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Mt S NG DNG CA BT NG THC C SI
NG DNG 1: Chng minh bt ng thc
Bi ton s 1. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng
1 1 1
a b c 9.
a b c
*Phn tch:
V tri cha a, b, c > 0 v cc nghch o ca chng.
V vy ta ngh n vic dng bt ng thc Csi.
Li gii:
Cch 1: p dng bt ng thc Csi cho cc b s a, b, c
1 1 1
, ,
a b c
ta c:
v
a b c 3 3 abc
1 1 1
1
33
a b c
abc
Nhn tng v ca hai bt ng thc trn ta c:
1 1 1
a b c 9
(pcm).
a b c
Cch 2:
1 1 1
b a
c a
b c
a b c 3 3 2 2 2 9
a c
a b c
a b
c b
Du "=" xy ra a b c
Bi ton s 1.1 Chng minh cc bt ng thc:
a.
a b c
3 (a, b, c > 0)
b c a
b. a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca
Bi ton s 1.2 Chng minh rng:
a.
x2 2
2 x R
x 1
p dng BT Csi cho 2 s x2 +1 v 1.
x 8
6 x > 1.
b.
x 1
p dng BT Csi cho 2 s x - 1 v 9.
2
c. a b ab 1 4ab a, b 0
p dng BT Csi ta c
a b 2 ab
ab 1 2 ab
n a1a2 ...an
bc ac ab 2
a, b, c > 0.
Gii.
t x= b + c, y = a + c, z = a +b
Khi x, y, z > 0 v
a
yzx
x z y
x yz
,b
,c
2
2
2
bc a c a b 2
2
2
2
1 x y x z y z
1
3
3 2 2 2 3 .
2 y x z x z x
2
2
Du "=" xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z.
Cch khc:
a
b
c
1 x y z x y z x y z
6
b c a c a b 2
x
y
z
1 1 1
1
1
3
x y z 6 9 6
2
2
2
x y z
bc ca ab abc
a2
b2
c2
abc
2.
bc ca ab
2
1.
1 1
4
x y x y
(1)
Phn tch:
Do x, y > 0 nn BT (1) c th suy ra t BT Csi hoc
xt hiu.
Gii
Cch 1: S dng BT Csic cho 2 s dng x, y:
x y 2 xy
x y 4 xy
x y
4
xy
x y
1 1
4
x y x y
2
Cch 2. Xt hiu ca 2 v:
4
y x y x x y 4 xy
x y 0
0
0
x y
xy x y
xy x y
2
(2)
2
p a p b pc
a b c
trong
abc
2
Bi tp tng t:
Bi 1. Chng minh rng:
a2 b2 c2
a2 b2 b2 c2 a2 c2
3
ab
cb
ac
abc
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
a b a b b c b c c d c d d a d a
Bi 3. Cho
0 a , b, c 1
a 2 b 2 c 2 1 a 2b b 2 c c 2 a
2
bc ac ab
a b c
x
yz
4
3
x 2 xy y 2
x6 y6
y2 x2
4 ab
p dng bt ng thc
BT trong tam gic
a
b
c
3.
bc a ac b abc
Gii:
Cch 1.
t x = b + c a; y = a + c - b; z = a + b c.
Khi x, y, z > 0 v
x y
xz
yz
,b
,c
.
2
2
2
V tri:
a
b
c
1 x y yz zx
b c a a c b a b c 2
z
x
y
1 x y x z y z
1
2 2 2 3
2 y x z x z y
2
Du bng xy ra
x y
y x 2
x z
2 x y z a b c.
z x
y z
z y 2
Cch 2.
Nhn xt: Do a, b, c, l di 3 cnh ca tam gic nn ta
c:
a + b - c > 0; a + c b > 0; b + c - a > 0
p dng BT Csi cho cc cp s dng:
a bcacb
a
2
a c b b c a c
a b c a c b
b c a (a b c ) b
Ta c:
a
b
c
abc
33
b c a a c b a b c
bc a a c b a bc
33
abc
3
abc
ABC, a b c.
Chng minh rng: a b c
9bc. (*)
Gii
V a b a b c b b c 2b c .
chng minh (*) ta cn chng minh: 2b c
Tht vy:
2
2b c 2
9bc. (1)
9bc
4b 4bc c 2 9bc
2
4b 2 4bc c 2 bc
2b c bc
2
Ta c:
0 2b c 2b b b
2
2b c bc (pcm)
0 2b c 2c c c
Bi tp 3.2. Chng minh rng
a
3
b c
2
b
3
c a
2
c
3
a b
2
2.3 4
(*)
Tht vy:
1
b c 2
4
Tng t:
a3 c3
Do :
a
3
b c
2
b
c a
2
c
a b
2
a
b
c
(3)
bc ac ab
3 4
M:
a
b
c
2a
2b
2c
c
a
c
a
b
2
(
b
c
)
2
(
a
c
)
2
(
a
b)
2a
2b
2c
(4)
2
bac abc abc
Do:
ab c
bc a
ac b
Cc bi tp khc:
Bi tp 3.3 Cho a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca 1 tam gic v
c chu vi l 2. Chng minh rng: a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc < 2.
