn kt qu nghin cu thc
nghim bng m hnh thu lc trong phng th nghim.
Khi s dng ngun nc sng m khng su cn xt kh nng xy dng:
-
Cng trnh thu kiu kt hp hay kiu c bit m bo thu nc mt cch tin
cy.
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5.79.
5.80.
Xy dng cng trnh hng dng di chuyn ph sa, ct bi khi khng c p.
X ph sa, ct bi qua thit b thau ra ca p dng nc.
Dng b lng t u cng trnh thu.
.v
- Di chuyn dng bn, ct, theo dng sng.

Khi kt hp cng trnh thu nc vi p dng nc, phi d kin kh nng sa
cha p trong khi cng trnh thu vn hot ng bnh thng.
Khi t cng trnh thu trong h nc nui c phi c thit b bo v c di dng
mt b phn ca hng thu hoc di dng mt cng trnh ring bit trn mng dn
nc. Vic t v chn thit b bo v c phi c s ng ca c quan thu
sn.
c php khng t thit b bo v c trong cc trng hp:
-
Cng trnh thu kiu thm.
Hng thu nc t ngp di sng v tc dng chy ca sng khi i qua

hng thu v ma cn ln gp 3 ln tc nc chy vo hng thu.
w
.v
5.81.
i vi cng trnh thu nc sng min ni hoc trung du phi gii quyt vic vn
chuyn cc vt cng vng qua cng trnh thu bng cch:
ol
d
5.78.
- p dng nc.
i vi nhng cng trnh thu nc c cng sut trung bnh hoc nh nhng con
sng do c nhiu ph sa m vic thu nc gp nhiu kh khn, cng nh trong
trng hp khng th t cng trnh thu nc lng sng v phi m bo giao
thng ng thu, th phi nghin cu kh nng xy dng pha trc cng trnh
thu vnh thu nc st b, cho php ngp nc v ma l, nhng khng tch t ph
sa hoc ct bi.
nc
5.77.
Cng trnh iu ho cc b dng chy hay lng sng tng kh nng thu nc
hoc tng su cc b, lm cho vic vn chuyn ph sa li y sng c tt
hn.
w
w
5.82.
Ti hng thu ca cng trnh thu nc c cng sut nh v vo thi k c ,

song chn rc c thay th bng li chn rc c mt li nh v c d kin
vic ra li bng dng nc ngc.
Kch thc cc b phn ch yu ca cng trnh thu (ca thu nc, li, ng,
mng dn...) cng nh cao trc my bm cn xc nh bng tnh ton thu lc
vi lu lng tnh ton v mc nc thp nht (theo bng 5.2), c xt n vic
ngng mt ng ng ht hoc mt ngn thu sa cha hoc kim tra.
Kch thc ca thu nc xc nh theo tc trung bnh ca nc chy qua song
hoc li chn rc c tnh n yu cu bo v c.
Tc cho php ca nc chy vo ca thu nc (cha k n yu cu bo v c)
trong iu kin thu nc trung bnh v kh khn cn ly nh sau:
- Vo hng thu nc b khng ngp: V = 0,6 - 0,2 m/s
- Vo hng thu nc ngp: V = 0,3 - 0,1 m/s.
Khi c yu cu bo v c (trng hp dng li chn rc phng c mt li 2 - 3
mm t trc ca thu nc) nhng khng k n s phc tp ca iu kin thu
nc trong cc con sng c tc dng chy > 0,4 m/s, th tc cho php ca
nc chy qua ca thu l 0,25 m/s. Nu thu nc dng sng c tc dng chy
khng vt qu 0,4 m/s v thu nc h th ly tc nc chy qua ca thu bng
0,1 m/s.
Ghi ch:
5.83.
Tc quy nh trn y tnh vi tng din tch l ca song hoc li bo v
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c.
-
Trong iu kin thu nc d dng t h nui c, tc cho php c chn tu

theo yu cu bo v c v thit b chn c.
a+c
a
i vi song chn
2
(a + c)
K=
a
i vi li
ol
d
K=
.v
5.84.
i vi cng trnh thu kiu t su, thu nc theo tng lp, tc tnh ton
phi xc nh ring.
Kch thc v din tch ca thu nc xc nh cho tt c cc ngn lm vic ng
thi (tr ngn d phng) theo cng thc:
Q
= 1,25 K
v
(5-1)
- Din tch ca thu ca mt ngn thu (m2)
v - Tc nc chy vo ca thu (m/s), tnh vi din tch thng
thu ca ca.
Q - Lu lng nc tnh ton ca mt ngn thu (m3/s)
K - H s k n s thu hp din tch do cc thanh song chn
hoc li.
nc
5.85.
c - Chiu rng khe h ca song chn hoc li (cm)

a - Chiu dy thanh song chn hoc li (cm)
1,25 - H s tnh n din tch l b thu hp do rc.
Trong cc cng trnh thu nc kiu thm th din tch lp thm cng xc nh theo
1
cng thc (5-1), nhng ly h s K= P trong P l rng ca lp thm, ly
w
.v
bng 0,3-0,5 (i vi lp thm c tng lc l si v dm) v bng 0,25-0,35 (vi

lp thm l b tng rng).
Ghi ch: Khng c p dng cng trnh thu nc kiu thm i vi cng trnh thu
c nh t cc ngun nc b nhim bn m khng m bo vic sa lp thm b
nhim bn.
Cc cng trnh thu phi c bo v khi s xi l bi cc dng chy vng bng
cch xy nn su v gia c y xung quanh cng trnh.
Cng trnh thu phi c bo v khi s ph hoi bi vt ni v neo tu thuyn.
Tu theo bc tin cy t ra i vi h thng cp nc v mc phc tp ca cc
iu kin thu nc, cng trnh thu phi m bo cc phng tin chng s bi
p y. Ch t cng trnh thu phi c ro bng cc phao ni.
Cc cng trnh thu b phi c bo v chng xi l do cc tc dng ca dng
nc v sng bng cch gia c b v y.
Mp di ca thu nc phi t cao hn y sng h ti thiu 0,5m. Mp trn ca
ca thu hay ca cc cng trnh t ngp th phi t thp hn lng trng ca sng
0,3m.
ngp ca ca thu khi thu nc thnh tng lp cn phi xc nh theo tnh ton
i vi n nh phn tng ca khi nc trong h cha.
Khi xy dng cng trnh thu nc cn tnh ton n kh nng nghu s v rong to
lm tc nghn cc b phn thu nc c bin php phng chng (V d Clo
ho,...) theo cc ch dn iu 10.13.
Cho php dng ng dn xi phng cc cng trnh thu nc c bc tin cy cp nc
loi II v loi III. i vi cc cng trnh thu nc thuc bc tin cy cp nc loi I
phi c l do xc ng mi c php dng ng dn xi phng.
5.86.
w
w
5.87.
5.88.
5.89.
5.90.
5.91.
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5.96.
5.95.
5.97.
i vi ng t chy 0,7 - 1,5 m/s.
.v
5.94.
- i vi ng ht 1,2 - 2 m/s.
Trong trng hp ny, tit din ngang ca ng xi phng hay ng t chy c xc
nh theo tc cho php, phi c kim tra v kh nng xi ra cc ht lng
ng trong ng ng.
Mc nc tnh ton ti thiu trong cc ngn thu nc phi xc nh bng tnh ton
thu lc, ng vi cc trng hp:
ol
d
5.93.
ng ng t chy c cc im tho nc phi c thit k bng ng hay mng

ngm lm bng vt liu khng r. (ng btng ct thp, ng gang, mng ngm
btng ct thp).
ng ng dn nc t chy v ng xi phng th di nc cho php dng ng
thp hn thnh ng ni lin c cc mi ni tng cng v c nn n nh.
Phi kim tra ni ca ng t chy v ng xi phng lm bng thp v phi cu to
lp cch ly chng r, khi cn thit phi p dng bin php bo v cathode hay bo
v b mt.
ng ng xi phng v t chy t trong gii hn lng sng phi c bo v mt
ngoi khi s bo mn ca bn ct y v khng b neo tu thuyn lm h hng
bng cch t su chng di y tu theo iu kin thc t nhng phi su t nht
0,5m hoc p bng b tng tm hoc dm c gia c chng xi l.
Kch thc tit din ca ng ht v ng xi phng t chy phi xc nh bng tnh
ton thu lc i vi ch lm vic bnh thng ca cng trnh thu theo cc tr s
tc sau y:
Mc nc ti thiu trong ngun nc.
Khi mt ngn ca cng trnh thu nc khng lm vic.
nc
5.92.
- Khi xut hin cc iu kin bt li khc (tc li chn rc, tc ng dn)

Ghi ch:
w
.v
Khi thy c kh nng lm tc ng dn bi nghu s th cn tnh ton tn tht trn

ng ng dn vi tr s nhm bng 0,02 - 0,04.
w
w
5.98.
Khi ng dn xi phng c chiu di ln phi d kin t thit b m t t van x

ti my bm.
Chn li lm sch s b nc ngun phi ch n c im cu sng h
cha nc v cng sut ca cng trnh thu.
Trong iu kin sng h b nhim bn mc trung bnh, nghim trng v rt
nghim trng m cng sut thu nc ln hn 1 m3/s th phi dng li quay.
Din tch cng tc ca li phng hay li quay phi xc nh theo mc nc ti
thiu trong ngn t li v tc qua mt li v c chn nh sau:
5.99.
a. Khng ln hn 0,6 m/s trong trng hp c c th i vo ngn t li.

b. 0,8 - 1,2 m/s khi c thit b ngn c pha ngoi ngn thu t b.
5.100. i vi cng trnh thu buc phi dng my bm li tm trc ng th phi chn s
lng ca chng l t nht.
i vi cng trnh thu cng sut nh cho php dng cc my bm ging.
5.101. c th tng cng sut ca cng trnh thu phi c d kin t trong trm bm mt
t my bm b sung hoc thay th bng my bm c cng sut ln hn cng nh
phi c d kin t trc vo trm bm cc on ng lng c th u thm vo
trm cc ng xi phng hoc t chy...
5.102. Trm bm (t mt) ca cc cng trnh thu phi thit k theo ch dn nu trong
Mc 7.
Khi thit k trm bm phi c d kin t bm thot nc d r bm ht bn t cc
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ngn thu nc v bm ra li (trong trng hp khng th dng nc ly t cc

ng ng p lc).
6.
LM SCH V X L NC
CH DN CHUNG
6.4.
6.5.
.v
w
w
6.6.
ol
d
6.3.
nc
6.2.
Phng php x l nc, thnh phn v cc thng s tnh ton cng trnh, liu lng
tnh ton cc ho cht phi xc nh theo: Cht lng nc ngun, chc nng ca h
thng cp nc, cng sut trm x l nc, iu kin a phng, iu kin kinh t
k thut v da vo nhng s liu nghin cu cng ngh v vn hnh nhng cng
trnh lm vic trong iu kin tng t. i vi nhng cng trnh x l nc c
cng sut ln, hoc cht lng ngun nc phc tp, cn phi lp m hnh th
nghim xc nh dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc v cc thng s k thut cn
thit.
Khi la chn cc phng php x l ho hc phi tun theo ch dn iu 6.1.
tnh ton s b, c th ly theo bng 6.1.
Khi thit k trm x l nc cn cn nhc vic dng li nc ra lc. Nc ra lc,
nc x t b lng, nc thi t nh ho cht, t cc cng trnh ph tr khng c
x trc tip ra sng h dng lm ngun cp nc m phi a vo cc cng trnh
cha x l trc khi thi ra ngun tip nhn hoc thu hi li. Vic x nc thi
ca cc nh my x l nc sau khi x l vo ngun tip nhn phi tun th
nhng yu cu ca cc c quan bo v mi trng.
kim tra qa trnh cng ngh x l v kh trng nc, trc v sau mi cng
trnh (b trn, b lng, b lc, b cha, trm bm...) u phi t thit b ly mu
nc phn tch.
Phn loi cc ngun nc mt nh sau:
a) Theo hm lng cn:
- Nc t c: n 50 mg/l
- Nc c va: t 50 mg/l n 250 mg/l
- Nc c: t 250 mg/l n 1500 mg/l
- Nc rt c: trn 1500 mg/l
b) Theo mu
- Nc t mu: di 35 TCU
- Nc c mu trung bnh: 35 TCU n 120 TCU
- Nc c mu cao: ln hn 120 TCU
Cng sut tnh ton cc cng trnh lm sch phi tnh cho ngy dng nc nhiu nht
cng vi lu lng nc dng ring cho trm; ng thi phi kim tra iu kin lm
vic tng cng m bo lng nc b sung khi c chy.
Lu lng nc dng ring cho trm lm trong, kh mu, trm kh st,... ly bng 3
- 4% lng nc cp cho h tiu th nu c dng li nc ra b lc; Ly bng 5 10% khi khng dng li nc ra lc. i vi trm lm mm v kh mui th ly
bng 20 - 30% v phi xc nh chnh xc li bng tnh ton.
Trm lm sch v x l nc phi tnh cho iu kin lm vic iu ho sut ngy
m vi kh nng ngng tng cng trnh kim tra, thau ra v sa cha. i vi
trm cng sut n 3000 m3/ngy th c php lm vic mt phn ngy m.
w
.v
6.1.
6.7.
6.8.
Bng 6.1
Ch tiu
cht lng nc
Nc c c ln
Phng php
x l ho hc
Keo t, ph tr keo t
Ho cht s dng
Phm nhm, phn st; cht
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.v
ph tr keo t (axit siliic hot

tnh, poliacrilamit )
Nc c mu cao, c nhiu Ozn ho trc, clo ho,
Ozn, clo dioxide, phn
cht hu c v ph du sinh vt keo t, ph tr keo t, kim nhm, phn st; cht ph tr
ho
keo t (poliacrilamit, axit
siliic hot tnh); vi, xt,
sa
kim thp lm kh khn
Kim ho
Vi, xt, s a
cho vic keo t.
C mi v v
Ozn ho, clo ho, hp ph Ozn, clo dioxide, than hot
qua than hot tnh
tnh,
Nc c nhiu mui cng
Lm mm bng vi - xa, Vi, s a, mui n, axt
trao i ion, thm thu
sunfuric
ngc
Hm lng mui cao hn tiu Trao i ion, in phn,
Axt sunfurc, xt
chun
chng ct, thm thu ngc
Clo ho. Lm thong
Phn ng xy ho - kh
Lm thong, xy ho, kim

ho, keo t, trao i cation
Vi, xt, sa
axt sunfuric, pht pht natri.

Clo, clo dioxite, clojaven
ozn
Clo, clojaven, clo dioxide,
ozn, kali permanganate, vi,
xt, sa, cht keo t
w
.v
6.9.
nc
Nc khng n nh, c ch s Kim ho

bo ho m
Nc khng n nh, c ch s Axt ho, pht pht ho
bo ho dng
Nc c vi trng
Clo ho, ozn ho
Nc c nhiu st
NaOCl
Natri thiosunfite, Hyrazin
ol
d
C hyr sunfua (H2S)

Nhiu oxi ho tan
Cc cng trnh cng ngh ch yu ca trm x l nc nn ly theo bng 6.2 v ch

dn iu 6.1
w
w
Bng 6.2
Thnh phn cc cng trnh

ch yu
X l nc c dng phn:
1- Lc mt t
a. Lc p lc
b. Lc h
2- Lng ng - lc nhanh
3. Lng ngang - lc nhanh
4. Lc hai t. t I lc tip
xc; t II lc nhanh
5. Lng trong c lp cn l lng
- Lc nhanh
6. Lng hai bc, lc nhanh
7. Lc tip xc
iu kin s dng
Cht lng nc ngun
Cng sut ca
trm
Cht l lng
mu
3
/ngy
m
(mg/l)
()
n 30
n 30
n 1.500
n 1.500
n 300
n 50
n 50
120
120
120
n 3.000
n 5.000
n 5.000
> 30.000
bt k
50 n 1.500
120
bt k
>1.500
n 100
120
120
bt k
bt k
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n 80
120
bt k
n 1000
120
bt k
n 50
n 1000
n 150
120
120
120
bt k
bt k
bt k
Fe < 5 mg/l;
pH 7;
H2S < 0,2 mg/l
Fe < 10 mg/;l
pH 6,8;
H2S < 0,2 mg/l
Nh im 15
120
bt k
bt k
120
bt k
120
bt k
Nh im 14
pH < 6,8;
kim thp;
St dng keo;
dng hu c ;
Hm lng Fe ln
120
120
< 3.000
Bt k
nc
16. Lm thong cng bc (qut

gi) Lc nhanh
17. My nn kh - Lc p lc
18. Lm thong t nhin hoc
cng bc - Pha ho cht - Lng
- Lc nhanh
120
.v
15. Lm thong t nhin - Lng

tip xc - Lc nhanh
n 1.500
ol
d
8. Lng ngang hoc lng trong

c lp cn l lng lm sch
mt phn
9. Lc ht ln lm sch mt
phn
10. Lng lp mng Lc nhanh
X l nc khng dng phn:
11. Lc chm.
12. Lc s b - Lc chm
13. Lc ht ln lm sch mt
phn
X l nc c st:
14. Phun ma - Lc mt t
Ghi ch:
w
.v
1. Trong ct cht l lng l tng lng cn ti a k c do pha cht phn ng vo nc

v do qu trnh thu phn phn to ra.
2. Khi chn thnh phn cc cng trnh trong dy truyn cng ngh cn xt n s liu
theo di nhiu nm v s thay i cht lng nc ngun trong nm v khong thi
gian c hm lng cn v mu cao nht.
w
w
3. B lng trong c lp cn l lng ch p dng khi nc a vo cng trnh c lu lng

iu ho hoc thay i dn dn trong phm vi khng qu 15% trong 1 gi, v nhit
nc a vo thay i khng qu 1C trong 1 gi.
4. Khi x l nc rt c, lm sch s b c th dng b lng ngang, h lng t nhin

hay cc cng trnh khc.
5. Ti cc cng trnh thu nc v lm sch nc cn phi t li vi c mt li 5 7mm loi tr rc ni l lng trong dng nc. Khi lng ph du sinh vt trong
nc vt qu 1000 con/ml th ngoi li phng hoc li quay ti cng trnh thu
nc nn b tr thm microphin.
CHUN B HO CHT
6.10.
Liu lng ho cht c tnh ton theo cc thi k trong nm ph thuc vocht
lng ngun nc th v s c iu chnh chnh xc khi vn hnh nh my sao
cho hm lng ho cht cn li trong nc sau x l nm trong phm vi cho php
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theo Tiu chun v sinh i vi cht lng nc n ung v sinh hot (Ph lc
6).
6.11.
Liu lng phn tnh theo Al2(SO4)3, FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)3. Sn phm khng cha
nc c chn s b nh sau:
a. X l nc c (theo bng 6.3)
b. Khi x l nc c mu tnh theo cng thc:
Pp = 4 M (mg/l)
(6-1)
Trong
- Pp: Liu lng phn tnh theo sn phm khng cha nc.
- M: mu ca nc ngun tnh bng theo thang mu Platin-Cban.
.v
Ghi ch: Trong trng hp ngun nc th va c va c mu th lng phn

c xc nh theo bng 6.3 v theo cng thc (6-1) ri chn ly gi tr ln nht.
Hm lng cn (mg/l)
w
.v
Ghi ch:
Liu lng phn khng cha nc

dng x l nc c (mg/l)
25 - 35
30 - 40
35 - 45
45 - 50
50 - 60
60 - 70
70 - 80
nc
n 100
101 - 200
201 - 400
401 - 600
601 - 800
801 - 1.000
1.001 - 1.500
ol
d
Bng 6.3. Liu lng phn x l nc
1. Tr s nh dng cho nc c nhiu cn ln

2. Khi dng b lc tip xc hay b lc lm vic theo nguyn l keo t trong lp vt liu
th lng phn ly nh hn cc tr s bng 6.3 v cng thc 6.1 khong 10 - 15%.
Liu lng cht ph tr keo t nn ly nh sau;
a) Poliacrylamid (PAA):
- Khi cho vo nc trc b lng hoc b lng trong c lp cn l lng, ly theo
bng 6.4.
- Khi cho vo nc trc b lc s lng 2 bc ly bng 0,05 - 0,1 mg/l
- Khi cho vo trc b lc tip xc hay b lc s lc 1 t ly bng 0,2 - 0,6
mg/l.
b) axt silic hot tnh (theo SiO2)
- khi cho vo nc trc b lng hay b lng trong c lp cn l lng ly bng 2 - 3
mg/l.
- Khi cho vo nc trc b lc s lm sch 2 bc ly bng 0,2 - 0,5 mg/l.
- Khi cho vo nc trc b lc tip xc hay b lc s lm sch mt bc ly
bng 1 3 mg/l.
w
w
6.12.
6.13.
Liu lng ho cht cha Clo (theo Clo hot tnh) khi Clo ho trc xc tin qu
trnh keo t, qu trnh kh mu v kh trng, cng nh m bo yu cu v sinh
cho cc cng trnh cn ly bng 2 - 6mg/l.
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Bng 6.4. Liu lng PAA cho vo nc

Lng PAA khng cha
nc (mg/l)
n 10
11 n 100
101 - 500
500 - 1.500
> 50
30 - 100
20 - 60
-
1 - 1,5
0,3 - 0,6
0,2 - 0,5
0,2 - 1
Khi trong nc ngun c Phnol cn phi cho amonic hoc mui amni (tnh
theo NH3) vi liu lng bng 20 - 25% liu lng Clo, trc khi Clo ho nc.
Liu lng ho cht kim ho DK(mg/l) cn xc nh theo cng thc:
Pp
e k + 1
(6-2)
DK = K
Trong
+ PP: Liu lng phn ln nht trong thi gian kim ho (mg/l)
+ e: ng lng ca phn (khng cha nc) tnh bng mgl/l.
i vi Al2(SO4)3
e = 57
e = 54
FeCl3
Fe2(SO4)3
e = 67
+ k: kim nh nht ca nc tnh bng mgl/l
+ K: ng lng gam ca cht kim ho
i vi vi (theo CaO)
K =28
i vi Sa (Na2CO3)
K = 53
kh v v mi c th s dng thm cc ho cht sau:
a. Than hot tnh dng bt
b. Kali Pecmanganat
c. zn
w
.v
6.16.
nc
ol
d
6.15.
mu ()
.v
6.14.
Hm lng cn (mg/l)
Liu lng cc ho cht trn xc nh theo thc nghim
w
w
Ghi ch: Khi x l nc b nhim bn nng, c th dng phi hp zn, hoc

Kali Pecmanganat v than hot tnh, lc than hot tnh cho vo nc sau khi
cho Kali Permanganat hoc zn.
Trnh t cho ho cht vo nc v khong cch thi gian gia nhng ln cho cc
ho cht ly theo bng 6.5.
6.17.
Nu khng th m bo khong cch thi gian cn thit gia nhng ln cho ho

cht vo ng ng dn nc th trc trm lm sch v trong b trn th cho
php t b trn v b tip xc ph, nhng cu to ca chng khng c php
cho ho cht cho vo nc di dng huyn ph b lng xung.
Bng 6.5
c im
nc ngun
1. Khi khng
c mi v
Ho cht x l
Clo, phn
Trnh t cho ho cht vo nc

u tin cho clo, sau 1 - 3 pht cho phn.
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3. C hm
lng cht hu
c cao, c mi
v nhng
khng c
phenol
Phn, zn
Phn; zn trc hoc sau b lc.
a) Clo, hoc KMnO4
u tin pha clo hoc KMnO4. 2 - 3 pht sau

th pha phn.
b) Clo, than hot

tnh, phn
a) Pha clo u tin, sau 10 - 15 pht cho than

hot tnh, sau 2 - 3 pht pha phn.
b) u tin pha clo, sau 1 - 3 pht pha phn,
than hot tnh vi liu lng n 5 mg/l trc
b lc.
2. C mi, v
v c mi
Clophenol
d) Amnic, clo
KMnO4, phn.
Phn; zn trc hoc sau b lc.

KMnO4, sau 1 - 3 pht cho phn.
ol
d
c) KMnO4, phn
Amnic, sau 2 - 3 pht pha Clo, sau 1 - 3 pht

na pha phn.
.v
3 -Nh trn, c a) Amnic, clo,

mi clophenol phn
khi clo ho.
b) Phn, zn
KMnO4, sau 2 - 3 pht than hot tnh, sau 1 - 3

pht na cho phn.
nc
e. KMnO4, clo, than

hot tnh, phn.
Amnic, sau 2 - 3 pht pha clo, sau 10 pht

KMnO4, sau 1 - 3 pht cho phn.
Ghi ch:
1. Khi kim khng keo t phi cho thm vi hoc xa ng thi vi phn.
w
.v
2. kh trng phi cho clo vo nc lc.
3. Cht ph tr keo t cho vo nc sau khi cho phn 2 - 3 pht.

4. kh v v mi, cho php dng b lc vi lp lc bng than hot tnh dng ht (t
sau b lc lm trong nc) hoc dng b lc 2 lp: lp trn l tham hot tnh.
w
w
5. Phi d tnh n kh nng thay i thi gian tip xc v ho trn nc vi ho cht.

6.18.
6.19.
Ho cht cn c iu ch v nh lng di dng dung dch hay huyn ph.

Vic nh lng ho cht phi m bo chnh xc bng 5% liu lng
nh. S thit b nh lng cn phi ly theo s im cho ho cht vo nc,
nhng khng nh hn 2 (1 d phng).
Ghi ch:
1. c php nh lng ho cht dng kh trong trng hp c bit.
2. Cc thit b nh lng cn t ni d quan st, nh sng v phi c dng
c kim tra.
Trc khi cho vo nc, cc cht phn ng phi ho thnh dung dch qua cc giai
on ho tan, iu chnh nng ri cha trong cc b (hoc thng) tiu th.
a. Dung tch b ho trn tnh theo cng thc:
W1 =
q.n.p
(m 3 )
10.000 b h .
(6-3)
Trong :
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w
.v
nc
6.22.
.v
6.21.
ol
d
6.20.
q: Lu lng nc x l (m3/h)
p: Liu lng ho cht d tnh cho vo nc (g/m3)
n: S gi gia 2 ln ho tan i vi trm cng sut:
n 1200 m3/ngy; n = 24 gi
1200 -10.000 m3/ngy; n = 12 gi
10.000 -50.000 m3/ngy; n = 8 - 12 gi
> 50.000 m3/ngy; n = 6 - 8 gi
bh: Nng dung dch ho cht trong thng ho trn tnh bng %.
: Khi lng ring ca dung dch ly bng 1T/m3.
b.Dung tch b tiu th tnh theo cng thc:
W .b
W 2 = 1 h (m 3 )
bt
(6-4)
Trong : bt = Nng dung dch ho cht trong thng tiu th, tnh bng %.
Nng dung dch phn trong b ho trn ly bng 10 - 17%; trong b tiu th 410% tnh theo sn phm khng ngm nc.
Cu to b ho tan phi m bo kh nng dng phn sch v phn khng sch. S
b tiu th khng c nh hn 2, s b ho tan cn chn tu theo phng php
vn chuyn phn n trm x l, loi phn cng nh thi gian ho tan phn.
ho tan phn cc v trn dung dch phn trong b nu dng khng kh p th
cn ly cng tiu chun nh sau:
- ho tan phn: 8 - 10l /s.m2.
- trn u khi pha long n nng cn thit trong b tiu th: 3 - 5 l/s.m2.
phn phi khng kh cn dng ng c l bng vt liu chu axt.
Tc khng kh trong ng phi ly bng 10 - 15 m/s. Tc khng kh qua l
bng 20 - 30 m/s. ng knh l 3 4 mm; l phi hng xung di, p lc
khng kh p ly t 1 - 1,5 at.
Cho php s dng my khuy hoc bm tun hon ho tan phn bt v trn
dung dch phn. Khi dng my khuy s cnh qut khng c nh hn 2, s vng
quay ly bng 20 - 30 vng/pht. i vi trm x l cng sut di 500 m3/ngy
c th ho trn phn bng phng php th cng.
B ho tan v trn phn phi c thit k vi tng y nghing mt gc 45-50
so vi mt phng nm ngang. x cn v x kit b phi b tr ng c ng
knh khng nh hn 150mm.
Khi dng phn cc trong b ho trn phi t ghi c th tho d, khe h ca ghi 10
- 15mm.
Khi dng phn bt trn ghi phi t li c kch thc l l 2mm. ra cn v
ho tan phn phn b di ghi (phn t ng thu nc) cn phn c thit b
cho nc v khng kh vo b.
y b tiu th phi c dc khng nh hn 0,005 v pha ng x. ng x phi
c ng knh khng nh hn 100 mm. ng dn dung dch iu ch phi t
cch y 100 - 200mm. Khi dng phn khng sch phi ly dung dch phn lp
trn bng ng mm.
Mt trong b ho trn v tiu th phi c bo v bng lp vt liu chu axt
chng tc dng n mn ca dung dch phn.
Khi dng phn st dng dung dch th c th cho ngay vo thng trn ri iu
chnh nng . Khi dng phn st kh th phn trn ca b ho trn phi t ghi
v dng tia nc phun ho tan. Cc b ny phi t trong mt phng ring c
thng hi tt.
bm dung dch phn phi dng bm chu c axit hoc Eject.
Tt c ng ng ho cht phi lm bng vt liu chu axit. Kt cu ng dn ho
cht phi m bo kh nng sc ra nhanh.
w
w
6.23.
6.24.
6.25.
6.26.
6.27.
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6.29.
6.30.
6.31.
6.35.
w
.v
6.36.
nc
6.34.
ol
d
.v
6.32
6.33.
Polyacrylamid phi dng dng dung dch c nng 0,1-0,5%.

iu ch dung dch polyacrylamid (PAA) dng gel phi tin hnh trong b c my
khuy cnh qut v s vng quay ca trc 800-1000 vng/pht. Khuy lin tc
trong 25 n 40 pht. i vi PAA dng kh, thi gian khuy trn l 2 gi v nng
ca dung dch 0,5-1%.
S lng my khuy cng nh th tch b tiu th phi xc nh theo thi hn d
tr dung dch PAA khng qu 2 ngy khi nng 0,1-0,3%; khng qu 7 ngy khi
nng l 0,4-0,6% v khng qua 15 ngy khi nng t 0,7-1%.
iu ch dung dch axit silic hot tnh (AK) c thc hin bng cch x l thu
tinh lng vi dung dch nhm sunfat hoc clo.
Vic hot ho bng dung dch nhm sunfat tin hnh trong thit b hot ng lin
tc hay hot ng nh k. Cch tnh ton thit b iu ch axit silic hot tnh
c trnh by Ph lc 7.
kim ho v n nh nc phi dng vi; xt hoc sa.
Khi chn s cng ngh ca qu trnh chun b vi phi xt n cht lng v
dng sn phm ca vi do nh my sn xut, nhu cu v vi, v tr cho vi vo
nc
Ghi ch: Khi lng vi s dng di 50 kg/ngy (theo CaO) th c php dng s
s dng dung dch vi gm c kho d tr t, thit b ly vi ti, thng bo ho
2 ln v thit b nh lng.
S b cha vi sa hoc dung dch vi khng t hn 2, Nng vi sa trong b
tiu th ly khng qu 5% theo CaO.
Khi x l n nh nc, ho cht s dng khng c cha cht bn v cht c
hi.
lm sch vi sa khi x l n nh nc phi dng b lng ng hoc siclon
thu lc. Tc dng sa vi i ln trong b lng ng ly bng 2 mm/s.
trn lin tc vi sa c th s dng mt trong cc bin php sau: Thu lc (my
bm vi tun hon), my khuy hoc khng kh nn.
Khi trn thu lc, tc i ln ca vi sa trong b ly khng nh hn 5mm/s. B
cn c y hnh chp, gc nghing khng nh hn 45 v ng x c ng knh
100mm.
Khi trn bng khng kh nn cng tiu chun cn ly bng 8-10l/s.m2, p lc
kh nn ly t 1-1,5at.
Tc khuy bng my khng nh hn 40vng/pht.
ng knh ng dn vi sa xc nh nh sau:
6.28.
6.37.
ng p lc dn sn phm sch khng nh hn 25mm, dn sn phm khng sch

khng nh hn 50mm.
w
w
6.38.
6.39.
ng t chy ly khng nh hn 50mm. Tc vi sa chy trong ng khng

nh hn 0,8m/s. Ch ngot trn ng ng dn vi sa phi c bn knh cong
khng nh hn 5D (D l ng knh ng).
ng ng p lc thit k vi dc v pha my bm khng nh hn 0,02, ng t
chy phi c dc khng nh hn 0,03 v pha ming x. Phi d kin kh nng
thau ra v tho d cc ng ng ny thun tin.
chuyn vi sa phi dng my bm chuyn dng. Bm phi t di mc nc.
Khng t van 1 chiu.
Cng sut thng bo ho 2 ln ch dung dch vi phi xc nh t lu lng vi
tnh ton v ho tan ca vi ly theo bng 6.6.
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Bng 6.6
Nhit nc
ho tan ca vi g/m3 tnh theo CaO
5
1.430
10
1.330
20
1.230
30
1.120
Dung tch thng bo ho W0 (m3) xc nh theo cng thc:

Trong :
W0 = K1.K2.Qc
(6-5)
Qc: Cng sut ca thng bo ho (m3/h)
K1: H s ph thuc nhit ca nc c bo ho ly theo bng 6.7.
K2: H s ph thuc t s gia cng canxi vi cng ton phn.
K2 = 1, khi cng canxi ln hn 70% cng ton phn .
K2 = 1,3, khi cng canxi nh hn 70% cng ton phn.
Din tch ngn lng ca thng bo ho phi c kim tra vi tc i ln

ca cht lng ghi trong bng 6.7
Bng 6.7.
5
7
0,15
nc
Ch tiu
ol
d
.v
30
4
0,33
w
.v
H s K1
Tc cho php ca cht lng ngn lng ca
thng bo ho (mm/s)
Nhit nc, C
10
20
6
5
0,2
0,26
6.40.
6.41.
w
w
6.42.
Nng dung dch sa ly bng 5-8%. nh lng dung dch sa cn theo

ch dn iu 6.18.
nh lng than dng nho phi tm t than vi nc trong thi gian 1
gi trong b trn bng thu lc hay c gii. My bm trn v chuyn bt
than nho phi chu c tc dng mi mn ca than. Nng bt than ly
bng 5-10%.
ng dn bt than nho cn tnh ton vi tc khng nh hn 1,5 m/s. Trn
ng phi c l thm c ra. Ch ngot phi c bn knh v c dc theo
ch dn iu 6.37.
Cu to thit b nh lng dung dch phi m bo khuy trn thu lc v gi
nng bt than nho mc c nh trong thit b.
Thit b cha, pha, nh lng bt than phi c thng gi cc b v c bin
php chng chy an ton.
Dung tch b iu ch dung dch Kali Permanganat KMnO4 phi xc nh xut
pht t nng lm vic ca dung dch 0,5-2% (theo sn phm th trng).
Trong thi gian ho tan hon ton ho cht phi ly bng 4-6 gi khi nhit
nc di 20C v bng 2-3 gi khi nhit nc bng 40C.
S b ho tan Kali Permanganat (ng thi cng l b tiu th) khng c t
hn 2 (mt d phng)
nh lng dung dch Kali Permanganat phi s dng thit b nh lng
dng cho dung dch lng trong v chu c n mn.
6.43.
6.44.
6.45.
6.46.
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LI QUAY V MICRPHIN
6.47.
6.48.
Li quay dng tch vt ni v cht l lng. Micrphin dng tch rong

to v ph du sinh vt ra khi nc.
Li quay c c mt li 5-7mm t cng trnh thu nc. Micrphin phi
t ti trm lm sch. Khi c l do th c php t cng trnh thu nc.
S li v Micrphin d phng quy nh nh sau:
Khi c t 1-5 ci lm vic th d phng 1 ci
Khi c t 6-10 ci lm vic th d phng 1-2 ci
.v
6.50.
Khi c nhiu hn 11 ci lm vic th d phng 2-3 ci.

Li v Micrphin phi c t trong cc ngn. Trong ngn cho php t 2
ci, nu s ci lm vic ln hn 5. Phi ra li quay v Microphin khi
chnh mc nc trc v sau li t n 10 cm.
Ra li v Micrphin cn thc hin bng dng nc p lc, phun qua li
theo hng ngc chiu vi dng nc. Vi mc ch cn c ng ng
dn c p lc khng nh hn 1,5 bar.
Lu lng nc ra li bng 0,5%; ra micrphin ly bng 2% lu
lng nc dn vo trm.
H thng ng dn nc ra v thot nc ra phi tnh vi lu lng ti a
bng 3% cng sut i vi li v bng 5% cng sut i vi Micrphin.
THIT B TRN
w
.v
6.52.
Thit b trn phi m bo trn ho cht vo nc ng trnh t cn thit v

thi gian, cng nh m bo phn phi u v nhanh ho cht trong nc x
l.
trn ho cht vi nc c th s dng cc thit b trn bng thu lc (b
trn c tm chn khoan l, b trn c tm chn ngang, b trn ng, vnh chn,
ng venturi).
Cho php trn ho cht vi nc trong ng dn v my bm nc n cng
trnh lm sch. Chiu di on ng trn phi xc nh bng tnh ton; tn tht
p lc trong on ng k c tn tht cc b khng c nh hn 0,3-0,4m.
Ghi ch:
nc
6.51.
ol
d
6.49.
w
w
1. Kt cu b trn khng c cn v ho cht cho vo nc di dng

huyn ph b lng xung; khng nc b bo ho bi bt khng kh.
2. Cho php s dng thit b trn c gii.
3. Cho php s dng my bm trn cc ho cht khng c tc dng ph

hoi my bm.
6.53.
6.54.
6.55.
4. trn vi phi dng b trn ng.

B trn c tm chn khoan l, b trn c tm chn ngang, b trn ng phi c
t nht 2 ngn vi thi gian nc lu li khng qu 2 pht; trong b c tm
khoan l v tm chn ngang phi d kin kh nng tho vch ra.
Khng cn thit k b d phng, nhng cn c ng ng dn tt khng qua b
trn.
B trn c tm chn khoan l phi c 3 vch ngn khoan l, tc nc chy
qua l ly bng 1m/s. Mp trn ca hng l trn cng phi ngp su di nc
10-15cm. T s gia din tch cc l v din tch vch ngn c th ly t 3035%.
B trn c tm chn t trong mng ch nht to ra chuyn ng ngot ca
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dng nc theo chiu ng v chiu ngang. S ln ngot ly t 6 n 10. Tn

tht p lc qua mt ln ngot ly theo cng thc:
h=
v2
2g
Trong :
- l h s tn tht ly bng 2,9.
- v l tc nc trong b trn ly bng 0,5-0,7 m/s.
6.59.
ol
d
6.58.
NGN TCH KH
Ngn tch kh cn c thit k khi s dng b lng c ngn phn ng t bn

trong; b lng trong c lp cn l lng v b lc tip xc.
Din tch ngn tch kh phi xc nh bng tnh ton vi tc nc i xung
khng ln hn 0,05 m/s v thi gian nc lu khng nh hn 1 pht.
Ngn tch kh c th thit k chung cho tt c cc cng trnh hoc thit k ring
cho tng cng trnh.
Trong nhng trng hp kt cu b trn m bo tch c bt kh v trn
ng nc i t b trn n cng trnh khc trnh c khng kh lt vo nc
th khng phi thit k ngn tch kh.
w
w
w
.v
6.60.
nc
6.57.
.v
6.56.
- g l gia tc trng trng ly bng 9,8 m/s2.

B trn ng, hnh dng mt bng c th trn hay vung. Phn di c cu to
hnh nn hay chp vi y 30-40 v cho nc chy t di ln.
Khi tnh ton phi ly tc nc ra khi ng dn vo y b bng 1-1,5 m/s.
Tc ch thu nc pha trn bng 25 mm/s. Vic thu nc c th thc hin
bng dn ng hoc mng c khoan l. Tc nc cui ng hoc mng thu
ly bng 0,6 m/s.
Trong b trn h phi c ng trn v c ng tho v x cn. Khi xc nh
chiu cao b v v tr t ng phi xt yu cu theo iu 6.54 v 6.55.
Khi dng b trn kn, ng trn phi t trong ngn cha nc vo, ngn to
bng kt ta hoc nhng cng trnh khc gn b trn.
Tn tht p lc trong thit b trn kiu vnh chn cn ly bng 0,3-0,4m. Trong
b trn c kh, thi gian lu nc ly t 45 n 90 giy. Cng khuy trn
theo gradient tc t 500 - 1.500 s-1.
ng ng dn nc t b trn sang ngn kt bng, sang b lng trong c lp
cn l lng hay b lc tip xc cn tnh vi tc nc chy trong ng t 0,81m/s v thi gian nc lu li trong ng khng qu 2 pht.
B LNG, NGN KT BNG, B LNG TRONG C LP CN L LNG

6.61.
6.62.
B lng v b lng trong c lp cn l lng c s dng lng cn trc khi a

nc vo b lc hoc a thng n ni dng nc cho nhu cu sn xut.
Hm lng cn trong nc sau b lng v b lng trong khng vt qa 10 mg/l.
Trng hp c bit c th n 12 mg/l.
Khi lm trong nc trong cc b lng, trong thnh phn cc cng trnh lm sch
phi c ngn kt bng t st hay t bn trong b lng.
Cc thng s tnh ton ngn kt bng ly theo ch dn cc iu 6.80 - 6.83.
Ghi ch:
1. Khi s dng b lng trong c lp cn l lng cng nh khi s dng b lc
tip xc th khng cn c ngn kt bng.
2. Khi s dng ngn kt bng t st bn cnh hay t ring r, tc nc
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6.63.
trong ng hay mng a nc ra khng c ln hn 0,1 m/s i vi nc

c v 0,05 m/s i vi nc c mu.
Khi s lng b lng hoc b lng trong t hn 6 th cn c 1 b d phng.
B LNG NG
B lng ng c s dng cho nhng trm x l c cng sut n 5.000m3/ngy.
Trong b lng ng phi c vng lng, vng cha v p cn, ng thi phi c ngn
phn ng kiu xoy hoc ngn phn ng kiu c kh t gia b. Nc i vo
ngn phn ng qua ng phun theo hng tip tuyn. phn di ngn phn ng
phi c khung chn kch thc 0,5x0,5m; cao 0,8m loi b chuyn ng xoy
ca nc. Cng khuy trn trong ngn phn ng c kh tnh theo gradient tc
ly t 30 s-1 i vi nc c mu v n 70 s-1 i vi nc c.
Tn tht p lc trong ng phun ca ngn phn ng xoy xc nh theo cng thc:
h = 0,06Vtt2
(6-6)
Trong :
-
.v
6.64.
6.65.
h: Tn tht p lc trong ng phun tnh bng mt
F =
Trong :
q
(m 2 )
3,6.Vtt N
(6-7)
nc
6.66.
Vtt: Tc nc phun ra u ming phun ly bng 2-3m/s. Ming phun phi

t cch thnh bung phn ng xoy 0,2D. (D l ng knh bung) v ngp su
di mt nc 0,5m.
Din tch tit din ngang vng lng ca b lng ng c xc nh theo cng thc:
ol
d
Q: Lu lng nc tnh ton (m3/h)
Vtt: Tc tnh ton ca dng nc i ln bng mm/s.
Tc ny khng c ln hn tc lng ca cn ghi trong bng 6.9; iu

6.71
N: S b lng.
w
.v
b: H s k n vic s dng dung tch b ly trong gii hn 1,3-1,5 (gii hn

di t s gia ng knh v chiu cao bng 1, gii hn trn t s ny l 1,5).
Din tch ngn phn ng t trong b c xc nh theo cng thc:
q.t
(m 2 )
f =
60.H .N
(6-8)
Trong :
w
w
t: Thi gian lu nc trong ngn phn ng ly bng 15-20 pht.
H: Chiu cao ngn phn ng ly bng 0,9 chiu cao vng lng.
Chiu cao vng lng tu thuc vo cao trnh ca dy chuyn cng ngh c th
ly t 2,6-5 m. T s gia ng knh b lng v chiu cao ca vng lng ly
khng qu 1,5.
Nu vng lng ca b lng ng lp khi lng lp mng to ra cc lng hnh lc
lng, bt gic, hnh trn hoc vung c ng knh tng ng t 5-10 cm, cc
lng di t 0,8-1 m t nghing mt gc 60o so vi phng ngang, khong cch t
nh lng n mp mng thu nc trong ca b lng l chiu cao cng bo v, ly
t 1,2-2 m; th din tch ngang ca vng lng (vng t khi lng lp mng) c
xc nh theo cng thc:
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F=
q 2
(m )
a
(6-9)
Trong :
-
q: Lu lng nc tnh bng m3/h.
a: Ti trng b mt ca b lng i vi nc t c c mu ly t 3-3,5 m3/m2.h;

i vi nc c va ly t 3,6-4,5 m3/m2.h v i vi nc c ly t 4,6-5,5
m3/m2.h.
Phn cha v p cn ca b lng phi xy dng thnh hnh nn hay hnh chp vi
gc to thnh gia cc tng nghing 60-70.
X cn bng thu lc, khi x cn khng phi cho b ngng lm vic. Thi gian lm
vic gia 2 ln x cn T tnh bng gi (h) xc nh theo cng thc:
-
6.68.
T=
Wc. .N.
( h)
q( c m)
6.67.
(6-10)
.v
Trong :
Wc: Dung tch phn cha cn ca b tnh bng m3.
N: S lng b lng
q: Lu lng tnh ton (m3/h)
: Nng trung bnh ca cn nn cht, tnh bng g/m3 tu theo hm lng

cn trong nc v thi gian cha cn trong b, ly theo bng 6.8.
ol
d
nc
C: Nng cn trong nc a vo b lng tnh bng g/m3 xc nh theo cng thc:

C = Cn + KxP + 0,25M + V(mg/l)
(6-11)
Trong :
Cn: Hm lng cn nc ngun (mg/l)
P: Liu lng phn tnh theo sn phm khng cha nc (g/m3)
K: H s vi phn sch ly = 0,5; Vi phn khng sch =1,0; Vi st Clorua =

0,7.
M: mu nc ngun tnh bng (thang mu platin-cban).
V:Liu lng vi (nu c) cho vo nc (mg/l)
w
.v
w
w
- m: Hm lng cn sau khi lng, 10-12 mg/l.

Thi gian lm vic gia 2 ln x cn khng c nh hn 3 gi. Khi hm lng cn
trn 1000 mg/l khng c qu 24 gi.
Lng nc dng cho vic x cn b lng tnh bng phn trm lu lng nc x
l, xc nh theo cng thc:
P=
K K .Wc .N
x100%
q.T
(6-12)
Trong : Kp - H s pha long cn, bng 1,2 - 1,15.
Bng 6.8
Hm lng cn
trong nc ngun
n 50
Nng trung bnh ca cn nn tnh

bng g/m3 sau thi gian
6h
12 h
24 h
9.000
12.000
15.000
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Trn 50 n 100
12.000
16.000
20.000
Trn 100 n 400
20.000
32.000
40.000
Trn 400 n 1.000
35.000
50.000
60.000
Trn 1.000 n 1.500
80.000
100.000
120.000
(Khi x l khng dng phn)
200.000
250.000
300.000
28.000
32.000
35.000
Thu nc lng b lng ng cn thc hin bng mng hng tm hay mng
vng, c l chy ngp dc theo thnh mng hay chy h qua mp trn rng ca.
- Khi din tch b lng n 12 m2 th lm 1 mng vng xung quanh thnh b.
- Khi din tch ln hn th lm thm cc mng hoc ng c c l hnh nan qut
tp trung vo mng chnh. Din tch n 30 m2 lm 4 nhnh, ln hn lm 6-8
nhnh. Nc chy trong ng hoc mng vi tc 0,5-0,6 m/s. Cc mng c l
ngp, ng knh cc l ly bng 20-30 mm, tc nc chy qua l ly bng
1m/s.
ng knh ng x ca b lng ly t 150-200 mm.
B LNG NGANG
Khi thit k b lng ngang phi d kin vic x cn c gii hoc x cn thu lc
(b lng khng ngng lm vic) hay x cn th cng khi tho kh b; vic c ra
tng v y b bng vi phun; vic s dng li nc trong vng lng khi x kit.
Ni chung thng dng b lng ngang 1 tng. Khi cn thit c th lm b lng
ngang nhiu tng.
Tng din tch mt bng ca b lng ngang thu nc b mt phn na cui ca
b cn xc nh theo cng thc:
w
.v
6.70.
nc
ol
d
6.69.
.v
Nh trn, nc c cng Magi ln hn

75% cng ton phn.
Khi lm mm nc (c cng Magi nh

hn 25% cng ton phn) bng vi hoc
vi vi sa.
6.71.
F=
.q
(m 2 )
3,6.U 0
w
w
(6-13)
Trong :
q: Lu lng nc a vo b lng (m3/h)
a: H s s dng th tch ca b lng ly bng 1,3.
U0: Tc ri ca cn trong b lng (mm/s).
U0 c xc nh theo ti liu th nghim hay theo kinh nghim qun l cc cng
trnh c trong iu kin tng t ly vo ma khng thun li nht trong nm
vi yu cu hm lng cn ca nc lng khng ln hn 10 mg/l. tnh ton
s b c th ly vn tc theo bng 6.9.
Bng 6.9.
c im nc ngun v phng php x l
Tc ri ca cn U0 (mm/s)
Nc t c, c mu x l bng phn
0,35 - 0,45
Nc c va x l bng phn
0,45 - 0,5
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Nc c x l bng phn
0,5 - 0,6
Nc c, khng x l bng phn
0,08 - 0,15
Ghi ch:
Trong trng hp s dng cht ph tr keo t th cn ly tng tc ri ca
cn ln 15-20%.
Vtb: Tc trung bnh ca dng chy phn u cu b lng, ly bng 6-8

mm/s; 7-10 mm/s; 9-12 mm/s tng ng vi nc t c, c va v c.
Htb: Chiu cao trung bnh ca vng lng (m) ly trong gii hn t 3-4 m tu
theo s chiu cao ca trm c k n ch dn mc 6.107.
B lng phi c vch hng dng chia b thnh nhiu ngn theo chiu dc.
Chiu rng mi ngn khng qu 6m. Khi s ngn nh hn 6 phi cu to 1 ngn
d phng.
i vi b lng x cn bng c gii, dung tch vng cha v nn cn t u
b phi xc nh theo kch thc ca thit b x cn v thi gian hon thnh 1
chu k quay ca my co. i vi b lng x cn bng thu lc, dung tch vng
cha v nn cn Wc c xc nh theo cng thc (6.10) vi thi gian lm vic
gia 2 ln x khng ln hn 6 h, khi x cn bng cch lm kh ri tho cn khi
b khng nh hn 24 h.
Nng trung bnh ca cn khi x l nc c dng phn ly theo bng 6.8 iu
6.68.
i vi b lng x cn bng phng php thu lc ngay di vng lng phi
thit k h thng thu v nn cn bng cc hnh nn hay hnh chp ct y nh
hn 1m2; gc to thnh gia cc tng nghing t 60-70o. tho cn, mi
t 1 ng rt cn, lm vic theo nguyn tc x trc tip hoc x theo xiphng.
u ng t cch y 200 mm; van x t cui ng phi l loi van ng m
tc thi. p lc x cn ly bng chiu cao ct nc tnh t ming x cui ng
n mc nc h xung trong b lng ti thi im cui ca mt ln x.
Vn tc ca cn cui ng hoc mng cn ly khng nh hn 1m/s. Thi gian
x cn t 10-20 pht.
Chiu cao b lng phi ly bng tng chiu cao vng lng, vng cha v nn cn
c ch n yu cu iu 6.107. Chiu cao xy dng phi cao hn mc nc
tnh ton t nht l 0,3m.
Lng nc x khi thau ra v x cn ra khi b phi tnh theo thi gian lm
vic ca b gia 2 ln x cn c k n h s pha long cn. H s ny ly bng
1,3 khi x cn bng cch tho cn b v s dng li nc ca vng lng. Nu
khng s dng li th ly bng t s gia dung tch b lng v dung tch vng
cha nn cn. Khi x cn thu lc th ly h s bng 1,5. Khi x cn bng c kh
ly bng 1,2.
phn phi u trn ton b din tch mt ct ngang ca b lng cn t cc
vch ngn c l u b, cch tng 1-2 m.Vn tc nc qua l vch ngn ly
bng 0,5 m/s.
-
w
.v
nc
6.73.
.v
Chiu di b lng L (m) xc nh theo cng thc:

L=
Htb xVtb
(6-14)
Uo
Trong :
ol
d
6.72.
Khi trong vng lng ca b lng ngang t cc khi lng lp mng dc sut
chiu di b, din tch mt bng vng lng ca b lng ngang tnh theo cng
thc 6.9 v tun th cc iu kin ghi trong iu 6.66.
w
w
6.74.
6.75.
6.76.
6.77.
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6.78.
6.79.
ol
d
6.81.
.v
6.80.
on di ca vch ngn trong phm vi chiu cao 0,3-0,5 m k t mt trn ca

vng cha nn cn khng cn phi khoan l.
y b lng ngang khi x v ra cn bng ng mm phi c dc dc khng
di 0,02 theo hng ngc vi chiu nc chy v dc ngang trong mi
ngn khng nh hn 0,05.
Thi gian x kit b lng khng qu 6h.
Khi dng b lng ngang v b lng lp mng phi d tnh vic thit k b kt
bng kiu vch ngn hoc kiu thng ng c hay khng c lp cn l lng
hoc b kt bng c kh.
B kt bng vch ngn phi thit k cho nc chy ngang hay chy thng ng.
Tc nc chy trong cc hnh lang Vh ly bng 0,2-0,3 m/s u b v bng
0,05-0,1 m/s cui b do b rng hnh lang tng ln.
Thi gian nc lu li trong b kt bng ly bng 20-30 pht (gii hn trn cho
nc c mu, gii hn di cho nc c).
Chiu rng hnh lang khng c nh hn 0,7m. Nu c l do c bit cho
php dng b kt bng 2 tng.
Tn tht p lc trong b kt bng vch ngn hk cn xc nh theo cng thc:
hk = 0,15. Vh2.S (m)
(6-15)
Trong :
Vh: Vn tc nc chy trong cc hnh lang, m/s.
w
.v
nc
6.82
S: S ch ngot ca dng nc trong b ly bng 8-10.

B kt bng thng ng khng c lp cn l lng phi thit k vi tng thng
ng hoc tng nghing (gc nghing gia 2 tng cn ly trong khong t
50-70 tu theo chiu cao ca b. Thi gian nc lu trong b cn ly bng 6-10
pht (Gii hn di cho nc c, gii hn trn cho nc c mu).
Tc nc vo b ly bng 0,7 - 1,2 m/s. Tc nc i ln ti ch ra khi b
ly bng 4-5 mm/s.
B phn dn nc t b kt bng sang b lng phi tnh vi tc nc chy
trong mng, trong ng v qua l khng qu 0,1 m/s i vi nc c v 0,05
m/s i vi nc mu.
i vi b kt bng c lp cn l lng t trong b lng ngang cn ly tc
trung bnh ca dng nc i ln ti tit din pha trn nh sau: Khi lng nc t
c c hm lng cn di 20 mg/l bng 0,9 mm/s; khi hm lng cn trn 20
n 50 mg/l bng 1,2 mm/s; khi lng nc c va 1,6 mm/s; cn khi lng nc
c ly bng 2,2 mm/s.
Lp cn l lng khng c nh hn 3 m, thi gian nc lu trong b khng b
hn 20 pht. Chiu rng ngn phn ng thng ly bng chiu rng ngn lng
ngang. Trong b kt bng t cc vch hng dng khong cch khng ln hn
3 m. Chiu cao bng chiu cao lp cn l lng. Vic phn phi nc vo b kt
bng c lp cn l lng phi thc hin bng mng t dc trn mt b kt hp
lm ngn tch kh. Nc t y mng phn phi u xung y b bng cc ng
ng chc ba. Khong cch gia cc ng ng dc y mng ly t 1,2-1,5 m.
Cui mi ng ng chc ba c 3 u ng phun nc. Khong cch gia cc u
phun trn mt ng ng t 1,2-1,5 m; ming u phun cch y b 0,2-0,3 m.
Tc nc chy u mng ly bng 0,5-0,6 m/s. ng knh ng ng
khng nh hn 25 mm. Nc t b kt bng sang b lng phi chy qua tng
trn ngn gia b kt bng v b lng, tc nc trn khng qu 0,05 m/s.
sau tng trn t 1 vch treo lng nhng ngp xung 1/4 chiu cao b lng
hng dng nc i xung pha di. Tc nc chy gia tng trn v
vch ngn lng ly khng qu 0,03m/s.
Khi dng b kt bng c lp cn l lng t trong b lng th tc lng cn
w
w
6.83.
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tnh ton trong b lng khi x l nc c c ly tng 30%; khi nc c va

ly tng 25%; khi nc c t ly tng 20% so vi s liu cho trong bng 6.9;
iu 6.71. B kt bng phi c ng x kit.
Ghi ch: Cho php dng b kt bng c b phn khuy trn bng c gii vi
gradient tc gim dn t 60-70 s-1 xung 40-50 s-1 ri xung 25-35 s-1 tng
ng vi nc c mu v nc c.
thu nc u trn mt b lng phi thit k cc mng treo nm ngang hoc
ng c l ngp, ng knh l khng nh hn 25 mm, tc nc chy qua l
ly bng 1 m/s; tc nc chy cui mng hoc ng ly bng 0,6-0,8 m/s.
Mp trn ca mng phi cao hn mc nc cao nht trong b 0,1 m; ng t
ngp di mc nc, ngp ng phi xc nh bng tnh ton thu lc. Mng
v ng phi t trn 2/3 chiu di b lng tnh t tng hi cui b. i vi b
lng lp mng, mng thu nc phi t sut chiu di vng lng. L mng
cao hn y mng 5-8 cm, l ca ng hng nm ngang. Nc t mng hoc
ng phi chy trn t do vo mng thu chnh. Khong cch gia cc trc mng
hoc ng khng c vt qu 3 m. Khong cch ti tng b khng nh hn
0,5 m v khng vt qu 1,5 m.
ng dn nc vo b, ng phn phi v ng dn nc ra khi b lng phi tnh
ton vi kh nng dn lu lng nc ln hn lu lng tnh ton t 20-30%.
.v
6.84.
ol
d
6.85.
B LNG TRONG C LP CN L LNG
B lng trong c lp cn l lng ch s dng trong trng hp nc a vo

trm x l c lu lng v nhit n nh (theo ghi ch iu 6.9) v phi
c tnh ton vi s thay i hng nm ca cht lng nc s x l.
nc
6.86.
w
.v
Nu khng c cc s liu nghin cu cng ngh, tc nc i ln vng lng

trong v h s phn chia lu lng nc gia vng lng trong v vng cha nn
cn Kpp c th ly theo s liu cho trong bng 6.10 ng thi c xt n ch dn
phn ghi ch ca bng 6.9.
Bng 6.10
w
w
Hm lng cht l lng

trong nc chy vo b
lng (mg/l)
n 50
6.87.
Tc nc i ln trong vng lng,

pha trn lp cn l lng, Vmm/s
Ma ng
Ma h
H s phn chia
lu lng Kpp
0,4-0,5
0,6-0,7
0,65-0,6
50-100
0,5-0,6
0,7-0,8
0,8-0,70
100-400
0,6-0,8
0,8-1
0,75-0,7
400-1.000
0,8-1,0
1,0-1,1
0,7-0,65
1.000-1.500
1,0-1,2
1,1-1,2
0,65-0,6
Din tch vng lng v vng cha nn cn phi ly theo ga tr ln nht sau khi
tnh ton theo 2 phng n:
-
i vi thi k c nh nht v lu lng nh nht (ma cn).
i vi thi k lu lng ln nht ma l v c ln nht ng vi thi

k ny.
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Din tch vng lng trong Flt (m2) tnh theo cng thc:
Flt =
K pp .q
3,6.v
(m 2 )
(6-16)
Trong :
Kpp: H s phn chia lu lng nc gia vng lng trong v vng cha nn
cn ly theo bng 6,10, iu 6.86.
w
.v
6.90.
nc
6.89.
ol
d
.v
6.88.
V: Tc nc dng ln trong vng lng bng mm/s ly theo bng 6.10, iu

6.86.
Din tch vng cha nn cn Ftc (m2) tnh theo cng thc:
(1 K pp ).q 2
Ftc =
(m )
3,6.V
(6-17)
Chiu cao lp cn l lng (l khong cch t mp di ca thu cn hoc mp
trn ng thot cn n mt di vng cn l lng) phi ly t 2 m n 2,5 m.
Mp di ca thu cn hoc mp trn ca ng thot cn phi t cao hn cnh
chuyn t tng nghing sang tng ng ca vng cn l lng 1-1,5m.
i vi b lng trong kiu hnh lang, gc gia cc tng nghing phn di ca
vng cn l lng phi ly trong gii hn 50-60.
Chiu cao vng lng trong (t lp cn l lng n mt nc) ly bng 2-2,5 m
(tr s ln cho nc c mu, tr s nh cho nc c).
Khong cch gia cc mng hoc ng thu trong vng lng ly khng qu 4,5 m.
Chiu cao ton phn ca b lng trong cn xc nh c ch ti yu cu iu
6.107.
Dung tch vng cha v p cn cn tnh theo cng thc (6.10). Thi gian nn
cn phi ly bng 3-6 h (tr s nh hn cho nc c hm lng cn trn
400mg/l. Tr s ln hn cho nc c mu v c t). Khi x cn t ng, thi
gian nn cn ly bng 2-3 h.
X cn ra khi ngn nn cn cn tin hnh nh k hay lin tc m b khng
c ngng lm vic.
Lng nc x theo cn xc nh theo s liu bng 6.8; iu 6.68 v c xt
n h s pha long cn, ly bng 1,2-1,5.
Phn phi nc trn din tch b lng trong cn thc hin bng mng c cc ng
ng chc ba, cch nhau khng qu 4,5 m.
Tc nc chy u h thng phn phi ly bng 0,5-0,6 m/s. Tc nc
ra khi u ng phn phi chc ba 0,3-0,4 m/s; khong cch gia cc u ng
khng c ln hn 1,5 m; u ng phi hng xung di v cch y 200300 mm.
Tc nc chy trong ng xung v trong khe gia mp di ca ng xung
v tng nghing ca b lng cn ly bng 0,6-0,7 m/s.
Khi tnh ca s thu cn, cn ly tc nc cng vi cn chy qua ca s t 1015 mm/s, tc nc cng vi cn trong ng x cn t 40-50 mm/s (tr s ln
dng cho nc cha cn v c ch yu). Khong cch thu cn ly khng ln
hn 5,5 m.
thu nc trong vng lng phi dng cc mng rng ca hoc mng c l
ngp, kt hp vi mng phn phi nc vo v thu nc ra bng h thng rng
ca hay l ngp c hai bn thnh mng.
Tc tnh ton nc chy trong mng, cu to l ngp, cch b tr v s lng
mng i vi b lng trong cn theo ch dn iu 6.69 v 6.88.
thu nc trong ngn cha nn cn cn dng ng c l ngp. i vi ngn
nn cn thng ng, mp trn ng thu khoan l phi t thp hn mc nc
trong b lng t nht l 300 mm v cao hn mp trn ca s thu cn t nht l
w
w
6.91.
6.92.
6.93.
6.94.
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6.95.
1,5m.
Trn ng thu, ch ni vi mng thu nc chung phi t van.
chnh ct gia mp di ng thu v mc nc trong mng thu chung ca b
lng trong cn ly khng t hn 0,3 m.
Tn tht p lc trong ng ng phn phi c chc ba, trong ng v mng thu,
cng nh trong cc l chy ngp ca mng thu cn xc nh theo cng thc;
h=Z
V2
2g
.v
(6-18)
H s sc cn Z ly nh sau:
i vi mng h c l chy ngp hai bn thnh mng:
3.2
Z = 1,7 + 3
W
i vi ng thu c l lm vic y ng:
3,3
Z = 1,8
W
Trong :
ol
d
W: T s gia tng din tch cc l trn ng (hoc mng) v din tch tit din
ngang cui ng (hoc mng). 0,15 W 2
V: Tc nc chy on u ng phn phi c l hoc cui ng hoc
mng thu tnh bng m/s.
Tn tht p lc trong lp cn l lng ly bng 1-2 cm cho mt mt chiu dy

lp cn l lng.
ng x cn ngn cha nn cn phi tnh vi iu kin x ht cn trong 10-15
pht. ng knh ng x khng nh hn 150 mm. Khong cch gia 2 ng k
nhau khng c ln hn 4 m.
Tc trung bnh ca cn chy qua ng phi ly khng nh hn 1 m/s; tc
cui ng hay mng c l khng c nh hn 1 m/s. Van x cn lp cui ng
phi l loi van ng m nhanh.
Gc gia cc tng nghing ca ngn cha nn cn phi ly 70.
w
.v
6.96.
nc
Tn tht p lc trong ng nm pha trc v pha sau on ng hoc mng c l

phi tnh ring.
w
w
CNG TRNH LNG S B
6.97.
6.98.
Cng trnh lng s b dng trong trng hp nc c nhiu cn (t 1.500mg/l

tr ln) lng bt nhng cn nng lm kh khn cho vic x cn, gim bt
dung tch vng cha cn ca b lng v gim liu lng cht phn ng.
C th dng b lng ngang, h lng t nhin hay kt hp mng dn nc t
sng vo trm bm I lm cng trnh lng s b.
Tnh ton cng trnh lng s b cn c nhng s liu th nghim lng nc v
kinh nghim qun l cc cng trnh c. S b c th theo nhng quy nh
sau:
Khi dng h lng lng nc x l khng dng cht phn ng th ly chiu
su t 1,5-3,5 m. Thi gian nc lu li trong h t 2-7 ngy (tr s ln dng
cho nc t cn v c mu cao); tc dng nc khng qu 1 mm/s. Cn
d kin t 4 thng n 1 nm tho ra h 1 ln tnh c dung tch vng cha cn.
Phi d kin cc bin php v thit b tho ra h nh: chia h thnh 2 ngn
x ring bit, bm ht bn, ng ng ht trc tip t sng, tng liu lng cht
phn ng, gim tc lc B h phi cao hn mt t bn ngoi 0,5 m;
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6.100.
6.99.
ming ht nc phi t cao hn mt bn d kin cao nht 0,5 m.

Khi dng b lng ngang s lng th ly tc ri ca cn t 0,5-0,6 mm/s.
Cc thng s tnh ton khc ly theo ch dn cc iu 6.71 v 6.76.
Kt cu b lng ngang lng s b c th lm bng b tng ct thp, gch hay
t p ni, na chm na ni hay o su di t. Khi lm bng t cn c
bin php gia c thnh, v trong trng hp cn thit phi c bin php chng
thm.
Kt cu h lng t nhin bng t p ni, na chm na ni, hay o su di
mt t, chn kiu no phi cn c vo ti liu thm d a cht cng trnh cng
nh iu kin a phng v thng qua so snh v kinh t, k thut m quyt
nh.
Khi thit k cng trnh lng s b bng t cn ch m bo iu kin thau
ra thun tin, chng xi l v bo v v sinh cho cng trnh.
nc
6.102.
B lc phi c tnh ton theo 2 ch lm vic, ch bnh thng v ch

tng cng.
Trong cc trm x l c s b lc n 20 cn d tnh ngng mt b lc sa
cha, khi s b ln hn 20 cn d tnh ngng 2 b sa cha ng thi.
Tc lc ch lm vic bnh thng v ch lm vic tng cng khi
thiu s liu nghin cu cng ngh c th ly theo bng 6.11; iu 6.103 vi s
tnh ton m bo thi gian ca 1 chu k lm vic ca b lc ln hn12 h ch
bnh thng, v khng nh hn 6h ch tng cng hoc khi t ng ho
hon ton vic ra lc. Thi gian ca mt chu k lc ch tng cng Ttc
khi s lng b lc trong trm ln hn 20 phi xc nh t iu kin ra lin tc
cc b lc theo cng thc:
(6-19)
Ttc [N-(N1+a)] .t2
Trong :
ol
d
6.101.
.v
B LC NHANH
w
.v
N - Tng s b lc ca trm x l
N1 - S b lc ngng li sa cha
a - S b lc ra ng thi.
t2 - Thi gian ngng b lc ra, ly bng 0,35h.

Ghi ch:
w
w
t c ch lm vic ti u ca b lc cn m bo t s tbv=1,2+1,3 tgh

tbv - Thi gian tc dng bo v ca vt liu lc, trong khong thi gian cht
lng nc lc quy nh c m bo.
6.103
tgh - Thi gian t c tn tht p lc gii hn cho php.

Din tch cc b lc ca trm x l c xc nh theo cng thc:
Q
F=
TVtb 3,6aWt1 at 2V tb (m2)
(6-20)
Trong :
Q - Cng sut hu ch ca trm (m3/ngy)
T - Thi gian lm vic ca trm trong mt ngy m (h)
Vtb - Tc lc tnh ton ch lm vic bnh thng ly theo bng 6.11 v
c tnh n vn tc lc tng cng tnh theo cng thc (6-21).
a - S ln ra mi mt b lc trong 1 ngy m ch lm vic bnh thng
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(xem iu 6.102)
Wtl - Cng nc ra (1/s.m2) xem iu 6.115 v 6.124.
t1 - Thi gian ra (h) xem iu 6.115 v 6.124.
t2 - Thi gian ngng b lc ra xem iu 6.102.
Bng 6.11.
c trng ca lp vt liu lc
H s
khng
ng
nht
K
Chiu dy ca
lp vt liu
lc (mm)
0,5
1,25
0,6-0,65
1,5-1,7
700-800
5-6
6-7,5
0,7
1,60
0,75-0,8
1,3-1,5
1300-1500
6-8
7-9,5
0,8
2,0
0,9-1,0
1,2-1,4
1800-2000
8-10
10-12
1,20
0,6-0,65
1,5-1,7
7-10
8,5-12
1,8
0,9-1,1
1,5-1,7
Ct thch anh
700-800
Than antraxit
400-500
0,5
0,8
.v
ng
knh
hiu
dng
d10
(mm)
w
.v
B lc
nhanh
c 2 lp
vt liu
lc
ng
knh ln
nht
(mm)
ol
d
B lc
nhanh
mt
lp; vt
liu lc
l ct
thch
anh
Tc
lc cho
php
ch
lm vic
tng
cng
Vtc
(m/h)
ng
knh
nh
nht
(mm)
nc
Kiu
b lc
Tc
lc
ch
lm
vic
bnh
thng
Vtb
(m/h)
Chi ch:
1. Tc lc tnh ton trong gii hn cho trong bng phi ly theo cht lng nc
ngun, cng ngh x l nc v cc iu kin c th ti a phng.
w
w
2. lc nc dng cho nhu cu sn xut c yu cu cht lng nc thp hn tiu

chun nc dng cho sinh hot th c th ly tc lc ln hn.
3. Khi dng vt liu lc khc cn phi chnh l cc thng s da trn cc s liu thc
nghim.
4. ng knh hiu dng deff tnh bng ng knh mt sng d10.
5. H s khng ng nht K = d60/d10; d60 v d10 l ng knh mt sng (mm) c

60% v 10% lng ct lt qua.
6.104.
6.105
Xc nh s lng v din tch mt b lc phi cn c qui m sn xut, iu

kin cung cp thit b, iu kin xy dng v qun l, v phi thng qua vic
so snh kinh t k thut. S lng b lc khng c nh hn 2. Din tch mt
b lc khng qu 120m2.
Tc lc tnh ton ch lm vic tng cng Vtc (m/h) cn xc inh theo
cng thc:
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Vtc = Vtb
N
N N1
(6-21)
Trong :
Vtb - Ly theo bng 6.11; iu 6.103
Ghi ch:
Tr s Vtc theo cng thc trn phi nh hn tr s cho php ghi trong bng 6.11;
nu vt qu ch s cho php th phi gim Vtb cho thch hp.
Tn tht p lc trong b lc h ly bng 3-3,5 m, trong b lc p lc ly bng 68 m.
Chiu cao lp nc trn mt lp lc trong b lc h cn ly khng nh hn 2 m,
ng thi phi ch n iu 6.107. Chiu cao xy dng ca b phi vt qu
mc tnh ton trong b lc t nht 0,3 m.
Khi ngng 1 hoc 2 b lc ra, tc lc trong cc b cn li c th ly c
nh hoc thay i, tc lc c php tng n 20%. Khi s b lc trong
trm t hn 6 th cn cho b lc lm vic vi tc lc c nh. Khi cn d
kin mt chiu cao ph Hph (m) pha trn mc nc bnh thng trong cc
cng trnh (b lc, b lng, b lng trong) c th cha c lng nc d
khi dng 1 hoc 2 b lc ra. Chiu cao lp nc ny tnh theo cng thc:
6.106
H ph =
W
( m)
F
Trong :
ol
d
.v
6.107.
(6-22)
W - Khi lng nc (m3) tch lu trong thi gian mt ln ra b lc.
nc
F - Din tch tng cng ca nhng cng trnh tch lu nc (m2).

lm vt liu lc phi dng ct thch anh, antraxit nghin nh hoc vt liu
khc c bn c hc v bn ho hc cn thit. bn ho hc v bn
c hc ca vt liu lc phi ly theo Tiu chun TCXDVN 310:2004.
Than antraxit nghin nh phi c ht hnh lp phng hay gn trn, tro
khng qu 10%, hm lng lu hunh khng qu 3%.
Khng c php dng antraxit c cu to lp lm vt liu hc.
H thng phn phi tr lc ln phi thit k sao cho nc ra phun trc tip vo
b dy lp , ng thi phi d kin kh nng kim tra, sc ra v sa cha h
thng phn phi.
C ht v chiu dy ca lp khi dng h thng phn phi tr lc ln cn ly
theo bng 6.12.
w
.v
6.108.
6.109
w
w
6.110.
Bng 6.12
C ht ca lp (mm)
40-20
20-10
10-5
5-2
Chiu dy cc lp (mm)
Mt trn ca lp ny cao bng mt trn ca ng
phn phi nhng phi cao hn l phn phi t
nht 100 mm.
100-150
100-150
50-100
Ghi ch:
1. Khong cch t y ng phn phi n y b lc phi ly bng 80-100 mm.
2. Khi ra bng nc v khng kh phi hp th cn ly chiu dy lp c ht 10-5 mm
v 5-2 mm bng 150-200 mm mi lp.
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3. Vt liu c th dng si, dm hoc cc vt liu khc tho mn iu 6.108.

Din tch tit din ngang ca ng chnh, mng hoc ng dn ca h thng ng
phn phi tr lc ln phi ly c nh cho c chiu di. Tc nc chy trong
ng hoc mng dn nc ra n b lc cn ly t 1,5- 2 m/s; u ng phn
phi chnh 1 - 2m/s; u ng nhnh 1,6-2 m/s.
Trn dn ng phn phi phi khoan l c ng knh 10-12 mm. Tng din tch
ca cc l cn ly bng 0,25 n 0,5% din tch tit din ngang ca b lc.
L phi b tr thanh 2 hng so le phn di ng v nghing 45o so vi trc
thng ng ca ng.
Khong cch gia cc trc ca ng nhnh cn ly bng 250-350 mm, gia cc
tim l ly bng 150-200 mm.
Tn tht p lc h(m) trong h thng phn phi bng ng khoan l ca b lc cn
xc nh theo cng thc:
Vc2 V n2
h =
+
( m)
2g 2g
(6-23)
Trong :
V0 - Tc u ng chnh m/s.
Vn - Tc u ng nhnh m/s.
- H s sc cn, chn tng ng vi s ch dn iu 6.95.
Tn tht p lc trong h thng phn phi tr lc ln khi ra b khng c vt
qu 7 m ct nc.
H thng phn phi bng chp lc c thit k khi p dng bin php ra bng
nc v ra nc kt hp vi gi; s lng chp lc ly khng di 35-50 ci
cho 1m2 din tch cng tc ca b lc.
Tn tht p lc h(m) trong h thng phn phi c y trung gian v c chp lc
cn xc nh theo cng thc:
nc
6.112.
ol
d
.v
6.111.
w
.v
V2
h=
2g 2
(6-24)
Trong :
V - Tc chuyn ng ca nc hoc hn hp nc v gi qua khe h ca

chp lc ly khng nh hn 1,5m/s.
w
w
H s lu lng ca chp lc: i vi chp lc khe h = 0,50.

Ch thch: Khi dng chp lc nn c lp si vt liu lc vi c ht t 2-4
mm dy 100-150mm.
thot khng kh trong ng dn nc ra b lc cc im cao phi t ng
ng thot kh ng knh 75-150 mm c van t ng x khng kh. Trn
ng ng chnh ca b lc phi t ng ng thot kh ng knh 32 mm.
Khi din tch b n 50 m2 t 1 ng, khi din tch b ln hn t 2 ng ( u
v cui ng chnh). ng thot kh phi cao hn mt b lc khng t hn 0,3 m.
ch cao nht ca b lc p lc phi t van x kh t ng v mt ng x kh
20 c lp van ng m.
phc hi kh nng lc nc ca vt liu lc c th ra bng dng nc i t
di ln hoc s dng ng thi c nc v gi.
Cho php s dng phng php ra b mt bng h thng phn phi t trn b
mt lp vt liu lc.
Cng ra nc cn ly ph thuc vo n tng i cn thit ca vt liu
theo s liu trong bng 6.13; tng ng vi cc loi vt liu lc ghi trong bng
6.11 v iu 6.103.
6.113.
6.114.
6.115.
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Bng 6.13.
Loi vt liu lc v
b lc
n tng
i ca vt
liu lc (%)
Cng ra
b lc (l/s-m2)
45
30
25
50
12-14
14-16
16-18
14-16
Thi gian ra
b lc (pht)
B lc nhanh 1 lp vt liu lc:

deff = 0,6 - 0,65
deff = 0,75-0,8
deff = 0,9-1,1
B lc nhanh 2 lp vt liu lc
7-6
Ch thch:
6-5
1 - Cng ra ln ly ng vi thi gian ra nh
Dung tch i cha nc ra phi tnh cho 2 ln ra nu ra mt b; cho 3 ln ra

nu ra 2 b ng thi.
My bm a nc ln i phi m bo bm y i trong thi gian khng ln
hn khong thi gian gia 2 ln ra ch lm vic tng cng.
Nc do my bm a ln i phi ly t ng ng hoc mng dn nc lc
hoc t b cha nc sch.
ng ng dn nc t i xung b lc phi c bo v chng ht khng kh
vo.
Cng sut ca my bm nc ra b lc cn phi tnh ton cho vic ra mt b.
Nc phi ly t b cha nc sch, trong d tr nc cho 2 ln ra.
ra b lc phi t 1 hoc 2 my bm lm vic v 1 my bm d phng.
thu v dn nc ra phi thit k cc mng c tit din na trn hay nm cnh
v cc thit b khc. Khong cch gia cc tim mng k nhau khng c ln hn
2,2m. Chiu rng mng B (m) cn xc nh theo cng thc:
w
.v
nc
6.116.
ol
d
.v
2 - Khi s dng thit b c nh ra trn b mt cn ly cng ra bng 3-4 l/m2, p lc

30-40 m ct nc, ng phn phi t cch mt ct 60-80 mm. Khong cch gia cc l ca
ng phn phi hoc gia cc vi phun phi ly bng 80-100mm. Khi dng thit b quay,
cng ra cn ly bng 0,5-0,75 l/s.m2, p lc bng 40-50 m ct nc. Thi gian ra 7-8
pht, trong c 2-3 pht ra trc khi cho phi hp vi nc ra t di ln.
6.117.
w
w
q2m
( m)
B = K5
(1,57 + a )3
(6-25)
Trong :
Qm: Lu lng nc ra tho theo mng (m3/s).
a: T s gia chiu cao ca phn ch nht vi na chiu rng ca mng, ly bng
1-1,5.
6.118.
K: H s ly bng 2 i vi mng c tit din na trn, bng 2,1 i vi mng c

tit din 5 cnh.
Mp trn ca tt c cc mng phi cng mt cao v phi tuyt i nm
ngang.
y mng thu phi c dc 0,01 v pha mng tp trung.
Trong b lc c mng tp trung, khong cch t y mng thu n y mng tp
trung H tnh bng (m) phi xc nh theo cng thc:
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H = 1,733
q2
g2
+0,2
(6-26)
Trong
q - Lu lng nc chy vo mng tp trung m3/s.
- Chiu rng mng tp trung ly khng nh hn 0,6m.
H: Chiu cao lp vt liu lc (m)
e: n tng i ca lp vt liu lc ly theo bng 6.13; iu 6.115.

Kch thc ng dn hoc mng ca b lc phi tnh theo ch lm vic tng
cng vi tc nc chy trong nh sau:
ol
d
6.120.
.v
6.119.
g = 9,81 m/s2.
Mc nc trong mng tp trung thp hn y mng thu 0,2 m.
Khong cch t b mt lp lc n mng thu nc tnh bng m xc nh theo
cng thc:
He
h=
+ 0,30
100
(6-27)
Trong :
- Trong ng dn nc vo b lc: 0,8-1,2 m/s

- Trong ng dn nc lc 1-1,5m/s
w
w
w
.v
6.122.
- Trong ng dn v thot nc ra 1,5-2m/s.

Vic x kit b lc cn thc hin qua h thng phn phi hoc qua ng x c
ng knh t 100-200 mm (tu theo din tch b lc) v c lp kho. u ng
ng x ch ni vi y b lc phi c bo v bng li hoc tm chn c bit;
tr trng hp b lc c y trung gian. y b lc phi c dc 0,005 v pha
ng x ny.
Khi ra bng nc kt hp gi; gi c chuyn qua h thng phn phi c chp
lc chuyn dng hoc theo h thng phn phi ring bit cho nc v gi.
Din tch tit din ngang ca ng chnh, mng v ng dn trong h thng phn
phi gi phi ly c nh trn ton b chiu di.
H thng phn phi gi t trc tip vo lp trn ca cc lp trong b lc.
Trong ng chnh dn gi cn nm cao hn h thng phn phi nc.
Tng din tch cc l phi bng 0,35-0,4 din tch tit din ngang ca ng chnh.
Tc gi trong ng chnh v ng nhnh cn ly bng 15-20 m/s.
Khi c lp si , l phn phi trn ng c ng knh 2-5 mm, s chp lc c
th ly 36-40 ci trn 1 m2 din tch lc. Nu khng c lp si ly 50 ci v
chiu rng khe ca chp lc ly km kch thc ca ht vt liu lc nh nht
0,1mm, l phi t phn di ng thnh 2 hng so le nhau v nghing mt gc
45 so vi trc thng ng ca ng.
Khong cch gia cc l hoc chp lc phi ly trong gii hn 140-180 mm.
Khong cch gia cc ng nhnh ly bng 250-300 mm.
p lc gi ra khi l hoc khe h ca chp lc phi ly bng hai ln chiu cao ct
nc trong b lc khi ra tnh t tim l.
Tn tht p lc trong h thng ng phn phi gi phi ly bng 1m.
ng dn gi chnh phi t cao hn mc nc cao nht trong b lc v phi c
thit b chng kh nng nc di ngc vo my gi khi ngng ra b lc.
Ch ra nc v gi phi ly nh sau: Ra gi vi cng 15-20 l/s.m2 trong
1-2 pht sau ra kt hp nc + gi trong thi gian 4-5 pht vi cng gi
15-20 l/s.m2 v nc 2,5-3 l/s.m2, sao cho ct khng b tri vo mng thu nc
nc
6.121.
6.123.
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ol
d
.v
6.124.
ra. Cui cng ngng ra gi v tip tc ra nc thun tu vi cng 5-8

l/s.m2 trong khong thi gian 4-5 pht.
Ghi ch:
Cng nc v gi ln hn ly ng vi vt liu lc c ht ln hn. Khi c s
liu k thut xc ng, cho php p dng ch ra thay i so vi ch dn.
Khi dng phng php ra kt hp bng nc v gi cn phi d tnh h thng
qut nc ra trn b mt theo chiu ngang c mng gi ct c to thnh bi
vch nghing trn nh tng trn ca mng.
Vch chn ct t trn nh tng trn nghing 45 v pha trong b lc. B mt
ca cc mp phi phng v tuyt i nm ngang.
Kch thc c bn ca cc b phn cu to mng gi ct cn phi ly theo bng
6.14; tu theo lu lng nc ra trn 1m di ca vch trn v bng Wl. Trong
W(l/s.m2) l cng nc khi ra bng nc v gi kt hp; l l khong cch t
tng i din ti vch trn.
Mp di vch chn ct phi t cao hn mt lp vt liu lc 50-100mm.
thot cn bong ra trn mt lp lc, u dng chy ngang phi to c
tc khng km 3 mm/s nh mt b phn hng dng hoc ng c l b
sung thm lu lng nc cn thit.
Bng 6.14
25
20
15
10
180
140
120
100
nc
Tr s Wl (l/s.m2)
Kch thc mng gi ct
Hiu s cao gia mp trn v mp di
vch trn v gi ct (mm)
w
.v
Tc nc chy u mng v ng c l cn ly khng qu 1,2 m/s; ng

knh l ly bng 10-12mm, l t thnh mt hng v phi hng v pha dng
chy. Din tch tng cng ca l cn ly bng 0,35-0,5 din tch tit din ngang
ca mng v ng. Lu lng nc a vo cn ly bng 1-1,5 l/s cho 1m chiu
rng b.
y ng hoc mng phi t cao hn mt lp lc trn 100 mm. Nc a vo ng
v mng ny phi ly t mng hoc ng dn nc lng sang b lc.
B LC CHM
Tc lc tnh ton trong b lc chm cn ly trong gii hn t 0,1-0,3 m/h tu

theo hm lng cn trong nc a vo b lc v tc lc > 0,1 m/h ch lm
vic trong khong thi gian ra cc b lc khc trong trm.
S b lc chm phi ly khng t hn 3. Khi ra ct lc ngay trong b lc, b
rng mi ngn ca b khng c ln qa 6 m; b di khng ln qu 60 m.
Kch thc ht v chiu dy lp vt liu lc trong b lc chm cn ly theo bng
6.15.
w
w
6.125.
6.126.
6.127.
Bng 6.15.
S
TT
Tn lp vt liu lc v
lp
C ht ca vt liu lc
(mm)
Chiu dy lp vt liu
lc (mm)
Ct
0,3-1
500
Ct
1-2
50
Si hoc dm
2-5
50
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Si hoc dm
5-10
50
Si hoc dm
10-20
50
Si hoc dm
20-40
100
Tng cng:
800
6.128.
Lu lng nc Wr (m3) cho mt ln ra mt ngn lc cn tnh theo cng thc:

(6-28)
Wr = q0.b.tr
Trong :
6.131.
tr: Thi gian ra mt gii di 60 m tnh bng giy ly trong gii

hn 20 pht.
.v
- b: Chiu rng ngn lc (m)

Nc ra b lc phi do mt my bm ring hoc mt i ring cp. c php
ra b lc bng cch tng cng cng sut ca nhng my bm ang bm nc
vo trm x l hoc dng mt phn nc ca nhng ngn b ang lun phin lm
vic.
Lp nc trn mt ct lc phi ly bng 1,5m. Khi b lc c mi che khong cch
t mt ct lc n mi phi ly m bo vic ra v thay th ct lc.
Trong cc b lc chm c din tch 10-15 m2 phi thu nc trong bng mng t
chm di y b. Trong b lc c din tch ln hn phi c h thng thu bng
ng c l, bng gch hoc ng btng c khe h, ng btng rng...
ol
d
6.130.
q0: Lu lng nc n v ra mt gii mt ct rng 2m ly

bng 0,009 m3/s.
w
.v
B LC HT LN
nc
6.129.
6.132.
w
w
6.133.
B lc ht ln c dng lm trong mt phn nc cung cp cho sn xut c s

dng hoc khng s dng cht phn ng.
Lng cn c gi li trong b lc khi khng pha phn ly bng 50 - 70% hm
lng cn trong nc ngun, khi c pha phn hm lng cn cn li 5-10 mg/l.
B lc ht ln p lc phi tnh ton vi tn tht p lc gii hn trong lp vt liu
lc v trong h thng thu nc n 15 m ct nc. Trong b lc h duy tr tc
lc tnh ton cn ly chiu cao lp nc trn mt cc lc bng 1,5 m; tn tht
p lc 3,5 m.
B lc ht ln cn phi ra kt hp bng nc v gi. Cc h thng phn phi
nc v gi hoc h thng phn phi nc v gi kt hp phi tnh theo ch dn
nhng iu 6.111 - 6.113 - 6.115 - 6.117.
Cng nc v gi cho bng 6.16.
6.134.
Bng 6.16
Vt liu
lc
C ht vt
liu lc
(mm)
H s
khng
ng nht
Ct thch
anh
1-2
1,6-2,5
1,5
1,7
Chiu cao
lp vt
liu lc
(m)
1,5-2
2,5-3
Cng ra (l/s.m2)
Tc
10-12
13-15
Nc
Gi
6-8
6-8
15-20
18-25
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6.135.
6.136.
6.137.
6.138.
lm vt liu lc phi s dng ct thch anh hoc cc vt liu khc c bn c

hc v ho hc cn thit. c im ca vt liu lc cho bng 6.16.
Vic thit k cc b phn thot nc ra b lc phi theo ch dn iu 6.123.
Khi tnh ton b lc ht ln phi ly ch ra nh sau:
Ra vt liu lc bng nc vi cng 6-8 l/s.m2 trong mt pht; ra bng nc
v gi kt hp vi cng nc 3-4 l/s.m2, cng khng kh 15-25 l/s.m2
trong 5 pht, ra nc vi cng 6-8 l/s.m2 trong 2 pht.
Din tch b lc ht ln F (m2) cn xc nh theo cng thc:
F=
Q
TVt 3,6 W( W1 T1 + W2 T2 + W3 T3 ) nt 4 Vt
(6-29)
Q - Cng sut c ch ca cc b lc m3/ngy

Vt - Tc lc tnh ton (m/h)
n - S ln ra mt b trong mt ngy
.v
T - Thi gian lm vic ca trm trong mt ngy (h)
Trong :
ol
d
W1t1 - Cng (l/s.m2) v thi gian (h) sc vt liu lc giai on u.
W2t2 - Cng nc (l/s.m2) v thi gian ra phi hp nc - gi (h).

W3t3 - Cng (l/s.m2) v thi gian ra (h) giai on cui cng.
t4 - Thi gian ngng b lc ra (h)
Khi s b lc n 10 th c php ngng mt b lc sa cha, khi s b lc
ln hn c php ngng hai b sa cha. Khi ra tc lc trong cc b lc
lm vic cn li khng c vt qu nhng gi tr ln nht cho trong bng 6.16
iu 6.134.
w
.v
B LC S B
nc
6.139.
6.140.
w
w
6.141.
B lc s b c s dng lm sch nc s b trc khi lm sch trit

trong b lc chm v trong b lc nhanh trong s lm sch bng lc hai bc.
Tc lc tnh ton qua b lc s b cn ly trong khong 3-5m/h tu theo c
ca nc s lc.
S b lc s b trong mt trm khng c nh hn 2. C ht ca ct, si v
chiu cao cc lp vt liu phi ly theo bng 6.17.
Chiu cao lp nc trn b mt lp vt liu lc cn ly bng 1,5m.
H thng phn phi nc ra trong b lc s b phi l h thng tr lc ln v
cn phi tnh ton theo ch dn cho trong cc iu 6.109 - 6.124.
Ch ra phi ly nh sau: Cng nc 12-14 l/s.m2, thi gian ra 6-7 pht.
ra b lc phi s dng nc sch
6.142.
Bng 6.17.
C ht vt liu lc (mm)
1-2
2-5
5-10
10-20
20-40
Chiu cao mi lp (mm)

700
100
100
100
150
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B LC TIP XC
B lc tip xc c s dng lm sch nc theo s lc mt bc. Trong b

lc tip xc qu trnh lc xy ra t di ln trn.
Nu khng c s liu kho st cng ngh th cn ly tc lc tnh ton theo bng
6.18. Thi gian ca mt chu k lc vi tc lc tnh ton khng c nh hn
8h.
6.143.
Bng 6.18
6.146.
.v
w
.v
6.147.
6.148.
ol
d
6.145.
nc
6.144.
3
4
5
6 v ln hn
S lng b lc tip xc
Tc lc tnh ton m/h
4
4,5
4,8
5
Khi sa cha mt b, nhng b cn li phi lm vic ch tng cng vi tc
lc khng qu 5,5 m/h v thi gian ca mt chu l lm vic khng c km
6h.
Khi s lng b lc tip xc ln hn 20, thi gian ca chu k lm vic gia hai
ln ra ch tng cng phi xc nh theo iu 6.103.
Thi gian ngng b lc ra phi ly bng 0,33 h.
Din tch b lc tip xc phi xc nh theo cng thc 6-20 c k n thi gian x
nc lc u ly nh sau: Khi ra thun tu bng nc sch 5-10 pht; bng nc
khng sch 10-15 pht; bng gi v nc phi hp, ly tng ng bng 5-7 pht
v 7-10 pht c k n yu cu ghi trong cc iu 6.102; 6.143 (bng 6.18); 6.151,
6.152 v 6.155.
B lc tip xc c th lm vic vi tc lc khng i trong sut mt chu k
lm vic hoc vi tc lc thay i gim dn n cui chu k sao cho tc lc
trung bnh bng tc lc tnh ton.
S b lc tip xc trong mt trm phi ly theo ch dn iu 6.104.
Vt liu lc dng cho b lc tip xc phi l ct thch anh v si hoc cc loi vt
liu khc p ng yu cu ghi iu 1.10 v 6.108 v khng b l lng trong qu
trnh lc.
Nu khng c s liu kho st cng ngh, cn ly chiu dy lp ct lc tu theo
loi b lc tip xc v h thng phn phi bng 2-2,3 m; ng knh hiu dng
ca ht bng 1-1,3 mm; h s khng ng nht n 2,0; c ht vt liu lc ca b
lc tip xc bng 0,7-2 mm.
Vic ra vt liu lc b lc tip xc phi thc hin bng dng nc i ln hoc
ra phi hp bng nc v gi.
phn phi nc ra ng u trn ton din tch b phi dng h thng phn
phi tr lc ln c hoc khng c lp si ...
C th dng nc sch hoc nc cha sch ra b lc. Khi s dng nc sch
ra phi m bo s lm vic n nh ca cc b khc bng cch ly nc ra
sau p trn t trc ca cho nc vo b cha.
Ra bng nc cha sch cho php trong iu kin: C x l s b bng li
quay hay microphin theo ch dn Ghi ch 5 ca bng 6.2; iu 6.9; c
khng qu 10 NTU, ch s cli khng qu 1000con/lt v c kh trng.
Thit b cp nc ra phi ly theo ch dn trong cc iu 6.115 v iu 6.116.
Cng ra nc phi ly bng 13-15 l/s.m2, thi gian ra 7-8 pht.
Khi dng h thng phn phi tr lc ln, t s gia din tch l ca h thng phn
phi v din tch b lc phi ly bng 0,2% khi c lp si ; ly bng 0,250,27% khi khng c lp si .
Tnh ton v cu to h thng phi tr lc ln c lp si v mng thu ca b
lc tip xc phi theo ch dn cc iu 6.111, 6.116, 6.119 v 6.124.
Chiu dy v c ht ca lp si phi ly theo bng 6.12; iu 6.110. Khi ra phi
6.149.
w
w
6.150.
6.151.
6.152.
6.153.
6.154.
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6.156.
.v
6.155.
hp bng gi v nc b lc c lp si th chiu cao lp si c 5-10mm phi

ly bng 150-200mm, lp si 2-5mm phi ly bng 300-400mm.
Khong cch gia cc trc ng v l phi ly theo bng 6.19, gia cc chp lc
ly theo 6.122. x kit b lc tip xc cn t ng x c thit b li bo v
phng vt liu lc lt ra ngoi.
Khi ra vt liu lc bng gi v nc kt hp, phi d kin h thng thot nc
ra theo chiu ngang theo ch dn iu 6.124 vi khong cch t mp di
tng trn n mt ct l 200-300mm. Gi phi cho vo h thng ng phn phi
ring vi cng 18-20 l/s.m2. Khi qut ra b mt, c th ly nc t mng
hoc ng dn t lng sang.
Ch ra phi ly nh sau:
Thi gi trong 1-2 pht, ra phi hp gi v nc vi cng nc 2-3 l/s.m2
trong 6-7 pht v sau cng ra bng nc vi cng 6-7 l/s.m2 trong 4-6 pht.
m bo thu nc trong ng u trn ton din tch b, mp mng thu phi c
khe trn tam gic cao 40-60mm.
Khong cch gia cc tim khe trn khng c ln hn 100-150mm.
ol
d
Bng 6.19
Kch thc h thng phn phi ca b lc tip xc

Khong cch gia tim cc
ng nhnh (mm)
Khong cch gia cc tim l

(mm)
75
240-260
130-140
100
125
280-300
140-160
320-340
160-180
Cc ng ng ca b lc tip xc phi tnh theo iu 6.120, ng thi mp di

ca ng dn nc ra khi b phi cao hn mc nc trong mng tp trung khng
km 0,3m.
Khi lm sch nc cho nhu cu sinh hot, mt thong lc tip xc phi bt kn v
phi c ng thng hi, ca ln xung.
p lc cn thit trc b lc tip xc tnh t cao ca mp mng trn phi ly
bng tng tn tht p lc trong lp vt liu lc trong lp (i vi ct ly bng
chiu dy lp ct) v trong cc ng dn k c mi tn tht cc b, trong c tn
tht qua thit b o xc nh tc lc. a nc vo lc, trc b lc tip
xc phi c ngn tch kh v n nh mc nc. Dung tch ngn tch kh tnh theo
thi gian lu nc 3 pht. Ngn chia lm 2 bung. Mi bung c ng trn v ng
x kit. Trc khi vo b lc, nc c trn u vi ho cht theo iu 6.17;
bng 6.5.
w
.v
6.157.
nc
ng knh ng nhnh
(mm)
6.158.
w
w
6.159.
KH TRNG NC
6.160.
6.161.
Chn phng php kh trng nc cn phi ch n yu cu cht lng nc,

hiu qu x l nc, tin cy ca bin php kh trng, c s kinh t k thut, c
gii ho vic lao ng v iu kin bo qun ho cht.
Ho cht cha Clo st trng nc cn phi cho vo ng ng dn nc lc
(ng ng dn nc trong khi chy vo b cha). Cn i vi nc ngm c
cht lng tt khng cn x l th cho Clo vo ngay trc b cha.
Ghi ch: Trong trng hp cn phi dng amnic th cho amnic vo ng
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6.162.
ol
d
6.164.
.v
6.163.
ng dn nc lc. Nu trong nc c Phnol th phi cho amnic vo nc

trc khi cho Clo t 2-3 pht.
Khi khng c cc s liu iu tra cng ngh, tnh ton s b thit b Clo cn ly
liu lng Clo kh trng nc nh sau: i vi nc mt 2-3 mg/l tnh theo
Clo hot tnh, i vi nc ngm 0,7-1 mg/l.
Nng Clo t do cn li trong nc sau thi gian tip xc t 40 pht n 1 gi
ti b cha nc sch khng c nh hn 0,3 mg/l v khng ln hn 0,5 mg/l
hoc nng Clo lin kt khng nh hn 0,8 mg/l v khng ln hn 1,2 mg/l.
Ghi ch: Khi d tr nc sinh hot cc b cha th trong thi gian cho 1 b
ngng lm vic ra hoc sa cha cn phi ly tng liu lng Clo cho vo cc
b cha cn li ln gp i so vi lc bnh thng.
Clo ho nc cn phi c kho cha Clo tiu th hng ngy, thit b Clo
nc ho thnh hi (trong trng hp cn thit) v bung t Clorator (thit b
nh lng Clo).
Cn phi m bo kh nng Clo ho nc s b trc cng trnh x l v kh
nng Clo ho nc sau cng trnh x l kh trng.
Phi bo m khuy trn u Clo cho vo nc x l.
S ho hi ca Clo cn tin hnh trong cc bnh, thng hoc trong nhng thit b
bay hi ring. Nng sut bc hi ca Clo khi khng t nng thnh bnh nhit
khng kh bnh thng trong phng ly nh sau:
- i vi bnh ng Clo t 0,7-1,0 kg/h
- i vi cc thng ln: 3-4 kg/h
w
.v
6.166.
nc
6.165.
Cho 1m2 b mt thnh bnh hay thng.