Bi tp 3.4 Cho a, b, c l 3 cnh ca 1 tam gic. Chng
minh rng:
a 2 b c a b 2 a c b c 2 a b c 3abc
1
1
1 abc
3 3 3
6
b
c
abc
a
a 3 b 3 c
Du = xy ra a1 = = an
* T BT trn ta suy ra:
+ Nu a.b = k (const) th min(a + b) = 2 k a = b
+ Nu a + b = k (const) th max(a.b) =
k2
4
a = b
* M rng i vi n s khng m:
+ Nu a1.a2an = k (const) th min(a1 + a2 + + an) =
nn k
a1 = a 2 = = a n
+ Nu a1 + a2 + + an = k (const) th max(a1.a2an) =
k
n
a1 = a 2 = = a n
x y
Bi lm:
1 1 1
x y 2
Ta c:
1
1
> 0,
> 0,
y
x
1 1 Cs 1 1 1
.
x y 2 x y
x > 0,
y>0.
1
1
xy 4
xy 4
x
y 2
y 2 44
Vy min A = 4 x = y = 4
Nhn xt: Trong v d trn ta s dng BT Csi theo
2 chiu ngc nhau:
+ Dng
c
ab
ab
2
xy 4
1 1 1
t
x y 2
x y dng kt
xy 4
5
7
x
3
3
Ta c: A2 = ( 3x 5 ) + ( 7 3x ) + 2 3x 5 7 3x
A2
( 3x 5 + 7 3x ) + 2 = 4
x 9
5x
Bi gii:
iu kin: x
A
9. Ta c:
x9
5x
1 x9
x9
x 99
3
.3
1
2 3
3
3
5x
5x
10 x
30
Du = xy ra
Vy max A =
x 9
3 x 18
3
1
x 18
30
x 9
.3
3
c tm bng cch ly
9 , s 9 c trong bi)
Bi gii
16
16
16
3x 4 16
4 x.x.x.
A=
=
3
x
4
x3
x3
x3
x3
4.2 = 8 ( du = xy ra x
16
x2)
x3
Vy min A = 8 khi x = 2
V d 2: (Tch mt hng t cha bin thnh tng ca
mt hng s vi mt hng t cha bin sao cho hng t
ny l nghch o ca mt hng t khc c trong biu
thc cho)
9x
2
9x
2 x
9x 2 x
1 2
.
1 2 9 1 7
2 x
x
2 x x
Du = xy ra
9x
2 x
1
x
2 x
x
2
1
Vy min A = 7 x
2
2 x
1 .
thnh tng
x
x
2 x
x
nghch o vi
nn khi vn dng BT
2 x
x
Tm GTNN ca P =
yz zx x y
Bi gii
V x, y, z > 0 ta c:
x2
yz
p dng BT Csi i vi 2 s dng
v
ta c:
4
yz
x2
yz
x2 y z
x
2
.
2. x (1) . Tng t ta c:
yz
4
yz 4
2
y2
x z
y (2)
xz
4
z2
x y
z (3)
x y
4
x2
y2
z2
x yx
x yz
z
z
x
x
y
2
x y z
P x xy z
1
2
2
Du = xy ra x y z
3
2
Vy min P = 1 x y z
3
yz
x2
Nhn xt: Ta thm
vo hng t th nht
c
4
yz
trong bi, khi vn dng BT Csi c th kh c
(y + z). Cng nh vy i vi 2 hng t cn li ca bi.