Cn phi c thit b x nh k v kh kh c Nit Clorua (NCl3) ra khi thit
b bay hi v v cc ng ng khng kh nn...
Bung t thit b nh lng Clo nu dng ring phi c 2 ca, 1 ca qua bung
m v 1 ca thng ra ngoi. Tt c cc ca phi m cnh ra pha ngoi, cho php
b tr kho cha Clo tiu th st vi bung nh lng Clo, khi phi ngn cch
vi nhau bng tng chng chy kn khng c ca s. Kho cha Clo cn phi
thit k theo tiu chun i vi kho cha cc cht c hi mnh.
Bung nh lng Clo nu c thit k hp khi vi cng trnh x l th cn
c cch ly vi cc bung khc v phi c 2 ca, trong 1 ca qua bung m,
c 2 ca phi m cnh ra pha ngoi.
Trong bung nh lng Clo hp khi vi cng trnh x l cho php bo qun Clo
lng vi s lng khng qu 50 kg, nhng cn phi c bnh d phng.
Cn phi m bo cung cp nc c cht lng nc sinh hot vi p sut khng
nh hn 3 kg/cm2 cho bung nh lng Clo khi s dng Clorator kiu chn
khng.
Lng nc tnh ton cho Clorator lm vic ly bng 0,6 m3 cho 1 kg Clo.
Nc Clo x ra trong trng hp bung nh lng Clo c s c phi cho qua b
c cha cht kh axit.
p lc nc Clo sau Clorator v Ejector ly t 5-7m ct nc.
Vic nh liu lng kh Clo cn thc hin bng my Clorator chn khng t ng
hoc bng phng php cn. Cho php dng phng php kt hp: Cn kt hp
vi Clorator iu chnh bng tay. Cn phi c my o t ng lng Clo d trong
b cha nc sch.
Trc khi a vo my nh lng, kh Clo cn c lm sch s b qua bnh
trung gian v thit b lc kh.
S lng cc thit b cng ngh d phng trong bung nh lng Clo cn ly:
6.167.
6.168.
w
w
6.169.
6.170.
6.171.
- Khi c 2 Clorator lm vic - 1 Clorator d phng.
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- Trn 2 Clorator lm vic - 2 Clorator d phng

- My phn tch Clo d trong nc - 1 my d phng khng ph thuc vo s
lng my phn tch lm vic.
- Ejector - 1 d phng, khng ph thuc vo s lng my lm vic.
dn Clo lng v Clo kh phi dng cc loi ng m bo kn v chu c
p lc cn thit. Khi vn chuyn kh Clo t kho n my nh lng cn ly s
ng dn Clo khng t hn 2, trong c 1 ng d phng.
ng dn Clo v cc ph tng c tnh i vi p lc cng tc 16 kg/cm2 v p
lc th nghim 23 kg/cm2.
Cc on ng dn Clo nm h ra ngoi khng kh cn c lp bo v chng tc
dng ca nh sng mt tri.
ng dn Clo t trong phng phi c gi gn vo tng, nu t ngoi nh
phi c tr .
Nu ni ng bng mng sng th phi hn 2 u mng sng, cn ni bng mt
bch th phi dng vng m chu Clo v bulng bng thp khng r.
ng dn Clo cn cn c dc chung 0,01 v pha thng ng Clo lng v khng
c php c cc mi ni c th to thnh vt chn thu lc hoc nt kh.
ng knh ng dn Clo dcl (m) c chiu di n 500 m cn c tnh theo cng
thc:
Trong :
Q
( m)
V
(6-30)
nc
dcl = 1,2
ol
d
.v
6.172.
Q - Lu lng giy ln nht ca kh Clo hoc Clo lng (m3/s), ly ln hn lu

lng trung bnh gi t 3-5 ln, trng lng th tch ca Clo lng - 1,40 T/m3, ca
w
.v
Clo kh - 0,0032T/m3.
w
w
6.173.
V - Tc trong ng ng, ly bng 2,5-3,5 m/s i vi Clo kh v 0,8 m/s i

vi Clo lng. ng knh ng dn Clo khng c ly ln hn 80 mm.
ng dn nc Clo phi dng loi vt liu chu c nc Clo.
Sau Clorator v Ejector ng ring, cc ng dn nc Clo ch c php ni hp
nht li vi nhau qua thng cha c vch trn n nh mc nc.
ng dn nc Clo bn trong nh cn t trong rnh di nn nh hoc gn vo
tng bng mc ng, ngoi nh cn t trong rnh ngm hoc trong ng
lng.
Khi kho tiu th Clo t xa trn 100 m v lng tiu th Clo lng trong 1 ngy
khng ln hn 3 bnh, th cho php b tr 1 gian trong bung nh lng Clo
bo qun lng Clo d tr trong 3 ngy, nhng cn c ca ring thng ra ngoi.
Gian phng ny cng phi p ng cc yu cu nh i vi kho tiu th.
Mt n phng c v qun o bo h lao ng cho cng nhn cn c bo qun
t ring t trong phng m ca bung nh lng Clo. Bng iu khin n
chiu sng trong bung nh lng Clo cn t phng m.
pha v bo qun dung dch Hypoclorit Canxi dng bt phi dng b (s b
khng nh hn 2); dung tch ca cc b cn tnh theo iu kin nng ca dung
dch t 0,5-1% v pha 1-2 ln trong 1 ngy. B cn lm bng cc loi vt liu
chng n mn hoc c ph lp chng n mn v nht thit phi c my khuy.
nh lng Hypoclorit Canxi, phi dng thit b nh lng vi dung dch
c lng trong. Phi c bin php x cn ra khi thng v thit b nh lng.
in phn dung dch mui n thu Natri Hypoclorit phi tin hnh bng cc
6.174.
6.175.
6.176.
6.177.
6.178.
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6.182.
6.183.
6.184.
6.185.
w
.v
6.186.
.v
6.181.
ol
d
6.180.
nc
6.179.
bnh in phn. Khi c 1-3 bnh in phn lm vic th phi c 1 bnh d tr.
Ghi ch: Khi cn thit t nhiu bnh in phn cng lm vic th cho php xy
dng b dung dch v b tiu th cng nh b cha chung. S lng b mi nhm
khng t hn 2.
Cc bnh in phn phi c t bung ring. n in chiu sng phi c
bc kn bng knh bo v kh Clo. Trc ca vo bung in phn phi c
bung m.
B pha dung dch bo ho mui n cn t trong khu vc cng trnh x l hoc ti
kho.
Dung tch b ho trn cn m bo cha c d tr cht in phn cho bnh
in phn lm vic lin tc t 24h tr ln. Vic bo qun mui cn tun th ch
dn ghi iu 6.338.
Cc b lm vic dng pha dung dch n nng quy nh (khng ph thuc
vo loi bnh in phn) ly theo s liu ghi trong l lch my v cn c trang b
b phn nh lng ring cho tng bnh in phn. Khi c mt s bnh in phn
th vic nh lng cn thc hin bng ngn n nh mc. Cc b lm vic cn b
tr sao cho dung dch cht in phn c th t chy vo bnh in phn, cn dung
tch cc b phi m bo cho cc bnh in phn lm vic lin tc trong 12h.
B cha Hypoclorit cn t bn ngoi bung in phn trong mt phng c h
thng thng gi. Hypoclorit cho vo b cha phi bng t chy. Dung tch ca b
cha phi m bo s lm vic lin tc ca bnh in phn t 8-16h.
i vi cc b ho trn, b tiu th v b cha cn phi c ng cp nc, ng x
cn v ra b.
Tt c cc b phn ca thit b tip xc vi dung dch mui v Hypoclorit cn phi
lm bng vt liu chng n mn.
Thit b cung cp in cho cc bnh in phn phi t phng ring kh ro v
c thng gi.
Khi kh trng nc bng Clo ho v khi cn phi ngn nga mi Clophenol phi
t thit b cho kh Amnic vo nc.
Amnic phi c bo qun trong bnh hoc thng t ti kho tiu th. Liu
lng kh Amnic phi c kim tra bng lu lng k, kim tra b sung bng
cn bn, ni cn va l ch t bnh hoc thng ng Amnic cho vo nc.
Thit b Amnic ho c b tr trong bung ring, cch ly vi bung nh lng
Clo v phi c trang b c gii ho di chuyn cc bnh v thng.
Bung nh lng Amnic phi c thit k theo ch dn iu 6.166 v 6.167.
Tt c cc thit b ca h thng Amonic ho u phi s dng loi chng n.
Thi gian tip xc ca Clo v Hypoclorit vi nc t khi pha trn n khi s dng
khng c nh hn 1 gi.
S tip xc ca cc hp cht cha Clo vi nc cn c thc hin trong b cha
nc sch hoc trong b tip xc ring. Khi khng phi cp nc dc tuyn ng
dn, cho php tnh thi gian tip xc trong ng ng.
Khi iu kin c s vt cht k thut cho php th c th dng bin php kh
trng bng zn. Liu lng zn cn thit kh trng nc ngm ly bng
0,75-1 mg/l; i vi nc mt1-3 mg/l.
Lng khng kh tnh ton trung bnh iu ch 1 kg zn iu kin p sut
bnh thng v nhit 20c bng 70-80 m3.
Khng kh cn ly vng khng b nhim bn v cn t thit b ht khng kh
cao hn mi nh 4 m.
Trm zn bao gm thit b iu ch zn, v thit b khuy trn zn vi nc.
iu ch zn cn c h thng vn chuyn khng kh, ngun in v my to
zn.
Trong h thng x l khng kh phi c thit b lc bi, thit b hp ph bng
w
w
6.187.
6.188.
6.189.
6.190.
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6.195.
6.196.
6.197.
6.198.
w
.v
6.199.
6.194.
.v
6.193.
ol
d
6.192.
nc
6.191.
Silicagen hoc keo nhm sy kh khng kh v cc thit b khc ti sinh cc

cht hp ph. H thng x l khng kh cn phi vn hnh t ng.
m ca khng kh sau khi i qua thit b hp ph khng c ln hn
0,05g/m3, tng ng vi im nng - 45C.
i vi trm zn c cng sut ln hn 6 kg/h zn th khng kh phi c sy
kh 2 bc (bc I lm lnh nhn to khng kh bng thit b lm lnh n nhit
7C v bc II sy kh khng kh trong thit b hp ph n m d 0,05 g/m3).
Khi thit k thit b cung cp khng kh v hn hp zn - khng kh cn phi
tnh n tn tht p lc trong thit b, trong ng ng, trong b trn v h thng
phn phi.
Lng in nng cung cp cho trm iu ch zn ly bng 30-40 KW/h cho 1 kg
zn.
Thit b iu ch zn cn t trong phng ring hoc trong khi cng trnh x l.
Vic iu ch zn phi thc hin cch xa nhng ch c m khng kh cao,
(thp lm lnh, ging phun v cc b cha nc h) trn 200m.
My zn cn b tr bung ring c thng vi cc bung khc bng ca kn.
Thit b iu ch zn zn ho ln th nht v ln th 2 (theo yu cu) cn
c b tr trong 1 bung.
Khi b tr b cha nc zn di bung iu ch zn th trn v sn phi c
chng thm kh m.
Lng nc lm lnh thit b zn cn ly 3 m3 cho 1kg zn (tnh chnh xc
thm theo s liu l lch my ca xng ch to).
S ho tan hn hp zn khng kh vi nc phi thc hin bng my khuy
trong ct ng, hoc bng cch lm si bt trong b cha v trong b trn Eject.
Khi kh trng nc bng zn, nng zn d trong nc sau ngn trn cn
phi bng 0,1 - 0,3 mg/l.
Cho php kh trng nc bng chiu tia cc tm ti cc trm tng p v cc trm
cp nc cc b c mng li phn phi hon ton kn, c kh nng loi tr hon
ton vic xm nhp tr li ca cc loi vi khun vo h thng, khi cc ch tiu l
ho ca nc p ng tiu chun nc n ung, nng St trong nc nh hn
0,3 mg/l v ch s Coliform nh hn 1.000 MPN/l. S lng my pht tia cc tm
v cch b tr xc nh theo cng sut ca thit b, nhng khng c ly ln hn
5 (trong c 1 b d tr). im kh trng phi nm trn ng y hoc ng ht
ca my bm, bm nc vo mng li tiu th.
w
w
X L N NH NC
6.200.
Nhng ch dn mc ny p dng x l nc cho cp nc sinh hot v sn

xut, khng p dng i vi nc lm lnh cc thit b cng ngh.
Ghi ch:
1- Trong mc ny khng nghin cu phng php x l n nh nc cho h
thng cp nc nng v cp nhit.
6.201.
6.202.
2- X l nc tun hon d lm lnh phi thc hin theo ch dn Mc 10.

n nh ca nc c nh gi theo kt qu thu c t "Phng php phn
tch cng ngh-Xc nh n nh ca nc".
Nu khng c s liu phn tch cng ngh, c th xc nh n nh nh gi
cht lng nc theo ch s bo ho J.
(6-31)
J= pHo- pHs
Trong :
pHo - pH ca nc, xc nh bng my o pH
pHs - pH ca nc sau khi bo ho Cacbont n trng thi cn bng tnh
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theo cng thc:

(6-32)
pHs = f1 (t) - f2(Ca2+) - f3 (K) + f4 (P)
Trong : f1 (t), f2 (Ca2+),f3 (K), f4 (P) l nhng tr s ph thuc vo nhit ,
nng canxi, kim, tng hm lng mui trong nc, xc nh theo th
trn hnh H-6.1.
Ghi ch: nh gi tc dng n mn ca nc i vi kt cu btng ct thp,
phi theo tiu chun v thit k bo v chng n mn cho kt cu xy dng nh v
cng trnh.
Phi x l n nh nc khi ch s bo ho ln hn +0,5 trong 8-10 thng trong
nm, hoc khi ch s bo ho m hn 3 thng trong mt nm.
i vi nc c x l bng phn v c (Nhm Sunft, St Clorua...) khi tnh
ch s bo ho phi k n gim pH v kim ca nc do pha thm phn
vo.
kim ca nc sau khi pha phn K1(mgdl/l) tnh theo cng thc:
Dp
K1 = K 0
e
(6-33)
6.203.
.v
6.204.
Trong :
ol
d
K0 - kim ca nc ngun trc khi pha phn (tnh bng mgdl/l).

Dp - Liu lng phn tnh theo sn phm khng ngm nc (mg/l).
e- ng lng ca phn khng ngm nc, ly theo iu 6.15 (mg/mgdl). Lng

axit Cacbonic t do trong nc sau khi pha phn tnh theo cng thc:
nc
Dp
(CO2)= (CO2)o + 44 e (mg/l)

Trong :
(6-34)
(CO2)0 - Nng axit cacbonic trong nc ngun trc khi pha phn (mg/l).
200
1.4
w
w
1.5
1.6
1.7
Nhit
40
1.8
30
1.9
2
20
2.1
2.2
10
2.3
(t0)
Khi lng ion ca2+(mg/l)
50
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
9
8
7
65
4
3
2
2.5
0
2.6
4000
3000
3.7
10
8
7
6
5
1.9
3.6
3.5
3
3.4
2
2000
3.3
2+
1500
3.2
f2 (Ca )
3.1
1000
900
800
600
500
0.4
0.6
0.3
0.5
50
400
(W)
350
300
250
200
150
0.4
0.2
2.8
2.7
0.8
0.7
8.71
8.70
8.69
8.68
450
1.4
1.3
1.2
1
0.9
100
500
1.1
2.9
700
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.1
0.5
8.89
8.88
8.87
8.86
8.85
8.84
8.83
8.82
8.81
8.80
8.79
8.78
8.77
8.76
8.75
8.74
8.73
8.72
600
550
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
15
9.5
14
13
12
11
9.4
10
9
(p)
mui ton phn (mg/l)
1.3
60
5000
Kim (mgl/l)
70
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
2+
1.4
2 (Ca )
1.3 f
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
khi lng ion ca2+(mg/l)
500
400
300
1.1
1.2
80
mui ton phn (mg/l)
w
.v
pH ca nc sau khi pha phn xc nh theo ton hnh H-6.2 theo

kim v hm lng axit Cacbonic sau khi pha phn.
Hnh H-6.1: th xc nh pH ca nc bo ho Canxi Cacbont

n trng thi cn bng.
8
7
(p)
9.3
6
5
9.2
4
3
9.1
2
9
1
8.9
0.1
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6.205.
Nu ch s bo ho dng, phng lng cn Canxi Cacbont trong ng ng

phi x l nc bng axit Sunfuric hoc axit Clohydric hay Hexametaphotphat
hoc Tripolyphospht Natri. Khi x l n nh bng Phosphat cho nc dng
n ung lng ho cht tha cn li khng c vt qu 2,5 mg/l. Khi x l
nc ch dng cho nhu cu sn xut, lng Hexametaphosphat hoc Natri
Tripolyphospht, ly bng 2-4 mg/l.
Lng axit Dax (mg/l), tnh theo sn phm th trng, phi tnh theo cng thc:
100
Dax= a . K. e1. C K
(6.35)
Trong :
a - H s xc nh theo th hnh H-6.3

K- kim ca nc trc khi x l n nh
.v
e1- ng lng ca axit (mg/mgdl). i vi axit sulfuric e1=49; i vi axit

Clohydric e1=36,5)
ol
d
CK- Hm lng hot cht trong axit th trng (%)

Khi ch s bo ho c gi tr m, to lp bo v bng Cacbont mt trong
thnh ng phi kim ho nc hay kh axit cacbonc bng cch lm thong trn
dn qut gi kt hp vi vic kh St trong nc.
Lng kim pha thm vo a nc v trng thi n nh (j=0) phi xc nh
theo mt trong nhng cng thc bng 6.20.
6.206.
Trong :
nc
K - kim ca nc trc khi x l n nh (mgdl/l)

pHo- pH ca nc trc khi x l n nh
w
.v
Dk- Liu lng cht kim (mgdl/l)

tnh chuyn Dk thnh n v trng lng sn phm k thut (mg/l) phi dng
cng thc:
100
DK= DK . e2 . C K
(6-36)
Trong :
w
w
e2 - ng lng ca hot cht trong kim mg/mgdl. i vi vi tnh theo CaO

=28.
CK- Hm lng hot cht trong sn phm k thut (%) Liu lng Sa tnh theo
Na2CO3 (mg/l) phi ly bng 3-3,5 ln ln hn liu lng vi tnh theo CaO
(mg/l).
Bng 6.20
c im nc
Cng thc xc nh liu lng kim
J<O, pHo < pHs < 8,4
DK = b.K y b - theo th hnh H-6.4
J<O; pHo < 8,4 < pHs
Dk = ( + + .) K y v - theo th hnh H6.5
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pH
2,5
300
1,5
150
200
300
400
5,5
5
0,5
4
Hnh 6 - 2
Ton xc nh pH hay nng
axt cacbont t do trong nc thin nhin
0,7
0,5
kim
p (mui)
S ng dng
Ni to vi hm lng mui, ct thang ph
ti a. Ni a vi kim tnh, ct thang
mui b. Ni b vi CO2 c, tm c
w
.v
0,3
Thang ph
Nhit
a
nc
0,9
0,2
16
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90100
6,5
650
700
750
800
7,5
30
35
40
50
60
1
250
350
400
450
500
550
600
25
.v
20
200
3
4
5
67
8
910
ol
d
15
150
8,5
5
4,5
4
3,5
pH
10
Tng hm l ng mui P (mg/l )
Thang ph
Nhit (T C)
100
CO2
CO2 t do
8
7
6
50
kim
j = 2,5
Hnh 6 - 3
j=2
th xc nh h s
khi tnh liu lng axt
j = 1,5
w
w
0,1
j=1
0,05
0,025
j = 0,5
j = 0,3
0,01
5
6.207.
5,5
6,5
7,5
pH
8,5
Khi x l n nh nc, phi d kin kh nng cho cht kim vo b trn, trc
v sau b lc, trc khi pha Clo t 2. Khi cho kim vo trc v sau b lc phi
bo m tinh khit ca ho cht kim v dung dch kim. Vic iu ch v nh
lng dung dch Vi v Sa, phi theo ch dn iu 6.33-6.40.
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6.208.
Ghi ch: c php cho kim vo trc b trn v trc b lc trong nhng
trng hp khng lm xu hiu qu lm sch nc (ni ring l gim hiu qu x
l mu).
x l n nh nc, phi dng Vi v Sa.
Nu liu lng DK tnh theo cng thc ca bng 6.20 ln hn dK (mgdl/l) tnh
theo cng thc:
(CO 2 )
22 + K
dK = 0,7
.v
ol
d
12
10
9
8
7
6
5
4 ,5 0
4 ,0 0
3 ,5 0
3 ,0 0
2 ,5 0
2 ,0 0
1 ,8 0
1 ,6 0
1 ,2 0
1
0 ,9 0
0 ,8 0
0 ,7 0
0 ,6 0
0 ,5 0
0 ,4 5
0 ,4 0
0 ,3 5
0 ,3 0
0 ,2 5
0 ,2 0
0 ,1 8
0 ,1 6
0 ,1 4
0 ,1 2
0 ,1 0
0 ,0 9
0 ,0 8
0 ,0 7
0 ,0 6
0 ,0 5
0 ,0 4
J = 2 ,5
J = 2
w
w
w
.v
6.210.
nc
6.209.
(6-37)
th ngoi Vi vi hm lng dK (mgdl/l) phi cho thm Sa mt lng Dx tnh
theo cng thc:
(6-38)
Dx = (DK - dK) . 100 (mg/l)
Vic kh axit Cacbonic n nh nc phi thc hin trn dn kh kh xp g
hoc ng nha. pH ca nc trn dn kh phi xc nh theo th hnh H6.2. ng thi kim ca nc phi ly bng kim ca nc ngun sau khi
kh kh CO2 xung cn 8-10 mg/l.
Cng ti trn dn kh kh xp g phi ly bng 40 m3/m2.h. Lu lng
khng kh 20 m3 cho 1 m3 nc.
Phng php x l nc bo v ng khng b n mn bng cch to nn mt
lp bo v bng Canxi Cacbont, hoc dng Polyphosphats ghi trong Ph lc 8.
Hnh H-6.4: Biu xc

nh h s theo nng
kim khi pHo < pHs < 8,4.
J = 1 ,5
J = 1
0 ,0 3
0 ,0 2
0 ,0 1
J = 0 ,5
J = 0 ,2
5 ,5
6 ,5
7 ,5
Rm
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30
20
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
= f 1 (pH)
= f 2 (pH)
.v
0,01
ol
d
0,4
0,3
0,2
5,5
6,5
7,5
8,5
9,5
0,008
0,007
0,006
0,005
0,004
0,003
0,002
0,001
10 pH
Cn phi pha thm Flo vo nc cp cho nhu cu sinh hot v n ung trong
trng hp khi hm lng Flo trong nc cp thp hn 0,5 mg/l. Cho ho cht
cha Flo vo nc trc b lc, b lc tip xc hay l cho vo sau cc cng trnh
x l chung trc khi st trng. S cn thit phi cho thm Flo vo nc trong
mi trng hp c th do c quan v sinh phng bnh quyt nh.
Flo ho nc c th dng cc ho cht sau: Silic Florua Natri, Florua Natri,
Silic Florua Amni.
Liu lng ho cht Df (g/m3) xc nh theo cng thc:
w
.v
6.211.
nc
FLO HO NC
0,03
0,02
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,1
0,1
0,09
0,08
0,07
0,06
0,05
0,04
Hnh H-6.5: Biu

xc nh h s v
theo nng kim
khi pHo < 8,4 < pHs.
0,2
6.212.
w
w
6.213.
100 100
.
K
Cf
Df = [ma - (F )]
(6-39)
Trong :
m: H s ph thuc vo ch a Flo vo nc x l. Khi cho Flo vo sau cc

cng trnh lm sch m=1; khi cho Flo vo trc b lc hay b lc tip xc m=1,1.
a: Hm lng cn thit ca Flo trong nc x l g/m3 ph thuc vo iu kin kh

hu v thay i theo ma ly t 0,7-1,2 g/m3 (gi tr nh ly cho ma h v vng
kh hu nng).
K: Hm lng Flo trong ho cht tinh khit tnh bng % i vi Silic Florua Natri
K =60; Florua Natri K =45; Silic Florua Amni K = 64.
F-: Hm lng Flo trong nc ngun g/m3
6.214.
Cf: Hm lng ho cht tinh khit trong sn phm k thut %

Khi dng Silic Florua Natri cn p dng s cng ngh pha dung dch khng
bo ho trong cc thng tiu th hay dung dch ho cht bo ho trong cc thit b
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6.216.
6.219.
w
.v
6.220.
- i vi Silic Florua Amni: 7%

Dng khuy c kh hay khng kh nn khuy trn dung dch. Cng khng
kh nn ly bng 8-10 l/s.m2.
Tnh ton thng tiu th theo ch dn ca cc iu 6.21 v 6.24
Dung dch ho cht cha Flo phi lng 2 gi trc khi em dng.
Khi dng Silic Florua Natri v Silic Florua Amni cn c bin php chng r cho
thng, ng ng dn v thit b nh lng.
Phi bo qun ho cht cha Flo trong cc xitc ch to ti cc nh my v t cc
xitc vo kho. Tnh ton kho v s lng xitc phi theo ch dn iu 6.326.
Nh t thit b nh lng Flo v kho ho cht cha Flo phi c cch ly vi
cc nh sn xut khc. Nhng ch c kh nng gy bi phi t cc bm ht
khng kh cc b.
Khi dng cc ho cht cha flo, v tnh c hi ca n cn phi c bin php bo
v chung v bo v cho cc cng nhn vn hnh.
nc
6.217.
6.218.
ol
d
- i vi Silic Florua Natri: 2,5%
.v
6.215.
ho tan bo ho.
Khi dng Florua Natri hay Silic Florua Amni cn p dng s cng ngh pha
dung dch bo ho trong cc thng tiu th.
Ghi ch: Cho php dng s cng ngh nh lng ho cht kh.
Cng sut ca thit b ho tan bo ho qc tnh bng l/h (theo dung dch bo ho
ca ho cht) xc nh theo cng thc:
D f .Q
qc =
np
(6.40)
Trong :
Q- Lu lng nc x l m3/h
n- S thit b ho tan bo ho
p - ho tan ca Silicflorua Natri (g/l) nhit 20C p = 7,3 g/l; 40C p =10,3
g/l. Khi xc nh th tch ca thit b ho tan bo ho, thi gian lu li ca dung
dch trong thit b ly khng nh hn 5h. Tc i ln ca dng nc trong thit
b khng ln hn 0,1 mm/s.
Nng dung dch ho cht khi pha thnh dung dch bo ho trong thng tiu th
ly bng:
6.221.
w
w
KH FLO CA NC
6.222.
6.223.
6.224.
6.225.
6.226.
Khi dng phng php lc nc qua xit Nhm hot tnh kh Flo th hm
lng cn ca nc trc khi i vo b lc khng c qu 8 mg/l v tng hm
lng mui khng c ln hn 1000 mg/l.
Chn vt liu hp ph l cc ht c ng knh 2-3 mm, trng lng th tch 0,5
tn/m3.
Chiu cao lp vt liu hp ph trong b lc p lc ly nh sau: Khi hm lng Flo
trong nc n 5 mg/l ly 2 m; t 8-10 mg/l ly 3 m. Trong b lc h ly 2 m khi
hm lng Flo trong nc n 5 mg/l v 2,5 m khi hm lng Flo trong nc8-10
mg/l.
Chiu cao b lc p lc c xc nh bng cch cng chiu cao lp vt liu hp
ph vi khong khng gian t do trn b mt lp ny. Chiu cao khong khng
gian t do ly khng nh hn 60% chiu dy lp hp ph.
Trong cc b lc, dng h thng phn phi nc ra v thu nc lc bng dn ng
lm t vt liu khng r hoc dng cc chp lc c khe. Khi dng h thng phn
phi c khe (ng hay chp lc) phi di lp hp ph mt lp ct thch anh
chiu dy 150 mm ng knh ht 2-4 mm.
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6.228.
6.229.
Tc lc bnh thng ly khng ln hn 6 m/h; tc lc khi lm vic tng

cng khng ln hn 8 m/h.
B lc lm vic trong thi gian u cho nc lc c hm lng Flo t 0,1 - 0,3
mg/l sau hm lng Flo trong nc lc nng cao dn.
Phi ngng b lc hon nguyn khi hm lng Flo trong nc lc qua b l
ln nht lm cho hm lng Flo trong ng gp chung dn i cho ngi tiu th
ln n 1 mg/l.
Thi gian lm vic ca b lc gia 2 ln hon nguyn T tnh bng gi xc nh
theo cng thc:
T=
F.H.K
Ck
q(C o
)
3
(6-41)
6.227.
F- Din tch b lc, m2

H- Chiu cao lp hp ph ,m
.v
Trong :
ol
d
K - Dung tch hp ph ca vt liu hp ph tnh theo Flo ly bng 900-1000g/m3.

C0 - Hm lng Flo trong nc ngun, g/m3
6.230.
w
.v
nc
6.231.
Ck- Hm lng Flo trong nc lc cui chu k lc ly bng 1,5 g/m3.

Trc khi hon nguyn phi xi lp vt liu hp ph bng nc vi cng 4-6
l/s.m2; thi gian xi 15-20 pht).
Hon nguyn vt liu hp ph bng dung dch Sunpht Nhm nng 1-1,5%
tnh theo Al2(SO4)3. Dung dch hon nguyn cho qua lp hp ph t trn xung
di vi tc 2-2,5m/h.
Ghi ch: 70-80% th tch u tin ca dung dch hon nguyn x b i, phn th
tch cui (gn 25% th tch dung dch hon nguyn) c s dng li hon
nguyn vt liu hp ph. Trong trng hp ny bt u hon nguyn bng dung
dch thu hi li.
Lng tiu th Sunpht Nhm tnh theo Al2(SO4)3 ly 40-50 gam cho 1 gam Flo
c kh ra khi nc.
Sau khi hon nguyn phi ra lp vt liu hp ph bng dng nc i t di ln
trn vi cng 4-5 l/s. m2. Lng nc tiu th ra lp vt liu hp ph 10 m3
cho 1 m3 vt liu hp ph.
6.232.
w
w
6.233.
KH ST V MANGAN
6.234.
Phi kh St trong nc cp cho nhu cu sinh hot v n ung khi hm lng St

trong nc ngun ln hn 0,3 mg/l v kh Mangan khi hm lng ln hn 0,2
mg/l.
Ghi ch:
1- Trong trng hp c bit c s tho thun vi c quan v sinh phng dch khi
hm lng St trong ngun nc ngm n 0,5 mg/l c th khng cn kh St.
Mc cn thit phi kh St trong nc cp cho cc nhu cu k thut phi do

yu cu v cht lng nc ca tng loi sn xut quy nh.
6.235.
2- Phng php kh Mn xem Ph lc 10

Vic kh St trong nc mt cn tin hnh ng thi vi lm trong v kh mu.
Thnh phn cc cng trnh trong trng hp ny tng t cc cng trnh lm
trong v kh mu nc. Tnh ton v cu to cc cng trnh phi tun theo cc ch
dn iu 6.9 - 6.17.
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6.236.
6.237.
6.238.
Vic chn cc phng php kh St nc ngm, chn cc thng s tnh ton v

liu lng cc ho cht phi c tin hnh trn c s kt qu nghin cu cng
ngh thc hin trc tip ti ngun cp nc.
C th kh St trong nc ngm bng cch lc nc qua b lc Cationit. Trong
trng hp ny phi m bo khng lt xy v cc cht xy ho khc vo
trong nc trc khi a n vo b lc Cationit. B lc Cationit gim hm lng
St trong nc n 0,5mg/l vi iu kin nu nh tt c St c trong nc u tn
ti dng ion ho tr 2 v phi ch rng b lc Cationit khng kh c St tn
ti di dng keo Hydroxit St v hp cht St hu c.
C th p dng mt trong cc phng php sau y kh St:
a) Lm thong n gin ri lc trong (ch cn ly xy ca khng kh vo nc

xy ho St, khng cn kh CO2 nng pH ca nc).
.v
b) Lm thong ly xy v kh CO2 nng pH ca nc, lng hoc lc tip xc,

lc trong.
c) Lm thong ly xy v kh CO2 sau lc qua b lc tip xc c lp vt
liu lc c hot tnh xc tc kh st v mangan ri lc trong.
ol
d
d) Kim ho nc bng vi kt hp vi lm thong, lng ri lc trong.
e) Keo t bng phn (c Clo ho trc ph v cc hp cht St hu c hoc

khng) lng trong ri lc.
nc
6.239.
g) Lc qua b lc Cationit. Dng phng php kim ho bng vi v phng php

lc qua b lc Cationit c li khi ng thi vi vic kh St phi lm mm nc.
thit k trm kh st cn c nhng s liu sau:
a) Cng sut hu ch ca trm, m3/ngy
b) Yu cu i vi cht lng nc sau khi kh St
w
.v
c) Bng phn tch ho hc nc cn x l phi c cc ch tiu sau: c;

mu; cng ton phn v cng cacbont; kim; pH; oxy ho; Tng
hm lng St v hm lng ion St ho tr hai, St ho tr ba; Hm lng ion
Clorua v Sunpht.
d) Kt qu kh St ti ch bng cc phng php ghi iu 6.246.

Nu khi th nghim kh St theo cc im a, b, c, ghi trong iu 6.246 khng t
th vic chn phng php kh St phi c tin hnh bng cch so snh gi
thnh gia cc phng php kh St vi nhau (kim ho, keo t, Clo ho,
Cationit) chn phng php kinh t nht.
Khi thiu ti liu v kt qu th nghim kh St ti ch, chn phng php kh
St cho giai on lp bo co nghin cu kh thi, c th da vo cc tiu ch sau:
Khi nc ngm c hm lng St ho tr hai khng ln hn 10 mg/l; mu ca
nc o trc tip khi bm nc ra khi ging khng vt qu 15; xy ho
khng vt qu [0,15 (Fe2+) + 5] mg/l O2 ; NH4 < 1 mg/l; tng hm lng St
khng vt qu hm lng ca ion St ho tr 2 v St ho tr 3 n 0,3 mg/l; pH
w
w
6.240.
6.241.
ca nc sau kh St 6,8; kim nc ln hn

phng php lm thong n gin.
6.242.
(1 +
Fe 2+
)
28 mgdl/l th dng
Fe 2+
(1 +
)
28 mgdl/l; pH ca nc
Nu kim nc ngm ln hn tr s gii hn
sau khi thu phn st c tr s < 6,8 th p dng phng php lm thong kh kh
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w
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6.244.
nc
ol
d
.v
6.243.
CO2 tng pH ca nc ngm.

Khi lm thong cng bc trong cc thng c qut gi c th gim 85-90% lng
CO2.
Khi lm thong trn cc dn tip xc t nhin c th kh c 75-80% lng CO2
c trong nc.
Khi lm thong bng cch phun trc tip trn mt nc (chiu cao phun khng
thp hn 1m, cng ti khng ln hn 10 m3/m2.h). C th kh c 30-35%
lng CO2 c trong nc.
Tnh ton tr s pH ca nc sau khi lm thong v thu phn St tin hnh nh
sau:
Theo tr s kim v pH bit ca nc (ghi trong bng phn tch) tra biu
hnh H-6.2 tm hm lng CO2 t do trong nc ngun trc khi lm thong.
Sau cng thm vo lng CO2 t do ny mt lng CO2 b sung do thu phn
St to ra. C 1mg/l St b thu phn to ra 1,6 mg/l CO2 v lm gim kim
ca nc xung mt lng bng 0,036 mgdl/l.
Khi tnh c hm lng mi ca CO2 v kim ca nc, theo biu , tm tr
s pH ca nc sau khi thu phn St. Nu pH ca nc sau thu phn 6,8 v
kim cn li 1mgdl/l th p dng phng php lm thong n gin.
Nu lm thong n gin khng c m sau khi tr i 80% lng CO2, tm c
tr s pH > 6,8 v kim > 1 mgdl/l th p dng bin php lm thong trn cc
dn tip xc t nhin kh kh CO2.
Nu lm thong trn cc dn tip xc t nhin khng t m sau khi tr i 90%
lng CO2, tm c tr s pH 6,8; kim > 1 mgdl/l th p dng bin php
lm thong cng bc bng thng qut gi. Din tch tip xc cn thit trong cc
dn lm thong xc nh bng tnh ton theo nguyn tc kh kh CO2 trong nc.
Nu cc ch tiu cht lng nc ngun ghi iu 6.249 m bo nhng pH ca
nc sau khi lm thong kh CO2 c tr s vn < 6,8; kim gim xung <1
mgdl/l th trc b lc trong phi d kin cho nc qua b lc tip xc bn trong
c cht lp vt liu lc l cht xc tc kh St (ct ph mt lp xit Mangan) hay
cc loi qung Piroluzit t nhin, sau qua b lc trong.
Khi cc bin php lm thong khng t kt qu phi p dng bin php dng ho
cht kh St.
a) Dng cc cht xy ho mnh l Clo hoc Kali Permanganat. kh 1mg/l St
tiu th 0,70 mg/l Clo v kim gim 0,018 mgdl/l. kh 1 mg/l St cn kh
tiu th 1 mg/l KMnO4.
b) Khi kim ho nc bng vi, liu lng vi c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
6.245.
w
w
Fe 2 + CO 2
mg / l
+
22
Dv = 28 28
(6-42)
Trong :
- Fe2+ l lng St ho tr hai trong nc ngm, mg/l
6.246.
- CO2 l hm lng CO2 t do trong nc ngun, mg/l.

Thnh phn cc cng trnh kh St bng phng php lm thong bao gm:
1- Cng trnh lm thong (lm thong n gin, lm thong t nhin trn cc dn
tip xc, lm thong cng bc bng thng c qut gi).
2- B lng hay b lc tip xc

3- B lc trong
Cc thng s tnh ton cng trnh lm thong nh sau:
a) Lm thong n gin: C th phun nc trc tip trn mt b lc, cng
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w
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nc
ol
d
.v
ti khng ln hn 10 m3/m2.h. Chiu cao tnh t mc nc n l dn ng phun

khng t hn 0,6 m hoc c th cho nc trn qua mng dn vo b lc. Chiu cao
trn t mc nc h lu n nh trn khng t hn 0,5-0,6 m.
Cng trn 10 m3/1m di ca mp mng. Khi dng b lc p lc phi a
khng kh vo trc b lc tip xc hay trc b lc bng bm nn kh hay
Ejector. Lng khng kh cn a vo nc ly 2 lt cho 1 gam St cn kh. Sau
ch a khng kh vo phi t b trn trn u khng kh vi nc. B trn
lm hnh tr hay hnh cu; trong t cc vch ngn thay i hng chuyn
ng ca hn hp nc - kh. B trn c th tch nc lu li trong khng
di 1 pht.
b) Dn lm thong t nhin c vt liu tip xc l cc than x hay cui si ng
knh trung bnh 30-40 mm hoc ng nha D25-50 xp vung gc to thnh c
25x25 hoc 50x50; lp n chng lp kia sao cho cc khng trng nhau.
Vt liu tip xc thnh lp c chiu cao 30-40 cm. Lp n cch lp kia 0,8 m.
S lp vt liu tip xc do l chiu cao dn ma ly theo tnh ton t yu cu
kh kh CO2 trong nc. Cng ma 10-15 m3/m2.h.
Dn ma gm: Mng phn phi l cc mng rng ca. Khong cch trc cc
mng nhnh 30 cm. Khong cch trc cc rng ca 35 mm. Chiu su rng ca 25
mm. Nu dng sn phn phi bng tn, th l khoan c ng knh 5 mm. S l
theo tnh ton lp nc trn sn dy 5-7 cm, m bo phn phi u trn ton
din tch. Nu dng dn ng, th l khoan trn ng thng t 5-10 mm. Tnh ton
dn ng nh tnh b ng phn phi nc ra trong b lc. Sn tung nc t di
mng phn phi 0,6 m lm bng vn g rng 20 cm t cch nhau 10 cm hay bng
na cy tre xp cch mp nhau 5 cm. Di sn tung nc l cc sn lp tip
xc kh kh, cui cng l sn thu nc bng btng. Thit b dn ma gm ng
dn nc ln mng phn phi, vn tc 0,8-1,2 m/s. ng a nc t sn tung
nc xung b lng tip xc vi vn tc 1,5m/s. ng dn nc sch c ra
D=50 mm; ng x cn D = 100-200 mm.
c) Thng qut gi: Vt liu tip xc bn trong hoc dng vn g rng 200 mm dy
10 mm t cch nhau 50 mm thnh mt lp, lp n xp vung gc vi lp kia v
cch nhau bng cc sn l thnh g tit din 50x50 mm, hoc dng ng nha
xp lp n vung gc vi lp kia v mp cc ng nha cch nhau 50 mm. Khi
lng vt liu tip xc xc nh theo tnh ton v yu cu kh kh CO2.
Chiu cao ca lp tip xc trong thng qut gi s b c th ly theo kim nh
sau:
w
w
kim trong nc ngun 2 mgdl/l, ly H = 1,5 m

2-4 mgdl/l, ly H = 2,0 m
4-6 mgdl/l, ly H = 2,5 m
6-8 mgdl/l, ly H = 3,0m

Din tch mt bng chn theo cng ti 40-50 m3/m2.h.
Lng khng kh thi vo ly 10 m3 cho 1 m3 nc, p lc my gi s b ly t
100-150 mm ct nc.
Trang b cho thng qut gi gm ng dn nc ln dn ng phn phi, ng dn
nc xung b lng tip xc, ng gi, ng x cn khi c ra lp vt liu tip xc.
Dn ng phn phi dng h phn phi tr lc ln hoc sn phn phi bng tn
khoan l.
Chiu cao tnh t nh lp vt liu n tim l h ng phn phi ly khng t hn
0,8 m; di sn lp vt liu tip xc l ngn tp trung nc dn xung b
lng tip xc. Trong ngn ny t ming ng cp gi, ng a nc xung b lng
v ng x cn. Chiu cao ngn ny ly ph thuc vo ng knh ng gi, nhng
khng b hn 0,5 m.
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6.247.
Th tch b lng tip xc hon thnh qu trnh xy ho v thu phn St trong

nc sau khi qua dn lm thong ph thuc vo pH ca nc sau lm thong,
ly theo bng 6.21.
Trong b lng tip xc cn cu to cc vch ngn hng dng m bo s dng
c ton b th tch khng to thnh vng nc cht trong b.
Bng 6.21
pH
Thi gian tip xc cn
thit (pht)
6.6
45
6.7
30
6.8
25
6.9
20
7.0
15
7.5
10
8
5
Thay cho b lng tip xc trong s dng my nn kh, Ejector thu kh v b lc

p lc c th t b lc tip xc.
Din tch lc tip xc xc nh theo cng thc:
Qn
Ftx = 20
.v
6.248.
6.5
60
m2
ol
d
Trong :
(6-43)
Qn - Cng sut trm kh St, m3/h
w
.v
6.250.
nc
6.249.
20- Tc lc tip xc 20 m/h

Trong trng hp nc sau khi lm thong c tr s pH < 6,8; kim < 1 mgdl/l
m kim ho nc bng vi kh khn v khng kinh t, th trc khi vo b lc
trong phi cho nc qua b lc tip xc c lp vt liu lc l ct en (ct c
ph mt lp xit Mangan trn b mt), c ht 1-3 mm. Qu trnh cy lp bc
xit Mangan ln b mt ht ct xem Ph lc 9.
B lc tip xc (h hay p lc) cht ct thch anh hay ct en, c ht 1,5-2 mm.
Chiu dy lp vt liu lc 2,5 m. Dng h thng phn phi tr lc ln c lp si
m. Ra b lc tip xc bng dng nc i t di ln cng 20 l/s.m2.
Trc sc gi vi cng 25 l/s.m2. Khi tnh ton thi gian ca mt chu k
ra b lc tip xc, ly cha cn ca lp vt liu l 5 kg Fe(OH)3 cho 1 m3 ct.
Kt cu b lc kh St tng t nh b lc lm trong v kh mu nc.
c tnh lp vt liu lc v tc lc khi lm thong kh CO2 v khi kh St
bng ho cht chn theo bng 6.11 iu 6.103.
Khi lm thong n gin th tc lc v c tnh lp vt liu lc chn theo bng
6.22.
w
w
6.251.
Bng 6.22
c tnh lp vt liu lc khi dng phng php

lm thong n gin
ng
ng
ng
H s
Chiu cao
knh ti knh ht ln knh hiu khng ng lp ct lc
thiu
nht (mm) dng (mm)
nht
(mm)
(mm)
Tc lc tnh ton m/h

Khi hot
ng bnh
thng
Khi lm
vic tng
cng
0,8
1,8
0,9-1
1,3-1,7
1000
10
1,0
1,2-1,3
1,3-1,7
1200
10
12
6.252.
ko di chu k lm vic ca b lc phi tng cha cn ca lp vt liu lc.

Khi kh St c th dng b lc 2 lp. Lp di l ct thch anh, lp trn l than
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6.253.
Antrazite. c tnh cc lp vt liu lc v tc lc ca b lc hai lp chn theo

bng 6.11 iu 6.103.
Thnh phn cng trnh ca trm kh St dng ho cht nh sau:
1. Thit b pha dung dch v nh lng ho cht
2. Cng trnh lm thong v trn ho cht vi nc
3. B lng ngang, lng ng hoc lng trong c lp cn l lng
ol
d
.v
6.255.
6.254.
4. B lc
Chn ho cht v liu lng ca chng kh St phi da trn kt qu th
nghim kh St ti ch. B phn ho tan v nh lng ho cht c thit k nh
i vi cc trm lm trong v kh mu.
Nu cn kh St trong cc ngun nc mt (sng, h...) th p dng quy trnh
dng ho cht. Khi thit k nh ho cht phi d kin kh nng cho vo nc
nhng ho cht sau:
1) Phn nhm, liu lng tnh theo Al2(SO4)3 ly ph hp vi cc ch dn iu
6.11 tu thuc vo mu v c ca nc ngun.
2) Vi (CaO), liu lng vi Dv mg/l tnh theo CaO xc nh bng cng thc:
CO 2 Fe 2 + D p
22 + 28 + e
1
Dv = 28
(6-44)
Trong :
CO2 - Hm lng CO2 t do trong nc ngun, mg/l
nc
Fe2+ - Hm lng Fe ho tr hai trong nc ngun, mg/l

Dp - Liu lng phn, mg/l (tnh theo sn phm kh)
w
.v
e1 - Trng lng tng ng ca phn (khng ngm nc), mg/l

3) Clo hay Clorua Vi Ca(OCl)2
Liu lng Clo hay Clorua Vi (tnh theo Clo hot tnh) xc nh theo cng thc:
(6-45)
Ccl = 2,25 [O2]
[O2]: xy ho ca nc ngun mg/l
Ghi ch: Lng ho cht tnh theo cc cng thc trn dng cho giai on D n
kh thi. n giai on thit k k thut cn c s liu chnh xc thu c t qu
trnh nghin cu cng ngh kh St th ti ch.
Trm kh St bng Cationit gm b lc Cationit c vt liu lc l cht trao i
Cation. trnh lm tng hm lng St trong nc, thnh b lng v b lc phi
c ph mt lp chng r. H thng thu v phn phi lm bng cht do.
Tc lc trong b Cationit ly bng 25 m/h. Chiu dy lp trao i Cation ly
bng 2,5 m. Tn s hon nguyn b lc xc nh bng cng ca nc cn lm
mm v hm lng St trong nc trc v sau qu trnh x l.
Hon nguyn b lc Cationit bng dung dch NaCl nng 5%. Cn phi d tnh
tng thi k (sau 15-20 ln hon nguyn) ra b lc Cationit bng dung dch axit
trc khi hon nguyn bng mui n.
w
w
6.256.
6.257.
6.258.
LM MM NC
6.259.
6.260.
lm mm nc cn dng cc phng php sau:

kh cng Cacbonat dng Vi, Hydro Cationit.
kh cng Cacbonat v Khng Cacbonat cng phng php lm mm bng
Vi-Sa. Lm mm bng Natri Cationit hay Hydro Natri Cationit.
Ghi ch: Trong chng ny khng nghin cu vic x l nc cp cho ni hi.
lm mm nc ngm nn dng phng php Cationit. i vi nc mt, nu
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6.261.
ng thi i hi phi lm trong nc th nn dng phng php pha Vi hay

Vi-Sa, cn khi cn phi lm mm nc trit th dng phng php Cationit
ni tip.
cp cho nhu cu sinh hot n ung, lng nc cn lm mm qm tnh bng
phn trm so vi tng lng nc xc nh theo cng thc:
Co C1
m=
x100
Co C 2
(6-46)
q
Trong :
Co - cng ton phn ca nc ngun (mgdl/l)
C2- cng ca phn nc c lm mm (mgdl/l)
C1- cng ton phn ca nc a vo mng li (mgdl/l)
6.264.
6.265.
ol
d
6.263.
Trong thnh phn cng trnh kh cng Cacbonat v lm mm bng ViSa phi bao gm: nh ho cht, b trn, b lng, b lc v cc thit b x l
n nh nc.
Khi kh cng Cacbonat, cng cn li ca nc c th ln hn cng
Khng Cacbonat l 0,4-0,8 mgdl/l; cn kim t 0,8-1,2 mgdl/l. Khi lm mm
bng Vi-Sa, cng cn li di 0,5-1 mgdl/l v kim 0,8-1,2 mgdl/l. Ly
gii hn di khi nhit nc t 35-40 oC.
Khi kh cng Cacbonat v lm mm bng Vi-Sa phi dng Vi dng vi
sa. Khi lng Vi dng hng ngy t hn 0,25 tn (tnh theo CaO) th c php
cho Vi vo nc dng dung dch vi bo ho iu ch t cc thit b bo ho.
kh cng Cacbonat liu lng Vi Dv tnh theo CaO cn xc nh theo
cng thc:
nc
6.262.
.v
KHU CNG CACBONAT V LM MM NC BNG VI-SA
w
.v
Ca 2 +
a) Khi t s gia nng Canxi v cng Cacbonat trong nc 20
> C o
th:
CO 2
D
D v = 28
+ C K + K + 0,3
eK
22
(6-47)
w
w
Ca 2 +
b) Khi t s gia nng Canxi v cng Cacbonat trong nc 20

th:
CO 2
Ca 2 + D K
D v = 28
+ 2Cc
+
+ 0,5
20
eK
22
(6-48)
< C o
Trong :
(CO2) - l nng axit Cacbonic t do trong nc, mg/l.

(Ca2+) nng ca Canxi trong nc, mg/l
Cc- cng Cacbonat ca nc, mgdl/l
Dk - Liu lng cht keo t FeCl3 hoc FeSO4 (tnh theo sn phm kh), mg/l
6.266.
ek- ng lng ca hot cht trong cc cht keo t. i vi FeCl3- 54; FeSO4 76.
Liu lng Vi v Sa khi lm mm bng Vi-Sa cn xc nh theo cng
thc:
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Liu lng vi tnh bng mg/l (tnh theo CaO)
CO 2
Mg 2 + D K
v = 28
+ Cc +
+
+ 0,5
12
eK
22
Liu lng Sa tnh bng mg/l (theo Na2CO3)
DK
+1
)
D = 53(Ckc + e K
Trong :
(6-49)
(6-50)
(Mg2+) - Hm lng Magi trong nc, mg/l
ol
d
6.268.
.v
6.267.
CKC - cng Khng Cacbonat ca nc, mgdl/l

Cc k hiu cn li xem iu 6.265.
Khi lm mm nc bng Vi hoc Sa, cht keo t phi dng l St(III) Clorua
hoc St(II) Sunfat.
Liu lng cht keo t (mg/l) DK tnh theo sn phm kh FeCl3 v FeSO4 ly t
25-35 mg/l v c xc nh chnh xc trong qun l.
Khi kh cng Cacbonat hoc lm mm nc khng cha cn l lng bng
Vi-Sa (nc ngm hay nc mt) lng s b tch cn Canxi Cacbonat
to thnh cn dng b phn ng xoay trong trng hp:
(Ca 2 + )
> CC
v khi lm mm nc bng ViKhi kh cng Cacbonat, nu 20
nc
w
.v
6.269.
Sa nu hm lng Magi trong nc ngun khng qu 15mg/l v xy ho

khng ln hn 10 mg/lO2. Cui cng cho nc tht trong phi cho nc qua b
lc.
Khi tnh ton b phn ng xoy phi ly tc nc vo b phn ng l 0,8-1
m/s. Gc nghing ca chp y l 15-20; Tc nc i ln tnh ti mt ct
ngang c b phn thu l 4-6 mm/s. Vt liu tip xc ca b phn ng xoay phi
dng ct thch anh hay bt c kch thc ht 0,2-0,3 mm. Khi lng 10 kg
trn 1 m3 dung tch b. Vi phi cho vo phn di ca b di dng dung dch
hoc dng sa. Khi x l nc trong b phn ng xoay khng c dng cht keo
t.
(Ca 2 + )
< CC
. Kh cng Cacbonat phi c tin hnh trong b
Ghi ch: Khi 20
w
w
6.270.
lng. Sau b lng l b lc.

Trong trng hp khng th dng b phn ng xoy do c nhiu Magi v nc
b nhim bn cn l lng, phi dng b lng trong c lp cn l lng tch cn
to ra khi lm mm nc.
Tnh ton v kt cu b lng trong cn theo ch dn cc iu 6.86 n 6.96 v
theo cc quy nh sau:
H s phn phi Kpp trong cng thc 6-16 v 6-17 l 0,7-0,8.
Tc nc i ln vng lng trong Vlt l 1,3-1,6 mm/s khi cng Magi nh
hn 25% v 0,8 mm/s khi cng Magi ln hn 25% cng ton phn. Nc
sau khi qua b lng c hm lng cn l lng khng ln hn 15 mg/l.
Chiu cao vng lng trong l 2-2,5m.
Vic phn phi nc trn din tch b lng trong phi dng cc ng dn cho nc
i t trn xung m bo c ra d dng cn Cacbonat Canxi ng li trong ng.
Din tch do mi ng phc v khng c vt qu 10 m2.
Tc nc chy trong ng xung khng c qu 0,7m/s. Tc nc chy
qua khe to nn gia mp di ca ng xung v tng nghing ca b lng trong
phi ly bng 0,6-0,7 m/s.
6.271.
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6.273.
6.274.
.v
6.275.
Nu cu to ca h ng trn b lng trong khng m bo kh c bt kh th

phn trn ca ng xung phi c ngn thot kh theo ch dn iu 6.60.
Nng ti a ca cn l lng trong nc i vo b lng (Cmg/l) cn xc nh
theo cng thc 6-52, 6-53 c tnh thm lng cn M do cc cht keo t to nn.
Khi lm mm bng Vi-Sa, M = 1,6Dk . Khi kh cng Cacbonat M=,07 Dk .
Thi gian nn cn T, khi nc c cng Magi nh hn 25% cng ton phn
ly bng 3-4 gi. Khi nc c cng Magi ln hn th ly bng T=5-7 gi.
Nng trung bnh ca cc cht l lng trong lp cn ca ngn nn cn (Stb) ly
theo bng 6.8 iu 6.68.
Tn tht p lc trong lp cn l lng ly trong phm vi 5-10 cm cho mi mt cn
ty theo lng cn cha trong nc v cn to thnh khi lm mm (ly gii hn
trn khi lng cn ln v cn Canxi Cacbonat l ch yu).
B lc lm trong nc sau khi qua b phn ng xoay hoc b lng trong phi l
b lc mt chiu. Vt liu lc l ct c c ht 0,5-1,2 mm hoc b lc 2 lp. B
lc phi lp t thit b ra trn b mt. Thit k b lc phi tun theo iu 6.1016.124.
6.272.
6.277.
w
.v
6.278.
lm mm nc ngm v nc mt c hm lng cht l lng khng vt qu

5-8 mg/l v mu khng qu 15 TCU cn dng phng php Natri Cationit. Khi
dng phng php Natri Cationit, kim ca nc khng thay i.
Khi dng phng php Natri Cationit mt bc, cng ca nc c th gim n
0,03-0,05mgdl/l, cn khi dng hai bc th cng gim n 0,01 mgdl/l.
Khi lng Cationit WCT (m3) cho vo b lc mt bc cn xc nh theo cng
thc:
24.q.C tp
WCT =
n.E IvNa
(6-51)
Trong :
nc
6.276.
ol
d
PHNG PHP LM MM BNG NATRI CATIONIT
q - Lu lng nc c lm mm, m3/h

Ctp - cng ton phn ca nc ngun, (gdl/l)
3
E Na
Iv - Dung lng trao i ca Cationit khi lm mm bng Natri Cationit, (gdl/m )
n - S ln hon nguyn ca mi b lc trong 1 ngy, ly t 1-3.
Na
Dung lng trao i ca Cationit khi lm mm bng Natri Cationit E Iv tnh bng
gdl/m3 cn xc nh theo cng thc:
w
w
6.279.
E Na
Iv = e Na C Na .E ht 0,5 qy.C tp
(6-52)
Trong :
ae: H s hiu sut hon nguyn c k n s hon nguyn khng hon ton ly
theo bng 6.23.
bNa: H s k n gim kh nng trao i Cationit i vi Ca2+ v Mg2+ do Na+
b gi li mt phn, ly theo bng 6.24.
( Na + )
CNa: Nng Na trong nc ngun, gdl/m3. CNa = 23
Eht: Dung lng trao i ton phn ca nha trao i Cation (gdl/m3) xc nh
theo s liu xut xng.
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Qy: Lu lng n v nc ra Cationit tnh bng m3 cho 1m3 Cationit ly

bng 4-6.
Ctp cng ton phn ca nc ngun tnh bng gdl/m3.
Bng 6.23
100
150
200
250
300
0.62
0.74
0.81
0.86
0.9
Bng 6.24
6.280.
0.05
0.1
0.5
0.93
0.88
0.83
0.7
0.65
0.54
10
0.5
Din tch b lc Cationit bc mt Fct (m2) cn xc nh theo cng thc:
WCT
Fct = H
nc
(6-53)
Trong :
WCT- Xc nh theo cng thc 6-54
H- Chiu cao lp Cationit trong b lc, ly 2-2,5 m (tr s ln dng cho nc c
cng ln hn 10 mgdl/l)
Tc lc qua Cationit i vi b lc p lc bc mt iu kin lm vic bnh
thng khng c vt qu gii hn sau:
w
.v
6.281.
.v
0.01
ol
d
C Na
C tp
bNa
Lng mui n dng hon nguyn Cationit tnh

bng g cho 1gdl dung lng trao i
H s hiu sut hon nguyn Cationit ae
- Khi cng ton phn ca nc n 5 mgdl/l: 25 m/h

- Khi cng ton phn ca nc t 5 n 10 mgdl/l: 15 m/h
w
w
- Khi cng ton phn ca nc t 10 n 15 mgdl/l: 10 m/h

Ghi ch: Cho php tng tc lc thm10m/h so vi tiu chun ni trn khi
ngng b lc hon nguyn hoc sa cha trong thi gian ngn.
S b lc Cationit lm vic phi ly khng nh hn 2. S b d tr: 1.
Tn tht p lc trong b lc Cationit phi xc nh bng tng tn tht trong ng
ng ca b lc, trong h phn phi v trong Cationit.
Tng tn tht p lc ly theo bng 6.25.
6.282.
6.283.
Bng 6.25
Tc lc
m/h
5
10
15
20
25
Tng tn tht p lc trong b lc Cationit, m

Chiu cao lp Cationit: 2 m; c ht Chiu cao lp Cationit: 2,5 m; c
0,8-1,2 mm
ht 0,8-1,2 mm
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
5,5
6,0
6,0
6,5
7,0
7,5
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6.284.
6.285.
6.286.
Trong b lc Cationit h, lp nc pha trn mt Cationit phi ly 2,5-3 m, tc

lc khng c ln hn 15 m/h.
Cng nc xi Cationit cn ly bng 4 l/s.m2 khi c ht Cationit l 0,51,1 mm v 5 l/s.m2 khi c ht Cationit l 0,8-1,2 mm. Thi gian xi ly 20-30
pht. Nc cp xi Cationit tnh ton theo iu 6.115 v 6.116.
Hon nguyn b lc Cationit bng mui n. Lng mui n P (kg) dng cho 1 ln
hon nguyn b lc Natri Cationit bc 1 cn xc nh theo cng thc:
f .HE Na
Iv .a
P = 1000
(6-54)
Trong :
f- Din tch ca 1 b lc (m2)
.v
H - Chiu cao lp Cationit trong b lc (m)
3
E Na
IV - Dung lng trao i Cation ca nha Cationit gdl/m ly theo iu 6.279.
nc
ol
d
a- Lng mui dng cho 1 gdl ca dung lng trao i lm vic ly bng 120150 g/gdl i vi b lc bc I trong s lm vic 2 bc v 150-200 g/gdl trong
s lm vic 1 bc. cng ca nc lm mm vi cc liu lng dng
khc nhau biu din trn hnh H-6.6.
Nng ca dung dch hon nguyn khi cng ca nc lm mm n 0,2
mgdl/l ly 2-5%.
Khi cng ca nc lm mm nh hn 0,05 mgdl/l phi hon nguyn tng
t. Ban u dung dch 2% khong 1,2 m3 dung dch cho 1 m3 Cationit. Sau
lng mui cn li pha ch thnh dung dch 5%-8%.
Tc lc ca dung dch mui qua cationit ly 3-4 m/h.
w
.v
0,30
0,20
w
w
cng ca n c lc (mgl/l)
0,25
0,15
20 m g l/l
10 m gl/l
15 m gl/l
N N G C ATIO N
TRO N G N C
0,10
7 m gl/l
5 m g l/l
0,05
0,03
0,00
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Lng mui tiu th tnh bng gam cho 1 gl cc cation Ca++; Mg++ c hp th
Hnh H-6.6. Biu xc nh cng ca nc c lm mm
bng Natri Cationit
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6.287.
6.288.
Sau khi hon nguyn, cn phi ra Cationit bng nc cha lm mm cho n

khi lng Clorua trong nc lc gn bng Clorua trong nc ra. Tc nc i
qua b lc khi ra ly bng 6-8 m/h.
Lu lng n v nc ra ly 5-6 m3 cho 1m3 Cationit.
B lc Natri Cationit bc 2 phi tnh theo ch dn iu 6.278- 6.308 vi chiu
cao lp Cationit bng 1,5 m. Tc lc khng qu 40m/h. Lng mui n v
dng hon nguyn Cationit ly 300-400g/cho 1 gdl ca cng phi kh. Tn
tht p lc trong b 13-15m. Ra b lc bc 2 bng nc lc ca b lc bc 1.
Nng dung dch hon nguyn ly bng 8-12%.
Khi tnh ton b lc bc 2, cng ca nc i vo b ly bng 0,1 mgdl/l.
Dung lng trao i ion ca cht Cationit ly theo ti liu ca Nh sn xut.
Phng php Hydr Natri Cationit dng kh cc Cation (Mg v Ca) c trong
nc, ng thi lm gim kim ca nc. Dng phng php ny x l
nc ngm v nc mt c hm lng cc cht l lng khng qu 5-8 mg/l v
mu khng ln hn 15 TCU.
Qu trnh lm mm nc phi c thc hin theo cc s sau:
B tr cc b lc Hydr-Natri Cationit lm vic song song cho php thu c
nc lm mm vi cng 0,1 mgdl/l v kim cn li khng qu 0,4
mgdl/l. Trong trng hp ny tng hm lng Sunfat v Clorua trong nc
ngun khng c ln hn 4 mgdl/l v Natri khng c ln hn 2 mgdl/l.
B tr cc b lc Hydr-Natri Cationit lm vic ni tip khi hon nguyn khng
trit cho php thu c nc lm mm trit v c kim d 0,7 mgdl/l.
Tu thuc vo mc lm mm nc m t b lc Hydr-Natri Cationit mt
hoc hai bc.
Ghi ch: Cho php khng t b lc Natri Cationit bc 2 nu nh khng cn lm
mm trit hoc duy tr pH ca nc trong mt gii hn nht nh.
T s lu lng nc a vo b lc Hyr Cationit v Natri Cationit khi lm
mm theo s song song Hydr-Natri Cationit cn xc nh theo cng thc:
- Lu lng nc a vo b lc Hyr Cationit:
w
.v
6.290.
nc
ol
d
.v
6.289.
PHNG PHP LM MM NC BNG HYDRO NATRI CATIONIT
q Hht = q ht
Ka
A + K (m3/h)
(6-55)
- Lu lng nc a vo b lc Natri Cationit:
w
w
H
3
q Na
ht = q ht q ht (m /h)
(6-56)
Trong :
qht - Cng sut hu ch ca b lc Hydr-Natri Cationit, m3/h
q Na
q Hht - Cng sut hu ch ca b lc Natri Cationit v Hyr Cationit,
ht v
m3/h.
K - kim ca nc ngun, mgdl/l

a- kim cn thit ca nc sau khi lm mm, mgdl/l
A- Tng hm lng Anion ca axit mnh c trong nc lm mm (Sunfat,
Clorua, Nitrat...), mgdl/l.
Ghi ch:
1- B lc Hydr Cationit c th dng c nh b lc Natri Cationit do cn
phi d kin kh nng hon nguyn hai, ba b Hydr Cationit bng dung dch
mui n.
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2- Tnh ton b lc v ng ng phi theo 2 phng n:

+ Phng n th nht: Tnh vi ti trng ln nht ca b lc Hydr Cationit,
kim K ln nht ca nc v hm lng nh nht ca Anion axit mnh (A).
6.291.
+ Phng n th hai: Tnh vi ti trng ln nht ca b lc Natri Cationit,

kim nh nht ca nc v hm lng ln nht ca cc Anion axit mnh.
Th tch Cationit WH (m3) trong b lc Hydro Cationit cn xc nh theo cng
thc:
WH =
24.q Hht (Co + C Na )

n.E HLv
24.q Na
ht .Co
n.E lvNa
(6-58)
.v
WNa =
(6-57)
Th tch Cationit WNa (m3) trong b lc Natri Cationit cn xc nh theo cng
thc:
Trong :
ol
d
Co - cng ton phn ca nc ngun, gdl/m3
n- S ln hon nguyn b lc trong 1 ngy theo ch dn iu 6.278.
E Hlv - Dung lng trao i ca Hydr Cationit, gdl/m3.

E lvNa - Dung lng trao i ca Natri Cationit, gdl/m3.
6.292.
nc
CNa - Nng Natri trong nc (gdl/m3) c xc nh theo ch dn iu

6.288.
H
Dung lng trao i E lv gdl/m3 ca Hydro Cationit phi xc nh theo cng
thc:
w
.v
E Hlv = aH . Etp - 0,5 qlv.CK
w
w
(6-59)
Trong :
aH - H s hiu sut hon nguyn ca Hydro Cationit, ph thuc vo lu lng
n v ca axit tiu tn v ly theo bng 6.26.
CK- Tng hm lng cc Cation Canxi, Magi, Natri v Kali c trong nc
(gdl/m3).
qlv - Lu lng n v nc ra Cationit sau khi hon nguyn ly bng 4-5 m3
cho 1 m3 Cationit trong b lc.
Etp Dung lng trao i ca Cationit theo s liu xut xng trong mi trng
trung tnh gdl/m3. tnh ton Etp khi khng c s liu xut xng phi ly theo
ch dn iu 6.279.
Bng 6.26
Lu lng n v ca axit Sunfuric hon nguyn

Cationit (g/gdl)
H s hiu sut hon nguyn Hydro Cationit H
6.293.
50
100
150
200
0,68
0,85
0,91
0,92
Din tch ca b lc Hydro Cationit v Natri Cationit FH (m2) v FNa (m2) xc

nh theo cng thc:
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W
WH
;
= Na
H
FH
FNa H
(6-60)
Trong : H - Chiu cao lp Cationit trong b lc ly theo ch dn iu 6.280.
Tnh ton v kt cu h phn phi trong b lc phi ly theo iu 6.109 v 6.113.
Tn tht p lc trong b lc Hydr Cationit, cng xi v tc lc cn ly
theo cc iu 6.281; 6.283 v 6.285.
S lng b lc Hydro Cationit v Natri Cationit cho mt trm khng c t
hn 2 nu trm lm vic sut ngy m. Ly 1 b lc Hydro Cationit d phng
nu s b lc trong trm t hn 6 v ly 2 b d phng nu s b lc trong trm
ln hn 6. Cc b lc Natri Cationit khng cn b d phng nhng phi d kin
kh nng dng b lc Hydro Cationit d phng lm b Natri Cationit theo ghi
ch iu 6.290.
Hon nguyn b lc Hydr Cationit bng dung dch axit Sunfuric 1-1,5%. Cho
php pha long axit Sunfuric n nng ni trn bng nc ly trc tip trc
b lc.
Tc chy ca dung dch axit Sunfuric hon nguyn qua lp Cationit khng
c nh hn 10 m/h sau ra Cationit bng nc cha lm mm t trn
xung vi tc 10 m/h.
Qu trnh ra c kt thc khi axit ca nc lc bng tng nng Sunfat
v Clorua ca nc ra. Na u ca lng nc ra cho x vo b trung ho ri
cho ra cng nc ma, phn cn li cho vo b xi Cationit.
Ghi ch: Cho php dng axit Clohydric hon nguyn b lc Hydro Cationit.
Lng axit (kg) tnh vi nng 100% dng cho mt ln hon nguyn b lc
Hydr Cationit phi tnh theo cng thc:
f .HE lvH b
(6-61)
PH= 1000
Trong :
f- Din tch 1 b lc Hydr Cationit (m2)
b- Lng axit hon nguyn Cationit (g/gdl) ph thuc vo cng ca nc
lm mm, xc nh theo th hnh H-6.7.
6.294.
6.295.
6.296.
w
.v
nc
6.298.
ol
d
.v
6.297.
20
cng ca nc lc (mgl/l)
w
w
0,35
Hnh H-6.7: Biu

xc nh cng ca
nc khi lm mm
bng H- Cationit
0,30
0,25
0,20
15
Tng mui ca
nc ngun mgl/l
0,15
0,10
0,05
Lng tiu th H2SO4 tnh bng mg cho 1 mgl

cc 10
Cation Ca++, Mg++, Na+ c hp th
7
5
50
100
150
200
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6.302.
6.303.
6.304.
6.301.
.v
6.300.
Dung tch bnh cha axit m c v thng cha dung dch axit long (nu khng
pha long trc tip trc b lc) phi xc nh t iu kin hon nguyn 1 b lc
khi s b lc Hydr Cationit ca trm n 4 v hon nguyn 2 b khi s b
trong trm trn 4.
Thit b v ng ng nh lng v dn axit phi thit k theo quy phm an
ton lao ng khi lm vic vi axit.
Khi dng axit Sunfuric thit b v ng dn phi dng loi chu axit.
Kh kh CO2 trong nc lm mm bng phng php Hydro Cationit hoc
bng phng php hn hp Hydro Natri Cationit phi thc hin trong cc b kh
kh.
Din tch tit din ngang ca b kh kh phi xc nh theo mt ti i vi b
c sn g xp l 40 m3/h trn 1 m2 din tch b.
Qut gi ca b kh kh phi c bo m cung cp 20 m3 khng kh cho 1 m3
nc a vo kh kh. Xc nh p lc qut gi phi cn c vo sc cn ca sn
g, sc khng ly bng 10 mm ct nc cho 1 m chiu cao ca sn g. Cc sc
cn khc ly bng 30-40 mm ct nc.
Chiu cao lp vt liu cn thit gim hm lng CO2 trong nc lc qua
Cationit cn xc nh theo bng 6.27 tu thuc vo lng CO2 (mg/l) ca nc
a vo kh kh v c xc nh theo cng thc:
CO2 = CO2ng + 44K
(6-62)
Trong :
ol
d
6.299.
CO2 ng- Lng CO2 t do ca nc ngun a vo kh kh (mg/l).

K - kim ca nc ngun mgdl/l.
Khi thit k cng trnh lm mm nc bng b lc Hydr-Natri Cationit t ni
tip v hon nguyn khng trit cc b lc Hydro Cationit th ly cc ch tiu
nh sau:
nc
6.305.
w
.v
H
a) cng ca nc lc: C L mgdl/l qua b Hydro Cationit xc nh theo cng
thc:
( ) (
C LH = Cl + SO 42 + K d Na +
(6-63)
Trong :
Cl- v SO42-: Hm lng Clorua v Sunft trong nc lm mm (mgdl/l).
w
w
Kd: kim cn li ca nc lc sau b Hydro Cationit bng 0,7 -1,5 mgdl/l.
(Na+): Hm lng Na trong nc lm mm (mgdl/l)

b) Lng axit dng hon nguyn khng trit ca b lc Hydro Cationit l
50g tch 1 gdl cng Cacbonat.
c) Dung lng trao i ca Cationit trong b lc Hydro Cationit khi hon nguyn
khng trit l:
- Khi kim ca nc ngun n 1,5 mgdl/l: 200gdl/m3
- Khi kim ca nc ngun t 1,5 3 mgdl/l: 250gdl/m3

- Khi kim ca nc ngun t 3 4 mgdl/l: 300gdl/m3
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Bng 6.27
Hm lng CO2 trong nc a
vo kh kh mg/l
Chiu cao lp vt liu trong b kh kh

(Thanh g hoc nha)
50
100
150
200
250
300
4
5,2
6
6,5
6,8
7
Nc sau khi qua b lc Hydro Cationit (khi hon nguyn khng trit ) phi
qua dn kh kh, sau qua b lc Natri Cationit c thit k theo ch dn
iu 6.278-6.280).
6.306.
.v
ol
d
6.308.
nc
6.307.
Trong trng hp ny Ctp cng thc (6-54) phi ly bng C l theo cng thc
(6-66).
ngn nga axit ri vo b lc Natri Cationit trong nhng trm t b lc
Hydro Natri Cationit lm vic ni tip, khi hon nguyn b lc Hydro Cationit
vi liu lng d ca axit, cn a thm nc trong cha lm mm vo nc
lc ca b Hydro Cationit ngay trc b kh kh.
Thit b ng ng v ph tng ca cc cng trnh lm mm nc c tip xc vi
nc axit hoc nc lc c St, k c khi hm lng St nm trong tiu chun,
phi c bo v chng n mn hoc lm bng cc vt liu chng n mn.
KH MN V KH MUI TRONG NC
Kh mn nc c hm lng mui di 2 g/l nn dng phng php trao i ion.

Nc c hm lng mui 2-10 g/l nn dng phng php in phn hay lc qua
mng thm thu ngc. Nc c hm lng mui ln hn 10 g/l phi dng
phng php chng ct, ng lnh hay lc qua mng bn thm.
Ghi ch: Kh mn l gim hm lng mui trong nc n tr s tho mn yu
cu i vi nc dng cho n ung. Kh mui l gim trit lng mui ho
tan trong nc n tr s tho mn yu cu cng ngh sn xut quy nh.
w
.v
6.309.
w
w
KH MN V KH MUI TRONG NC BNG PHNG PHP TRAO I ION
6.310.
6.311.
Dng phng php trao i ion kh mn v kh mui khi hm lng mui

trong nc ngun di 2000 mg/l, hm lng cn khng ln hn 8 mg/l, mu
ca nc khng ln hn 15 TCU v xy ho KMnO4 khng ln hn 7 mg/l
O2. Khi xy ho ln hn phi lc nc qua b lc than hot tnh trc.
Kh mn nc bng phng php trao i ion cn thc hin theo s mt bc.
Lc ni tip ca b lc Hydro Cationit c dung lng trao i ion cao l b lc
Anionit kim yu. Dng s ny cn phi kh kh Cacbonic ra khi nc lc
qua b Cationit. Hm lng mui cn li trong nc sau khi lc qua cc b lc
Ionit cn ly nh sau:
- Khi hm lng mui trong nc ngun 2.000mg/l: Khng ln hn 20 mg/l.
- Khi hm lng mui trong nc ngun 1.500 mg/l: Khng ln hn 15mg/l.
- Hm lng mui yu cu i vi nc cp cho nhu cu sinh hot v n ung
l 400 mg/l; trong hm lng Clorua khng ln hn 250 mg/l v Sunfat
khng ln hn 250 mg/l, thu c bng cch trn ln mt phn nc lc qua
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6.315.
6.316.
6.317.
Q
nTVt
w
.v
6.318.
.v
6.314.
ol
d
6.313.
nc
6.312.
cc b lc Ionit vi hm lng nc ngun cn li.

Kh mui trong nc ng thi vi kh axit silic phi thc hin theo s hai
hay ba bc. Trong thnh phn ca trm kh mui theo s hai bc cn d kin
cc cng trnh sau:
- B lc Hydro Cationit bc mt; b lc bng than hot tnh kh cht hu c
(nu mu ca nc ln hn 15 TCU v xy ho ln hn 7 mg/l O2); dn
kh kh kh Cacbonic; b lc Anionit bc mt vi vt liu lc bng Anionit
kim yu.
- Hydro Cationit bc hai: cc b lc Anionit bc 2 vi vt liu lc bng Anionit
kim mnh kh axit Silic v cui cng qua cc b lc Hydro Natri Cationit.
Nc sau khi x l theo s 2 bc khng c cha lng mui ln hn 0,5
mg/l v hm lng axit Silic khng c ln hn 0,1 mg/l.
S kh mui ba bc c s dng khi c tng hm lng mui trong nc sau
khi x l di 0,1 mg/l v hm lng axit Silic di 0,05 mg/l. Khi thay b
lc Hidro Natri Cationit trong s 2 bc bng b lc vi vt liu lc hn hp
Cationit v Anionit hay bng b lc Hidro Cationit bc ba v sau b lc ny l b
lc Anionit bc ba vi Anionit kim mnh.
Tnh ton b lc Hydro Cationit bc mt phi theo ng cc ch dn mc 6.2916.300. Hm lng Cation Ca2+ v Mg2+ c trong nc sau khi lc qua b lc
Hidro Cationit bc mt xc nh theo biu hnh H-6.7. Khi hm lng Na+
ly bng 2 ln hm lng ca cc Cation Ca2+ v Mg2+.
Khi chn vt liu hp ph kh cht hu c i vi mi ngun nc c th phi
c tin hnh da vo kt qu nghin cu cng ngh cc cht hp ph.
i vi cc b lc Hidro Cationit bc hai v bc ba cn ly cc thng s tnh ton
nh sau: Tc lc 50-60 m/h. Chiu cao lp vt liu lc =1,5m. Lng tiu th
n v i vi axit Sunfuric nng 100% - 100 gam cho 1gdl Cation c hp
th. Dung tch hp th ca cht trao i ion ly theo s liu ca nh sn xut.
Lng nc tiu th ra Cationit: 10 m3 cho 1 m3 Cationit.
Din tch lc F ca b lc Anionit (m2) phi xc nh theo cng thc:
F
(6-64)
Trong :
Q- Cng sut ca cc b lc Anionit bc mt, m3/ngy

n- S ln hon nguyn b lc Anionit trong ngy ly bng 2-3 ln.
w
w
T- Thi gian lm vic ca mi b lc, gia hai ln hon nguyn tnh theo cng
thc:
24
T = n - t1- t2 - t3
(6-65)
- t1- Thi gian xi Anionit = 0,25h

- t2- Thi gian bm qua Anionit dung dch kim hon nguyn 1,5h.
- t3- Thi gian ra Anionit sau khi hon nguyn 3h
- Vt- Tc lc tnh ton m/h, ly khng nh hn 4 v khng ln hn 30.
Th tch Anionit trong b lc bc mt W1 m3 xc nh theo cng thc:
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QCo
W1= nElv
Trong :
(6-66)
Co- Hm lng cc ion Sunphat v Clorua trong nc ngun mgdl/l.

Elv- Dung lng trao i Anionit gdl/l ly theo ti liu xut xng.
hon nguyn b lc Anionit bc mt dng dung dch Sa nng 4%.
Lng tiu th n v ca Sa: 100g Na2CO3 cho 1 gdl Anion c hp th.
nhng trm kh mui ng thi kh axit Silic, trong cc b lc bc hai c cc
Anionit kim mnh cho php hon nguyn cc b lc Anionit bc mt bng dung
dch xt s dng li sau khi hon nguyn cc b lc Anionit bc hai.
Phi pha dung dch Sa v xt hon nguyn bng nc qua b Hidr
Cationit.
Ra b lc Anionit bc mt sau khi hon nguyn bng nc lc qua b lc
Hidr Cationit vi lu lng 10 m3 cho 1 m3 Anionit.
Vt liu lc ca b lc Anionit bc hai cn dng loi Anionit kim mnh vi
chiu dy lp lc l 1,5 m. Khi tnh ton b lc Anionit tc lc cn ly bng
15-25m/h.
Dung lng trao i axit Silic ca Anionit ly theo ti liu xut xng ca nh
sn xut.
i vi Anionit kim mnh, hon nguyn bng dung dch xt vi nng 4%.
Lng tiu th n v ca xt (NaOH) hon nguyn Anionit kim mnh ly t
120-140 kg cho 1 m3 Anionit.
Cc thit b, ng ng dn v cc ph tng ca trm kh mn phi thit k ph
hp vi cc ch dn iu 6.308.
C th kh mn bng phng php in phn.
6.322.
6.323.
6.324.
ol
d
6.321.
nc
6.320.
.v
6.319.
PHNG PHP X L NC C BIT
kh Sulfua (H2S) v Hydr Sunfide (HS-) trong nc cn dng cc phng

php sau: Clo ho, lm thong ri Clo ho, axit ho, lm thong, keo t v lc.
Tnh ton cc thit b phi tin hnh theo Ph lc 11.
loi cc hp cht ca axit Silic trong nc cn dng cc bin php sau: Keo
t, lc nc qua cht hp ph xyt Magi. Tnh ton cc thit b theo ch dn
Ph lc 12.
kh xy ho tan trong nc cn dng cc phng php sau: Phun nc trong
chn khng. Lin kt gia xy v cht kh. Tnh ton cc thit b ch dn trong
Phc lc13.
Kh Asen trong nc
xy ha ton b lng Asen ha tr (III) thnh Asen ha tr (V) bng cht xy
ho mnh. Sau qu trnh oxy ha c th p dng mt trong cc bin php sau
loi b Asen.
- Keo t vi mui st v mui nhm ti pH =7 ri lng v lc.
- Kt hp vi qu trnh lm mm nc bng vi v phi m bo ton b bng
cn Magi kt ta hp th Asen c lng v lc ra khi nc.
- Hp th Asen (V) bng phng php lc qua lp vt liu hp th nhm hot
tnh.
w
w
w
.v
6.325.
6.326.
6.327.
Trong bt c trng hp no cng phi tin hnh th trn m hnh th nghim

chn c quy trnh c kinh t - k thut nht.
Kh amni
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C th kh amoni trong nc bng phng php ha l hoc sinh hc.

a- Phng php ha l:
6.328.
.v
- Dng Clo xy ha NH4+ n im t bin. Phng php ny ch p dng

khi hm lng NH4+ v xy ho trong nc nh.
- Kim ha a pH ca nc ln 11 chuyn ton b NH4+ thnh kh NH3 ri
lm thong kh kh NH3. Phng php ny ch p dng khi nc c hm
lng amoni cao v ng thi phi kh cng ccbont ca nc bng vi.
- Trao i ion: Lc qua b cationit. Hon nguyn bng mui n.
b- Phng php sinh hc: Qu trnh x l sinh hc phi thc hin ti cc iu
kin nhit nc > 12 oC; pH = 7-7,5; trong nc khng c c cc cht xy
ho; hm lng hydrocacbon v phtpho nui dng cc vi khun
Nitrosomonas v Nitrobacter. Phi cp oxi qu trnh x l sinh hc chuyn
NH4+ thnh NO3- din ra trit . Loi vt liu, thnh phn cp phi vt liu lm
mi trng cho cc vi khun hot ng; t l kh - nc; liu lng ho cht cho
vo nc; cc thng s cng ngh, k thut ca cng trnh cn c xc nh
qua thc nghim.
Kh nitrat
nc
ol
d
C th thc hin kh Nitrat bng phng php sinh hc hoc ha l.

a- Phng php ha l: Kh nitrat bng phng php trao i ion, in thm
tch, lc qua mng thm thu ngc. Phng php trao i ion c thng
c p dng trong thc t vi iu kin sau:
- Nc c hm lng cn < 1 mg/l.
- Hm lng SO42- trong nc thp.
w
.v
b- Kh nitrat bng phng php sinh hc: ng hc ca qu trnh din rt chm.

Ch nn p dng khi nc c hm lng NO3- ln hoc hm lng SO42- trong
nc cao.
KHO HO CHT V VT LIU LC
6.329.
Kho ho cht phi tnh ton cha lng ho cht d tr cho 30 ngy theo thi
k dng nhiu ho cht nht.
Ghi ch:
w
w
1- Khi c l do thch ng th c php gim khi tch kho nhng khng c

di 15 ngy.
6.330.
6.331.
6.332.
2- Khi c kho trung tm (kho chnh) th khi tch kho ca trm lm sch c
php tnh ti thiu 7 ngy.
Tu theo loi ho cht, kho phi c thit k d tr kh hay t di dng
dung dch m c hoc sn phm pha nc.
Ho cht d tr dng kh phi cha trong kho kn.
Khi xc nh din tch kho cha phn, vi, chiu cao lp phn ly bng 2 m,
lp vi ly bng 1,5 m. Nu c gii ho chiu cao ny c th tng ln n 3,5m
cho phn, 2,5 m cho vi.
Poliacrilamit phi cha trong thng, thi gian khng qu 6 thng, ng thi
khng c php ng kt.
Thu tinh lng (Silicat Natri) phi cha trong thng kn bng g hoc bng st.
Ho cht cha clo phi trong thng kn.
Khi d tr phn t trong b, nng dung dch ly 15-20% tnh theo sn phm
kh. Khng cn khuy trn dung dch trong b. B cha phn phi t trong nh,
khi c l do thch ng c php t ngoi nh. Trong mi trng hp phi m
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6.336.
6.337.
6.338.
6.339.
w
.v
6.340.
6.341.
.v
6.335.
ol
d
6.334.
nc
6.333.
bo trng nom v c li i xung quanh tng b v phi d kin bin php chng
kh nng dung dch thm xung t. Dung tch b tnh theo 2,2-2,5 m3 cho 1 tn
phn cc th trng v 1,9-2,2 m3 cho 1 tn phn cc dng tinh khit.
S b khng c di 4. Khi s b n 10 phi c 1 b d phng.
Khi c kh nng cung cp tp trung vi ti hoc vi sa phi d kin d tr t
bao gm: b cha, thit b ly v vn chuyn vi.
Nu cung cp vi cc hoc vi bt ng trong bao kn th c th d tr dng
kh hay t. Nu d tr kh th phi thit k kho sn phm kh c my ti vi v
ho tan vi; nu d tr dng t th phi c b cha, thit b ly, vn chuyn
v khuy trn c vi sa.
Khi khuy trn bng thu lc th cng sut my bm c xc nh trn c s
tun hon ton b khi lng sa vi khng di 8 ln trong 1 gi, tc i ln
ca sa vi trong b khng di 18 m/h.
H thng cp kh nn phi tnh ton theo iu 6.22.
c php p dng phng php trn bng c gii.
i vi bung cha than hot tnh khng c yu cu chng n, v chng chy,
bung ny xp vo hng 3.
Kho cha Cationit v Anionit phi tnh vi khi lng cha cho 2 b lc
Cationit, cho 1 b lc c Anionit kim yu, cho 1 b lc c Anionit kim mnh.
Kho d tr ho cht (tr Clo v Amnic) phi t gn bung pha dung dch.
Kho d tr axit, kho tiu th Clo v Amonic phi thit k theo cc quy nh
ring.
Nu kho tiu th Clo t trong phm vi nh my nc th Clo phi cha trong
chai hoc bnh. Khi lng Clo dng hng ngy trn 1 tn c php dng thng
ln ca nh my ch to vi dung tch n 50T, ng thi cm rt Clo sang chai
hay bnh ti khu x l nc.
ng dn Clo phi tnh vi iu kin gim p xung vt qu 1,5 -2 kg/cm2.
Vn chuyn Clo hi t kho n ni s dng bng ng dn c chiu di khng qu
300 m.
Clorua vi phi cha trong thng g t mt kho ring.
i vi mui n phi c kho d tr t. Nu lng mui dng hng ngy di
0,5 tn c php dng kho d tr kh vi lp mui cao khng qu 2 m.
Dung tch b d tr t phi tnh vi iu kin 1,5 m3 cho 1 tn mui. B cha
khng c su qu 2 m.
Trong trng hp khng m bo cung cp vt liu lc v si ng thi gian yu
cu, phi thit k mt kho ring cha, phn loi, ra v vn chuyn vt liu
b sung v d tr trong thi gian sa cha ln.
Tnh ton kho cha vt liu lc v chn thit b phi cn c t yu cu hng nm
b sung 10% khi lng vt liu lc v mt lng d tr thm phng s c
thay th cho 1 b lc khi s b lc trong trm n 20 v cho 2-3 b lc khi s b
lc trong trm ln hn.
Khi vn chuyn vt liu lc bng phng php thu lc (bm tia hoc bm ct)
th lu lng nc ly bng 10 m3 cho 1 m3 vt liu lc.
ng knh ng dn vn chuyn vt liu lc phi xc nh theo iu kin tc
chuyn ng 1,5-2 m/s nhng khng nh hn 50mm, nhng ch ngot ca
ng phi un ln u vi bn knh cong khng nh hn 8-10 ln ng knh
ng.
w
w
6.342.
6.343.
6.344.
S DNG LI NC RA
6.345.
gim lng nc dng cho nhu cu ca chnh trm x l cn s dng li nc
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6.347.
6.348.
6.351.
nc
6.350.
ol
d
.v
6.349.
6.346.
ra b lc, b lc tip xc v c khi nc pha trn trong cc b lng khi x

kit b lng.
nhng trm x l nc p dng s lng ri lc phi thu nc ra b lc vo
mt b cha iu ho ri bm u vo im u b trn.
Trong cc trm x l nc ch s dng b lc th phi lm sch nc ra bng
cc b lng hot ng theo chu k. Thi gian lng ly 1h, liu lng cht ph tr
keo t (axit Silic hot ho hoc Pliacrilamit) ly b hn liu lng khi x l
nc c mu v ln hn khi x l nc c.
Dung tch b cha iu ho v s ngn lng phi xc nh theo biu tp trung
nc ra vo b v bm nc ra tr li cng trnh. Nu nh my khng dng
Clo ho trc th phi st trng nc ra khi s dng li chng. Th tch vng
nn cn ly theo bng 6.8, iu 6.68.
Trong cc trm kh St, nc ra lc trc khi a vo b lng c pha phn,
trn u ri bm vo b lng. Liu lng phn xc nh theo kt qu th nghim.
Thi gian lng ly khng t hn 3h. S ngn lng xc nh ph thuc vo s b
lc v chu k ra cc b lc. Th tch mi ngn xc nh t iu kin thu nc
ca mt ln ra, sau khi lng phi s dng li nc trong bng cch bm u vo
im u ca cng trnh lm sch.
Th tch ngn nn cn cn xc nh theo hm lng St trong nc ngun v
nng cn sau khi nn. Cn St c nng sau khi nn l 35.000 g/m3 khi p
dng s lm thong v bng 7000 g/m3 khi x l bng ho cht.
thu li ct b tri ra khi b lc hay b lc tip xc khi ra, trn h thng thu
nc ra phi t b lng ct, tnh ton b lng ly theo ch dn trong tiu chun
thit k thot nc.
Cn t b lng hay b lng trong c lp cn l lng, cn t h thng s dng li
nc ra phi c chuyn vo cng trnh cha v lm c c. Phi dng my
bm thot nc bm cn vo b phn lm kh hoc sn phi bn. Vn tc cn
trong ng ng khng c b hn 0,9m/s.
w
.v
CC CNG TRNH PH TR TRONG TRM X L NC
6.352.
Trong trm x l nc cn c phng th nghim, xng sa cha v cc cng

trnh phc v khc. Tiu chun din tch cho tng cng trnh ly theo cng sut
v iu kin a phng v c th chn theo bng 6.28.
Ghi ch:
w
w
1) Cc nh sinh hot v cng cng khc nh: Hnh chnh, ti v, k hoch, k

thut, cu lc b, nh tm, nh n, nh tr, nh v sinh...Tu theo s ngi qun
l m ly theo cc tiu chun thit k cng trnh kin trc dn dng hin hnh.
2) Trong thnh ph c nhiu trm x l nc th cc phng th nghim, kim
nghim xy dng mt trm thun tin nht, nhng trong tng trm phi c
phng kim nghim ti ch vi din tch khng nh hn 6 m2.
3) Nu trong thnh ph c nhiu trm x l nc th ch cn xy dng mt xng
c kh v ng ng chung, trong trm c xng c kh v ng ng chung th
khng cn xy dng xng sa cha hng ngy.
6.353.
4) Trong trng hp cc trm x l c cng sut b hn 3.000 m3/ngy xy dng

gn c quan y t a phng, nu c quan y t m nhn c vic kim nghim
nc th trm khng cn xy dng phng kim nghim.
Cc phng hnh chnh s nghip, cc phng sinh hot khc nn b tr ngoi
trm x l. Trong trng hp khng b tr ngoi c th nn b tr trong mt
nh t gn cng ra vo trm v cch xa khu vc sn xut.
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Bng 6.28
Phng t cn
Phng kim nghim vi
trng
Phng nui cy mi
trng v nghin cu
thu, sinh vt
Phng lm kho cha
dng c chai l v ho
cht th nghim
Phng iu khin trung
tm
Phng trc ca
10
10
.v
Phng TN ho hc
Din tch (m2) phng th nghim v cc cng trnh ph khc

i vi cc trm x l nc cng sut tnh bng m3/ngy.
100.000
50.000
Di
3.000 n
10.000
n
n
3.000
10.000
n
300.000
100.000
50.000
30
30
40
40
2 phng
40 v 1
phng 20
6
6
8
20
20
20
30
2 phng
20
10
10
10
15
15
15
20
Quy nh theo thit k iu khin tp trung v

t ng ho
8
10
15
20
25
8
10
15
15
25
Xng sa cha
10
10
15
20
25
20
30
30-40
40
40-50
10
10
15
20
nc
Phng gim c
w
.v
Xng c kh v ng
ng
Phng bo v cng
tng ro
10
ol
d
Tn cng trnh
B TR CAO CC CNG TRNH
6.354.
w
w
6.355.
Cc cng trnh phi t theo dc t nhin ca a hnh c tnh ton tn tht p

lc trong cc cng trnh, trong cc ng ni v qua cc thit b o.
Tr s chnh mc nc trong cc cng trnh v trong cc ng ni phi xc
nh theo tnh ton c th s b b tr cao cc cng trnh, tn tht p lc c
th ly nh sau:
Trong cc cng trnh:
B phn chia lu lng: 0,3-0,5 m
Trong b trn thu lc: 0,4-0,6 m
Trong b trn c kh: 0,1-0,2 m
Li tang trng v micophin 0,5-0,6 m
Li quay: 0,1-0,2 m
Trong b to bng thu lc: 0,4-0,5 m
Trong b to bng c kh: 0,1-0,2 m
Trong b lng: 0,4-0,6 m
Trong b lng trong c lp cn l lng: 0,7-0,8 m
Trong b lc: 3-3,5 m
Trong b lc tip xc: 2-2,5 m
Trong b lc chm: 1,5-2 m
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6.358.
6.359.
nc
7. TRM BM
ol
d
6.357.
.v
6.356.
Trong cc ng ng ni:
T b phn chia nc n b trn: 0,2-0,3 m
T b trn n b lng: 0,3-0,4 m
T b trn n b lng trong: 0,5 m
T b trn vo n b lc tip xc: 0,5-0,7m
T cc b lc n b cha nc sch: 0,5-1m
T b lc hay b lc tip xc n b cha nc sch: 0,5 m tn tht p lc trong
cc thit b o im nc vo v im nc ra khi trm, trong cc thit b ch
o lu lng b lng, b lng trong c lp cn l lng, b lc v b lc tip xc
ly t 0,2-0,3 m.
Trong cc trm x l nc phi thit k cc ng ng vng qua cc cng trnh
x l, phng khi trm hng c th chuyn c nc th cho ngun tiu th,
hoc khi c mt cng trnh no trong dy chuyn x l b hng c th dn
nc vng qua n sang cng trnh tip theo. i vi trm cng sut di 10.000
m3/ngy phi d kin kh nng ngng khng ln hn 30% s cng trnh. i vi
trm c cng sut 10.000-100.000 khng ln hn 20%.
ng ng c p hoc khng p trong cc trm x l nc v ng ng c p
t trong khu vc trm phi dng ng thp hoc ng gang.
Nc x c axit trong cc trm Cationit hay nh ho cht trc khi x vo h
cha phi c trung ho.
Nc thi ca phng th nghim, nh qun l, nh v sinh... x vo h thng thot
nc thi sinh hot.
Trong gian my ca trm bm c th t nhng nhm my c mc ch khc

nhau.
Ghi ch: Trong cc trm bm nc sinh hot khng cho php t my bm dung
dch c hi v c mi hi, ngoi tr trng hp dng my bm cp dung dch to
bt cha chy.
Tu theo mc an ton c th chia trm bm ra lm 3 loi theo bng 7.1
w
.v
7.1.
7.2.
Bng 7.1
w
w
Bc tin cy ca
trm bm
Loi 1
Loi 2
Loi 3
c im h dng nc
Khng c ngng cung cp nc; h thng cp nc cha chy ring

v h thng cha chy kt hp.
c php ngng cung cp nc trong thi gian ngn ngi iu
khin m my d phng.
Khi h thng cha chy ring v h thng cha chy kt hp c dung
tch nc d phng cha chy v c p lc cn thit.
i vi trm bm cung cp nc cho khu dn c vi quy m trn 5.000
ngi.
c php ngng cung cp nc khc phc s c, nhng khng qu
1 ngy
i vi h thng cha chy ring v h thng kt hp c nhu cu nc
cha chy n 20 l/s trong khu dn c ti 5.000 ngi.
H thng cung cp nc sinh hot cho khu dn c ti 5.000 ngi.
Cung cp nc ti cy ra ng.
Cung cp nc cho cc cng trnh ph ca nh my
Khi ti nc bng mt ng ng duy nht.
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Ghi ch:
-
i vi trm bm c bc xc nh th bc an ton cp in cng ly nh th theo Quy

nh b tr thit b in iu 12.1.
Cc trm bm cha chy thit k theo tiu chun phng cha chy (TCVN 2262-1995).
Cc trm bm cp nc phc v cho cng nghip th thit k theo yu cu ring ca sn

xut.
Vic chn kiu bm v s lng t my hot ng phi da trn c s tnh ton
lm vic ng thi ca trm bm, ng dn ca nh my v dung tch iu ho,
phi cn c vo biu tiu th nc hng ngy v hng nm, iu kin cha
chy, ch lm vic ti u ca my bm v giai on hot ng ca cng trnh
cp nc.
Khi la chn loi t hp bm phi m bo gi tr p lc d ti thiu trong tt c
cc ch lm vic ca trm bm, cho php s dng dung tch iu ho, iu
chnh s vng quay, thay i s lng v chng loi my bm, gt bt hoc thay
bnh xe cng tc tu thuc vo s thay i iu kin lm vic trong thi on tnh
ton.
Vic kt hp gia trm bm t I v cc cng trnh thu nc cn tun theo cc
quy nh phn cng trnh thu, khi xt thy c li v kinh t k thut th c th
thit k kt hp trm bm t I v trm bm t II. Ni chung cc bm cha
chy, cc bm gi v bm ra lc nn b tr kt hp trong trm bm t II. Qut
gi kh st thng t gn thng kh st cng bc.
Khi thit k cc trm cn phi d kin kh nng tng cng sut ca trm bng
cch thay th cc my bm c cng sut ln hn hoc trang b thm cc my bm
b sung.
S lng my bm d phng trong cc trm bm cp nc (i vi cc bm cng
chc nng) cho mt mng li hoc ng dn c chn theo bng 7.2.
7.6.
ol
d
7.5.
nc
7.4.
.v
7.3.
w
.v
Bng 7.2
S lng t my hot ng ca
mt nhm my
S lng t my d phng t trong trm bm