Du ng thc xy ra ng thi trong (1), (2), (3)
xyz
2
3
1 1
Tm GTLN ca P = 1 1 1
a
b
c
1
1
3
3
3
abc
Do c th khai trin P ri c lng theo BT Csi
Bi gii
1 1 1 1
1
1
1
Cch 1: P 1
a b c ab bc ac abc
p dng BT Csi cho 3 s dng ta c:
1
a b c 3 3 abc 1 3 3 abc abc 3
3
(1)
1
3
3 27
abc
Mt khc:
3
Phn tch: a, b, c > 0 abc
1
1 1
1
3
33
3 27
ab ac bc
abc
1 1 1
1
33
32
a b c
abc
(2)
. a 1 b 1 c 1
a
b
c
abc
1
P
a a b c b a b c c a b c
abc
43 4 4 4 4
P
a b c 43 64
abc
P
1 1
tm GTLN ca P = 1 1 1
a
b
c
VD 2: Tm GTLN ca B =
y2
y
x 1
Bi gii
1.( x 1) 1 x 1 1
x 1
x
x
x
2
2. y 2 2 y 2
y2
1
2
y
y
y
4
2 2
max B =
x 1 1 x 2
1
2 2 2
2
2 4
4
y4
VD 3: Cho 2 s dng x, y c x + y = 1
1
1
Tm GTNN ca B = 1 2 1 2
x
y
Bi gii
2
1
1
Ta c: B = 1 2 1 2 = 1 +
xy
x
y
1 x y
CS
4 xy xy 8 B 9
Vy min B = 9 x y
1
2
1
1
1
1
y
z
2
1
1 x
1 y
1 z
1 y 1 z
Tng t:
1
2
1 y
zx
1 x 1 z
1
2
1 z
xy
1 x 1 y
Vy max P =
P xyz
yz
1 y 1 z
1
8
1
1
x yz
8
2
Ta c: x y 2 4 xy 4 x y 2
xy 1
Min |x + y| = 2 khi x = y, khi
x y 2
Khi x = y = 1 hoc x = y = - 1
+ Khi x = y = 1 th M = 9
+ Khi x = y = - 1 th M = 17
VD 6:
Cho cc s thc khng m a1, , a5 tho mn: a1 +
+ a5 =1
Tm GTLN ca A = a1a2 + a2a3 + a3a4 + a4a5
Bi gii
Ta c: A = a1a2 + a2a3 + a3a4 + a4a5 (a1 + a3 + a5)(a2 +
a4)
a1 a3 a5 a2 a4
2
a1 a3 a5 a2 a4
1
a1 a3 a5 a2 a4
2
1
A
4
1
1
1
a1 a2
a1 a3 a5 a2 a4
2
Vy max A =
2
4
a3 a4 a5 0
x a x b
x
(x
> 0)
x a x b
A
x
Bi gii
x 2 ax bx ab
ab
ab x
x
x
A a b 2 ab min A a b 2 ab .
ab
x ab
Du = xy ra x
x
2
1
vi 0 < x < 1
VD 8: Tm GTNN ca hm y =
1 x x
Bi gii
2
1
2 2x 2x 1 x x
Ta c: y = 1 x x
( 0 < x < 1)
1 x
x
2x 1 x
2x 1 x
3 2
.
3 2 2
1 x
x
1 x x
2x 1 x
x 2 1
Du = xy ra
1 x
x
= 3
a b
1
x y
bx ay
.
a b 2 ab
y x
min S a b 2 ab
ay bx
x
y
x a ab
a b
1
x y
y b ab
4 x 4 16 x 3 56 x 2 80 x 356
VD 10: Tm GTNN ca P =
x2 2x 5
Bi gii
4 x 4 16 x 3 56 x 2 80 x 356
Ta c: P =
x2 2 x 5
CS
256
2
64
= 4 x 2 x 5 2
x 2x 5
Suy ra min P = 64 x = 1 hoc x = - 3
Bi tp tng t
BT 1: Cho x, y > 0 tho mn x. y = 1. Tm GTLN ca A =
x
y
2
2
x y
x y4
4
yz x 1 xz y 2 xy z 3
xyz
x2 1
; x 0
x2
8
D 2
3x 2
x2 1
E 2
x 1
x2 x 1
F 2
; x 0
x x 1
x2 x 1
G 2
x 2x 1
x
H
; x 0
2
x 2000
C
1
1
1
2 . Tm
1 a 1 b 1 c
P = 1 1
x
y
D 1 x 1 ; x 0
x
x2
E x 1
2 ; x 1
x 1
2
x
5
; x 0,1
1 x x
x
2
G
; x 1
2 x 1
F
1
1
E = x y
y
x
BT 7: Tm GTLN v GTNN ca A =
BT 8: Tm GTLN ca A =
3 x 6 x ; 3 x 6
x, y 1
x 1 y 1 bit x y 2
Tm GTNN ca S = a 2 b 2
y, a l cc s thc tho mn 1
4
y a 4
x8 a
BT 14: Tm GTNN ca A =
bit a > 0, x > 0
x
BT 15: Vi gi tr no ca s dng a th biu thc D t
GTNN ?
A = a1000 a 900 a 90 a 5
1995
a
BT 19: Tm GTLN ca B =
x 1995
; x 0
BT 21: Tm GTLN ca H = x 1 x 2 vi 1 x 1
BT 22: Tm GTLN ca biu thc:
P=
x
y
z
1 x 1 y 1 z
1 y z 1 x z 1 x y
BT 23: Tm GTNN ca f x, y x
1
x, y 0
;
xy x y
x y
x2 2
x2 1
x 8
vi x > 1
x 1