Bc tin cy I
Bc tin cy II
Bc tin cy III
2
T 6 n 9
w
w
n 6
T 9 tr ln
Ghi ch:
1) Trong s t my hot ng c tnh c my bm cha chy. S lng t my hot ng

ca mt nhm my, ngoi tr bm cha chy, khng c t hn hai. Trong cc trm bm
bc II v III khi c c s cho php b tr mt t my.
2) Khi trong mt nhm my c c tnh khc nhau th s lng t my d phng ly theo
cc my c cng sut ln nh trong bng 7.2; i vi my c cng sut nh cho php
my bm d phng trong kho.
3) Khi trm bm ch lm nhim v cha chy hay trong trm bm sinh hot c h thng
cha chy kt hp p lc cao th t thm 1 t my d phng cha chy khng ph thuc
vo s lng t my hot ng.
4) Cho php khng t my bm d phng cha chy i vi khu dn c c nhu cu cha
chy <= 20 l/s v i vi x nghip cng nghip c mc nguy him chu la loi D v
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Z, i vi nh cng nghip xp loi I v loi II v chu la, c mi, tng v tng ngn
khng chy.
5) Trong trm bm t I xy kt hp, vi cng trnh thu c bc tin cy II v III, vi s t
my hot ng t 4 tr ln th s lng t my d phng phi ly t i 1.
6) Trong cc trm bm bc II, khi s lng my bm t 10 tr ln, cho php mt trong s
t my d phng trong kho.
7) i vi trm bm cung cp nc cho khu dn c c s dn n 5.000 ngi, khi c 1
ngun cung cp in th cho php t my bm cu ho d phng vi ng c t trong.
8) i vi trm bm ging khoan dng my bm trc ng hoc my bm ng c chm.
Khi c ging (c bm) d tr th khng cn my bm d tr.
.v
Chiu rng nh nht ca li i gia cc phn nh ra ca my bm, ng ng v

ng c khng c nh hn:
Gia cc t my m ng c c in th nh hn 1000 vn: 1m; c in th
trn 500 vn: 1,2m.
Gia t my v tng ca trm bm chm: 0,7m
Cc trm bm khc: 1m.
Gia cc my nn kh: 1,5m
Gia cc t my v bng phn phi: 2m
ol
d
nc
7.7.
9) Nu trm bm cn cp nc lin tc th i vi bm nc ra lc phi t 2 bm ra 1

hot ng 1 d tr.
w
.v
- Gia cc phn chuyn ng ca ng c nhit: 1,2m

Gia cc phn nh ra v khng chuyn ng ca thit b 0,7m. i vi my bm
c ng c in nh hn 1000 vn v ng knh ng y nh <= 100mm v cc
thit b ph tng cho php:
-
t t my st tng, khng c khong trng gia t my v tng, t 2 t

my trn cng 1 b nhng phi c li i xung quanh my, vi chiu rng nh
nht 0,7m. Khi xc nh kch thc gian my cn tnh n din tch tho lp
my bm.
w
w
gim kch thc trm bm trn mt bng, cho php b tr my vi trc

quay phi v quay tri nhng bnh xe cng tc ch c chuyn ng v mt
pha.
Kt cu bao che trm bm nn lm vng chc bng gch, b tng i vi phn ni
trn mt t; phn chm di mt t c th lm bng gch hay b tng, tu theo
tnh hnh a cht, a cht thu vn v quy m cng trnh m thit k. Khi thit k
trm bm nm di mc nc ngm hoc mc nc cao nht ca sng h th phi
c bin php chng thm cho y v thnh trm bm. Lp vt liu chng thm
phi cao hn cc mc nc trn l 0,5m. Cc trm bm u phi c bin php
thot nc bn trong trm bng th cng hay bng c gii. Mt b my bm phi
cao hn mt nn trm bm ti thiu 0,2-0,3m.
Trc cc my bm nn t theo quy nh t iu kin t mi ca bm (tnh n
nh my bm):
i vi b cha:
7.8.
7.9.
Tnh t mc nc cao nht ca dung tch cha chy cho 1 m chy.
Tnh t mc nc trung bnh ca dung tch cha chy i vi 2 m chy tr

ln.
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Tnh t mc nc d phng s c khi khng phi cha chy.
Tnh t mc nc trung bnh khi khng cn cha chy v lng nc d

phng s c.
i vi ging khoan:
- Tnh t mc nc ng khi khai thc vi lu lng ln nht.

i vi sng, h:
-
Tnh t mc nc thp nht trong sng, h, tu thuc vo bc tin cy ca cng

trnh ly nc.
.v
Khi xc nh cao trc bm phi tnh n chiu cao ht chn khng cho
php (tnh t mc nc tnh ton thp nht) hoc ct nc cn thit t pha ht
theo yu cu ca nh sn xut, cng nh phi tnh n tn tht p lc trong
ng ng ht, iu kin nhit v p sut bn ngoi.
Ghi ch:
Trong cc trm bm bc II v III cho php b tr bm khng t mi, nhng
phi c bin php mi nc cho my bm (ly trc tip t ng y chung ca
mt nhm my bm, ly nc trc tip t b lc, dng thng nc mi t
trong trm bm hay dng i nc, dng bm chn khng).
Cao nn gian t my bm ca cc trm bm chm nn xc nh t vic b

tr cc bm c cng sut hoc kch thc ln.
ol
d
nc
w
.v
7.10.
Trong cc trm bm bc tin cy III cho php t crpin trn ng ng ht c

ng knh n 200mm.
Khi trm bm c cng sut ln hn th phi dng bm chn khng v khng cn
t crpin. Thi gian mi nc ti a quy nh l 5 pht. i vi my bm cha
chy l 3 pht. i vi my bm lm vic khng lin tc (loi 2,3) l 10 pht.
Chiu cao ca gian t my bm m khng c thit b nng th ly ti thiu l 3m.
Nu c thit b nng th xc nh theo tnh ton bo m khong cch t y vt
c nng n nh cc thit b t dui khng c nh hn 0,5m.
Kch thc ca ra vo ca trm bm phi rng vn chuyn cc thit b my
mc ra vo c d dng. Trm bm cn c b tr nhiu ca s ly nh sng
t nhin v thng hi thong gi tt. Khi cn thit c th b tr h thng thng hi
nhn to m bo cho nhit trong trm bm khng ln hn 37o 40oC.
Cn c vo trng lng nng nht ca cc b phn my bm hoc ng c in
m trm bm cn c trang b cc thit b nng sau y:
7.11.
w
w
7.12.
7.13.
7.14.
Khi trng lng t 0,2-0,5T: dng gi 3 chn di ng
Khi trng lng t 0,5-2,0T: dng palng ray ko tay hoc chy in
Khi trng lng t 2,0-5,0T: dng cu chy kiu treo chy in
- Khi trng lng ln hn 5,0T: dng cu chy in

Khi s my bm t trong trm ln hn 3 (k c my bm cng tc v d phng)
nu dng ng ht chung th th s ng ht khng c t hn 2 v nn t 2 ng
ng y chung. Ngoi ra phi m bo iu kin: Khi 1 ng ht b hng th nhng
ng ht cn li vn m bo c lng nc tnh ton ca trm, ng ht ca my
bm cn c dc ti thiu i = 0,005 cao v pha my bm. Ti v tr thay i
ng knh ng cn t cn xin.
Chn ng knh ng v ph tng phi cn c vo vn tc nc chy trong ng
theo bng 7.3.
Ghi ch: Cho php thay i vn tc khng qu 20% my bm lm vic ph
hp vi yu cu.
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7.15.
Trn ng ng y ca my bm phi t van chn v van 1 chiu. V tr van 1

chiu t gia my bm v van chn.
Trn ng ng ht th van chn cn t trong trng hp my bm t mi hoc
cc my bm ni vi ng ht chung.
Bng 7.3
ng knh ng
(mm)
Vn tc nc chy trong ng t trong trm bm (m/s)

ng ht
ng y
0,6 - 1,0
0,8 - 2,0
T 300800
0,8 - 1,5
1,0 - 3,0
Ln hn 800
1,2 - 2,0
1,5 - 4,0
.v
w
.v
nc
7.17.
B tr ph tng trn ng y v ng ht phi m bo kh nng thay th hay sa

cha bt k cc my bm, van 1 chiu cng nh cc ph tng khc m vn pht
c 70% lu lng nc cho nhu cu sinh hot i vi trm bm bc tin cy I v
II, v 50% lu lng i vi trm bm bc tin cy III.
Cc ng ng bn trong trm bm nn lm bng ng thp ni mt bch v phi
t trn gi ta; nu trm bm c cng sut nh cho php dng ng gang. Phi
qut sn bo v cc ng v ph tng trong phm vi trm bm trc khi a vo
s dng. Cc ng ng ht v ng y ca my bm c th t ni trn sn nh
hay t trong mng c np tho d dng. Khng cho php t ng i ngm qua
b my bm. Khi t ng trong mng th phi c dc hng v h thu nc.
Kch thc mng phi rng tho lp ng ng c d dng, thng ly
nh sau:
- i vi ng c ng knh n 400mm th chiu rng B = d + 600mm
Chiu cao mng H = d + 400mm
- i vi ng c ng knh t 400mm tr ln th
B = d + 800mm
Chiu cao mng H = d + 600mm
- Ti cc v tr t cc mc mi ni th chiu rng ca mng ly theo iu 8.47
Trong : d l ng knh ca ca ng t trong mng tnh bng mm.
Khi ng chui qua tng nu trong t kh th dng ay tm du v va xi mng
nht y l; nu trong t t phi c bin php ngn nc, tuyt i khng cho
nc thm qua l chui ca ng vo trm bm.
Cc my bm phi c trang b: ng h o p lc, van x kh ... Cc my bm
ln phi c trang b ng h chn khng. Trong trm bm cn b tr cc thit b
o lu lng, p lc, cc tn hiu mc nc trong cc cng trnh lin quan, cc t
in hoc cu dao in v.v...
Phi t my bm sao cho chiu cao ht chn khng khng c vt qu chiu
cao ht cho php ca my bm chn, c tnh n tn tht p lc trong ng ht,
iu kin nhit , p sut ring phn ca hi nc v khng sinh ra hin tng
bo mn cnh qut. i vi bm hng trc cn c tr pha mt ht, phi tun
theo ch dn ca nh my sn xut khi my bm lm vic.
ng vo trm bm phi ri cp phi hay lm ng nha.
Chiu su gian t my (t mt t n nn) xc nh theo cc thng s k thut.
Khi b tr thit b trong gian my pha di sn cng tc hay ban cng phi c
li i li vi chiu cao khng nh hn 2,0m.
Trong cc trm bm t chm v na chm phi c bin php chng ngp cho cc
t my khi c s c trong gian t my i vi my bm c cng sut ln cng
nh i vi van v ng ng bng cch:
ol
d
7.16.
Di 250
w
w
7.18.
7.19.
7.20.
7.21.
7.22.
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7.27.
7.28.
7.29.
- Dng bm bm nc t h thu.
Khi cn thit b tr cc bm thot nc s c c cng sut c tnh ton vi thi
gian bm t hn 2 gi v chiu su lp nc trn mt nn 0,5m.
thot nc r r, sn v rnh trong gian bm phi thit k c dc n h thu.
Khi nc khng th t chy t h thu ra ngoi th phi b tr bm r r.
Trong cc trm bm t chm lm vic theo ch t ng, khi su gian my
t 20m tr ln, cng nh trong cc trm bm c ngi vn hnh thng xuyn khi
su t 15 m tr ln phi xem xt b tr thang my.
Cho php b tr trm bm vi cc cng trnh khc ca h thng cp nc nhng
phi cch li bng cu kin khng chy v c ca trc tip ra ngoi.
Khng cho php xy dng tng chu lc ca trm bm t II v trm bm tun
hon ln thnh b cha v h thu.
Trong trm bm (khng ph thuc vo mc t ng ho) phi b tr khu v
sinh (b x v u tiu), phng giao ca v t ng qun o cho cng nhn vn hnh.
Khi trm bm cch khu qun l (c bp, khu v sinh) di 50 m, cho php khng
b tr khu v sinh ring.
Trong trm bm ging khng cn phi b tr khu v sinh.
Vic vn hnh cc my bm phi tun theo quy trnh qun l k thut. Nu cho
my bm lm vic m van trn ng ng dn m sn phi da trn c s tnh
ton c k n c tnh ca my bm v ng c v kh nng nc va trn ng
ng.
Trm bm c kch thc gian t my 6 x 9 m v ln hn phi b tr ng ng
cha chy bn trong vi lu lng 2,5 l/s.
Ngoi ra cn xem xt b tr:
7.26.
X t chy lng nc s c vo h thng thot nc khi iu kin a hnh

cho php;
.v
7.25.
ol
d
7.24.
t ng c cao hn nn gian my 0,5 m;
nc
7.23.
w
.v
Hai bnh cha chy xch tay loi bt i vi ng c in c in p n 1000V

Bn bnh cha chy xch tay loi bt i vi ng c t trong cng sut n 300
m lc.
Khi ng c in c in p trn 1000V hoc ng c t trong c cng sut trn

300 m lc phi thm 2 bnh kh CO2 cha chy, b cha nc dung tch 250 lt.
Ghi ch:
Hng cha chy nn ni vi ng y my bm
w
w
7.30.
- Trong trm bm ging khng yu cu phi b tr ng ng cha chy

Trong trm bm c t ng c t trong cho php t b cha nhin liu vi s
lng nh sau: Xng 250 lt, madt 500 lt.
B cha nhin liu t cch ly vi gian my bng tng khng chy vi gii hn
chng la khng nh hn 2 gi.
THIT B THU KH NN
7.31.
7.32.
Thit b thu kh nn c p dng trong trng hp khi p lc khng n nh cn

iu ho p lc thay cho kt nc ln.
Khi p lc n nh m t thit b thu kh nn th phi c y cc c s tnh
ton.
Tr s p lc ti thiu trong bnh cha ca thit b thu kh nn c p lc thay i
phi m bo p lc tnh ton trong mng li khi mc nc trong bnh cha thp
nht.
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7.33.
7.34.
Trong thit b thu kh nn vi p lc thay i cho php t 1 my nn kh vi

mt ngun cung cp in hoc dng chung vi h thng kh nn ca nh my vi
iu kin khng c ngng cp kh nn.
p lc ti thiu v ti a P (at) cng nh tng dung tch bnh cha V (m3) trng
hp p lc thay i xc nh theo cng thc:
Vn = (t x qb)/4
(7-1)
Trong :
t - thi gian ca mt chu k ng m bm
.v
qb - lu lng ca my bm (bm vo bnh v vo mng)

Nu qb tnh bng m3/h th:
Vn = qb/(4z)
(7-2)
Trong z: s ln m my cho php trong 1 gi (6-30 ln)
Th tch bnh iu p:
Vk = Vn/f
(7-3)
Trong f l h s iu p:
f = (P1 - P2)/P1
(7-4)
7.36.
w
.v
7.37.
b) P2: p lc tuyt i nh nht trong mng, bng p lc min + p lc kh quyn

(bar).
m bo p sut khng i trong bnh cha nc phi t van iu chnh trn
ng ng dn kh ni bnh cha nc v bnh cha kh nn.
S lng my nn kh trong thit b thu kh nn, trng hp p lc n nh
khng nh hn 2, trong 1 my d phng. S lng ngun cung cp in xc
nh theo bc tin cy ca cng trnh.
Bnh cha ca thit b thu kh nn phi trang b ng x, van an ton, p lc k.
Bnh cha nc v bnh cha khng kh phi c thit b o lng bng thu tnh,
van phao phng nga kh nn lt vo mng li v nc chy vo my nn kh.
Cn phi t ng ho qu trnh lm vic ca thit b thu kh nn.
Thit b thu kh nn t trong nh phi cch li vi cc phng khc bng tng
ngn chu la v c ca thng trc tip ra ngoi.
Khong cch t mt trn ca bnh cha n trn khng c nh hn 1m. Khong
cch gia cc bnh cha v t bnh cha n tng nh khng c nh hn 0,5m.
Bnh cha ca thit b thu kh nn c tnh ton theo tiu chun k thut ca
cc bnh lm vic c p lc.
nc
7.35.
ol
d
a) P1: p lc tuyt i ln nht trong mng, bng p lc max yu cu + p lc kh

quyn (bar).
7.38.
7.39.
7.40.
w
w
7.41.
8. NG DN, MNG LI V CC CNG TRNH TRN MNG
8.1.
8.2.
S lng cc ng ng chuyn ti nc phi ly c tnh n bc tin cy ca h

thng cp nc v trnh t xy dng thng khng c nh hn 2. ng knh ng
dn v cc ng ni phi thit k sao cho khi c s c trn mt on ng no ca
ng ng dn th lu lng nc chy qua vn m bo ti thiu 70% lng nc
sinh hot v mt phn nc cng nghip cn thit, khi cn xt n kh nng tn
dng cc b cha v cc my bm d phng. Trong trng hp ch c 1 ng ng
dn cn thit phi d tr nc vi dung tch y bo m 70% lng nc sinh
hot tnh ton, mt phn nc cng nghip cn thit khi c s c; ngoi ra cn c d
tr nc cha chy v d kin v bin php cha chy thch hp.
Thi gian cn thit khc phc s c ng ng ca h thng cp nc bc I ly
theo ch dn bng 8.1. i vi h thng cp nc bc II v III, cc gi tr trong
bng c tng ln ln lt l 1,25 v 1,5 ln.
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Bng 8.1
ng knh ng (mm)
Thi gian cn thit khc phc s c trn ng ng (h)

theo su t ng (m)
n 2,0 m
Trn 2,0 m
< 400
12
T 400-1000
12
18
> 1000
18
24
Ghi ch:
.v
- Tu thuc vo vt liu lm ng, tuyn v iu kin t ng, s c mt ca ng,

phng tin giao thng, phng tin khc phc s c m thi gian nu trn c th
thay i nhng khng c ly t hn 6 gi.
- Cho php tng thi gian khc phc s c trong iu kin thi gian ngng cp nc v
gim lu lng khng vt qu gii hn nu ra trong iu 1.3.
Mng li ng ng cp nc phi l mng li vng, mng ct ch c php p

dng trong cc trng hp:
-
Cp nc sn xut khi c php ngng sa cha
Cp nc sinh hot khi ng knh khng ln hn 100mm
nc
8.3.
ol
d
- Khi cn thit kh trng ng ng sau khi khc phc s c, thi gian nu trong bng
cn c tng thm 12 gi.
- Cp nc cha chy khi chiu di khng qu 300m

Ghi ch:
im dn c khi s dn di 5.000 ngi vi tiu chun cp nc cha chy
10l/s c php t mng li ct nu chiu di khng qu 300m. Nhng phi
c php ca c quan phng chng chy, ng thi phi c dung tch tr nc
cho cha chy.
w
.v
w
w
8.4.
c php t mng li ct theo phn t xy dng trc khi hon chnh mng
li vng theo quy hoch
ng knh ng dn xc nh theo kt qu tnh ton thu lc mng truyn dn, phn
phi nc. ng knh ti thiu ca mng li cp nc sinh hot kt hp vi cha
chy trong cc khu dn c v cc x nghip cng nghip khng nh hn 100 mm.
Khi mt ng dn trn mng li vng, gp s c th lu lng cp cho sinh hot ca
mng li c php gim 30- 50%. i vi im dng nc bt li nht c php
gim < 75% lu lng, v p lc t do khng gim qu 5m. i vi h thng cp
nc cho sn xut th lu lng gim cho php tnh theo trng hp nh my lm
vic gp s c. Tng lu lng cp cho i tng dng nc ph thuc vo s trm
bm cp vo mng li nhng khng gim qu 30%. Khi tnh mng li trong
trng hp c chy th khng k trng hp mng li gp s c.
t ng ng phn phi i km ng ng chnh chuyn ti c ng knh
600mm th lu lng ng ng phn phi 20% lu lng tng cng. Nu ng
ng chnh < 600mm vic t thm ng ng phn phi i km phi c l do chnh
ng. Khi ng qua ng c mt ng rng 20m cho php t tch thnh 2 ng i
song song.
Khng c ni trc tip mng li cp nc sinh hot n ung vi mng li
ng ng cp nc c cht lng khc nc sinh hot. Trng hp cn thit phi
8.5.
8.6.
8.7.
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8.8.
ni th phi c bin php ngn nga nhim bn nc (nh lm 2 kho nc, gia c
van x) v phi c s ng ca c quan y t.
Trn cc ng ng dn v mng li ng phn phi, khi cn thit phi t cc thit
b sau y:
a) Kho chia on sa cha
b) Van thu kh
c) Van x kh
d) Van v ming x nc
e) Np vo ng ng khi ng knh ng ln hn 600mm
g) Thit b gim p khi c hin tng nc va.

h) Khp co gin
.v
Khi c 2 hoc nhiu ng ng t song song v khng c s lin h gia cc

ng ly khng qu 5km.
Khi c s lin h gia cc ng th ly bng chiu di on ng gia cc im ni.
ol
d
8.9.
i) Trn ng ng t chy c p phi t cc ging tiu nng hay thit b bo v khc

ng ng lm vic trong gii hn p lc cho php.
Chiu di an ng ng c c lp sa cha quy nh nh sau:
Chiu di on ng c c lp sa cha khng c vt qu 5 hng cha

chy.
w
.v
Khng lm ngng vic cp nc ti cc ni dng nc m khng cho php

gin on cp nc.
Van thu kh c th dng 2 loi: t ng v iu khin bng tay. Van thu, x kh t
ng t im cao gy gc ca ng ng theo trc dc v phn trn ca on ng
sa cha loi tr kh nng to thnh chn khng trong ng vi tr s cao hn tr
s tnh ton cho loi ng chn, cng nh x kh ra khi ng ng khi b tch
t. Khi i lng chn khng khng vt qu gi tr cho php th c th dng van
thu, x kh iu khin bng tay t phn trn ca mi on ng sa cha v b tr
trong cc ging t van kho chia on sa cha.
Van x kh phi b tr ch t van thu kh, cng nh cc im gy gc ca ng
ng theo trc dc.
ng knh on ng tp trung kh ly bng ng knh ng dn, chiu cao 200500mm tu thuc vo ng knh ng dn nc. ng knh van x kh cn xc nh
theo tnh ton hoc ly bng 4% lu lng nc tnh ton ln nht trn ng ng,
tnh theo th tch kh iu kin p lc kh quyn thng thng, s b c th ly: d =
25mm i vi ng c ng knh 500mm; d = 50mm i vi ng c ng knh
ln hn 500mm.
ng ng dn v mng li phi t dc v pha x cn vi dc khng nh hn
0,001. Khi a hnh bng phng th dc t ng cho php gim n 0,0005.
Phi t van x nc nhng im thp nht ca mi on ng sa cha cng nh
ti nhng ch do thit k quy nh ty ra ng ng trc khi a vo s dng
v trong qu trnh qun l. ng knh ng x nc v van thu kh phi m bo
tho sch nc trong on ng m n phc v vi thi gian khng ln hn 2 gi.
ng knh ng x v ming x nc phi m bo sao cho tc nc chy trong
ng khi ty ra khng nh hn 1,1 ln tc tnh ton ln nht ca ng ng. S
w
w
8.10.
nc
Khi ch c mt ng ng dn ng knh < 600mm th chiu di khng qu 3

km.
i vi mng li ng ng phn phi phi bo m:
8.11.
8.12.
8.13.
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dng van tay lm van x cn.

Ghi ch:
-
Khi ra bng my nn kh - nc th tc chuyn ng ca hn hp kh nc

phi khng nh hn 1,2 ln tc tnh ton ln nht ca ng ng.
8.14.
ng knh ng < 700mm th khong cch khng nh hn 200m.
- ng knh ng t 700-1400mm th khong cch khng nh hn 400m.

Cn t mi co dn trong cc trng hp:
-
Cc mi ni trn ng ng khng co gin c theo trc ng khi thay i nhit

nc, khng kh v t.
Trn ng ng bng thp t trong hm hay trn cu cn khong cch gia cc

mi co gin v cc trc bt ng xc nh theo tnh ton, c xt ti cu to ca
mi ni.
w
.v
8.17.
ol
d
nc
8.16.
.v
8.15.
Khi ty ra bng my nn kh nc th lu lng nc ly bng 10-25% tng

lu lng hn hp.
Nc ra c th x vo cng nc ma, mng, mng dn. Nu khng x bng t
chy th cho x vo ging thu ri dng bm ht i.
Hng cha chy b tr dc theo ng t, cch mp ngoi ca lng ng khng
qu 2,5m v cch tng nh khng di 3,0m. Cho php b tr hng cha chy trn
va h.
Khong cch gia cc hng cha chy xc nh theo tnh ton lu lng cha chy
v c tnh ca hng cha chy. Khong cch ny phi ph hp vi yu cu nu
trong tiu chun cha chy nhng khng qu 300m.
Tn tht p lc trn 1m di ng mm cha chy xc nh theo cng thc:
H = 0,00385q2
(8-1)
Trong : q l lu lng cha chy, l/s.
Khi thit k ng ng dn t chy khng p phi xy cc ging thm, nu a hnh
qu dc phi xy cc ging chuyn bc gim tc dng nc v khng ch mc
nc trong ng. Khong cch gia cc ging thm ly nh sau:
w
w
Trn ng ng t trn nn t ln i vi ng bng thp hn; t di t

nhng ch c ph tng bng gang.
Ni chung, nu cn ph tng bng gang c bo v chng lc ko trung tm bng
cch ni cng ng vi thnh ging, xy tr hay ph trn ng bng lp t nn cht
th khng cn t mi co dn.
Phi t mi ni ng (ming bt ko di, mng sng ...) trc ph tng bng gang
khi ng ng t di t m cht.
Mi ni ng v mi co dn ca ng ng t di t phi trong ging kim
tra.
Vi nc cng cng phi b tr vi bn knh phc v khong 100m; khi c l do
thch ng bn knh phc v c th tng ln. Xung quanh ch t vi nc cng cng
cn xy g chn v phi bo m thot nc c d dng. Nn thit k kt hp vi
nc cng cng v hng cha chy cng mt ch.
Chn vt liu v bn ca ng da trn c s tnh ton kt hp vi iu kin v
sinh, n mn ca t, nc, iu kn lm vic ca ng v yu cu v cht lng
nc.
i vi ng lm vic c p, c th dng cc loi ng: gang xm, thp, b tng ct
thp, cht do, gang do, ng nha c ct si thu tinh tng cng.
8.18.
8.19.
ng gang xm ch nn dng khi khng c ng phi kim loi.

ng thp ch nn dng khi p lc cng tc cao (trn 8 kg/cm2) hoc nhng ch:
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8.22.
8.23.
ng mt trong s cc my bm hot ng ng thi trc khi ng van trn

ng ng y;
Khi ng bm khi van trn ng ng y m sn;
M van trn ng ng bng c gii ho;
ol
d
.v
- t ngt ng hoc m cc thit b thu nc.

cho ng ng lm vic an ton cn tnh ton tng p lc do hin tng nc
va thu lc v chn bin php bo v.
Cc bin php phng hin tng nc va thu lc khi ng my bm t ngt:
-
t van thu kh trn ng ng;
t van mt chiu vi vic ng m c iu khin trn ng y;
t van hoc bnh kh nc va trn ng ng y;
X nc qua bm theo chiu ngc li khi bm quay t do hay dng li hn;
- B tr bnh thu kh nn hay thp lm du qu trnh nc va.

Ghi ch: phng hin tng nc va cho php dng: van an ton, van gim p,
ng x t ng y vo ng ht, b sung nc vo nhng ni xy ra hin tng tch
dng, s dng t hp bm c qun tnh quay ln.
Bo v ng ng khng b h hng do tng p khi ng van bng cch tng thi
gian ng van. Nu bin php ny khng m bo th phi thm thit b (van an ton,
van x kh, bnh iu p ...)
Thng thng ng ng dn nc phi t di t. Nu c l do c php t
ng ni trn khng, trong ng hm hoc t chung vi cc cng trnh k thut khc
trong mt tuyn hm (ngoi tr cc ng ng dn cc cht lng v kh d chy).
ng ng t trn nn t, phi cn c theo a cht c th v loi ng gia c
nn.
w
w
8.24.
Tt c hay mt nhm my bm ngng t ngt do mt hay s c v in;
nc
8.21.
w
.v
8.20.
Khi ng qua ng t, xe la, qua chng ngi, m h hoc vt sng.

ng t trn cu cn, trong ng hm
Khi t ng a im kh xy dng, t ln, t khai thc m, vng c hin
tng Kast.
i vi ng b tng ct thp c th dng ph tng bng kim loi.
Vt liu lm ng trong h thng cp nc sinh hot phi m bo cc yu cu nu
trong iu 1.10.
Cn c bin php phng hin tng nc va thu lc trong cc trng hp:
- Khi t trc tip trn nn t t nhin th phi gi nguyn cu to ca t (tr ,

ct chy, bn).
- Nu l si th phi san phng v c lp m bng ct pha dy trn 10cm. C th
dng t nhng phi m k t t trng 1,5T/m3.
8.25.
8.26.
- Khi nn t yu phi t ng trn nn nhn to

Trong trng hp dng ng thp phi c bin php bo v ng khng b n mn c
bn trong v bn ngoi. Cn phi c c s s liu v tnh cht n mn ca t, ca
nc trong ng, cng nh kh nng chu n mn ca ng dn do dng in lan trong
t.
chng n mn v lng ng ca ng ng dn v phn phi bng thp c ng
knh t 300mm tr ln, cn p dng bin php bo v bn trong lng ng bng: trng
hoc ph lp bo v cch ly khng cho nc tip xc trc tip vi thnh ng.
Xc nh su chn ng di t phi da vo ti trng bn ngoi, bn ca ng,
nh hng ca nhit bn ngoi v cc iu kin khc; trong trng hp thng
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thng c th ly nh sau:
-
Vi ng knh ng n 300mm, su chn ng khng nh hn 0,5m tnh t

mt t (mt ng) n nh ng.
Vi ng knh ng ln hn 300mm, su chn ng khng nh hn 0,7m tnh

t mt t (mt ng) n nh ng.
Ghi ch:
Khi t ng trn va h th c th gim tr s trn nhng khng nh hn 0,3m.
8.29.
.v
w
.v
8.30.
ol
d
8.28.
nc
8.27.
Khi xc nh su t ng cn xt n ct mt thit k theo quy hoch san nn

ca th v kh nng s dng ca ng ng trc khi hon thnh cng tc san
nn.
Xc nh ng knh ng dn v ng phn phi ca mng li trn c s tnh ton
kinh t k thut. ng thi cn d kin kh nng phi ngng mt s on khi cn
thit. ng knh ng dn, ng kt hp cha chy trong khu dn c v x nghip
cng nghip khng c nh hn 100mm; trong khu dn c nng nghip khng nh
hn 75mm.
Tnh tn tht p lc cho cc loi ng gang, thp, b tng ct thp, cht do ... nhp
ngoi theo Ph lc 14. Ngoi ra c th s dng bng tnh thu lc hin hnh hoc cc
biu lp sn trong cc ti liu ca cc nc khc . i vi cc loi ng sn xut
trong nc th cn c theo kt qu nghin cu khoa hc. Ni chung tn tht p lc
phi tng ln 1-5% tu theo tnh hnh c th ca mi loi ng.
Khi ci to ng ng dn v mng li phi p dng cc bin php: (Thay th, t
km ng mi v ng c, ty ra ng c ...) khi phc li kh nng dn nc ca
ng ng. Trong trng hp c bit c php ly tn tht p lc trong cc on
ng ang hot ng v ci to bng p lc thc t o.
Khi tnh ton kinh t k thut v thu lc ca h thng phn phi nc cn c theo
c im ca h thng nhng phi c s chn phng n ti u.
La chn cc trng hp tnh ton theo ch lm vic phi hp ca trm bm,
ng ng dn, mng li phn phi dung tch iu ho ca i v b cha cn c
theo mc phc tp v yu cu c th ca h thng cp nc trong mi thi k:
-
Lu lng gi ln nht trong ngy dng nc nhiu nht.
Lu lng gi nh nht trong ngy dng nc nhiu nht.
w
w
- Lu lng gi ln nht c xt ti lu lng cha chy.

Trng hp c s c trn mt s on ng nhng vn bo m yu cu nu iu
8.1 v 8.5.
ng ng cp nc thng phi t song song vi ng ph v c th t mp
ng hay tt nht l va h. Khong cch nh nht theo mt bng t mt ngoi
ng n cc cng trnh v cc ng ng xung quanh, phi xc nh tu theo ng
knh ng, tnh hnh a cht, c im cng trnh v thng khng nh hn cc quy
nh sau y:
8.31.
n mng nh v cng trnh: 3m
n chn dc ng st: 5m
n mp mng hay chn mi dc ng t: 1,5-2,0m
n mp ng ray xe in: 1,5-2,0m
n ng dy in thoi: 0,5m
n ng dy in cao th ti 35 KV: 1m
n mt ngoi ng thot nc ma, ng cp nhit v ng dn sn phm: 1,5m
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n mp ct in cao th: 3,0m
n hng ro: 1,5m
- n trung tm hng cy: 1,5-2,0m

Ghi ch:
Trong iu kin cht chi, b tr kh khn nhng ng knh ng nh v nm cao
hn mng ca cng trnh c th h thp cc quy nh trn.
Khi ng cp nc sinh hot t song song vi ng thot nc bn v cng mt
su th khong cch theo mt bng gia hai thnh ng khng c nh hn 1,5m vi
ng knh ng ti 200mm v khng c nh hn 3,0m vi ng knh ng ln
hn 200mm. Cng vi iu kin trn nhng ng cp nc nm di ng thot nc
bn th khong cch ny cn phi tng ln tu theo s khc nhau v su t ng
m quyt nh.
Khi ng cp nc giao nhau hoc giao nhau vi ng ng khc th khong cch ti
thiu theo phng ng khng nh hn 0,2m. Trng hp ng cp nc sinh hot i
ngang qua ng thot nc, ng dn cc dung dch c mi hi th ng cp nc phi
t cao hn cc ng khc ti thiu l 0,4m. Nu ng cp nc nm di ng thot
nc thi th ng nc phi c ng bao bc ngoi, chiu di ca ng bao k t ch
giao nhau khng nh hn 3m v mi pha, nu t ng trong t st, v khng nh
hn 10m nu t ng trong t thm, cn ng thot nc phi dng ng gang.
Nu ng cp nc giao nhau vi ng dy cp in, dy in thoi th khong cch
ti thiu gia chng theo phng ng khng c nh hn 0,5m.
Khi ng ng i qua sng, khe sui... th c th t trn cu hoc t di y sng,
khe, sui v nn dng ng bng thp. ng i qua cu c th t trong cc hp g, b
tng hoc gn vo cu di dng kt cu treo v c th tnh ton vi tc nc
chy ln ti 2,3- 3,0m/s gim ti trng cho cu. Nu chn ng di y sng th s
lng ng khng nh hn 2. su t y sng n nh ng phi xc nh theo
iu kin xi l ca lng sng, ni chung khng c nh hn 0,5m; khi ng nm
trong vng tu b i li nhiu th khng c nh hn 1m v phi c bin php
phng nga lng sng b xi mn. Hai bn b sng phi c ging kim tra v ct bo
hiu cho thuyn b qua li. Phi d kin cc bin php thau ra ng ng khi cn
thit.
Thit k ng qua ng sng c tu b i li phi thng qua c quan qun l ng
thu.
Khong cch thng thu gia cc xi phng khng nh hn 1,5 m.
nghing ca xi phng nn ly khng ln hn 200 so vi phng nm ngang.
Phi ht sc trnh khng cho ng ng cp nc i qua cc bi rc bn, ngha trang.
Khi ng i cnh nhng ni ny th phi c mt khong cch ti thiu t 10- 20m (khi
ng trn mc nc ngm dng tr s nh, khi ng nm di mc nc ngm ly tr
s ln ). Trng hp phi bt buc i qua nhng ni th phi tin hnh di chuyn
m m, rc ri ng thi kh c hi ti ch v dng t mi p vo hoc phi t
ni ng trn mt t.
Ging thm trong b tr van kho, ph tng... c th xy dng bng gch hoc
bng b tng. Khi xy dng trong vng nc ngm cao hn phi c bin php ngn
nc cho y v thnh ging cao hn mc nc ngm cao nht l 0,5m, np ging
thm c th lm bng b tng ct thp. Nu ging thm xy ng ch xe chy qua
li nhiu, c ti trng ln th np phi c cu to vng chc trnh b v hoc thay
bng np gang. Cn c bin php thot nc ma v nc r r ging thm vo h
thng thot nc ma hoc mng rnh cnh . Nu cc thit b ca ph tng t
trong ging qu nng th phi b tr cc tr . Cn phi thit k cc tr , chng
cui ng, ct v cc t ch thp bt kn d kin pht trin cp nc.
w
w
w
.v
nc
8.34.
.v
8.33.
n ct in n ngoi ng: 1,5m.
ol
d
8.32.
8.35.
8.36.
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8.37.
Khi t nhiu ng ng song song vi nhau th khong cch gia mp ngoi ca

ng phi m bo iu kin:
-
Tit kim khi lng o p.
Lp t v sa cha thun li tu theo loi ng.
.v
8.39.
Khng cho php t ng trong ng hm i b hoc cu vt.
ol
d
8.38.
Ph hp vi iu kin a cht v a hnh.

D < 250mm
L 0,6m
D t 300- 600mm L 0,8m
D > 600mm
L 1m
Khi t ng trong ng hm th khong cch gia mp ngoi ca ng n tng
hm khng c nh hn 0,2m. Nu c ph tng trn ng ng th khong cch ly
theo ch dn iu 8.47.
ng ng qua ng xe la, tu in, ng t ni chung phi t trong ng lng.
Khi cn thit c th t trong ng hm. Trong trng hp c bit c th t trc
tip (dng ng thp v khi cng bng phng php o m) nhng trn c s tnh
ton bo m an ton v tnh cht ca con ng (ng giao thng a phng ...).
Ghi ch:
-
8.41.
- Khi thi cng bng bin php kn nh kch, khoan ngang - khng nh hn 1,5m.
Khong cch trn mt bng t mt ngoi ca tng ging thm ( hai u on qua
ng) n trc ng ray ngoi cng hoc n b va ng khng nh hn 5 m,
n chn taluy khng nh hn 3 m.
ng knh trong ca ng bc hoc kch thc bn trong ca ng hm quy nh
nh sau:
-
Khi thi cng h, ly ln hn ng knh ngoi ca ng dn 200mm.
Khi thi cng bng bin php kn th tu thuc vo ng knh, chiu di ca on

ng v iu kin an ton trong thi cng m xc nh.
w
w
8.43.
Khi thi cng bng bin php o m - khng nh hn 1m.
w
.v
8.42.
nc
8.40.
ng ng trong khu cng nghip khi qua ng cho php khng dng ng bc
nhng phi dng ng thp.
Trong trng hp c bit c hai u on ng qua ng phi c ging kim tra
v van chn.
Khong cch t t vt ng ray hoc mt ng n nh ng, ng bc hay hm
quy nh nh sau:
8.44.
8.45.
8.46.
8.47.
Khi t ng trong ng hm th kch thc bn trong ca ng hm phi xc

nh theo iu kin thi cng v sa cha.
Ghi ch: Cho php t nhiu ng hoc nhiu loi cng trnh k thut trong mt ng
bc hoc 1 ng hm theo nhng quy nh v khong cch.
t ng qua ng xe la chy in phi c bin php bo v ng chng n mn do
dng in kch hot.
Thit k ng qua ng st phi thng qua c quan qun l ng st.
Ti nhng im ngot theo mt bng v mt ng phi c gi ct khi c lc
xut hin, mi ni c th chu ng ni.
Xc nh kch thc ging thm phi m bo quy nh khong cch t tng ging
n cc ph tng nh sau:
- ng ng D n 300mm
a = 0,2m
D t 300-600mm
a = 0,3-0,5m
D trn 600mm
a = 0,5-0,7m
- Mt bch
D n 400mm
a = 0,2m
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8.50.
8.49.
Kh xc nh dung tch cc b cha v i nc phi da trn biu dng nc v

bm nc trong ngy dng nc ln nht, ng thi phi xt n lng nc d tr
cho cha chy, d tr khi hng v dng cho bn thn nh my nc, ngoi ra khi
x l nc cho nhu cu sinh hot phi d kin th tch cn thit theo thi gian tip
xc vi cht kh trng.
Dung tch nc iu ho Wp, m3 (b cha, i nc, b cui mng...) phi xc nh
theo biu tiu th nc, khi khng c biu th xc nh theo cng thc:
Wp = Qng.max [1 - KH + (Kg 1)(KH/Kg)Kg/(Kg-1) ], (9-1)
Trong :
nc
9.1.
ol
d
9. DUNG TCH D TR V IU HO
.v
8.48.
D trn 400mm
a = 0,4m
- Ming bt D n 300mm
a = 0,4m
D trn 300mm
a = 0,5m
- T y ng n y ging thm
D n 400mm
a = 0,15m
D trn 400mm
a = 0,25m
Khi c van trong ging thm, tu theo loi van, khong cch t tay quay ca van n
tng ging phi m bo thao tc thun li.
Ghi ch: Trong trng hp tht cn thit khong cch t ming bt n thnh ging
cho php nh hn quy nh.
Trong ging phi c thang ln xung, trong trng hp c bit cho php s dng
thang di ng. i vi nhng ging thm ln khi cn thit phi c sn thao tc.
Nu ging thm t trong khu vc thm c th xung quanh np ging thm phi c
ri si hoc dm vi chiu rng 1m dc ra pha ngoi, cao hn nn t 0,05m. Nu
ging thm t trong khu vc t khng xy dng th np ging thm phi cao hn
mt t 0,2m.
Khi van x kh t trong ging thm phi b tr ng thng hi.
w
.v
Qng.max Lu lng ngy dng nc ln nht, m3/ngy.
KH T s gia lu lng gi pht nc ln nht (cp vo dung tch iu ho trong

cc trm x l nc, cc trm bm hoc cp vo mng c i iu ho) v lu
lng gi trung bnh trong ngy dng nc ln nht.
w
w
Kg H s dng nc khng iu ho gi (ly nc ra t b iu ho hoc mng

ng ng c b iu ho) c xc nh bng t s gia gi ly nc ln nht vi
lu lng gi trung bnh trong ngy dng nc ln nht.
Lng nc ly ra gi max cho cc i tng tiu th khng c dung tch iu ho
ly bng gi tiu th ln nht. Lng nc ly ra bng bm gi max t b iu ho
cp vo mng c i iu ho xc nh theo cng sut gi bm ln nht ca trm
bm.
Dung tch d tr trong cc trm lm sch nc cn b sung thm lng nc dng
ra cc b lc.
Th tch nc iu ho cc x nghip cng nghip ni lin vi h thng cp nc
trung tm, phi xc nh trn c s biu dng nc ca tng x nghip v biu
bm nc tng ng vi ch lm vic ca c h thng.
Th tch nc iu ho trong thng ca thit b thu kh nn W (m3) c xc nh
theo cng thc:
W=
Q (9-2)
4n
Trong :
9.2.
9.3.
Q Cng sut nh mc ca mt my bm hoc cng sut ca my bm ln nht
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trong nhm my (m3/h)

9.4.
9.5.
n S ln m my bm ln nht trong 1 gi.

Xc nh th tch nc cha chy d tr trong b cha, i, thng thu kh nn
cc im dn c v khu cng nghip phi tun theo tiu chun phng chy v cha
chy khi thit k cc cng trnh xy dng.
Khi lu lng nc ngun khng b sung th tch nc cha chy theo thi
hn quy nh th c php ko di thi gian chon y b vi iu kin to thm
dung tch b sung Q (m3) xc nh theo cnh thc:
Q =
Qx(K-1)
(9-3)
K
Trong :
.v
K: T s thi gian b sung lng nc cha chy vi thi gian

yu cu.
Nu ch c 1 ng ng dn nc vo b cha th trong b cha phi c lng
nc d phng s c trong thi gian sa cha ng ng, m bo cp nc
cho:
-
Nhu cu sn xut trong thi gian s c.
Nhu cu sinh hot t 70% lng nc tnh ton.
ol
d
9.6.
Q: Th tch nc d tr cha chy.
nc
Cha chy trong khong 2-3 gi khi lu lng cha chy n 25 l/s ph thuc
vo mc chu la ca ngi nh.
Ch thch:
Thi gian sa cha ng ng phi ly tng ng vi ch dn trong iu 8.2.
Vic phc hi lng nc d phng cho s c c thc hin bng cch gim
tiu chun dng nc hoc s dng my bm d phng.
Thi gian phc hi lng nc d phng s c ly bng 36-48 gi.
w
.v
w
w
9.7.
Cho php khng xt n lng nc b sung cho cha chy khi chiu di
ng ng dn khng ln hn 500m n khu dn c vi s dn n 5.000
ngi, cng nh n c s cng nghip v nng nghip vi lu lng nc
cha chy khng ln hn 40l/s.
Chiu cao i nc hoc b cha c p phi xc nh trn c s tnh ton thu lc
bo m cung cp nc trong nhng trng hp bt li nht. Vi mc nc thp
nht trong i, bo m p lc cha chy trn mng theo iu 3.14 v 3.15.
S b cha trong mt trm cp nc khng c nh hn 2. Trong trng hp
cng sut nh my nh, c bin php cp nc lin tc khng phi d tr nc
cha chy hoc ch cn tip xc vi cht kh trng th cho php thit k 1 b.
B cha c th xy dng bng b tng ct thp hay gch . Dng loi vt liu no
phi tu theo tnh cht ca b, iu kin a cht, thi cng, tnh hnh nguyn vt liu
a phng v thng qua so snh kinh t k thut m quyt nh. Nu p t trn
nc b cha th chiu dy nn ly khong 200- 300mm. i nc c th xy dng
bng b tng ct thp, gch, kim loi, composit. i gch p dng khi dung tch v
chiu cao thp cn li dng thn i b tr cc cng trnh ph ca nh my nh
kho, xng, vn phng...trong cc cng trnh ph ny khng c to ra khi, bi
v hi c.
B cha nc n ung, sinh hoat, phi m bo nc lu thng trong thi gian
khng qu 48 gi v khng nh hn 1 gi.
Ghi ch: Khi c c s thi gian lu thng nc trong b cha cho php tng ln 3-4
ngy. Trong trng hp cn xem xt b tr bm tun hon, m cng sut c
9.8.
9.9.
9.10.
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Thit b o mc nc, thit b kim tra chn khng v p lc;
Ca chiu sng ng knh 300 mm (trong b cha nc khng dng cho sinh
hot, n ung);
ng ng ra b (di ng hay c nh);
Thit b ngn nc trn khi b cha (thit b t ng hoc van phao trn ng
ng a nc vo);
9.11.
xc nh t iu kin lu thng nc trong b cha khng ln hn 48 gi c tnh c

lng nc a vo t ngun cp.
B cha v bu i cn c b tr: ng a nc vo, ng dn nc ra hoc ng
ra vo kt hp, ng trn, ng x kit, thit b thng gi, l thm bc ln xung hoc
thang cho ngi ln xung v vn chuyn trang thit b.
Tu theo chc nng ca b cha m nn xem xt b sung:
9.14.
.v
w
w
9.15.
w
.v
nc
9.13.
ol
d
9.12.
Thit b lc sch khng kh qua cc ng thng hi i vo b (trong b cha

nc dng cho sinh hot, n ung)
u cc ng ng dn nc vo b v bu i phi lm loe ming phu vi ming
nm ngang, mp phu cao hn mc nc ln nht trong b 50-100 mm; hoc a
nc vo ngn ring, mp trn ca ngn cao hn mc nc ln nht trong b 50100 mm. Khi t ng qua thnh b v bu i phi t l chn thp trnh nc
thm qua tng.
Trn ng ng dn nc ra, u ng t trong b cn b tr cn thu.
Khong cch t mp ming thu n y, tng hay rn b nn xc nh theo tnh
ton vn tc nc vo ming phu khng ln hn vn tc chuyn ng ca nc ti
tit din vo.
Mp nm ngang ca cn thu khi t trn y b cng nh mp g trn ca rn b
cn phi cao hn y b > 50 mm.
Trn cn thu dn nc ra hay rn thu cn b tr tm li chn dng c loi tr
cc xoy nc rt kh vo ng khi mc nc trong b hoc bu i xung thp.
Trn ng ng dn nc ra (ng vo ra) pha ngoi b cha cn b tr thit b
xe tc v xe cu ho ly nc.
Thit b trn cn c tnh vi lu lng bng hiu s gia lng nc vo ln
nht v lng nc ra nh nht. Lp nc trn ming trn khng c ln hn
100mm.
Trong b cha v i nc, trn thit b trn cn b tr xi phng thu lc ngn
nga cn trng chui qua ng trn vo b cha v vo bu i.
ng knh ca ng x ly bng 100-200 mm tu thuc vo dung tch ca b cha
v i. y b cn c dc khng nh hn 0,005 v pha ng x.
ng x v ng trn c th ni vi nhau (cc u ng x khng b ngp):
9.16.
Nc trn v nc x t b cha x vo h thng thot nc ma khu vc hoc

n cc mng h c dng chy gin on.
Khi ni ng trn vi mng h, cn b tr li chn vi khe h 10mm cui ng.
9.17.
9.18.
Khi khng c kh nng hoc x t chy khng hp l, nn xem xt b tr ging

ht nc bng bm di ng.
Thu v x kh khi mc nc trong b thay i phi t cc ng thng hi, loi tr
kh nng to chn khng qu 80 mm ct nc.
Khong khng trn mc nc cao nht trong b cha n y np b ly t 200300 mm. Dm v gi ta ca cc tm an np c th ngp, trong trng hp
cn bo m vic thng kh gia cc khoang ca np b
L thm cn b tr gn v tr ng a nc vo, ng dn nc ra, ng trn. Np l
thm trong b cha dng cho sinh hot cn c thit b kho v nh du. L
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9.24.
9.25.
9.26.
9.27.
.v
9.23.
ol
d
9.21.
9.22.
nc
9.20.
Dung tch ca h cha h cn c tnh vi kh nng bc hi nc, mp trn

ca h cha phi cao hn mc nc cao nht trong h khng t hn 0,5m.
Phi c li vo thun tin n b, h cha, h thu cho xe cha chy.
w
.v
9.19.
thm ca b cha phi cao hn lp t p np b khng t hn 0,2 m.

Cc l thm trong b cha dng cho sinh hot phi m bo c bt kn hon ton.
B cha c p v i nc trong h thng cha chy p lc cao phi c trang b
cc thit b t ng, bo m ngt c chng ra khi mng tiu th khi khi ng
cc my bm cha chy.
Trong cc b cha ca trm cp nc, mc nc thp nht v cao nht ca cc
dung tch cha chy, s c, iu ho tng ng phi c cng mt cao .
Khi ng 1 b, th trong cc b cn li phi d tr khng t hn 50% lng nc
cha chy v d tr khi c s c.
Trang b cho b cha cn bo m kh nng ng m c lp cho tng b cha.
Trong trng hp khng phi d tr nc cho cha chy v s c, cho php b tr 1
b cha.
Cu to cc h van b cha khng c lin kt cng vi b
Cho php thit k i nc vi li i hoc khng c li i xung quanh bu i tu
thuc vo ch lm vic ca i, dung tch ca bu, iu kin kh hu v nhit
ca ngun nc.
Cho php s dng thn i b tr cc cng trnh ph ca h thng cp nc, cc
cng trnh ph ny khng c to ra bi, khi v hi c.
Khi ngm cng ng vo y bu i trn ng ng ng phi t mi ni co dn.
i nc phi c trang b thu li chng st ring, khi khng c chung thit b
chng st vi cc cng trnh khc.
Cho php d tr nc cha chy trong cc b cha c bit hoc h cha h i
vi cc x nghip cng nghip v im dn c.
Dung tch b v h cha nc cha chy phi xc nh t lu lng v thi gian
cha chy.
Ghi ch:
w
w
9.28.
Ti nhng ni c b tr b v h cha phi tun th cc ch dn theo quy nh

hin hnh.
S lng b hay h cha nc cha chy khng c nh hn hai, trong mi b
(h) phi d tr c 50% lng nc dng cho cha chy.
Khong cch gia cc b hay h cha nc cha chy ly theo iu 9.29. Vic cp
nc vo bt k im chy no phi c bo m ly t 2 b, hoc 2 h cnh
nhau.
B hay h cha nc cha chy phi c b tr theo iu kin phc v cc to nh
vi bn knh:
9.29.
9.30.
9.31.
200m khi c my bm t ng.
- 100-150m khi b tr my bm c ng c (tu thuc loi my).

tng bn knh phc v cho php t t b cha (hoc h cha) cc nhnh ng
ct c chiu di khng ln hn 200m c tnh n yu cu ca iu 9.31.
Khong cch t im ly nc ca b cha (hay h cha) n cc to nh c bc
chu la cp III, IV v V v n cc kho vt liu d chy khng nh hn 30m, n
cc to nh c bc chu la cp I v II khng nh hn 10m.
Cn xem xt vic dng cc ng mm cha chy c chiu di n 250m chuyn
nc vo cc b hay h cha nc cha chy. Nu c s tho thun vi c quan
PCCC, chiu di ng c th n 500m.
Nu vic ly nc t b hoc h cha bng bm t ng hay my bm c ng c
gp kh khn, cn xem xt b tr cc h thu c dung tch 3-5 m3. ng knh ng
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ni b cha hay h nc vi h thu ly theo iu kin ti c lng nc tnh

ton cho cha chy nhng khng nh hn 200mm. Phi b tr van chn trn ng
ng a nc vo ngay trc h thu. Ti van phi c ko di ngay di np thm.
Phi b tr li chn rc trn ming ng pha h cha.
i vi b hay h cha nc cha chy khng yu cu phi b tr ng trn hay ng
x kit.
9.32.
10. CP NC TUN HON

CH DN CHUNG
Khi nghin cu s cp nc phi xt n vic tun hon nc chung cho c x

nghip cng nghip hoc di dng chu trnh kn cho mt cng on, mt phn
xng hay mt thit b ring. Tu theo mc ch dng nc phi xt n yu cu lm
sch, lm lnh, x l nc thi ra v dng li nc theo cc mc cn thit khc
nhau.
S lng h thng cp nc tun hon ti cc n v sn xut phi xc nh theo yu
cu cng ngh sn xut, mc ch dng nc, yu cu v cht lng nc, nhit ,
p lc nc v cch b tr nhng im dng nc trn tng mt bng cc t xy
dng.
gim bt ng knh v chiu di ca mng li ng ng, trong x nghip cng
nghip cn p dng nhng h thng cp nc tun hon ring bit cho cc cng on,
phn xng, thit b ring v c gng t gn ni dng nc.
Nc tun hon khng c gy n mn ng v thit b trao i nhit; khng c
gy nn s lng ng sinh hc; s lng ng tp cht v mui khong trong ng v
trn b mt trao i nhit.
t c cc yu cu , cn da trn kt qu phn tch cht lng nc thin
nhin b sung thm vo h thng; c im nc thi ra; cn cacbonat v cn c hc;
s pht trin ca vi sinh vt; iu kin n mn ng v thit b trao i nhit c bin
php x l nc b sung v nc tun hon bng phng php thch hp.
Vic la chn thnh phn, kch thc cng trnh v thit b lm sch, x l v lm
lnh nc phi xut pht t ti trng ln nht ln nhng cng trnh .
10.3.
10.5.
w
.v
nc
10.4.
ol
d
10.2.
.v
10.1.
CN BNG NC TRONG H THNG
i vi h thng cp nc tun hon phi lp cn bng nc; phi tnh n lng

nc b hao ht, nc cn phi x b v lng nc cn c b sung thm vo
b li lng nc b mt i.
Khi lp bng cn bng nc, phn nc b gim st bao gm:
w
w
10.6.
10.7.
Nc dng khng c hon li (nc ly t h thng cp nc theo nhu cu

cng ngh), phn nc hao ht ny ly theo tnh ton cng ngh.
Nc hao ht do bc hi khi lm lnh, Qbh m3/h tnh theo cng thc:
Qbh = K . t. Qll
Trong :
(10-1)
t = t1-t2: Mc gim nhit nc trc v sau khi lm lnh (lm lnh trong h, dn
phun hay dn ma).
Qll: Lu lng nc c tun hon, m3/h.

K: H s k n phn tn tht khi to nhit do bc hi.
i vi dn phun v dn ma, K ph thuc vo nhit khng kh, ly theo bng
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Bng 10.1
0
10
0,001
0,0012
Bng 10.2
10
nc
Nhit nc trong lng knh

chy vo h 0C
K
Ghi ch:
20
30
40
0,0014
0,0015
0,0016
ol
d
Nhit khng kh 0C
.v
10.1.
i vi h lm lnh v h lng nc tun hon, K ph thuc vo nhit nc trong
h, ly theo bng 10.2.
Khi lm ngui sn phm trong thit b trao i nhit kiu ti, lng nc hao ht do
bc hi tnh theo cng thc (10-1) phi tng ln 2 ln.
Trong dn phun, dn ma, trong thit b trao i nhit kiu ti, lng nc hao ht
do gi P2 phi ly theo bng 10.3.
Nc hao ht trong cng trnh lm sch phi xc nh theo tnh ton ch dn Mc 6.
Nc hao ht do thm ra khi h lng v h lm lnh c php b qua nu h c
y khng thm nc v c b quanh. Nu h ch c y khng thm nc cn b
bao quanh thm nc th phi tnh theo s liu kho st a cht thu vn. i vi b
phun v b lm lnh th khng tnh lng nc thm qua.
Nc x ra khi h thng phi xc nh tu theo cht lng nc tun hon v nc
b sung tu theo phng php x l nc c la chn.
0,0007
0,0009
20
30
40
0,0011
0,0013
0,0015
i vi nhng nhit trung gian, K xc nh bng phng php ni suy.
Nc hao ht do bc hi t nhin trong h lm lnh phi ly theo tiu chun tnh ton h
cha nc.
w
.v
w
w
Bng 10.3
Loi cng trnh lm lnh
H phun cng sut n 500 m3/h

3
Nc hao ht do gi P2 tnh theo

% lng nc lm lnh.
2-3
H phun cng sut trn 500 m /h
1,5 - 2
Dn phun h c l chp
1 - 1,5
Dn ma khng c l chp v thit b trao i

nhit kiu ti.
0,5 - 1,0
- Dn phun c qut gi.
0,2 - 0,5
Ghi ch: H s nh dng cho cng trnh c cng sut ln hoc dng tnh ton x l
nc lm lnh phng lng cn cacbonat.
LOI B CC TP CHT C HC
10.8.
Khi cn thit, phi loi b cc tp cht c hc trong nc tun hon v nc b

sung.
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Vic tnh ton v chn cng trnh lm sch nc phi theo ch dn Mc 6.

10.9. Kh nng v cng hnh thnh cn c hc trong ngn cha ca dn phun, trong
ng ng v trong thit b trao i nhit phi xc nh trn c s kinh nghim
qun l h thng cp nc tun hon s dng ngun nc cho trong khu vc,
hoc cn c vo nng , thnh phn ht ca cn trong nc xc nh.
10.10. ngn nga v loi b tp cht c hc trong thit b trao i nhit, cn b tr cc
thit b sc ra v tin hnh vic sc ra nh k. Trong trng hp cn thit phi
x l cc b nc tun hon.
Nc sc ra b nhim bn bi cc tp cht c hc phi x vo h thng thot
nc sinh hot hoc sn xut.
10.13.
10.14.
.v
w
.v
10.15.
ol
d
10.12.
Trong h cha nc v trong h lm lnh phi dng sunft ng chng nc

nhim mu (bng 10.4).
Vic s dng Sunfat ng trong mi trng hp u phi c c quan v sinh
dch t v c quan bo v c cho php.
chng cc sinh vt pht trin trong cng trnh thu nc v trong ng ng phi
dng Clo hay dung dch Sunfat ng theo bng 10.4. Hoc nh k x kit nc
trong ng ng ri sc ra bng nc nng 45 - 50 0C v lm sch c hc. C th
qut sn mu hoc ly cht do ngn nga s pht trin ca sinh vt.
phng vi khun v sinh vt pht trin trong ng ng phi pha Clo vo
nc. Liu lng Clo c ly theo bng 10.4.
phng rong to pht trin trong dn ma, b phun v cc thit b trao i
nhit phi nh k x l nc lm lnh bng dung dch Sunfat ng (bng 10.4).
Dung tch b pha dung dch Sunfat ng phi xc nh vi nng dung dch
t 2 n 4% theo ion ng.
phng sinh vt pht trin trong dn ma, b phun v thit b trao i nhit
(pht trin ng thi vi rong to) phi nh k pha thm Clo trc khi dn nc
n cng trnh. X l thm bng Clo phi tin hnh ng thi hoc sau khi x l
bng dung dch Sunfat ng.
Thit b pha Clo, b cha Clo hay cha Sunfat ng dng x l nc trong h
thng cp nc tun hon phi t trong cng mt nh (c phng cch li) gn ni
dn ho cht vo nc. B, mng, ng thit b tip xc vi dung dch Clo v Sunfat
ng phi lm bng vt liu khng b n mn.
nc
10.11.
CHNG NC NHIM MU V LNG CN SINH HC
10.16.
w
w
Bng 10.4
Tc dng ca Clo
hoc Sunfat ng
Ngn nga nc
nhim mu trong
h lm lnh
(iu 10.11)
Ngn nga vi
trng v sinh vt
pht trin trong
thit b trao i
X l nc lm lnh
Clo
Sunfat ng (tnh theo Cu)
Liu lng
(mg/l)
Thi
gian tip
xc
S ln
Liu lng Clo

d cn li trong
thit b v ng
ng phi ln hn
40-60
pht
2-6 ln
trong
ngy
liu
lng
(mg/lCu)
0,1-0,5
S ln
Thi
gian
tip xc
Theo s 2 ngy 1
ln
liu thc
nghim
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1 mg/l sau thi

gian tip xc 3040 pht
Ngn nga rong

to pht trin
trong dn ma, b
phun v cc thit
b trao i nhit
kiu ti
(iu 10.16)
Ngn nga sinh
vt, rong to pht
trin trong dn
ma, b phun v
thit b trao i
nhit kiu ti
(iu 10.17)
1h
3-4 ln
trong 1
thng
1h
3-4 ln
trong 1
thng
12
1h
3-4 ln
trong 1
thng
ol
d
.v
7-10
1-2
nhit v ng
ng (iu 10.13)
LM NGUI NC TUN HON
10.17.
Kiu v cng trnh lm ngui cn cn c vo:

Lu lng nc tnh ton;
Nhit tnh ton ca nc c lm ngui;
Mc gim nhit trong h thng v yu cu cng ngh i vi vic n nh

hiu qu lm lnh;
Ch lm vic ca cng trnh lm ngui (lin tc hay gin on);
iu kin mt bng b tr cng trnh lm ngui; c im cc cng trnh xy

dng xung quanh; n cho php; nh hng ca gi lm nc bn ra mi
trng xung quanh;
w
.v
nc
- Thnh phn ho hc ca nc b sung v nc tun hon.

Phm vi s dng cng trnh lm ngui nc cn la chn theo bng 10.5.
10.18.
w
w
Bng 10.5
Loi cng trnh

lm ngui
Phm vi s dng cng trnh lm ngui

Ti lng nhit
n v (1000
kcal/m2.h)
Mc gim nhit
ca nc, oC
Hiu s gia nhit

ca nc c lm
ngui v nhit kh
quyn
Dn ma c qut gi
80100
320
45
Dn ma
6000
515
810
B phun
520
510
1012
B cha lm ngui
0,24
510
68
715
510
1012
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Phun ngoi tri

11. VNG BO V V SINH
QUY NH CHUNG
11.3.
11.2.
Khi thit k mi hoc thit k ci to h thng cp nc phi thit k vng bo

v v sinh.
Vng bo v v sinh ca cng trnh cp nc phi bao gm: Vng bo v ngun
cp nc k c mng dn nc; vng bo v v sinh ng ng dn nc v
khu vc xy dng cng trnh x l nc.
i vi ngun cung cp nc phi thit k khu vc I v khu vc II; i vi
cng trnh thu v cng trnh x l phi thit k khu vc I; i vi ng dn phi
thit k khu vc II.
Vng bo v v sinh phi c thit k trn c s cc ti liu sau:
.v
11.1.
i vi ngun nc mt: Ti liu v v sinh v thu vn;
11.5.
w
.v
11.6.
i vi cng trnh x l nc: Ti liu v v sinh, a cht cng trnh v a

cht thu vn.
Ranh gii khu vc I ca vng bo v v sinh phi c xc nh trn c s kh
nng m rng din tch xy dng cng trnh x l v t cc ng dn trong
tng lai.
Trong phm vi khu vc I ca vng bo v v sinh: Cm xy dng bt k loi
cng trnh no cho ngi , k c cng nhn qun l; cm x nc thi, tm
git, bt c, chn th tru b; cm s dng ho cht c, phn hu c v cc loi
phn khong bn cy.
Nh xy dng trong khu vc I ca vng bo v v sinh phi c h thng thot
nc. Nu khng c h thng thot nc th ngn thu ca nh v sinh phi c
chng thm v phi t v tr khng gy nhim khi ly phn.
Khu vc I ca vng bo v v sinh phi c san bng v t chc thot nc
mt ra ngoi phm vi khu vc.
Cc nh , nh my hin c gn phm vi khu vc I ca vng bo v v sinh
phi c bin php chng nhim.
Khu vc I ca ngun cp nc, ca cng trnh x l nc v khu vc c mng
dn trong khu dn c phi c cch ly bng hng ro v cy xanh theo ch dn
cc iu 13.4 v 13.5.
ng bin mt nc ca khu vc I phi c phao tiu. Trn ming thu t trong
h cha nc c tu b qua li phi t phao c n chiu sng.
Trn ranh gii vng bo v v sinh ca mng dn nc ngoi khu dn c phi
c bin ch dn.
Khi thit k cc cng trnh cp nc trong khu vc I, vng bo v v sinh phi
c bin php chng nhim bn qua cng trnh thu, vch ging, np y v ng
trn ca b cha v thit b mi my bm.
Trn khu vc I vng bo v v sinh ca ngun cp nc v cng trnh x l phi
t chc tun tra bo v thng xuyn hoc t tn hiu bo ng cng nh cc
bin php bo v khc theo quy nh iu 13.6.
Khi thit k khu vc II vng bo v v sinh ca ngun cp nc phi xt ti cc
yu cu sau y:
nc
11.4.
ol
d
i vi ngun nc ngm: Ti liu v v sinh v a cht thu vn;
11.7.
11.8.
w
w
11.9.
11.10.
11.11.
11.12.
Nh my, nh , khu dn c phi c xy dng hon thin (c h thng cp

nc, thot nc bn v nc ma...) bo v t v ngun nc khi b
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nhim;
-
Nc thi sn xut v sinh hot trc khi x vo ngun nc trong phm vi

khu vc II vng bo v v sinh phi c lm sch m bo yu cu v sinh;
Cm phn, rc, ph thi cng nghip, ho cht c lm nhim bn ngun

nc v nhim mi trng;
Khi s dng knh dn v h lm ngun cp nc phi nh k dn rong to

v bn lng ng y knh, h;
11.13.
Ch c php dng cc ch phm c c quan v sinh phng dch quy

nh kh rong to trong nc.
Cn t chc tun tra bo v trong khu vc II, vng bo v v sinh ngun cp
nc v khu vc t ng dn v knh dn nc.
Tu theo iu kin v sinh, a hnh, thu vn a phng m quy nh gii

hn khu vc I vng bo v v sinh ca sng v knh dn nc. Cn m bo cc
quy nh sau y:
ol
d
11.14.
.v
NGUN NC MT
Cch cng trnh thu v pha thng lu khng nh hn 200 m, v pha h

lu khng nh hn 100 m.
Cch b sng pha c cng trnh thu tnh t mc nc cao nht, khng nh
hn 100 m.
nc
w
.v
11.15.
Cch b sng v pha i din vi cng trnh thu khng nh hn 50 m tnh

t mc nc cao nht khi chiu rng qua sng nh hn 100 m v cch cng
trnh thu khng nh hn 100 m khi chiu rng ca sng ln hn 100 m.
Gii hn khu vc I vng bo v v sinh ca h cha lm ngun cp nc cn
quy nh theo iu kin v sinh, a hnh, thu vn, kh hu a phng v phi
m bo cc yu cu sau y:
-
Theo mt nc, cch cng trnh thu v mi hng ln hn 100 m;
w
w
Cch b h v pha c cng trnh thu khng nh hn 100 m tnh t mc

nc cao nht.
Ghi ch: i vi cng trnh thu vnh th gii hn khu vc I bao gm ton b
din tch mt nc ca vng vnh v din tch ca di t xung quanh khng t
hn 100m.
Khi quy nh gii hn khu vc II i vi sng v knh lm ngun cp nc phi
tnh n kh nng ngun nc b nhim bn bi cc cht bn ho hc v phi
m bo cc yu cu sau:
11.16.
11.17.
Pha thng lu, xc nh theo thi gian nc chy t bin khu vc n

cng trnh thu t 3 n 5 ngy, tu theo iu kin a phng khi m
bo lu lng nc l 95%;
Pha h lu cch cng trnh thu khng nh hn 280m;
- Hai bn b, tnh n ng phn thu.

Khi sng c hin tng nc dng hoc dng chy ngc th khong cch pha
h lu cng trnh cn xc nh theo iu kin thu vn v kh hu.
Gii hn khu vc II ca h lm ngun cp nc phi xc nh theo thi gian
chy ca nc t do n cng trnh thu vi tc ln nht c tnh n tc ng
ca gi v dng nc ma chy vo cng trnh thu trong thi gian khng nh
hn 5 ngy.
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Gii hn khu vc II theo quy nh ca iu 11.16 v 11.17 phi m bo cht

lng nc ngun cp nc vi khong cch ti cng trnh thu nh sau:
-
- i vi ngun nc khng lu thng - 1 km v c hai pha.

Khi thit k bin php bo v ngun nc mt khu vc II phi xt ti iu
kin v sinh khu vc, iu kin a hnh, thu vn v phi m bo cc yu cu
sau y:
i vi h lm ngun cp nc trong phm vi 300 m tnh t mc nc cao
nht, cm s dng ho cht c, phn hu c v v c bn cy, tnh theo
mc nc cao nht ca h;
Phi quy nh ch cho ngi tm, git qun o v ch ung nc cho tru
b;
Khi c tu thuyn qua li phi c cc bin php chng nhim bn ngun

nc (tu phi c b tp trung nc thi, rc ri, trn cng phi c thng
cha rc...)
Trong khong cch 500 m tnh t mc nc cao nht khng c xy dng

tri chn nui.
.v
11.19.
i vi ngun nc lu thng - 1 km v pha thng lu
NGUN NC NGM
Gii hn khu vc I vng bo v v sinh i vi ngun nc ngm cn quy nh

theo mc bo v ca tng cha nc, iu kin a cht thu vn v phi
cch cng trnh thu:
-
nc
11.20.
ol
d
11.18.
Khng nh hn 30 m i vi tng cha nc c bo v tt;
w
.v
Khng nh hn 50m i vi tng cha nc khng c bo v hoc bo v

khng tt.
Ghi ch: i vi cng trnh thu c cng sut nh t v tr khng b tc ng
nhim th khong cch t cng trnh thu n gii hn khu vc I c php gim
xung 15m.
Gii hn khu vc II, phi xc nh bng tnh ton trn c s iu kin v sinh v
a cht thu vn. ng thi phi tnh n iu kin b cp ca tng cha nc
do lin quan n nc mt hoc cc tng cha nc khc.
Nu c s lin quan thu lc ca tng cha nc vi nc mt (sng, h...) th
khu vc ngun nc b cp cho tng cha nc khai thc phi nm trong khu
vc II vng bo v v sinh.
Khi thit k bin php bo v ngun nc ngm trong khu vc II phi ch n
cc iu kin sau:
Loi tr hoc ci to cc ging khai thc khng ng quy cch v cc ging c
khuyt tt;
Khi khoan ging mi hay khoan thm d phi c s ng ca c quan qun
l ngun nc.
Trong phm vi khu vc II ca vng bo v v sinh nghim cm:
Xy dng chung tri chn nui cch ranh gii khu vc I di 300m
Xy bi chn th xc vt cch ranh gii khu vc I di 100m
w
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11.21.
11.22.
11.23.
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KHU T XY DNG CNG TRNH X L
11.24.
Gii hn vng bo v v sinh ca khu t xy dng cng trnh x l phi tnh t

hng ro bo v v theo cc quy nh sau:
-
11.25.
Cch tng b cha, b lc, b lng tip xc trm bm t nht 30m. Cch
tng cc cng trnh khc (b lng, nh sinh hot, kho ho cht, kho cha
Clo...) theo quy nh ring. Cch chn i nc t nht 10m.
Ghi ch: Nu cng trnh x l t trong khu vc x nghip cng nghip th
khong cch trn c th gim xung nhng khng di 10m.
Vng bo v v sinh gia trm x l v x nghip cng nghip phi theo quy
nh ring ca tng loi c hi sn xut.
Khi trn trm x l c kho tiu th Clo, th khong cch v sinh n nh v
nh cng cng phi khng nh hn 300m.
11.26.
.v
NG NG DN NC
ol
d
Vng bo v v sinh i vi ng ng dn nc phi ly dc theo tuyn ng

khu vc cha xy dng c chiu rng c hai pha ng ng nh sau:
Nu khng c nc ngm, ly 7 m khi ng knh ng n 1000mm v15 m
khi ng knh ng ln hn 1000mm;
nc
Nu c nc ngm th ly ra mi pha ng ng 20 - 25m, m khng ph

thuc vo ng knh ng.
i vi trng hp ng ng dn cha nc t trong khu vc c xy dng
th khong cch trn cho php gim bt.
Nghim cm t ng ng dn nc i qua khu vc t st l, ngha trang, cc
x nghip cng nghip c hi v tri chn nui.
Nh x, h cha phn chung, h rc t cch ng ng dn nc trong
phm vi 20m phi chuyn i ni khc.
11.27.
w
.v
11.28.
12. TRANG B IN, KIM SOT CNG NGH, T NG HO V IU KHIN

CH DN CHUNG
Bc tin cy cung cp in cho cc cng trnh tip nhn in ca h thng cp nc

cn tun theo Quy phm t thit b in TCVN.
Bc tin cy cung cp in cho trm bm cn ly ging nh bc tin cy ca
trm bm ( Theo iu 7.2 ca Tiu chun ny).
in p ca ng c cn chn theo cng sut, s cung cp in s dng v
trin vng tng cng sut ca t my, cn kiu ng c cn chn theo iu kin
mi trng xung quanh v c im ca ngi nh t thit b in.
Thit b phn phi in, trm bin th v t iu khin cn t trong nhng bung
nm trong gian my hay k bn gian my c tnh n kh nng m rng tng cng
sut ca chng. Cho php t cc thit b phn phi n v trm bin th cc v
tr ring bit.
H thng kim tra cng ngh cn c:
w
w
12.1.
12.2.
12.3.
12.4.
Phng tin , dng c kim tra thng xuyn.
12.5.
Phng tin kim tra nh k ( hiu chnh v kim tra s hot ng ca cng
trnh)
Vic kim tra cc thng s cng ngh cht lng nc cn c kim tra thng
xuyn bng cc dng c o, my phn tch v bng cc phng php th nghim.
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12.6.
H thng iu khin cc qu trnh cng ngh v quy m, mc t ng ho cc

cng trnh cn c la chn theo iu kin qun l, lun c kinh t - k thut,
cng nh cn tnh n cc yu t c th v mt x hi quyt nh.
CNG TRNH THU NC MT V NC NGM
Trong cng trnh thu nc mt cn kim tra st gim mc nc qua song chn
v li chn rc, cng nh cn o mc nc trong ngn thu v mc nc ca sng
sui hay dng chy.
12.8. Trong cng trnh thu nc ngm cn kim tra lu lng nc th c bm ln t
mi ging, mc nc trong ging, trong b tp trung nc cng nh p lc ca cc
my bm.
12.9. i vi ging khoan thu nc mch su cn t ng ho vic ngt my bm khi
mc nc trong ging h thp xung di gi tr cho php.
12.10. Trong cng trnh thu nc ngm, vic iu khin my bm cn c thit k t
ng ho theo mc nc ng trong ging (trong b tp trung) hoc iu khin t
xa t trm iu khin trung tm.
ol
d
TRM BM
.v
12.7.
12.11. Trong trm bm cn kim tra p sut trong ng ng p lc, cng nh mc nc
w
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12.13.
nc
12.12.
trong b cha, trong h thu nc r r, trong thng chn khng; nhit trc
my bm (nu cn); ngp mc nc trong trng hp xy s c. Khi cng sut
t my bng 100 kW tr ln cn tin hnh kim tra nh k hiu sut ca t my
vi sai s khng vt qu 3%.
i vi cc trm bm c ch lm vic thay i cn c b phn iu chnh p
lc v lu lng nhm m bo tiu th in nng t nht. Vic iu chnh c th
tin hnh theo bc bng cch thay i s my bm cng tc hoc thay i nhp
nhng s vng quay ca my bm hoc bng cch t thm cc my bin tn.
B phn dn ng bng in phc v vic iu chnh cn trang b cho mt t my
bm nm trong nhm t 2- 3 t my bm cng tc.
Vic iu khin thit b bin tn cn c t ng ho theo p lc thc t trn
mng li, lu lng nc bm vo mng li v mc nc trong b cha.
i vi nhng t my bm c cng sut t 250 kW tr ln nn s dng ng c
in ng b, i vi nhng t my c cng sut nh hn nn s dng ng c
khng ng b ngn mch. i vi cc t my iu khin theo s mch phn
tng dng ng c khng ng b R-to pha.
i vi trm bm t ng ho, cn thit k m t ng t my bm d phng khi
my bm cng tc b ngt do s c.
i vi trm bm iu khin t xa, vic m t ng t my bm d phng cn
c thc hin i vi trm bm c bc tin cy loi I.
i vi trm bm c bc tin cy loi I, cn thit k m t ng cc t my bm
hoc m t ng cch qung khi khng th m cc my bm cng mt lc do iu
kin v cp in.
Nu ti trm bm c s dng thng chn khng mi nc cho my bm th
my bm chn khng cn c t ng ho theo mc nc trong thng.
Ti cc trm bm nc cn c s khng ch mc nc khng ng chm n
dung tch cha chy v dung tch nc d phng trong b cha.
Cc my bm cha chy c th iu khin t xa, ng thi vi vic ra lnh m
my bm cha chy, cn khng ch khng cho dng nc d tr cha chy v ct
my bm ra.
Trong h thng cha chy p lc cao, ng thi vi vic ra lnh m my bm
w
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12.14.
12.15.
12.16.
12.17.
12.18.
12.19.
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cha chy cn t ng ct tt c cc my bm khc, ng kho trn ng ng

y dn nc n i nc p lc hay b cha nc p lc.
My
bm chn khng t ti cc trm bm ging thu nc bng xi-phng cn
12.20.
c thit k t ng ho theo mc nc trong bnh cha khng kh t trn ng
xi-phng.
12.21. Ti cc trm bm cn t ng ho cc qu trnh ph tr sau y:
Ra li quay chn rc theo chng trnh nh trc (iu khin thi gian hay
theo chnh mc nc).
Bm nc r r theo mc nc trong h thu.
Chy qut thng gi theo nhit khng kh trong phng.
.v
TRM X L NC
12.22. Ti trm s l nc cn kim tra nhng thng s cng ngh sau:
Lu lng nc (nc ngun, nc x l, nc ra b lc, nc dng li).

Lu lng dung dch cht phn ng v lu lng khng kh.
Mc nc trong b lc, b trn, thng cha cht phn ng v trong cc thng

cha khc.
Mc cn trong b lng v b lng trong.
Tn tht p lc trong b lc(nu cn).
Hm lng Clo d hay zn.
Nng dung dch cht phn ng.
pH ca nc ngun v nc x l.
nc
ol
d
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Cc thng s cng ngh khc i hi s kim tra trc tip v m bo bi cc

phng tin k thut tng ng.
Cn
t ng ho:
12.23.
-
nh lng cht keo t (phn) v cc ho cht khc.
Qu trnh kh trng bng Clo, zon v cc ho cht cha Clo.
w
w
- Qu trnh lc v Flo ho bng phng php ho cht.

Khi lu lng nc a vo x l thay i, vic nh lng dung dch cht phn
ng cn t ng ho theo lu lng nc x l v cht phn ng c nng
khng i vi vic hiu chnh ti ch hoc t xa t l ny. Nu c c s xc ng,
c th t ng ho theo ch tiu cht lng nc ngun v cht phn ng.
Tc lc cn iu chnh theo lu lng nc hoc theo mc nc trong b lc
vi vic m bo phn phi u nc cho cc b lc.
Cn t ng ho vic ra b lc v b lc tip xc (khi s lng ln hn 10). Vic
cho b lc ngng lm vic ra cn theo mc nc, tr s ct nc trong lp lc
hoc cht lng nc lc. Vic cho b lc tip xc ngng lm vic ra cn
theo tr s tn tht ct nc hoc theo mc gim lu lng khi van iu chnh m
ht c.
Ti b lc cn t ng ho vic thot kh ra khi ng ng cp nc ra lc.
Vic ra li quay v thit b lc li (microfilter) cn t ng ho theo chng
trnh hoc theo st gim ca mc nc.
My bm dung dch cht phn ng cn c iu khin ti ch vi vic ngt t
12.24.
12.25.
12.26.
12.27.
12.28.
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ng theo mc dung dch nh trc trong thng.

12.29. Ti trm lm mm nc bng ho cht cn t ng ho vic nh lng cht phn
ng theo pH v dn in.
Ti trm kh cng Cacbonat v kh Cacbonat cn t ng ho vic nh lng
cht phn ng (Vi, Sa) theo pH v dn in.
12.30. Vic hon nguyn b lc trao i ion cn c t ng ho. B lc Cationit: theo
cng d ca nc; i vi b lc Anionit: theo dn in ca nc x l.
MNG LI NG NG DN V PHN PHI NC
12.31. Trn cc tuyn ng dn nc cn b tr cc thit b chuyn tn hiu cc s c.

12.32. Trn cc tuyn ng phn phi nc cn t cc thit b o p lc v trong
.v
trng hp cn thit o lu lng nc ti cc im kim tra v thng bo cc

thng s bng tn hiu.
12.33. Khi cn thit phi iu chnh lu lng nc cn b tr trn mng cc van kho
chuyn hng vi h thng iu khin t xa.
ol
d
DUNG TCH D TR NC
12.34. Trong cc b cha nc hoc bnh, kt cha nc cc loi cn b tr cc thit b o

mc nc v kim sot chng (trong trng hp cn thit) s dng cho h
thng t ng hoc truyn tn hiu n trm bm hoc trm iu khin.
nc
H THNG CP NC TUN HON
12.35. i vi h thng cp nc tun hon, ngoi cc yu cu nu iu 12.11, cn

kim tra:
Lu lng nc b sung.
Mc nc trong ngn cha nc nng v nc lm ngui.
Nhit nc nng v nc lm ngui.
Tr s pH ca nc lm ngui.
Nng Clo d trong nc lm ngui.
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- Nng mui trong nc nng.

Vic iu khin trm bm cp nc tun hon cn thc hin theo iu 12.12 12.18.
Vic ng, m my bm nc nng cn c t ng ho theo mc nc trong
ngn tip nhn.
iu khin t ng vic bm nc b sung cho h thng cp nc tun hon cn
thc hin theo mc nc trong b cha nc lm ngui.
i vi thp lm ngui gm nhiu n nguyn tu theo nhit nc lm ngui
cn thay i s lng my qut gi cng tc bng cch:
12.36.
12.37.
12.38.
12.39.
i vi trm bm t ng ho: Bng cc thit b t ng.
i vi cc loi trm bm khc: Bng thit b iu khin t xa t ti trung

tm iu khin.
12.40. Khi x l n nh nc cn t ng ho vic nh lng cht phn ng nh sau:
- Pht pht: Theo lu lng nc b sung.
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Axit: Theo tr s pH cho trc.
Sunfat v Clo: Theo chng trnh nh trc.
H THNG IU KHIN
12.41. m bo cung cp cho cc h tiu th s lng nc cn thit v cht lng
nc yu cu cn xy dng h thng iu khin trung tm cc cng trnh dn

nc.
12.42. H thng iu khin cc qu trnh cng ngh c la chn nh sau:
- iu khin t xa: m bo kim sot v duy tr ch lm vic cho trc ca
cc cng trnh dn nc trn c s s dng cc phng tin kim tra ,
truyn tin, x l cc thng tin phn hi.
-
.v
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12.45.
ol
d
12.44.
nc
12.43.
T ng ho: Bao gm h thng iu khin t xa bng vic xy dng cc

phng tin k thut nh gi mc kinh t, cht lng cng vic v xc
nh ch vn hnh ti u cc cng trnh.
C cu ca trm iu khin t xa cn c chn theo ch mt cp vi mt trm
iu khin c nht. i vi nhng h thng cp nc ln c nhiu cng trnh thu
nc nm ti cc khu vc cch xa nhau th cho php dng c cu iu khin t xa
hai cp hoc nhiu cp gm trm iu khin trung tm v trm iu khin ti ch.
S cn thit ca c cu trong tng trng hp c th cn c lun c xc
ng.
Vic iu khin t xa cn kt hp vi vic t ng ho tng phn hoc t ng
ho ton b cng trnh c kim sot. Khi lng cng vic iu khin t xa phi
ti thiu, nhng phi thng tin chi tit v din bin ca qu trnh cng ngh,
tnh hnh trang thit b cng ngh, cng nh s iu khin thc t cc cng trnh.
Trong cc cng trnh khng c trang b y cc phng tin t ng ho v
cn c i ng nhn vin thng trc lm cng vic iu khin v kim tra ti ch,
c php t cc trm vn hnh tu theo vic phc v iu khin t xa ca cc
trm .
Vic iu khin t xa h thng cp nc cn c m bo bi s lin lc in
thoi trc tip gia trm iu khin vi cc cng trnh c kim sot , vi cc b
phn phc v qun l khc nhau, b phn iu v cp in, b phn qun l
ng ng v phng chng chy.
Cc trm iu khin v cc cng trnh c kim tra nm ring bit cn c ni
vi h thng lin lc in thoi hnh chnh.
Trm iu khin v cc cng trnh kim tra cn trang b h thng truyn thanh.
Trong cc trm iu khin cn b tr cc phng sau:
w
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12.46.
12.47.
Phng iu khin t xa: b tr ch ngi cho nhn vin iu khin, t bng

iu khin, s iu khin, cc phng tin phn nh thng tin, cc phng
lin lc .
Phng my: b tr thit b iu khin t xa, thit b cung cp in, thit b

lin lc.
Phng ngh cn b nhn vin
Xng sa cha thit b.
- Phng c quy v np in.

b tr cc thit b k thut chuyn dng ca h thng iu khin t ng cc
qu trnh cng ngh cn b sung:
-
Gian t my tnh.
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Gian chun b v bo qun t liu.
Gian lm vic ca cn b lp chng trnh v vn hnh tu theo thnh phn

khi thit b ca h thng iu khin, cc phng c th b tr ring bit hoc
hp nht vi nhau.
Trm
iu khin ca h thng cp nc cn c b tr trong khu vc xy dng
12.48.
cc cng trnh cp nc v t ti nh hnh chnh qun tr, ti trm lc, trm bm
hoc ti nh qun l.
12.49. Trong h thng iu khin t xa cn thc hin vic iu khin t xa nhng i
tng sau y:
Nhng t my bm khng c t ng ho v cn c s can thip trc tip
ca iu vin.
Nhng t my bm c t ng ho khng c ngng lm vic v cn s

ti iu khin.
Nhng t my bm cha chy.
.v
ol
d
Cc kho trn mng li v ng ng dn dng thay i nhanh hng

dng chy.
12.50. Trong h thng iu khin t xa cn chuyn v trung tm iu khin cc s liu o
c cc thng s cng ngh ch yu v bm nc, phn phi v x l nc.
12.51. Trong h thng iu khin t xa cn chuyn cc tn hiu sau y:
Trng thi lm vic ca tt c cc t my bm iu khin t xa, v cc kho,
cng nh cc my mc iu khin ti ch hoc iu khin t ng ( thng
tin cho iu vin ).
S ngng lm vic ca thit b o s c.
Cnh bo chung hoc tnh trng b h hng ca mi mt cng trnh hoc ca

ton b dy chuyn cng ngh .
Tr s c trng v tr s gii hn ca cc thng s cng ngh
Trm b ngp lt .
Bo ng (ca m) ti nhng cng trnh khng c bo v.
S nguy him v chy.
w
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nc
w
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13. NHNG YU CU V CC GII PHP XY DNG, KT CU NH V CNG

TRNH
TNG MT BNG
13.1.
13.2.
13.3.
Quy hoch v xy dng cc cng trnh ca h thng cp nc phi ph hp vi

nhng yu cu cng ngh chung, nhng ch dn trong tiu chun thit k quy
hoch cc x nghip cng nghip.
Khi cng trnh x l t gn sng h th cao mt t phi cao hn nh sng
ca mc nc cao nht ng vi tn sut tnh ton trong sng h l 0,5m.
Ring i vi cc trm bm t I, cao ca sn cng tc cao nht phi cao hn
nh sng ca mc nc l cao nht ng vi tn sut tnh ton l 0,5m.
Khi thit k tng mt bng ca khu x l phi c cc ti liu kho st cc cng
trnh ngm, ti liu a cht thu vn v ti liu kho st s b a cht cng
trnh trong mt bng ca khu x l v vng ph cn nu thy cn thit.
Vic b tr cc kho cha ho cht c nh Clo, Amoniac phi theo cc quy nh
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ring.
Ho cht c khi cha trong thng c p lc phi b tr cch h cha nc hoc
cch nh v cng trnh sn xut khc ln hn 30m, khi cha trong thng khng
c p lc th tu theo yu cu v v sinh v chng chy v phi t cui hng
gi chnh.
Trong mi trng hp, cc cng trnh cp nc phi c hng ro bao che. Kt
cu v vt liu lm hng ro bao che tu theo iu kin a phng.
Trong khu x l nc phi trng cy xanh, phn t khng xy dng phi trng
c, khong cch gia cy xanh v cng trnh phi m bo l cy khng rng
vo cng trnh v r cy khng ph hoi cc cng trnh ngm.
Trong cng trnh x l phi c cc bin php bo v nh:
-
C hng ro bao che;
Cch 50m phi c bin khu vc cm;
n bo v t dc theo hng ro cch nhau t 10 n 15 mt (tu theo cng

sut bng);
H thng in thoi.
13.6.
.v
13.5.
ol
d
13.4.
CC GII PHP KHNG GIAN MT BNG
Loi v bc chu la ca nh v cng trnh tu theo bc tin cy cp nc ly

theo bng 13.1.
13.7.
1.
2.
Cng trnh thu
Trm bm
Bc tin cy I
Bc tin cy II
Bc tin cy III
Trm x l nc (lng, lc, lm
mm nc, lm ngui nc, kh
st, kh mui)
Trm pha Clo
w
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3.
Tn cng trnh
w
.v
S
TT
nc
Bng 13.1
4.
5.
6.
B cha v iu ho
T 1 n 2 b v c s dng cho
phng chy,
Ln hn 2 b v khng s dng
cho phng chy,
7.
Ging thm trn

mng li
p nc
8.
B lm ngui nc tun hon
tin
cy cp
nc
I
II
III
Phn loi
nh v
cng trnh
I
II
III
Mc
chng chy.
I
II
III
II
I
II
III
II
I
II
III
II
II
II
II
II
III
IV
khng quy nh
II
II
III
II
khng quy nh
III
II
II
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Thp qut gi
Thp lm lnh
B phun
13.10.
13.11.
Khi thit k trm x l nc phi ch ti phng n hp khi cc cng trnh

c dy chuyn cng ngh chung: Nh ho cht, b lng trong, b lc, trm bm,
thit b in, nh sinh hot v nh ph tr...
Cu thang xung phn chm ca trm bm phi c chiu rng t nht 0,8m;
dc khng ln hn 450. Nu cng trnh c chiu di ti 12m dc cu thang c
th ly ti 600. Chiu rng cu thang ln sn iu khin van ly 0,6m dc 600 tr
ln. Khi phn chm ca trm bm t 1,8m tr ln v chiu di (hay ng knh)
ca trm ln hn 18m phi c t nht 2 ca ra vo. B rng ca ra vo t nht l
1,2m.
Trong cc tm bm phi to dng i lu khng kh v y nh sng t
nhin. Nu khng m bo c th phi b sung bng cch to dng i lu
khng kh nhn to v nh sng nhn to.
Ca s ca trm bm phi c chn song bo v. Ca i phi c kho.
B cha c phn chm t trn nn t yu th trn mt t phi c tng chn
pha xe c hay qua li. Khong cch tng chn n thnh b phi ln hn
chn su ca b.
B cha h cao hn mt t ti 0,6m phi c hng ro bao quanh, khng t b
cha h gn ng c nhiu ngi v xe c qua li.
13.9.
B cha bng btng ct thp c th thit k theo phng php ti ch, lp

ghp hoc na lp ghp.
Trm bm chm bng btng ct thp, c th thit k theo phng php o m
mt hoc nh tt tu theo iu kin a hnh, a cht cng trnh v a cht
thu vn.
Mc btng ca mi lp ghp ca mch ngng, ca mch chn khe lp ghp
phi cao hn mc btng ca cu kin lp ghp hoc mc b tng c ti ch
mt cp.
Phi c lp trt lng pha trong cng trnh cha nc tng cng kh nng
chng thm cho cng trnh.
Phn chm trong t ca cng trnh cha nc phi c lp trt lng bn ngoi.
Ring i vi vng t c nc ngm, ngoi vic trt lng nn c thm lp bi
tum ph ngoi cng.
Lp trt lng pha trong hoc pha ngoi cn dng va xi mng ct vng mc cao
hoc xi mng nguyn cht.
i vi cc cng trnh cha nc v nhng cng trnh c yu cu chng thm
cao (trm bm nc th, trm bm nc sch) nu thit k bng vt liu btng
ct thp phi dng btng mc 250 tr ln; nu dng btng khng ct thp phi
dng btng mc 200 tr ln.
Hn ch n mc ti a vic thit k cc cng trnh cha nc bng vt liu
gch . c bit l cc cng trnh chu p lc nc hoc c yu cu chng thm
cao. Trong trng hp bt buc phi thit k cc cng trnh cha nc bng
gch th dng gch c, mc 75 xy bng va xi mng mc 75 tr ln.
Mi dc ca trm bm nc th v mi dc ca cc h cha phi k bng
hoc tm btng.
Lp btng bo v ct thp ca cc kt cu btng ct thp thuc cc cng trnh
w
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13.13.
nc
CU TO V VT LIU
13.12.
II-V
II-V
khng quy nh
.v
13.8.
II
II
II
ol
d
9.
II
II
II
13.14.
w
w
13.15.
13.16.
13.17.
13.18.
13.19.
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13.20.
13.21.
13.22.
ol
d
13.25.
y: 40mm
Thnh: 30mm
Np: 30mm
Sn ngn gia cc b chng tng: 30mm
nc
13.24.
.v
13.23.
c ho cht phi bo m t nht l 30mm tr ln.

Ging v h van trn ng ng xy bng gch hc hoc btng ct thp.
Cc cng trnh t chm di t mt phn hoc ton b phi tnh kim tra v c
bin php chng y ni do mc nc ngm hoc nc l gy ra. Trong trng
hp khng c s liu chnh xc v mc nc ngm hoc nc l cao nht th
mc nc ngm, nc l ly bng ct san nn ca cng trnh. Cn cu to lp
thot nc ngm di y cc cng trnh t chm thot nc trong qu trnh
thi cng v sa cha sau ny.
Cn c bin php chng nng cho b cha: p t, trng c hoc c bin php
khc. Chiu dy lp t ph t nht l 20 cm. Trong trng hp cn chng y
ni cho cng trnh, lp t ph ny c th dy hn theo yu cu tnh ton.
ng qua thnh cc cng trnh cha nc phi c t trong ng lng hoc ni
cng vi thnh cng trnh.
Khe h gia ng lng v ng qua thnh phi c xm kn bng vt liu n hi
v chng thm cao.
Khi ng ra khi thnh phi b tr mi ni mm bo v ng khi c hin tng
ln khng u xy ra.
Ct thp dng trong cc cng trnh cha nc (k c thp t cu to) phi dng
thp c ng knh 8mm tr ln v khong cch gia hai thanh thp khng c
ln hn 200mm.
Chiu dy lp btng bo v ct thp i vi cc cng trnh cha nc v cc
cng trnh c yu cu chng thm cao (trm bm nc th, trm bm nc
sch) phi bo m:
w
.v
Khi thit k cc cng trnh cha nc cn b tr mch ngng thi cng v mch
ngng thi cng kt hp vi khe co dn.
TNH TON CNG TRNH
Ti trng v h s vt ti tnh ton cng trnh phi theo quy nh trong tiu
chun thit k ti trng v tc ng v theo bng 13.2.
w
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13.26.
Bng 13.2
Ti trng v tc ng ln cc cng trnh cha
H s vt ti
1. Ti trng v tc ng tm thi lu di
a) p lc nc s dng
b) p lc nc ngm
c) Tc dng nhit
2. Ti trng v tc ng ngn tm thi.
a) Ti trng ca my lp rp vn chuyn ln khi t ph hoi
b) p lc nc khi kh
1,1
1,1
1,2
1,3 (0,8)
1
Ghi ch:
1) Ti trng do p lc ln tng v y ca cc cng trnh cha ly nh sau:
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- Ti trng tiu chun: bng p lc thu tnh ca nc; ngang mc nc thit k.

- Ti trng tnh ton: bng p lc thu tnh ca nc; vi h s vt ti 1,1 nhng khng qu
mc nc ti nh tng hoc ng trn.
2) Nhit khng kh ly theo tiu chun s liu kh hu xy dng
3) Trn mi cc cng trnh cha cho php tnh ti trng tm thi ca cc loi my mc thit b
thi cng nh.
4) H s ghi trong ngoc n p dng trong trng hp khi vic gim ti trng s c nh
hng xu ti kh nng lm vic ca kt cu.
13.29.
Cng trnh c cha nc, xung quanh khng c t p;
Lc y ni do nc ngm mc cao nht;
Cng trnh c nhiu ngn th phi kt hp c ngn cha v ngn khng cha;
Ti trng pht sinh trong qu trnh thi cng;
Ti trng gi v cc ti trng ngang khc nu c.
.v
Cng trnh khng cha nc chung quanh c t p u hoc khng u,

nc ngm mc cao nht c k n hot ti phn b u hoc khng
u trn mt;
- Tnh ton kim tra khe nt (do ni lc v do chnh lch nhit gy ra).
Khi cng trnh xy dng vng ngp lt hoc b tc ng trc tip ca l lt
phi tnh n p lc nc l lt cao nht tc ng vo cc b phn ca cng
trnh.
Nu vt nt trn cng trnh ch ti 0,2mm th cng trnh c th coi nh khng b
nt.
Khi thit k cc cng trnh cha nc phi hn ch ti a hin tng ln khng
u v phi p ng c yu cu b tr dy chuyn cng ngh. i vi cc
cng trnh cha nc (k c trm bm nc th, cng trnh thu, trm bm nc
sch v cc cng trnh trn tuyn ng) ln u cho php ti a l 8 cm.
w
.v
13.30.
ol
d
13.28.
Tnh ton cng trnh cha phi thc hin y cc trng hp sau y:
nc
13.27.
CHNG N MN CNG TRNH
Khi thit k chng n mn cho kt cu xy dng phi tun theo tiu chun:
Chng n mn cho kt cu xy dng nh v cng trnh.
Khi thit k cng trnh chu tc ng ca dng in phi c bin php chng n
mn in cho cu kin btng ct thp.
Cc b phn kt cu phi c lp bo v chng n mn. Trng hp khng th
thc hin c iu , phi tng chiu dy lp bo v ct thp hoc tng chiu
dy v tng mc va trt bn ngoi.
khi thit k cc b cha cht lng c tnh n mn khng cho php:
w
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13.31.
13.32.
13.33.
13.34.
- Gi tng nh ln thnh b;
- t cc b chng ln nhau;
13.35.
- t ng ng trong lp b tng y.
Khi gia c mng v cc b phn khc trong b cha khng c lm hng lp
bo v chng n mn.
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THNG GI
13.36.
w
.v
13.40.
ol
d
13.39.
nc
13.38.
.v
13.37.
Trong trm nh lng Clo, phi thit k h thng thng gi c kh hot ng

thng xuyn vi s ln thay i khng kh l 6 ln trong 1 gi. H thng ny
phi c iu khin t v tr my phn tch kh v t nt bm lp ca ra vo.
Khng kh thi phi c x qua ng t cao hn nh mi nh, cao nht l 2m
trong khu vc bn knh 15m.
Khng kh phi c ht vi khi lng 50% t vng di v 20% t vng trn
ca gian sn xut.
H thng thng gi trong kho Clo tiu th phi l h thng thng gi c kh vi
s ln trao i khng kh 6 ln trong mi gi. Ngoi ra cn phi c h thng
thng gi s c vi s ln trao i khng kh b sung 6 ln mt gi. H thng
ny phi c iu khin t my phn tch kh. ng thi my phn tch kh
phi bt tn hiu m thanh v nh sng bo hiu c nng Clo nguy him trong
kho.
Khng kh thi cn x qua ng t cao cch mt t 15m. Vic khi ng h
thng thng gi cn c thc hin t hp nt bm lp ca ra vo.
Vic thng gi nh nh lng Amoniac phi c thc hin qua h thng thng
gi c kh vi s ln trao i khng kh 6 ln mt gi. H thng thi gi phi c
qut d phng song song vi qut ang hot ng. Khng kh thi c ht ra t
vng trn, khng kh sch c a vo vng lm vic.
Trong phng t my iu ch Ozon cn thit k h thng thng gi c kh vi
s ln trao i khng kh 6 ln mt gi. Ngoi ra cn c h thng thng gi s
c vi s ln trao i khng kh b sung 6 ln mt gi. H thng thi gi phi c
qut d phng t song song vi qut ang hot ng. Trong phng t my cn
c my phn tch kh m bo t ng ng tn hiu m thanh v nh sng bo
hiu c nng Ozon nguy him trong phng.
Trong phng iu ch dung dch St Clorua cn thit k h thng thng gi
chung 6 ln trao i khng kh trong mt gi. Ngoi ra phi thit k h thng
thng gi cc b t cc t ng chai l cha St Clorua. Tc ht gi cc l
thao tc ca t phi khng nh hn 0,5 m/s.
Trong phng iu ch dung dch Natri Florua cn thit k h thng thng gi
chung vi 3 ln trao i khng kh trong mt gi. Ngoi ra cn thit k h thng
thng gi cc b t cc t ng chai l cha Natri Florua v t t lm v sinh b
phn lc ca bm chn khng. Tc ht gi l thao tc phi khng nh hn
0,5m/s.
w
w
13.41.
14. CC YU CU B SUNG I VI H THNG CP NC TRONG NHNG

IU KIN KH HU THIN NHIN C BIT
VNG NG T
14.1.
14.2.
14.3.
14.4.
Khi thit k h thng cp nc vng ng t cp 7, 8, 9 cn theo cc quy

nh ny.
Khi thit k cc cng trnh cp nc bc tin cy I, trong vng ng t cp 8 v
9 cn s dng hai ngun cp nc c lp.
Khi s dng mt ngun cp nc c ming ht cc ni khc nhau, th lng
nc cha chy phi gp i, ng thi phi thm mt lng nc cn thit
cp nc n ung sinh hot cho khu dn c c ng t cp 9 trong thi gian t
nht 12h v cho khu dn c c ng t cp 8 trong thi gian t nht l 8h.
Lng nc cn thm cho khu cng nghip ly theo biu s c.
m bo cho h thng cp nc hot ng an ton cn c cc bin php sau
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y:
-
Phn tn cc b cha, t cc b cha ti cc khu vc i din mng li;
Thay th cc thp cha nc bng cc b cha t trn cc im cao ca khu

vc xy dng.
S dng cc trm tng p cho cc cng trnh cp nc c lu lng 100m3/h;
S dng h thng cp nc p lc thp;
14.9.
14.10.
Trn ng ng dn nc ra, vo nh v cng trnh;
Ch ng t ni vi my bm, kt nc, ging;
Ch ng ng ca i nc ni vi cc ng ng ngang;
w
.v
14.11.
.v
14.8.
ol
d
14.7.
nc
14.5.
14.6.
Hp nht cc mng li cp nc n ung - sinh hot, sn xut, cha chy;

cp nc cha lm sch nhng qua kh trng vo mng li cp nc n
ung - sinh hot sau khi tho thun vi c quan v sinh phng dch.
Khng cho php hp khi trm bm vi cc cng trnh khc tr cng trnh thu.
Trm bm t su phi b tr cch xa b cha v ng ng dn t nht 10m,
ng t qua tng trm bm phi bc ng lng.
Cc cng trnh cha nc trn trm x l nc cn phn thnh nhm, t nht
phi hai nhm.
Trm x l nc phi c ng ng vng cp nc vo mng li. Phi dng
thit b pha Clo n gin cp nc vo mng li n ung sinh hot.
Phi thit k t nht hai b cha. Mi b cha cn ni vi mng li bng ng
ng ring.
Khng cho php ngm cng ng ng trong tng v mng nh. Kch thc l
cho ng ng i qua phi m bo c khe h t nht 10 cm. Trng hp c t
ln st th khe h cao t nht 20 cm; phi dng vt liu n hi bt khe h.
ng t qua tng cng trnh cha phi bao ng lng.
Phi thit k mi ni mm nhng ni sau y:
Ch thay i hng t ng ng.
NG NG DN V MNG LI CP NC
Cn dng cc loi ng ng v ng dn sau y:
ng Polyetylen;
ng btng ct thp c p vi p lc cng tc ti 12kg/cm2;
w
w
14.12.
Cho php s dng:

-
14.13.
14.14.
- ng thp vi p lc cng tc t 9kg/cm2 tr ln.

Cn phi dng mi ni mm ni ng ng btng ct thp, k c ng gang.
Chiu su t ng ti thiu, tnh n nh ng phi theo cc quy nh sau:
-
14.15.
ng gang v ng gang do vi p lc cng tc ti 6kg/cm2;
ng gang v ng btng ct thp khng nh hn 1m.
- ng thp: khng quy nh

Phi thit k hai ng ng dn c cc ng ni ngang thay i nhau lm
vic. S lng cc ng ng ni ngang phi quy nh theo iu kin xut hin
hai ch b ph hng trn ng ng dn. ng thi phi m bo ti c 70%
lng nc cha chy v 70% lng nc n ung - sinh hot v c lng nc
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cp cho cc x nghip cng nghip khi cc x nghiph ny lm vic theo biu

s c.
Mng phn phi phi thit k kiu mng vng.
Khng nn t ng dn v cc ng ng chnh trong t bo ho nc (tr cc
lp cng v khi ln); trong cc lp t p c m bt k, v c trong
cc vng t c vt ph hoi kin to. Trng hp phi t cc ng ng ni
trn trong cc lp t th phi dng ng thp.
14.16.
KT CU
Loi nh v cng trnh cp nc ly theo bng 14.1.
Khi thit k cc cng trnh cha t su. Nu ng t qu cp 7 phi tnh

vi tc ng ng t.
I
II
III
ol
d
Loi nh v
cng trnh
.v
Bng 14.1
Cp ng t ca nh v cng trnh khi cp ng t

trn khu vc xy dng
7
8
9
7
8
7
7
Khng tnh tc ng ng t
9
8
Cng trnh cha phi tnh vi s tc ng ng thi ca ti trng t; trng

lng bn thn ca kt cu, trng lng nc cha, v t k c t p.
Khi xc nh ti trng ng t ca cng trnh,ni chung gi tr ca h s ng
hc v dng dao ng (i; ik) cn ly 1,5 i vi cng trnh cha xy chm v
3 i vi cng trnh xy trn mt t.
w
.v
14.18.
Thit k kt cu nh v cng trnh phi theo tiu chun thit k xy dng vng
ng t. Cp ng t ca nh v cng trnh ly theo bng 14.1.
Ghi ch:
nc
14.17.
14.19.
VNG T LN ST
H thng cp nc xy dng vng t ln st, phi thit k theo tiu chun

thit k nn mng nh v cng trnh.
Nh v cng trnh phi b tr trn khu vc xy dng m bo thot nc ma
tt.
Ghi ch: Trng hp khu vc xy dng l sn i, phi thit k knh bao trn
i thot nc ma.
Khng c xy dng nh v cng trnh trn b h o, trn b knh, mng v
nhng ni t d ln st.
Khong cch t cc cng trnh cha n cc loi nh c quy nh nh sau:
Trong vng t loi I (vng t loi I l vng t khng c kh nng ln st do
trng lng bn thn), khng nh hn 1,5 ln chiu dy lp t ln st; trong
vng t loi II (vng t loi II l vng t c kh nng ln st do trng lng
bn thn) c lp t thm nc khng nh hn 1,5 ln chiu dy lp t ln st;
cn khi c lp t khng thm nc - khng nh hn 3 ln chiu dy lp t ln
st, nhng khng qu 40m.
Ghi ch: Chiu dy lp t ln st phi tnh t mt t t nhin ca a hnh.
w
w
14.20.
14.21.
14.22.
14.23.
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14.28.
14.29.
14.30.
14.31.
14.32.
14.27.
.v
14.26.
ol
d
14.25.
Trong vng t loi I; khong cch t ngun gy ln thng xuyn n ch xy

dng nh v cng trnh cho php khng hn ch vi iu kin c th khc phc
trit c tnh trng t ln.
Trong cc n thit k nh v cc cng trnh xy dng vng t ln st phi
m bo cho cng trnh cha v mng li kn kht; phi c bin php ngn
nga nc thm vo t; thu v thot nc nhng ch r r.
ng ng bn trong trm bm v trm lc nc... phi t trn mt sn. C th
t ng ng trong rnh khng thm nc v thot nc vo h ring, t
nc chy vo ging kim tra hoc vo h thng thot nc ma.
Cc vi nc cng cng phi b tr cc ch thp cch nh v cng trnh mt
khong cch ti thiu 10m.
i vi vng t loi I, ng ng c p v t chy khi thit k khng tnh ti
ln ca t.
i vi vng t loi II, khi ln ca t ti 20 cm, phi m k t nn trc
khi t ng ng.
i vi vng t loi II khi ln ca t ln hn 20 cm phi t ng trong
mng hoc trong tuynen.
quan st nc r r t ng ng t di t cn thit k ging kim tra.
Ging kim tra c th dng ging kim tra trn mng li cp nc. Trn ng
ng dn, ging kim tra t cch nhau khng qu 250m. C th t ng x thay
ging kim tra x nc khi c s c vo ch trng nhng khng nc ma
lm ngp cc ng ng dn.
Trn ng ng t chy ging kim tra t cch nhau khng qu 200m.
Khi t ng ng cp nc trong ho vng t loi I, khong cch theo chiu
ngang tnh t mt ngoi ng ti mp mng nh v cng trnh phi ly ln hn
5m; trong vng t loi II ly theo bng 14.2.
Ghi ch:
Trng hp c bin php gia c t ln th khng p dng quy nh trong
bng 14.2.
w
.v
nc
14.24.
Khi ng ng cp nc c p lc trn 6kg/cm2 khong cch trn cn ly

tng 30%.
Trng hp khng th theo ng cc quy nh trong bng 14.2; phi t
ng ng trong rnh khng thm nc; rnh phi c ng x nc s c vo
ging kim tra.
w
w
Bng 14.2
Chiu dy lp
t ln st, m
Khong cch ti thiu (m) tnh t mt ngoi ng n mp mng nh v

cng trnh trong vng t loi II, khi ng knh ng, mm
Ti 100
Trn 100
Ti 300
Trn 300
Ti 5
Nh i vi t khng ln
T 5 n 12
7,5
10
Trn 12
7,5
10
15
14.33.
14.34.
Trn ng ng dn nc v mng li cp nc trc ph tng ni mt bch

phi cu to cc mi ni di ng t trong ging.
Trong vng t loi I, thit k ging khng cn tnh ti ln; trong vng t
loi II, nn t t ging phi m su 1m, phn y v thnh ging di ng
ng phi c cu to khng thm nc. Vng t quanh ging phi san dc 0,03
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14.36.
14.37.
14.38.
14.39.
14.42.
w
.v
14.43.
nc
14.41.
ol
d
.v
14.40.
14.35.
tnh t ming ging tr ra.

ng ng dn nc ra, vo nh phi thit k theo tiu chun thit k cp nc
bn trong.
Nn cc cng trnh cha phi c m k su t nht 1,5 - 2m. Trong lng th
tch ca t lp t m khng c nh hn 1,6 T/m3. Nn t m phi rng
hn kch thc cng trnh v mi bn t nht 1,5m.
Trong vng t loi II, di y cng trnh t trn t m phi c b chng
thm v cu to thot nc vo ging kim tra.
Cng trnh cha nc c y hnh nn ln ngc phi c ct t ln mng
btng ct thp khng thm nc v c cu to thot nc vo ging kim tra.
Ghi ch: i vi cc cng trnh cp nc c bc tin cy III, khi ng knh nh
hn 10m khng cn phi c cu to thot nc s c.
i vi cng trnh cha nc thuc bc tin cy cp I v II, xy trn vng t
loi II, phi theo di ln st v r r nc ca cng trnh.
Trong vng t loi I; di mng tng v ct nh t cng trnh cha di sn
trm bm v cc nh c s dng nc, di cc b cha phi m t su 1,5 2m; sn nh c nc phi lm bng vt liu khng thm nc v c dc ti
thiu 0,01 thot nc vo h thu.
Trong vng t loi II, ngoi vic m t cn phi lm b chng thm t di
cng trnh cha nc, c cu to thot nc vo ging kim tra.
Xung quanh cc cng trnh lm ngui nc nn xy dng va h khng thm
nc v c dc 0,03 v pha b thu, chiu rng va h t nht 5m, v pha gi
thi phun nc mnh nht vi chiu rng t nht 10m. Di va h cn m t
k su ti thiu 0,3m.
Di i nc phi m t k theo quy nh iu 14.36. Trong vng t loi
II, mng i nc phi lm bng b btng ct thp lin khi c cu to thot
nc s c vo ging kim tra.
Xung quanh mng i nc, cn c va h lt bng vt liu khng thm nc, c
dc 0,03 tnh t i nc, chiu rng va h phi ln hn chn h mng 0,3m
nhng khng qu 3m.
VNG T KHAI THC - QUY NH CHUNG
14.44. Khi thit k nh v cng trnh, ng ng dn nc v mng li cp nc phi
w
w
14.45.
c bin php bo v chng nh hng ca vic khai thc m.

Vic xc nh kiu loi cng trnh cha nc xy dng vng t khai thc cn
da trn c s phn tch kinh t - k thut v so snh ca phng n. Ngoi ra phi
ch ti kch thc v hnh dng cc cng trnh cha, c im cng ngh vn
hnh, kh nng sa cha, khi phc cng trnh v cc yu t khc.
Khng c xy dng cc b cha kn c dung tch ln hn 6000m3 trn vng t
khai thc. Trng hp nht thit phi c b cha dung tch ln, th cn xy mt s
b c dung tch nh hn.
Ghi ch: Cc b cha cp nc sn xut khng quy nh dung tch b.
Cc h van phi ngn cch khi b cha bng cc khe bin dng.
Trn vng t khai thc phi thit k cc cng trnh cha bng btng ct thp
hnh tr trn. Trng hp c l do xc ng mi cho php thit k cng trnh
cha hnh ch nht.
Phi m bo c li i li d dng ti cc b phn chnh ca cng trnh cha
tin hnh kim tra v sa cha cng trnh.
Trong cc cng trnh lm sch v x l nc (b lng trong, b lng, b lc...)
phi c bin php lm bng mp, mng rnh sau khi cng trnh b bin dng. Cc
mng, rnh c l ngp khng yu cu phi lm bng.
14.46.
14.47.
14.48.
14.49.
14.50.
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14.51. Khi thit k trm lm sch v x l nc, cn b tr ring cc cng trnh chnh,
14.55.
14.56.
14.57.
14.58.
14.59.
nc
14.60.
14.54.
.v
14.53.
ol
d
14.52.
cc trm c cng sut nh mi cho php hp khi cng trnh.

m bo cho trm lm sch v s l nc hot ng an ton, mi cng trnh
cn chia thnh blc hoc n nguyn.
Ch cho php thit k b lng ngang trong trng hp c cc bin php chng
nh hng khai thc (lm khe bin dng, gia cng kt cu...).
Cc ng ng, mng, rnh gia cc cng trnh trong trm lm sch v x l
nc phi m bo x dch chuyn v c.
m bo kh nng bin dng ca ng ng trong trm bm, trm thi kh,
trm lm sch v x l nc cn dng cc gi ta khp, gi con ln, gi trt.
Vic nh ct y v ct mc nc trong cng trnh cha phi m bo iu kin
nc t chy sau khi nn b bin dng.
Cc thit b nng trong trm bm, trm lm sch v x l nc phi t trn cc
mng ring khng lin kt vi kt cu nh. Trn h thng ng ng trong trm
cn t ng iu ho, co dn.
ng ng, ph tng, t trong trm bm, trm thi kh, trm lm sch v x l
nc, trong h van ca cng trnh cha phi dng ng v ph tng bng thp.
Ghi ch: Cho php dng ph tng gang i vi cng trnh cp c bc tin cy II,
III nhng lp ph tng phi lp mi ni co dn.
ng ng t qua thnh cng trnh cha nc phi c ng lng v trc ng
lng phi lp mi ni co dn hoc chn bng cc vt liu n hi.
Trn vng t khai thc c s dng tt c cc loi ng nhng phi tnh ti cc
yu t v bn, tnh trng s dng, kh nng bin dng ca cc mi ni cng
cng nh trn c s tnh ton kinh t - k thut.
14.61. Cc mi ni ng phi s dng vt liu n hi, vng m cao su. Cc mi ni

hn ng thp phi c bn cao hn bn kim loi ng.
14.62. Trn ng ng thp t ngm phi dng ph tng bng thp. Ch cho php dng
w
.v
ph tng gang trong trng hp c cu to mi ni co dn.
14.63. Ch t van x kh, x nc trn ng ng dn phi tnh ti ln ca t do

khai thc.
14.64. Phi thit k hai ng ng dn nc ti h tiu th. Cho php cp nc theo
w
w
mt ng ng dn nhng phi xy b cha bo m cha lng nc d tr

cp trong thi gian khc phc s c.
14.65. Cho php t cc ng ng trong cng tuy nen hay rnh nhng phi tnh ti tc
ng bin dng mt t do khai thc.
14.66. ng t qua sng, knh, rch: ng phi t su hn y sng, knh rch t nht l
0,5 m v phi c bin php chng xi l.
14.67. Cc bin php kt cu bo v ng thp t ngm phi da trn c s tnh ton

bn v thc hin cc bin php sau y:
-
t mi co dn tng kh nng di ng ca ng.
Dng vt liu t bm cht bao ng mt lp dy 20 cm.
Nng cao chu lc ca ng bng cch dng ng thnh dy.
14.68. Lp bo v ng ng phi quy nh trn c s cc kt qu tnh ton ng ng

theo trng thi gii hn.
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14.69. i vi ng thp, trng thi gii hn c xc nh bng kh nng chu lc ca

ng ng thp phng dc m bo iu kin:
maRk ; Trong :
Rk - Lc khng ko tnh ton ca ng ng;
ma - H s iu kin lm vic bng 0,9
- Tng ng sut ko dc trong mt ct tnh ton ca ng ng do tc dng

ca p lc bn trong ng, dao ng nhit v lc tc dng ca t b bin dng
trong qu trnh khai thc.
Lc tc dng ca t b bin dng ln ng ng c xc nh theo cng thc:
x =
Qol
(1- cos
lk
) (14-1)
l
Trong :
l - chiu di vng b ko trong Munda, cm;
.v
- chiu dy thnh ng, cm;
Q0 - Cng tc dng lc ca t bin dng, kg/cm2;
Trong :
nc
Du
lm ( + R min )
ol
d
14.70.
lk - Chiu di vng t st i vi ng trong phn ko Munda, cm;

i vi ng gang, ng btng ct thp ni ming bt hay ni lng, trng thi gii
hn c xc nh bng m ti a ca mi ni m vn gi nguyn c
kn vi iu kin:
(14-2)
m ti hn ca mi ni;
w
.v
bin dng ngang ca mt t trong khu vc tnh ton;
Du - ng knh ngoi ca ng;
Rmin Bn knh cong ti thiu ca mt t;
w
w
14.71.
lm - Khong cch gia cc mi ni (chiu di ng).

Khong cch gia cc mi ni co dn lc ca ng thp t ngm c xc nh
theo cng thc:
lc =
(moRk - k)
(14-3)
Qo
Trong : K tng ng sut ko dc do tc ng ca p lc bn trong ng, thay
i nhit v un n hi.
KT CU
14.72.
14.73.
14.74.
14.75.
Cc cng trnh cha cn thit k theo s kt cu bin dng c bit, s kt

cu cng hoc s kt cu hn hp.
Vic s dng thit k in hnh ch cho php khi dung tch khng qu 500 m3 v
bin dng tnh ton ca mt t phi theo iu kin bin dng ngang tng
i (1mm/m; v bn knh cong ti thiu R = 30km)
to kh nng bin dng ca cng trnh cha v cc b phn ca n phi thit
k cc khe bin dng khng thm nc hoc s dng cc kt cu mm do.
Khng cho php y cng trnh cha bng btng ct thp c kt cu bin dng
t thp hn mc nc ngm.
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14.80.
14.81.
14.82.
14.83.
14.84.
14.85.
w
w
w
.v
14.86.
14.79.
.v
14.78.
ol
d
14.77.
i vi b cha tnh theo s bin dng t st t thm cn c h thng thot

nc.
Trong nn t cng trnh cha theo s kt cu cng, cn c lp m dy 0,3 0,5m, bng si hay dm. Trong nn t cng trnh cha theo s kt cu
bin dng cn c lp m bng ct dy 0,15 - 0,2m.
Trng hp cn thit, cn thit k cc rnh iu ho co dn xung quanh cng
trnh cha hoc cc bin php khc gim hoc loi tr p lc b ng ca t
trt trong thi gian khai thc.
Cc b phn ca cng trnh cha phi tnh theo tiu chun thit k kt cu
btng v btng ct thp.
B cha h (h cha) phi thit k theo s bin dng c tng thnh nghing
c cc khe bin dng ct ngang.
Trong vng t khai thc, khng c dng hc, gch, blc ln xy dng
cng trnh cha.
i vi b cha ng knh ln hn 12 m cn dng mi mi d c ct trung tm
chu mi ti trng ng.
i vi cng trnh cha tnh theo s cng, mng phi lm bng btng ct
thp ti ch tnh vi trng ti c bn v c bit.
Trong h cha hnh tr c mi mc d thit k theo s hn hp cn cu to
cc vng bin dng gia thnh b v tm y, gia tm y v mng ct btng
trung tm. Gia mp mi v thnh b cn cu to khe trt c th di chuyn
ngang.
Cc kiu b lng trong, b lng ng, b trn, b phn, b lc phi thit k theo
s cng.
B lng radian cn thit k theo s cng hoc s hn hp m bo c khe
h khng i gia y v thit b co bn.
nc
14.76.
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PH LC
Ph lc 1: Cc ti liu c s nghin cu s cp nc vng (khu vc)

Ph lc 2: nh gi vic s dng ngun d tr nc v chn vng
xy dng h cha
Ph lc 3: Bm th v theo di hot ng ca cng trnh thu nc ngm
Ph lc 4: Cc phng php khoan ging ly nc
Ph lc 5: Cc yu cu i vi ng lc ca ging thu nc
Ph lc 7: Sn xut axit Silic hot tnh
.v
Ph lc 8: Cc phng php x l nc chng r cho ng
Ph lc 6: Tiu chun cht lng nc sch dng thit k cc cng trnh

x l nc
Ph lc 9: Sn xut ct en lm cht xc tc khi kh St

Ph lc 10: Cc phng php kh Mangan
ol
d
Ph lc 11: Kh Sunfua Hyr trong nc
Ph lc 12: Kh axit Silic ho tan trong nc

Ph lc 13: Kh xy ho tan trong nc
w
w
w
.v
nc
Ph lc 14: Tnh ton thu lc ng ng cp nc
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PH LC I
CC TI LIU C S NGHIN CU S CP NC VNG (KHU VC)
1. s dng mt cch hp l ti nguyn nc trong cc s cp nc vng phi lp c:

-
Qui hoch cp nc; n l mt phn ca quy hoch vng, v s b tr cc lc lng

sn xut ca vng.
S cp nc cc khu vc cng nghip xc nh c k hoch xy dng h thng

cp nc v cc cng trnh thu cng mt cch t hp kinh t v hp l nht.
.v
2. Qui hoch cp nc v cc s cp nc ca khu cng nghip trong c s sp t v

pht trin ca cng nghip, cc cng trnh phc li v quy hoch cc im dn c phi da
trn cc s liu quy hoch vng, s b tr v pht trin ca cng nghip, tng mt bng v
cc ti liu khc.
4. Trong Qui hoch cp nc phi c:
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3. Qui hoch cp nc v cc s cp nc phi kt hp vic s dng tng hp v hp l ti

nguyn nc vi cc s pht trin ti tiu v cp nc nng nghip, thu nng v giao
thng ng thu, ngh c. C s tng th s dng tng hp v bo tn cc ngun ti
nguyn ca quc gia m cc c quan chuyn ngnh khc lp ra.
Xc nh tr lng nc mt v nc ngm hin c, k c cc sui nc nng v vic s

dng chng.
Xc nh c tnh trng hin ti ca vic cp nc cho cc im dn c v cc x nghip

cng nghip
Vch ra cc gii php v vic chn ngun nc v s cp nc c tnh n bin php

cn thit bo v ngun c v v sinh ca h cha.
Thnh lp c s cn bng nc trong thi hn tnh ton ng thi phi nu c d bo

v cht lng nc trong tng lai.
Ch ra nhng bin php cn thit iu chnh li vic s dng nc.
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5. Trong cc s cp nc cho cc khu cng nghip cn phi: Lm chnh xc cc s liu v

tr lng nc ngm v nc mt, v tnh trng ca cc h thng cp nc, v cng nghip
xy dng ch yu, v s tiu th nc ngun i vi thi hn tnh ton ca cng nghip v
dn c c s phn tch cc s cn bng cp nc cho cc x nghip ln c cc h thng
dng nc phc tp nh tun hon v s dng nc thi c lm sch v nc thi khng
b nhim bn.
i vi cc im dn c v cc x nghip cng nghip d kin cc s cp nc c ch dn

ch thu nc v tuyn ng dn chnh; vch s kt cu cng trnh thu, cc cng trnh lm
sch v x l nc, cc p, h cha nc v h tp trung nc v.v... c tnh n s phi hp
vi cc cng trnh cp nc.
Xc nh ch tiu kinh t k thut ca h cha cp nc; u t c bn, gi thnh 1m3 nc
a n ni tiu th tnh t ngun cp nc, ng gp ca cc h tiu th nc trong xy
dng, trnh t v thi hn xy dng.
6. Phn nc tiu th trong cn bng nc phi m bo:
-
Nhu cu nc sinh hot, sn xut v dch v ca khu vc,
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Yu cu nc nui c,
Yu cu nc cho giao thng; xy cc u thuyn; x nc m bo chiu su vn

chuyn ca tu thuyn,
Bo v iu kin s dng nc bnh thng ca khu dn c v tnh trng v sinh ca h

cha c tnh n nc thi ang v d nh vo,
X ra khi h cha ci thin cht lng nc do nc b khong ho hoc b nhim

bn bi nc thi cng nghip thi vo h,
Lng nc bc hi ra khi h cha khi s dng h cha lm lnh.
Ghi ch: Trong trng hp cc h tiu th nc ngm nm h lu h cha nc th khi tnh

ton h cha khng cn tnh lng nc thm.
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7. Trong phn tnh cn bng ngun nc mt cn phi bit lu lng ti thiu, lu lng
trung bnh thng hay lu lng trung bnh ngy v ma h v ma ng, lu lng hu ch
ca h cha, lng nc chy vo sng h lu ca h cha, tr s hiu dng ca lng nc
b sung c xc nh c k n lng x ca h cha theo biu b nc. Nc ngm
dng cp nc cho sinh hot hay cng nghip tnh theo ch dn Mc 4.
Nc thi b nhim bn sau khi lm sch c th s dng li cho cc x nghip hay cho nhu cu
nng nghip.
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Tr lng khai thc ca nc ngm tnh theo cp A,B,C khi phn tch chi tit iu kin a
cht v a cht thu vn cho php tnh tr lng theo cp C2.
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PH LC 2
NH GI VIC S DNG TI NGUYN NC V
CHN VNG XY DNG H CHA
1. Khi nh gi vic s dng ti nguyn nc cho mc ch cp nc cn phi tnh n:

Ch tiu th v cn bng ngun nc cho cc mc ch s dng nc vi d bo cho
15-20 nm.
Yu cu i vi cht lng nc do cc h tiu th ra.
c im cht lng nc ngun v kh nng thay i cht lng nc.
c tnh v cht lng v s lng ca ph sa, rc, s di chuyn bn ct y v n

nh ca n.
Kh nng kh cn ca ngun nc i vi cc sng h khu vc min ni.
Nhit ca nc mt theo cc thng trong nm cc su khc nhau.
Cc thng l lt ca sng ngi.
Tr lng, cc iu kin b sung ca nc ngm v kh nng st gim tr lng do cc
iu kin thin nhin thay i, do xy dng cc h cha nc v cc cng trnh tiu nc,
cc cng trnh ly nc nhn to v.v...
Cht lng v nhit ca nc ngm
Cc yu cu v sinh, cc yu cu ca c quan s dng v bo v ngun nc, bo v c
v.v...
nh gi v kinh t v k thut cc iu kin s dng nc t cc ngun cp nc khc
nhau.
Kh nng lm p nhn to v to ra lng d tr nc ngm.
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2. Khi nh gi tr lng ca ngun nc mt cp nc, phi m bo c lu lng

nc cn phi c cp tho mn cho cc h tiu th nm h lu im thu nc nh: Cc
khu dn c; cc x nghip cng nghip; nhu cu nng nghip; nhu cu nui c; yu cu vn
chuyn ca tu thuyn v cc dng s dng nc khc; ng thi m bo cc yu cu bo
v cc ngun cp nc v mt v sinh.
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3. Trong trng hp lu lng ca ngun nc mt cn li pha di cng trnh thu khng

, cn phi c d kin iu chnh dng chy t nhin trong gii hn 1 nm thu vn (iu
chnh theo ma) hay chuyn nc n t cc ngun nc nc mt khc c lu lng di do
hn.
Ghi ch: Mc m bo i vi cc h tiu th nc ring bit khi lng nc hin c

trong cc h cha khng v vic tng lng nc gp kh khn hoc gi thnh cao c
quyt nh theo s tho thun vi cc c quan s dng nc v v sinh phng bnh.
4. Vic nh gi tr lng nc ngm phi da trn cc s liu v ti liu kho st iu tra v

a cht thu vn.
5. Khi nh gi tr lng nc cn phi lm sng t mi lin quan ca s b cp ngun nc
ngm t ngun nc mt v kh nng hay li ch ca vic b cp ngun nc ngm bng cc
ngun nc mt.
6. Tr lng nc ngm trong cc trng hp cn thit phi c c quan c thm quyn ph
chun.
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7. Khi thit k h cha cn phi d on v tnh n v tr h cha nc l thun li nht cho

cc iu kin cht lng nc v phi lu cc vn sau:
- S thay i ch ca mc nc.
- Kch thc, din tch vng nc ngp v vng nm di mc nc ngp.
- Hin tng t trt v xi l b.
- Thay i ch nc ngm sau khi cho nc vo h.
- Kh nng xut hin cc vt ni, cc m than bn v cc c tnh v s lng v cht
lng ca chng.
- Ch nhit ca nc cc chiu su khc nhau.
- Chiu cao sng khi gi to.
- S thay i thnh phn ho hc nc theo thi gian trong nm theo ti liu quan st nhiu
nm.
- Kh nng to kh c v bo ho kh c ca nc.
- Qu trnh bin ho v s thay i c ca nc.
- S thay i cht lng nc do nh hng ca nc thi.
- S thay i mi trng sinh thi ca h cha (xut hin ph sa, rong ru v tho mc v
sinh vt sng di nc).
- S thay i tnh trng v sinh.
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4- Khu t h cha, thn p, kiu p, cng trnh x v tho nc phi c chn theo tnh
ton vi iu kin v sinh, xy dng, a cht thu vn, a cht cng trnh, a hnh, kh
tng thu vn c li nht. V phi tnh n cc yu cu thit k cc cng trnh thu cng trn
sng nh:
- D kin dn lng h ph hp vi cc yu cu gi v sinh. Cc bin php cng trnh
bo v lnh th khi b ngp, cn b th trnh phi gia c li.
- Thi gian pht sinh bn v trong trng hp cn thit th d kin ra h qua l x thn
p, rnh y hay dng tu no vt, xc t.
- Cc bin php loi tr hay lm gim s pht trin rong ru, tho mc v cc nguyn nhn
lm nc c mu.
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PH LC 3
BM TH V THEO DI HOT NG CA
CNG TRNH THU NC NGM
1. xc nh lu lng ca cc cng trnh thu nc ngm c ph hp vi lu lng thit k

hay khng th khi xy dng xong phi bm th.
2. Vic bm th phi c tin hnh vi 2 ln h mc nc trong ging vi lu lng bng
lu lng thit k v vi lu lng ln hn lu lng thit k 25-30%.
3. Tng thi gian bm phi t t 1 - 2 ngy m mi ln h mc nc trong ging sau khi

mc nc ng t c v tr n nh v nc hon ton trong.
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Trong trng hp nc ngm c trng thi khng n nh, thi gian bm phi xc nh
c quy lut gim lu lng khi mc nc n nh hay quy lut h mc nc khi lu lng
n nh.
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Ghi ch: Khi ct nh b cun mnh ra khi lp chn quanh ng lc v tng ngm nc th cn
tng thi gian bm th.
nc
4. Trong n thit k cng trnh thu nc ngm phi d kin t mng li cc ging quan
trc hoc cc trm t ng h o nc (khi thu nc mch) quan st, theo di mc nc,
lu lng, nhit v cht lng nc. Trong trng hp ny, cn s dng cc ging khai
thc v cc cng trnh thu nc khc theo thit k c trang b y cc phng tin
quan st cn thit.
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5. Kt cu ging quan trc, s lng v v tr ca chng cn ly ph hp vi iu kin a cht

thu vn; trong cc ging quan trc cn c trang b ng lc ng knh D89-D110mm.
6. Chiu su ca cc ging quan trc cn ly theo iu kin sau:
i vi tng cha nc khng p khi chiu su ca ging khai thc di 15m th ly ng lc
c cng chiu su vi ging khai thc.
i vi tng cha nc khng p khi chiu su ging khai thc ln hn 15m th nh trn
phn cng tc ca ng lc phi nm di mc nc ng thp nht t 2 n 3m.
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i vi tng cha nc c p khi mc nc ng cao hn mi cch ly ca tng cha nc th

phn cng tc ca ng lc phi t 1/3 pha trn ca tng cha nc; khi mt phn tng
cha nc b rt kh th nh phn cng tc ca ng lc t thp hn mc nc ng thp
nht trong tng cha nc 2 - 3m.
i vi tng cha nc d tnh khai thc n ht phn d tr tnh th nh phn cng tc ca
ng lc phi t thp hn h ca mc nc ng t 2-3m tnh n cui thi k khai thc
cng trnh thu.
7. Chiu su ging quan trc cc cng trnh thu kiu ging khi, kiu tia v cng trnh thu
nc nm ngang cn ly bng chiu su t phn thu nc ca cc cng trnh thu ny, cn
nh ca ng lc ca ging quan trc th t thp hn mc nc ng trong cng trnh thu 2 3m.
8. Trong cc ging quan trc, nc tng trn v cc tng cha nc nm pha trn tng cha
nc khai thc cn phi c cch li tt.
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9. Khi cn thit phi xy dng ging quan st cc tng ngm nc khng c khai thc
nm pha trn.
10. ngn nga cho ging quan trc khng b trt, nh ca ng lc hay ng chng phi
c bt np.
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11. Trong khu vc cng trnh thu kiu thm ly nc mt t cc h cha t nhin hay nhn
to, cc ging quan trc phi t gia cng trnh thu v dng chy nc mt, hoc h v trong
trng hp cn thit pha b i din ca h. Nu pht hin thy ch gy nhim nc
ngm (v d ch x nc thi cng nghip, nc h c nhiu khong, vng than bn ) th
gia ch gy nhim v cng trnh thu phi xy dng ging quan trc b sung.
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PH LC 4
CC PHNG PHP KHOAN GING LY NC
1. Khi thit k cc cng trnh thu nc, phng php khoan ging cn la chn theo cc iu
kin a cht thu vn ti ch. Chiu su v ng knh ging ly theo bng PL-4.1.
2. Trong cc lp t xp khng n nh phi gia c thnh ging t phn thu nc n ming
ging bng ng.
3. gia c cc ging cn dng ng chng bng thp ni lng hoc hn in. Khi ging c
ng knh ban u n 426mm dng ng chng, khi ng knh ln hn 426mm dng ng
thp hn in chiu dy thnh ng 7 - 8mm khi khoan xoay h ng t do v chiu dy thnh
ng 10 - 12mm khi khoan p h ng cng bc.
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4. gia c ging c su di 150m khi dng phng php khoan xoay v su di

70m khi dng phng php khoan thp cho php dng ng phi kim loi c trm xi mng
thnh ng.
5. Trong kt cu ca ging dng cc ng ni lng gm ng nh hng, ng t bm khai
thc, ng lc.
nc
Trong cc iu kin a cht thu vn phc tp ngn chn cc tng cha nc v cc lp

t c kt cu khng vng chc d st l, d b cun theo nc ra, th kt cu ging phi c
ng chng ph.
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6. Ct ng chng gia c tm thi thnh h khoan phi c rt ln. Trong phn kt cu ca

ng chng dng lm ng khai thc cn phi rt phn ng t do (ni lng) pha trn ln, mp
ct nh ca phn ng cn li trong ging phi nm cao hn y di ca ng lng vo mt
on khng nh hn 3m khi chiu su ca ging n 50m, v khng nh hn 5m khi ging
su hn. Khe vng trong on gia hai ng lng vo nhau phi trt xi mng hay chn bng
vng m.
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7. Phi cch ly ging khi b nhim bn t b mt xung v t cc tng ngm nc khng

dng n bng cch:
- ng hoc ln vo thnh ng lp st t nhin hoc st c cu to nhn to.
- Chn xi mng pha ngoi thnh ng vch bng phng php dung dch xi mng vo
di m bt u ng.
- Chn ximng pha ngoi thnh ng vch bng cch dung dch xi mng n ct d kin
ca thit k.
- Gia c phn trn ca ging bng hai lp ng vch hay bng mt lp ng vch nhng c
chn xi mng pha ngoi thnh ng ( cch li ging khi b nhim bn bi cc ngun
nc mt).
- Khi trong tng cha nc nh s dng hoc trong cc tng c lin h thu lc vi tng
cha nc c s dng c tnh n mn th phi c bin php chng r cho ging hoc
dng ng lm bng cc vt liu chng r.
Ghi ch: chn xi mng cho cc ging phi dng xi mng ninh kt nhanh, mc khng thp
hn 400.
8. Cn phi kim tra cht lng vic cch li cc tng cha nc bng cch bm nc ra hoc
rt nc vo khi dng phng php khoan p v nn nc di p lc khi dng phng
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php khoan xoay. Nc dng kim tra cht lng cch ly cc tng cha nc phi tho
mn y cc yu cu v sinh.
Bng PL4-1
Phng php khoan
iu kin p dng
Ging c khoan trong cc iu kin a cht thu vn thun li,
trong cc tng cha nc c nghin cu k t trc v c mu
th tin cy; v tnh n gim lu lng ca ging do dung
dch st lng ng lm bt cc lp t. Sau khi khoan phi carta
in.
Khoan xoay dng

nc ra hay kh p.
Khoan xoay dng
ra ngc.
Trong cc lp t cng bn vng. Ging c su di 300m,

ng knh di 1000mm v phn ln cc lp t khng c cui
ln, khi chiu su phn b ca mc nc ngm k t mt t xung
l 3m v ln hn.
Khoan p dng
giy cp
Ging t trong cc lp t xp chiu su n 100 - 150m (trong lp

cng cho php khoan n su > 150m)
Hn hp (khoan p
v khoan xoay)
Ging c su > 150m trong cc iu kin a cht thu vn phc

tp, khoan p qua cc tng cha nc v khi cc tng cha nc
v tng khng cha nc nm xen k. Khoan xoay cc lp trn
tng cha nc d nh khai thc.
Tu bin phn lc
Ging ng knh > 1000mm v chiu su > 300m.
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Khoan xoay dng

dung dch st
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Ghi ch: Khi khoan qua lp st khng ngm nc c su khng ln cho php dng khoan
rut g, st v nc s dng trong vic khoan phi tho mn cc yu cu v sinh.
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PH LC 5
CC YU CU I VI NG LC CA GING THU NC
1. ng lc ca ging thu nc cn la chn theo cu to lp t ca tng cha nc v chiu

su ca ging, chn theo bng PL-5.1.
2. Khi nc xm thc, cha nhiu cacbonic, H2S, khung ca ng lc phi lm bng thp
khng r hay bng cc vt liu chng r khc c bn cn thit.
3. Kch thc l thu nc trn ng lc khi khng c lp si m chn theo bng PL-5.2.
4. Kch thc l thu nc trn ng lc khi c lp si m ly bng ng knh trung bnh ca

ht si lp tip gip vi thnh ng lc.
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5. rng ca ng lc c l trn hoc khe phi m bo t 20-25%, ng lc khung thp qun

dy hay thp l dp khng ln hn 30-60%.
D 50
= 8 12
d 50
nc
Trong :
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6. Trong cc ng lc si, lp si phi dng ct, si v hn hp ct si. Chn vt liu lm

lp si theo biu thc:
D50 ng knh ht si m cc ht khc c ng knh b hn n chim 50% trong lp si .
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d50 ng knh ht m cc ht khc c ng knh b hn n chim 50% trong lp t cha

nc.
7. Trong cc ng lc si, chn chiu dy ca mi lp si nh sau:
- i vi ng lc lp si trn mt t khng t hn 30mm.
- i vi ng lc lp si c to ra trong h khoan khng t hn 50mm.
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8. Thnh phn c hc ca vt liu khi cu to hai hoc ba lp si c chn theo biu thc
sau:
D2
=4-6
D1
Trong : D1 v D2 l ng knh trung bnh ca ht si trong cc lp si,

k nhau.
9. Khi chn lp vt liu si cho ng lc lm bng btng rng hay snh xp phi tun theo t
s:
D tb
= 10 16
D 50
Dtb ng knh trung bnh ca ht si trong khi ng lc (mm)
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10. ng knh trong ca ng lc phi ly khng b hn 80-100mm.

Bng PL-5.1
Tng cha nc
Loi v kt cu ng lc
ng lc khoan l trn hoc khe ng lc c kt cu thnh
khung.
Si ct ln si, ln ca ht
t 1-10mm. Cc ht c ln
t 1-5mm chim hn 50% theo
khi lng
ng lc c khe hoc l, b mt thu nc c qun dy hay

ng thp l dp khe.
ng lc, khung l cc thanh thp khng r ngoi qun dy
hay p thp l dp khng r.
Ct ln, cc ht c ln 12mm chim hn 50% theo

khi lng.
ng lc khoan khe b mt thu nc qun dy, thp l dp

hay p li c l vung.
ng lc, khung b mt thu nc l dy qun, thp l dp
khe hay li thp c mt li vung.
Ct trung ht c ln t
0,25-0,5mm chim hn 50%
theo khi lng.
ng lc hay khung lc b mt thu nc l li an nhn

(si kim tuyn)
ng lc hay khung lc bc 1 lp si (ng lc si)
Ct nh ht c ln 0,10,25mm chim hn 50% theo

khi lng
ng hay khung lc c bc 1 lp, 2 lp hay 3 lp l ct

hay hn hp ct si.
ng lc bng btng rng hay snh xp.
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Lp t na khng n nh
m cui si c ln t
20-100mm chim hn 50%
theo khi lng.
Ghi ch:
ng lc thp cho php dng cho ging c su bt k.
ng lc bng snh xp dng cho cc ging quan trc, cc ging t trong lp ct ln st,
trong cc ging khi khoan phi dng dung dch st khng cho php t trong ging thu
nc c st.
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ng lc bng g, nha thu tinh, btng rng, snh xp cho php t trong cc ging c
su di 100-150m.
Trong cc lp cui ln, khng n nh khi chiu su ca ging di 100m cho php
dng ng lc khung bc thp l dp c b mt chng r.
i vi ng lc phi bc li an vung lm bng kim tuyn hay thp khng r c th

bc bng cc tm cht do dp khe.
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Bng PL-5.2
Loi ng lc
Kch thc l ca ng lc tnh bng mm

Khi h s khng ng nht
ca t 2
2,5-3 d50
Khi h s khng ng nht

ca t > 2
3-4 d50
Khoan khe
1-1,25 d50
1,5-2 d50
Qun li
1,5-2 d50
2-2,5 d50
Khoan l trn
d 50
= d 10
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Trong : d10, d50, d60 ng knh ht m cc ht khc c ng knh b hn n chim 10%,

50%, 60% trong lp t (xc nh theo biu phn tch thnh phn ht ca lp t).
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Ghi ch: Kch thc nh ca l thu nc trn ng lc ly i vi cc ht b, kch thc ln

i vi ct to.
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PH LC 6
TIU CHUN CHT LNG NC SCH DNG THIT K
CC CNG TRNH X L NC CP CHO N UNG V SINH HOT
Tiu chun ny p dng thit k cc cng trnh x l nc cp cho n ung v sinh hot.
A. V l ho
Yu t
i vi h thng cp
i vi cc trm l v
nc th
nng thn
1.
c, NTU
2
2
2.
mu, TCU
15
15
3.
Mi v
Khng c mi, v l
Khng c mi, v l
4.
pH
6,5 - 8,5
6,5 - 8,5
o
5.
cng, dH
12
17
6.
xy ho KMnO4, mg/l
2
5
7.
Sunfua Hydro, mg/l
0,05
0,05
8.
Clorua, mg/l
250
250
9.
Nitrat, mg/l
50
50
10.
Nitrit, mg/l
3
3
250
11.
Sulfat, mg/l
250
12.
Pht pht, mg/l
2,5
2,5
13.
Fluo, mg/l
0,7 -1,5
1,5
14.
It, mg/l
0,005 - 0,007
0,007
15.
Amni, mg/l
1,5
1,5
16.
Can xi, mg/l
100
200
17.
St, mg/l
0,3
0,5
18.
Mangan, mg/l
0,2
0,5
19.
ng, mg/l
2
2
20.
Km, mg/l
3
3
21.
Nhm, mg/l
0,2
0,2
22.
Ch, mg/l
0,01
0,01
23.
Arsen, mg/l
0,01
0,01
24.
Cadmi, mg/l
0,003
0,003
25.
Thu ngn, mg/l
0,001
0,001
26.
Crm, mg/l
0,05
0,05
27.
Xinnua
0,07
0,07
> 0,5 mg/l, nhng
28.
Nng Clo d trm x l
> 0,5 mg/l, nhng
khng ln n mc c
hay trm tng p
khng ln n mc c
mi kh chu
mi kh chu
> 0,05 mg/l, nhng
29.
Nng Clo d cui mng
> 0,05 mg/l, nhng
khng ln n mc c
li
khng ln n mc c
mi kh chu
mi kh chu
Ghi ch: Nhng ch tiu cht lng khc khng c trong Tiu chun ny ly theo Tiu chun
cht lng nc cp cho n ung v sinh hot hin hnh do B Y t quy nh.
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TT
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B. V vi sinh vt
1- Trong nc khng c c cc loi sinh vt m mt thng c th trng thy c, khng

c trng giun sn v vi sinh vt gy bnh.
2- Tng s Coliform bng 0 trong 100 ml nc kim nghim.
3- E.Coliform hay Fecal Coliform bng 0 trong 100 ml nc kim nghim.
C. Qun l cht lng nc
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1. a im ly nc th thng ly trm x l, b cha, i nc v cc vi nc. S

mu th trong 1 ngy a im ly nc do trm v sinh phng dch a phng phi
hp vi nh my nc quyt nh. Phng php ly mu v phn tch l ho hc v vi
sinh vt hc ca nc phi tun theo cc Tiu chun Nh nc hin hnh.
2. n v qun l kinh doanh sn xut nc c trch nhim m bo cht lng nc sinh
hot v n ung. Trm v sinh phng dch a phng thng xuyn nh k kim tra. Khi
c nhng hin tng bt thng hay nhng yu t khng m bo cht lng yu cu th
trm v sinh phng dch phi phi hp vi n v qun l nh my nc nh ch vic cp
nc v tm bin php gii quyt.
3. Nhng trm cp nc ring l cho 1 khu dn c hay trm cp nc ca x nghip c kt
hp nc sinh hot n ung th b phn qun l cp nc c trch nhim m bo cht
lng nc. Phng th nghim ca n v c trch nhim kim nghim cht lng nc
v ra nhng bin php bo v ngun nc v cht lng nc. Trm v sinh phng
dch a phng nh k kim tra. Nhng n v khng c Phng th nghim hay nhng
trm cp nc nng thn th b phn qun l cn phi theo ng nhng quy nh v ch
dn ca trm v sinh phng dch a phng. Trm v sinh phng dch a phng s nh
k kim tra.
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PH LC 7
SN XUT AXIT SILIC HOT TNH
Hot ho dung dch thu tinh lng nng 1,5-2,5% (tnh theo SiO2) bng dung dch phn
nng 1,5-3,5% (tnh theo Al2(SO4)3 phi thc hin trong cc trm hot ng lin tc bng
cch trn dung dch thu tinh lng vi dung dch phn trong thng phn ng sau hot ho
hn hp dung dch va nhn c trong thit b trng hp.
Phi a dung dch ho cht vo thng phn ng khuy trn theo t s: Th tch dung dch
thu tinh lng cn 0,5-1 th tch dung dch sunpht nhm.
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Nng lm vic ca cc dung dch ho cht v t s th tch ca chng cn xc nh trong

qu trnh qun l ph thuc vo cht lng ca cc ho cht.
Trm Sn xut axit Silic hot tnh phi thc hin theo cc iu kin:
Tiu th 3,5 T thu tinh lng c hm lng 28,5% SiO2; mun khng thp hn 2,9 v
1,8 T phn Nhm c hm lng 10% xit Nhm Al2O3 thu c 1 T axit Silic hot
ho (nng 100% tnh theo SiO2).
Nng dung dch thu tinh lng 1,9% theo SiO2
Cng sut ca bm nh lng v dung tch ca cc thng chuyn cc dung dch ly

theo t s 1:1.
Khuy trn dung dch thu tinh lng vi dung dch phn nhm trong cc thng phn ng
lp cnh khuy c kh. Thi gian khuy trn dung dch l 1-2 pht.
Th tch ca thit b trng hp xc nh theo tnh ton thi gian lu li ca dung dch thu
c trong thi gian 60 pht v khi cu to thit b trng hp phi d kin kh nng thay
i thi gian lu li ca dung dch trong gii hn t 30 n 60 pht.
Ho tan thu tinh lng v khuy trn n trong thng bng khng kh nn cng 3-5
l/cm2.
Cn phi lng cc dung dch lm vic v thu chng t lp trn trong cc thng cng tc.
Khi cn phi vn chuyn keo hot ho th nng dung dch keo hot ho khng c
vt qu 0,5%. Trong trng hp cn thit cu to thng tch tr nhng thi gian bo
qun khng ln hn 12h. Khi a keo trc tip vo b trn th khng cn pha long
chng.
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S lng trm khng c t hn 2, s lng thng phn ng trong mi trm l 2 (1 lm

vic, 1 d phng). Khng cn t trm d tr.
2. Hot ho dung dch thu tinh lng bng Clo phi thc hin trn cc trm hot ng lin tc
khi lng tiu th theo tnh ton ca axit Silic hot ho di 3-5kg/gi tnh theo SiO2 hoc
trong cc thit b hot ng gin on khi lng tiu th ln hn.
Trm hot ho dung dch thu tinh lng bng Clo hot ng theo chu k phi dng 2 thit
b nh lng Clo (Clorator) my bm li tm v 2 thng.
Trong cc thng cng tc phi tnh: Chun b dung dch thu tinh lng nng 1,5% tnh theo
SiO2. Tun hon dung dch qua Ejector ca Clorator trong sut thi gian 2h; pha long dung
dch n nng 0,5% theo SiO2. Dung tch ca thng WA hot ho thu tinh lng bng
Clo tnh bng m3, xc nh theo cng thc:
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WA =
D a .q.T
K
Trong :
Da - Liu lng axit Silic hot tnh bng, g/m3
q- Lu lng nc x l, m3/h
T - Thi gian cn thit sn xut axit Silic hot tnh, gi (khng b hn 4h)
K - Nng dung dch axit Silic hot tnh sau khi pha long bng nc, g/m3.
Thng hot ho phi kn v c ng thng gi.
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Dng khng kh nn vi cng 3-5 l/cm2 chun b dung dich v khuy trn dung dch
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My bm li tm tun hon chuyn dung dch thu tinh lng vo Ejector ca Clorator ng vi
lu lng cho phi to ra c p lc khng thp hn 4-5 kg/cm2 (40-50 mt ct nc).
ng ng dn v ph tng vn chuyn dung dch axit Silic hot tnh c Clo ho
phi lm bng vt liu chng r.
nc
S lng thit b hot ho thu tinh lng bng Clo t trong trm khng c t hn 2 (1
d tr). Cn phi c d kin t thng tiu th trung gian chuyn thu tinh lng vo thit
b.
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Nh t Clorator v thit b nh lng axit Silic hot tnh phi thit k theo cc yu cu
ra i vi Clorator.
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PH LC 8
CC PHNG PHP X L NC CHNG R CHO NG
1. Chng r cho ng bng cch lun lun gi cho mng bo v Canxi Cacbonat (hoc lp
trng xi mng) trn b mt pha trong ca thnh ng khng b ph hu trong qu trnh vn
chuyn nc. loi tr tc nhn xm thc CO2 ph hu lp bo v, cn cho thm ho cht
kim vo nc gi cho ch s n nh nc I = pHo pHs lun lun bng 0 hoc c gi tr
dng nh. Tuy nhin, liu lng ho cht kim cho vo nc khng c ln n mc lm
cho gi tr pH ca nc sau x l cp cho sinh hot ln hn 8,5. Ho cht kim v liu
lng ho cht kim cho vo n nh nc c tnh ton theo Mc 6.
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2. Chng r cho ng gang v ng thp ca cc ng dn nc cp cho sn xut c th dng

phng php Pht pht ho. Khi liu lng Hexameta Phosphat Natri hay Tripoli
Phostphat Natri phi ly bng 15-25 mg/l (tnh theo sn phm th trng).
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Khi a on ng mi vo qun l cn phi ngm y ng bng dung dch Hexameta

Phosphat Natri hay Tripoli Phosphat Natri nng 200-250mg/l trong thi gian 2-3 ngy
m.
4. Chun b dung dch Hexameta Phosphat hay Tripoli Phosphat Natri x l n nh nc
cn tin hnh trong cc thng c bo v chng r. Nng dung dch cng tc t 0,5-3% tnh
theo sn phm k thut.
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Thi gian ho tan trong thng c cnh khuy c kh hay dng kh nn l 4h khi nhit nc
20C v l 2h khi nhit nc 30C.
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PH LC 9
SN XUT CT EN LM CHT XC TC KHI KH ST
1. tng cng hiu qu kh St trong nc, c th dng cht xc tc l ct en. Ct en l

ct thch anh c ph mt lp mng Mangan xit trn b mt ca n
2. To lp mng Mangan xit ln b mt ht ct bng cch: u tin nhng ct v khuy
chng trong dung dch Mangan Clorua MnCl2, sau khuy chng l lng trong dung dch
Kali Permanganat KMnO4 nng 1%.
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Qui trnh sn xut: Ct c sng tuyn v ra sch a vo thng khuy trn vi dung
dch mt lng sao cho th tch ct chim 25% th tch ca thng. Ct c khuy trong
thng trn cha dung dch MnCl2 nng 15% trong thi gian t 1-2 pht. Sau tho dung
dch MnCl2 ra khi thng khuy cha vo thng d tr. Tip dung dch KMnO4 nng
1% vo thng khuy trn. Ct c khuy trn u vi dung dch ny trong thi gian 3
gi, sau b dung dch ny ri ngm ct 1 ln na trong dung dch MnCl2 15% khuy u
trong 2 pht, li mt ln na cho dung dch KMnO4 1% vo khuy u ct trong 3 gi. Tu
thuc vo chiu dy lp mng Mangan xit mun c trn b mt ht ct m lp li quy trnh
trn t 1-5 ln, mng thng c to ra u trn mt ct sau 3 ln ngm tm.
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nc
3. Trong iu kin sn xut, c th thc hin vic cy mng Mangan xit ln mt ht ct ngay
trong b lc. Vic khuy trn ct vi dung dch KMnO4 1% thc hin bng bm ra. ng ht
ca my bm ni tm thi vi thng ng dung dch KMnO4. Dung dch c bm qua b
lc ct ri li chy v thng. Dng cch ny tng thi k cn thit hon nguyn lp mng
MnO2 trn mt ct trong cc b lc tip xc sau qung thi gian lm vic mt kh nng xc
tc.
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PH LC 10
CC PHNG PHP KH MANGAN
1. Phi kh Mangan (Mn) nc cp cho nhu cu sinh hot v n ung khi hm lng Mn
trong nc ngun ln hn 0,2 mg/l.
2. Vic chn cc phng php kh Mn cng nh cc cc thng s tnh ton v liu lng cc
ho cht phi c tin hnh trn c s kt qa nghin cu thc nghim tm dy chuyn cng
ngh, thc hin trc tip ti ngun nc.
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3. Kh Mn trong nc mt c tin hnh ng thi vi qu trnh lm trong v kh mu.

Phn tnh ton cc cng trnh tun theo cc ch dn Mc 6. Phn cu to cng trnh phi ph
hp cho c hai qu trnh lm trong kh mu v kh Mn.
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4. Kh Mn trong nc ngm: Trng hp ngun nc cha c Mn v Fe, th phi so snh

hiu qu kinh t gia phng n kh Fe v Mn ng thi vi phng n kh Fe xong mi
kh Mn.
Nu vic kh Fe bt buc phi dng ho cht (St nm dng keo hoc c hm lng ln) th
vic kh Fe v Mn s tin hnh ng thi.
nc
Ghi ch: Qu trnh xy ho Mn (II) thnh Mn(III) v Mn(IV) bng xy ca khng kh ho

tan trong nc xy ra rt chm. Khi pH < 8, nu khng dng ho cht th vic oxy ho Mn2+
trong thc t khng xy ra hoc xy ra rt chm. Khi pH > 8,0, qu trnh xy ho Mn(II)
thnh Mn(IV) bng xy khng kh xy ra nhanh hn .
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5. Dy chuyn kh Mn l dng phi hp gia b lc cng cc bin php dng ho cht xy

ho Mn.
6. C th dng mt trong cc bin php sau kh Mn:
a) Lm thong ri lc qua Piroluzit, ct en.
b) Lc nc bng ct thch anh sau khi dng ho cht nh Clo, Clodixyt, zn hoc
KMnO4 oxy ho Mn.
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c) Dng Vi, Xt hoc Sa, kt hp dng phn ri lng lc.

d) Lc qua b Cationit.
Dy chuyn (a) ch thc hin c khi pH ca nc sau qu trnh lm thong t c gi tr

8,5. Khi pH < 7, mc d c cht xc tc, qu trnh xy ho Mn(II) bng xy khng kh
cng khng xy ra. Trong trng hp ny phi kim ho nng pH ca nc.
Dy chuyn (b) cn lu : Thi gian chuyn ho Mn(II) thnh Mn(III) v Mn(IV) khi dng
Cloioxyt v zn ti pH = 6,5-7 l 10-15 pht.
Khi dng Clo (cng ti pH nh vy) cn 60-90 pht.
Dy chuyn (c): Dng khi ngun nc c yu cu lm mm bng Vi hoc Sa hoc khi kt

hp vi c qu trnh kh St ng thi. Bn cht hin tng l khi nng pH ln 9-9,5, qu
trnh xy ho Mn(II) bng xy khng kh din ra nhanh chng v trong nc to ra bng cn
Mn(OH)3 v Mn(OH)4, n li ng vai tr xc tc trong qu trnh xy ho Mn(II).
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Dy chuyn (d): Bn cht ca phng php ny l qu trnh hp ph, trao i, t xc tc ca

ion Mn2+ xy ra trn b mt lp vt liu lc c ph mng hp ph - t xc tc Mangan Dixyt
Hydrat MnOx.yH2O. Loi vt liu lc ny c th iu ch nhn to hoc t nhin trong b lc.
Qu trnh kh Mn theo phng php ny phi tch khi qu trnh kh Fe bng b lc hai lp
hoc hai t l tu thuc vo tng lng Fe + Mn c trong nc v cng sut ca cng trnh.
B lc hai lp ch nn dng khi tng hm lng Fe + Mn ca nc ngm tnh theo cng thc
5Mn + 2Fe2+ 5mg/l v cng sut Q< 100m3/h. Trong trng hp Fe tn ti dng keo v c
hm lng ln, c th tch qu trnh kh Fe ti b lng v b lc ch lm nhim v kh Mn v
mt phn nh Fe cn li sau b lng. Kh Mn bng phng php ny c th p dung i vi
c ngun nc c 6.5 < pH < 7,5. Nc trng thi cn bng CaCO3. Chu k lc ca b lc
Mng gan nn ly trong khong 3 ngy < t < 14 ngy.
Dy chuyn (e) t c dng trong thc t sn xut.
a. Liu lng Clo, n tnh bng mg/l.

- Khi trong nc khng c NH4+
n = 1,3 [Mn2+]
nc
- Khi trong nc c NH4+

x = 1,3 [Mn 2+] + (5-10)[NH4+]
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8. Liu lng ho cht tnh ton kh Mn nh sau:
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7. Cu to b lc kh Mn chn ging nh b lc dng lm trong, kh mu cng nh

kh st.
Ch : Nu trong nc c cht hu c th phi tnh ti s tiu ph Clo oxy ho chng.
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b- Liu ln Cloioxy (mg/l)

c = 1,35 [Mn2+]
c- Liu lng zn (mg/l)
o = 1,45 [Mn2]
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d- Liu lng KMnO4 (mg/l)

k = 2,06 [Mn2+]
e- Liu lng Vi hoc Xt, hoc Sa a vo nc: nng pH ca nc ngun ln

tr s 9-9,5.
9. Khi kh Mn dng Clo, m pH ca nc ngun 7 th b lng phi c thi gian lu nc

khng t hn 60.
10. Khi kh Mn bng KMnO4 th dung dch KMnO4 pha nng 3%. Vic ho trn v bo
qun dung dch bng cc thng thp khng r, hoc nha. Khuy trn dung dch bng kh nn
hoc bng thit b c kh. Ho tan KMnO4 bng nc nng nhit 50-60C. Thi gian
khuy l 2-3h.
Lu lng KMnO4 tnh theo cng thc:
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q=
Q.D
C.3600
Trong :
q - Lu lng dung dch KMnO4, l/s.
Q - Lu lng trm x l, m3/h.
D - Liu lng KMnO4 g/m3.
C - Nng dung dch KMnO4, g/l.
w
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.v
nc
ol
d
.v
im a dung dch KMnO4 vo nc phi m bo sao cho qu trnh chuyn ho mu hng

sang mu vng gch c kt thc b lng hay b lng trong. Nu khng c b lng th qa
trnh phi kt thc trc khi dn nc vo b lc. Trong trng hp c dng phn th a
dung dch KMnO4 vo trc khi a phn vo nc.
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PH LC 11
KH SUNPHUA HYRO TRONG NC
1. kh Sunphua Hyro (H2S) v Hyr Sulfide (HS-) c th dng cc phng php sau:
Clo ho, lm thong ri Clo ho, axt ho, lm thong, keo t v lc.
2. Clo ho kh Sunphua Hyro trong nc phi tin hnh nh sau:
a. Liu lng: 2,1mg Clo cho 1 mg Sunphua Hyro trong nc.
Khi xc nh tng lng Clo x l phi tnh ton n lng yu cu thm Clo xy ho
cc hp cht khc c trong nc.
.v
Khi thiu nhng s liu ny, liu lng Clo b sung trn mc cn thit xy ho Sunphua
Hyro ly bng 2-3 mg/l.
ol
d
Khi lm sch nc theo phng php ny s to thnh cht l lng (lu hunh) v s lng
(tnh theo cht kh) bng hm lng Sunphua Hyro cha trong nc ngun. Khi cn kh lu
hunh trong nc phi d kin x l nc bng keo t v lc. Liu lng cht keo t c
xc nh bng thc nghim.
b) Liu lng Clo 8,4mg cho 1 mg/l Sunphua Hyro trong nc.
nc
Trong trng hp ny xy ra qu trnh xy ho Sunphua Hyro thnh Sulfit v s khng to

ra cht l lng (lu hunh).
w
.v
3. gim lng Clo, nc c pH nh hn 7,2, trc khi Clo ho phi lm thong trn dn
lm thong tip xc hoc thp ng (kh kh). Khi cn thit k dn lm thong h phi ly
cc thng s nh sau: Ti trng 15 m3/m2.h, dn lm thong c than cc, hoc x, ln
30-50mm, chiu dy mi lp 300-400mm; khong cch gia cc lp 600mm.
Khi hm lng Sunphua Hyro trong nc n 5mg/l phi c 3 lp; khi hm lng Sunphua
Hyro n 10 mg/l phi c 5 lp. Phng t dn lm thong phi c trang b qut gi c bi
s trao i th tch l 12 ln.
w
w
Phi thit k thp th kh khi cng Cacbonat nh hn 3 mgdl/l, vt liu tip xc dng vng
snh 25x25x3mm hoc bng g xp. Khi cng Cabonat ln hn 3 mgdl/l th dng g xp.
Ti trng trn thp kh khi c vt liu tip xc l vng snh ly bng 40 m3/m2.h; chiu cao
ca lp vng snh bng 2 m khi hm lng Sunphua Hyro di 10 mg/l, bng 3 m khi hm
ln Sunphua Hyro n 20 mg/l. Lu lng khng kh bng 20 m3 cho 1 m3 nc.
Ti trng trn thp kh kh c g xp ly bng 30 m3/m2.h. Chiu cao lp g phi cao hn

chiu cao ca lp vng snh 1m. Lng khng kh ly bng 15 m3 cho 1 m3 nc.
Bng cch lm thong nu gim c 20-30% lng Sulphua Hyro trong nc th vic tit
kim Clo mi tho ng.
4. Khi kh Sunphua Hyro trong nc theo phng php axit ho, lm thong phi d kin
trnh t x l nh sau:
-
Axit ho bng axit Sulfuric hoc axit Clohyric n khi pH=5,5.
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Lm thong trn thp kh kh.
Clo ho xy ho Sunphua Hyro cn li sau khi lm thong.
X l bng keo t v lc kh lu hunh dng keo sinh ra trong qu trnh lm thong

v Clo ho.
Liu lng axit (mg/l) gim pH xung 5,5 phi xc nh theo cng thc:
100
DK = K.e. c
Trong :
K: kim ca nc ngun mgdl/l.
e: Trng lng ng lng ca axit.
c: Hm lng axit Sulfuric, axit Clohyric trong axit k thut %.
.v
ol
d
Liu lng Clo oxy ho Sunphua Hyro cn li trong nc sau khi lm thong ly bng 45mg/l.
w
w
w
.v
nc
Nc c lm sch theo phng php axit ho, lm thong, lm trong phi x l n nh

tip theo bng kim ho kh tnh n mn.
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PH LC 12
KH AXIT SILC HO TAN TRONG NC
1. Kh cc hp cht ca axit Silc trong nc thc hin bng phng php sau:
a) gim hm lng SiO32- n 3-5 mg/l th keo t bng phn St hoc phn Nhm.
b) Khi kim ca nc di 2 mgdl/l, gim hm lng SiO32- n 1-1,5 mg/l th x
l bng Magenit kim. Qu trnh x l phi thc hin ti nhit nc trn 35C.
c) gim hm lng SiO32- xung 0,1-0,3 mg/l th lc nc qua cht hp ph Magie

xid theo s 2 bc c lm nng nc v m bo khi nc ra khi b lc c nhit
khng nh hn 40C.
.v
Ghi ch: Thit k kh Silic ng thi vi kh mui phi theo cc iu ghi Mc 6.
ol
d
2. Khi kh Silic trong nc bng keo t; liu lng FeSO4, FeCl3 hoc Al2(SO4)3 phi ly
bng 15 mg cho 1 mg SiO32- v pha thm Vi vi liu lng nng pH sau khi pha ln
7,8 n 8,3.
Liu lng vi tnh ton D (mg/l) (tnh theo CaO) xc nh theo cng thc:
Trong :
nc
CO 2 Dp
+
ep
Dv = 28 22
Dp - Liu lng phn tnh theo sn phm kh (mg/l)
w
.v
CO2 - Hm lng axit Cacbonic c trong nc ngun (mg/l)

ep - ng lng gam ca phn (mg/mgdl)
w
w
Tc dng nc i ln trong vng lng ca b lng trong phi ly bng 0,9-1 mm/s vi
chiu cao lp cn l lng khng nh hn 0,3 m. Lng nc trong thu ngn tch cn bng
10-25%. Khi cn gim cht l lng trong nc xung di 15 mg/l th phi lc nc.
3. Khi kh Silic trong nc, liu lng Magi xid hoc Dolomit nung chy Do (mg/l) phi
xc nh theo cng thc:
100
Do = (SiO32-)12 - 1,7 (Mg2+). C MgO
Trong :
SiO32-: Nng axit Silic trong nc ngun (mg/l)
Mg2+: Hm lng Magi trong nc ngun (mg/l)
CMgO: Hm lng MgO trong Magenit kim hoc olmit nung chy (%).
Liu lng Vi tnh theo CaO, Dv(mg/l) khi kim ca nc ln hn 2mgdl/l xc nh theo
cng thc:
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D .C
CO 2
MG 2 + D P
+ CK +
+
+ 0,5 o CaO
ep
12
100
Dv = 28. 22
Trong :
CO2 - Hm lng CO2 t do trong nc ngun (mg/l).
CK - cng Carbonat ca nc ngun (mgdl/l).
DP - Trng lng phn Fe hoc FeSO4 (mg/l).
ep - ng lng gam ca phn (mg/mgdl.
CCaO - Hm lng CaO trong Magenit kim hoc lmit nung (%).
.v
tnh ton b lng trong phi ly cc s liu sau:

Tc dng nc i ln trong vng lng trong bng 0,7-0,8 mm/s. Lng nc trong thu
ngn tch cn bng 30-40%. Chiu cao lp cn l lng 5,5-4,2m. Chiu cao vng lng 22,3m.
ol
d
4. Khi kh Silic bng cch lc qua cht hp ph Magie xid, cht ht ph cn phi cht vo
b lc thnh 1 lp cao 3,4-4m vi c ht 0,5-1,5mm.
nc
Nc trc khi a vo b lc hp ph, phi kh ht Bicarbonat v axit Carbonic t do. Nc

phi c un nng m bo nhit ca nc sau khi lc khng thp hn 40C. Tc
lc ly nh hn 10m/s.
Phi thit k h thng xi xi nh k cht hp th trong b lc bng dng nc i t di
ln vi cng 3-4 l/s.m2.
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Cht hp ph Magi xid khng hon nguyn c. Lng cha Silic ca cht hp ph ly
bng 10% trng lng ca n. Trng lng th tch khi thnh ng t 0,75-0,85g/cm3.
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PH LC 13
KH XY HO TAN TRONG NC
1. Kh xy ho tan trong nc khng cn un nng nc nh sau:

-
Phun nc trong chn khng ng vi im si ca nc ti nhit cho.
Lin kt xy ho tan vi cht kh Natri Sulfit.
2. Vic lin kt xy ho tan vi cht kh phi thc hin trong b trn p lc kn, tnh vi thi
gian nc lu li trong 5 pht. tng cng qu trnh kh xy trc khi cho vo nc cht
kh, cn pha cht xc tc l mui ng (1mg/lCu) hoc Cban (0,001mg/l Co) dng dung
dch 0,01%. Nu mun kh 1 mg xy phi a vo trong nc 8,5mg Natri Sulfit. Ho cht
a vo nc dng dung dch 3-5%.
ol
d
p lc trong thp kh kh ly theo bng PL 13.2.

Bng PL 13.1
Th tch vng snh (m3) tnh cho cng sut 1m3/h ti cc nhit
nc khc nhau
5C
10C
13C
20C
30C
5
10
0,068
0,053
0,045
0,04
0,032
0,074
0,059
0,050
0,045
0,035
0,080
0,058
0,058
0,05
0,045
w
.v
12
nc
Hm lng oxy
trong ngun,
mg/l
.v
3. Thp kh kh xy dng chn khng phi tnh vi ti trng nc l 50 m3/h.m2. Vt liu

tip xc c th dng vng snh 25x25x5mm. Th tch vng snh gim nng xy ho
tan trong nc ly theo bng PL 13.1.
Bng PL 13.2
Nhit ca nc C
20
30
40
0,028
0,053
0,055
0,09
w
w
p lc trong thp kh kh kg/cm2
15
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PH LC 14
TNH TON THU LC NG NG CP NC
A. TINH THEO TIU CHUN CA LIN BANG NGA
1. Tn tht p lc trong ng ng ca h thng truyn dn v phn phi nc gy ra bi tr

khng thu lc ca ng, cc mi ni cng nh ca cc ph tng trn ng.
2. Tn tht p lc trn mt n v chiu di ca ng ng (c gi l dc thu lc) i c
tnh c tr khng mi ni xc nh theo cng thc:
I = (/d) x (v2/2g) = (A1/2g) x [(Ao + C/v)m /dm+1 ] x v2
H s tr khng thu lc, xc nh theo cng thc:

d - ng knh trong ca ng, m
ol
d
= A1(A0 + B0d/Re)m /dm = A1(A0 + C/v)m /dm
.v
Trong :
v Vn tc nc chy trung bnh trong ng, m/s

g Gia tc trong trng, m/s2 .
Re = vd/ - Tr s Renon; B0 = CRe/vd
nc
- H s nht ng hc ca cht lng, m2/s
Gi tr ch s m m v h s A0, A1 v C i vi ng thp, ng gang, ng BTCT, ng nha v

ng thu tinh ly theo bng PL 14.1.
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3. Khi nc khng c x l n nh hoc khng c lp bo v bn trong hu hiu, tr

khng thu lc ca ng thp v gang mi tng nhanh. Trong cc trng hp , cng thc
xc nh tn tht p lc trong ng thp v ng gang mi ch s dng tnh ton kim tra
trong trng hp cn phn tch iu kin lm vic ca h thng cp nc giai on u khai
thc.
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ng thp v ng gang thng thng c s dng c lp bo v bn trong bng xi mng

polime hay xi mng ct. Trong trng hp khng c lp bo v v nc khng c x l n
nh, cn b sung thm h s (khng ln hn 2) vo cc gi tr Ao, C theo bng PL 14.1 v K
theo bng PL 14.2. Gi tr ca h s trn phi cn c trn cc s liu gia tng tn tht trong
ng lm vic trong cc iu kin tng t.
Bng PL 14.1.
S
TT
1
2
3
Loi ng
A0
1000A1
ng thp mi khng c lp bo v bn
trong hoc c lp ph bitum
ng gang mi khng c lp bo v
bn trong hoc c lp ph bitum
ng thp mi v ng
V<1,2 m/s
gang c khng c lp
V>1,2 m/s
bo v bn trong hoc
0,226
0,284
0,30
0,30
15.9
1000 x
(A1/2g)
0,810
0,684
14.4
0,734
2,360
1
1
17,9
21,0
0,912
1,070
0,867
0
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c lp ph bitum
ng BTCT nn rung
0,19
15,74
0,802
3,51
ng BTCT quay li tm
0,19
13,85
0,706
3,51
0,19
11,0
0,561
3,51
0,19
13,85
0,706
3,51
ng thp v ng gang c lp bo v
bn trong bng nha hay ximng
polime, ph bng phng php quay li
tm
ng thp v ng gang c lp bo v
bn trong bng ximng ct, ph bng
phng php quay li tm
ng nha
0,226
13,44
0,685
ng thu tinh
0,226
14,61
Ghi ch: Tr s C a ra vi = 1,3x106 m2/s
0,745
.v
ol
d
Nhng gi tr ny tng ng vi cng ngh ch to hin i.
Nu cc gi tr bo hnh Ao, A1, C ca nh sn xut khc vi cc ga tr trong bng PL 14.1,

th chng phi c ch ra trong catalog hoc trong tiu ch k thut sn xut ng.
nc
4. Tr khng thu lc ca cc mi ni cn xc nh theo s tay, tr khng thu lc ca cc

ph tng theo h s ca nh sn xut.
Khi khng s liu v mi ni v ph tng lp t trn ng ng, tn tht p lc cc b
cho php ly bng 10-20% so vi tn tht theo chiu di trn on ng.
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5. Khi tnh ton kinh t k thut v thc hin tnh ton thu lc mng li truyn dn v
phn phi nc trn my tnh in t, tn tht p lc trong ng ng xc nh theo cng
thc:
H = i x l = K x qn / dp x l, (m)
w
w
Trong :
q - Lu lng tnh ton, l/s

d - ng knh bn trong tnh ton ca ng, m
i - dc thu lc
l - Chiu di on ng
Tr s ca h s K v cc h s m n, p ly theo bng PL 14.2.
Bng PL 14.2.
S TT
1
2
3
4
Loi ng
ng thp mi khng c lp bo v bn trong
hoc c lp ph bitum.
ng gang mi khng c lp bo v bn trong
hoc c lp ph bitum.
ng thp v gang c khng c lp bo v bn
trong hoc c lp ph bitum.
ng BTCT nn rung
1000 K
1,790
p
5,1
n
1,9
1,790
5,1
1,9
1,735
5,3
1,688
4,89
1,85
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ng BTCT quay li tm
1,486
4,89
1,85
1,180
4,89
1,85
1,486
4,89
1,85
ng thp v ng gang c lp bo v bn trong

bng nha hay ximng polime, ph bng
phng php quay li tm.
ng thp v ng gang c lp bo v bn trong
bng ximng ct, ph bng phng php quay
li tm.
ng nha
1,052
4,774
1,774
ng thu tinh
1,144
4,774
1,774
.v
Ngoi ra khi tnh ton thu lc n gin cho cc on ng c lp c th dng cc bng tnh
thu lc hoc cc biu lp sn, tu thuc vo kch c cng nh vt liu ng v cc thng
s khc.
B. TNH THEO CNG THC CA M V CC NC EU
nc
ol
d
T 10 nm tr li y, mt s lng ln cng thc l thuyt v mt s cng thc thc nghim

tnh ton tn tht p lc ca M cng nh cc nc thuc Cng ng pht trin kinh t chu
u (EU) c s dng. Hu ht cc cng thc ny c nh gi c t chung mt ngun
gc t cng thc Colebrook, c u im l logic v p dng cho tt c cc loi cht lng, tuy
nhin cng c mt nhc im l dng ton hc ca n tng i phc tp. V vy cho n
nay, mt s cng thc thc nghim vn c s dng.
1) Phng trnh Darcy - Weisbach
V 2
2 gD
w
.v
J=
2) Phng trnh Manning
V =
w
w
Trong :
1 2 3 12
R J
n
J = 6,35( n V ) 2 D
Gi tr trung bnh ca h s n cho cc vt liu ng khc nhau:

- PVC-HDPE: 0,009 - 0,013
- ng gang c trng xi mng bn trong: 0,01 -0,013
- ng gang lng bn trong cn th nhp: 0,015
- ng b tng: 0,012 - 0,015
- ng thp c: 0,012
3) Cng thc Hazen - William
y l cng thc thng dng nht, c bit l ti M v Nht Bn. Tn tht p lc l hm ca

h s C, thay i theo ng knh ng v tnh trng b mt bn trong ca ng.
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V
J = 6,824( )1,852 D 1,167
C
Gi tr trung bnh ca h s C cho cc vt liu ng khc nhau:
- PVC; HDPE: 140-150
- ng gang c trng xi mng bn trong: 135-150
- ng gang lng bn trong cn th nhp: 80-120
- ng b tng: 0,012 - 0,015
- ng b tng, ng thp c: 130-150
Cng thc ny p dng cho tt c cc cht lng v kh, ti ni c iu kin chy ri (Re >
2400) tuy nhin khng p dng cho ng dn chuyn ti kh c chiu di qu ln.
.v
4) Cng thc Colebrook
K
2,51 1
= 2 log10
+
*
D
3
,
71
*
Re
Trong :
J =
2 gD
ol
d
Din gii
Tn tht theo chiu di (m/m)

H s tn tht
ng knh trong (m)
Vn tc trung bnh ti mt ct ang
nghin cu (m/s)
Gia tc trng trng (m/s2)
H s nhm tng ng trong cng thc
Colebrook (m)
Tr s Reynold
nht ng hc (m2/s)
Bn knh thu lc (m)
Tit din t ca ng (m2)
Chu vi t ca ng (m)
H s nhm trong cng thc Manning
H s tn tht trong cng thc HazenWilliam
w
.v
K
hiu
J
D
V
nc
K hiu ca tt c cc tham s trong cc cng thc nu trn:
g
k
w
w
Re
R
S
P
n
C
Th nguyn
Khng c th nguyn
Khng c th nguyn
n v chiu di
n v chiu di/thi gian
n v chiu di/(thi gian)2
n v chiu di
Khng c th nguyn
(n v chiu di)2/thi gian
n v chiu di
(n v chiu di)2
n v chiu di
Khng c th nguyn
Khng c th nguyn
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TCXDVN 33 2006 P CapNuoc MangLuoiVaCT PDF

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vncold.

Water Supply - Distribution System and Facilities

Tiu chun v h s dng nc khng iu ho, lu lng nc cha chy v p lc

Cng trnh thu nc

ng dn, mng li v cc cng trnh trn mng

Trang b in, kim sot cng ngh t ng ho v iu khin

Nhng yu cu v cc gii php xy dng, kt cu nh v

Cc yu cu b sung i vi h thng cp nc trong nhng iu kin kh hu thin

CP NC - MNG LI NG NG V CNG TRNH TIU CHUN THIT K

Tiu chun ny c p dng thit k xy dng mi hoc ci to m rng cc

2- Tiu chun v cp nc cha chy ly theo TCVN 2622-1995.

- Phi hp vi vic thit k h thng thot nc.

- Xt vn bo v v s dng tng hp cc ngun nc, phi hp cc im

- Chi ph qun l hng nm;

Chi ph in nng, ho cht cho 1m3 nc;

- Gi thnh x l v gi thnh sn phm 1m3 nc.

H thng cp nc sinh hot ca im dn c trn 50.000 ngi v

H thng cp nc sinh hot ca im dn c n 50.000 ngi v

H thng cp nc sinh hot ca im dn c n 5000 ngi v ca

Ghi ch: 1 - Nhng c s sn xut c h thng cp nc tun hon th xp vo bc II.

2 - Cc h dng nc c bit do c quan c thm quyn xt duyt khng

Tiu chun cp nc tnh theo u

Th trn, trung tm cng - nng nghip, cng ng nghip, im dn c nng thn

Thnh ph, th x va v nh, khu cng nghip

- i vi cc ngnh cng nghip khc: 22 m3/ha/ngy.

i vi cng nghip sn xut ru bia, sa, hp, ch bin thc phm,

Xy dng h cha iu chnh theo ma khi nhu cu ly nc nh hn hoc

Xy dng h cha iu chnh dng chy nhiu nm khi nhu cu ly nc

Nhu cu dng nc cho n ung sinh hot ca khu vc xy dng nh v cc

Ti v ra ng ph, qung trng, cy xanh, nc cp cho cc vi phun;

Cp nc n ung, sinh hot trong cc c s sn xut cng nng nghip;

Cp nc sn xut cho nhng c s sn xut dng nc i hi cht lng nh

Cp nc cho yu cu ring ca trm x l nc;

Cp nc cho cc nhu cu khc, trong c vic sc ra mng li ng ng

TIU CHUN V H S DNG NC KHNG IU HO, LU

Kngy max = 1,1 1,2

- Tiu chun cp nc (l/ngi.ngy):

1. H s bmax dng xc nh p lc ca my bm v chiu cao i m bo p lc

cn thit ca mng trong gi dng nc ln nht. H s bmin dng xc nh p lc

2. Khi xc nh lu lng tnh ton cng trnh v mng li, k c mng li bn

Vic phn phi nc theo gi trong ngy ca h thng cp nc tp trung ly theo

trong khu nh , h s b phi ly theo s dn c phc v, cn trong h thng cp

Ra bng c gii, mt ng v qung trng

Tiu chun cho 1

Phn xng to nhit trn

Lu lng gi mt nhm vi tm hng sen trong c s sn xut cng nghip cn

Loi phn xng

Tiu chun dng nc sinh hot trong c

c im v sinh ca qu trnh sn xut

S ngi s dng tnh

b) Lm bn qun o v tay chn

d) Thi nhiu bi hay cc cht bn c

a) Khng lm bn qun o v tay chn

Lu lng nc cho nhu cu sn xut ca cc c s sn xut cng nghip phi xc

LU LNG NC CHA CHY

Phi thit k h thng cp nc cha chy trong cc khu dn c, cc c s sn xut

p lc t do nh nht trong mng li cp nc sinh hot ca khu dn c, ti im

Trong h thng cp nc cha chy p lc cao, nhng my bm cha chy c nh

H thng cp nc cha chy phi dng p lc thp. Ch c xy dng h thng

2. Khi p lc trn mng li ln hn p lc cho php i vi nhng nh bit

m bo lu lng thng hoc ngy ca cc

Ghi ch: Bc tin cy cp nc ly theo iu 1.3.

Nhit cao nht ca nc cp cho n ung sinh hot khng c qu 35C.