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B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC KINH T QUC DN




ON VIT DNG

L THUYT CU TRC CNH TRANH NGNH


VI VIC NNG CAO NNG LC CNH TRANH
CA CC NGN HNG THNG MI
VIT NAM HIN NAY
Chuyn ngnh: Kinh t hc ( Kinh t Vi m)
M s: 62 31 01 01

LUN N TIN S KINH T

Ngi hng dn khoa hc: 1. PGS.TS PHM VN MINH


2. PGS.TS T TRUNG THNH

H NI - 2015

ii

LI CM N
Tc gi lun n xin trn trng cm n tp th lnh o v cc thy c gio
Trng i hc Kinh t quc dn, Khoa Kinh t hc, cn b Vin Sau i hc ca
trng. Tc gi c bit xin gi li cm n chn thnh v su sc nht ti tp th
gio vin hng dn PGS.TS. Phm Vn Minh v PGS.TS. T Trung Thnh
nhit tnh hng dn v ng h tc gi hon thnh lun n.
Tc gi xin cm n bn b, ng nghip v nhng ngi thn trong gia nh
lun ng h, to iu kin, chia s kh khn v lun ng vin tc gi trong sut
qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu hon thnh bn lun n ny.

Xin trn trng cm n.

iii

LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan y l cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc ca ring c nhn
ti. Cc s liu, kt qu nu trong lun n ny l trung thc v cha tng c cng
b trong bt c cng trnh nghin cu no khc.
Tc gi

on Vit Dng

iv

MC LC
LI CM N ............................................................................................................ ii
LI CAM OAN ..................................................................................................... iii
DANH MC T VIT TT.................................................................................. vii
DANH MC CC BNG ........................................................................................ x
DANH MC CC TH .................................................................................... xi
DANH MC CC S ..................................................................................... xii
CHNG 1: M U............................................................................................ 1
1.1.

Tnh cp thit ca ti ................................................................................ 1

1.2.

Mc ch, ni dung, i tng, phm vi nghin cu ca lun n ............. 3

1.2.1. Mc ch nghin cu ca lun n .................................................................... 3


1.2.2. Ni dung nghin cu ........................................................................................ 4
1.2.3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu ca lun n ................................................ 4
1.3.

Phng php nghin cu v s liu .............................................................. 6

1.4.

ng gp ca lun n..................................................................................... 7

1.5.

Kt cu ca lun n. ....................................................................................... 7

CHNG 2: TNG QUAN NGHIN CU V C S L LUN .................. 8


2.1.

Tng quan cc nghin cu............................................................................. 8

2.1.1. Tng quan cc nghin cu ti Vit Nam.......................................................... 8


2.1.2. Tng quan nghin cu ti cc nc ............................................................... 10
2.2.

Tng quan v ngn hng thng mi......................................................... 12

2.2.1. Khi nim v ngn hng thng mi ............................................................. 12


2.2.2. Chc nng ca ngn hng thng mi ........................................................... 13
2.3.

C s l lun v cu trc cnh tranh ngnh v nng lc cnh tranh ..... 14

2.3.1. C s l lun v cu trc cnh tranh ngnh ................................................... 14


2.3.2. C s l lun v nng lc cnh tranh ............................................................. 23
2.3.3. Cc ch s o lng nng lc cnh tranh v hiu qu hot ng ca ngn
hng thng mi............................................................................................. 30

2.3.4. C s l lun v mi quan h gia cu trc cnh tranh ngnh v nng


lc cnh tranh ................................................................................................. 35
CHNG 3: THC TRNG CU TRC CNH TRANH NGNH
NGN HNG V NNG LC CNH TRANH CA CC NGN
HNG THNG MI VIT NAM ..................................................................... 51
3.1.

Tng quan v ngnh ngn hng Vit Nam ................................................ 52

3.1.1. Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca h thng ngn hng .......................... 52
3.1.2. c im ca h thng ngn hng sau nm 2007 - 2008............................... 55
3.2.

Nhng hn ch ca h thng ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam .............. 61

3.2.1. C ch v th ch cn nhiu hn ch ............................................................. 62


3.2.2. Cht lng dch v cha mnh ................................................................. 62
3.2.3. Nng lc qun tr v cng ngh cn nhiu hn ch ....................................... 63
3.2.4. Trnh cn b nhn vin ngn hng cha cao ............................................. 64
3.2.5. Nng lc cnh tranh cn yu.......................................................................... 64
3.3.

Thc trng cu trc cnh tranh ngnh ngn hng Vit Nam. ................ 65

3.3.1. Mc cnh tranh ca cc i th hin ti: .................................................. 65


3.3.2. Mi e da ca nhng ngi gia nhp tim nng .......................................... 67
3.3.3. Mi e da ca cc sn phm thay th: ......................................................... 68
3.3.4. Sc mnh ngi mua ..................................................................................... 69
3.3.5. Sc mnh ca ngi cung ng ....................................................................... 70
3.4.

Cu trc ngnh ngn hng v nng lc cnh tranh ca cc ngn


hng thng mi .......................................................................................... 71

3.4.1. c lng hiu qu k thut ca cc ngn hng thng mi........................ 72


3.4.2. Cu trc cnh tranh ngnh ngn hng v hiu qu k thut. ......................... 98
CHNG 4: KIN NGH NNG CAO NNG LC CNH TRANH
CA CC NGN HNG THNG MI VIT NAM ................................... 109
4.1.

Nhm kin ngh i vi Chnh ph v ngn hng Nh nc................. 109

4.1.1. Gii php t Chnh Ph ................................................................................ 109


4.1.2. Gii php t Ngn hng Nh nc............................................................... 115

vi

4.2.

Nhm kin ngh i vi cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam .............. 118

4.2.1. Pht trin theo nh hng th trng mc tiu ........................................... 118


4.2.2. Nng cao hiu qu qun tr trong ngn hng ............................................... 119
4.2.3. Tng cng nng lc ti chnh v t ch ti chnh ...................................... 120
4.2.4. Hin i ha cng ngh ngn hng, xy dng vn ha kinh doanh............. 121
4.2.5. Pht trin a dng ha sn phm v dch v theo hng pht trin chiu
su ................................................................................................................ 122
4.2.6. Nng cao nng lc cn b cng nhn vin................................................... 124
PHN KT LUN ................................................................................................ 126
NHNG CNG TRNH CA TC GI CNG B ................................ 128
DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................. 129
PH LC ............................................................................................................... 138

vii

DANH MC T VIT TT

Tn vit tt

Tn ting Vit

ABBank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn An Bnh

ACB

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Chu

BIDV

Ngn hng thng mi c phn u T v Pht Trin Vit


Nam

DaiABank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn i

DongABank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn ng

EIB

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Xut nhp khu Vit Nam

HabuBank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Nh H Ni

HDBank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Pht trin TP. HCM

KienLongBank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Kin Long

MBB

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Qun i

MDB

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Pht trin M Kng

MHB

Ngn Hng Pht Trin Nh BSCL

MSB

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Hng hi Vit Nam

NamABank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Nam

NaviBank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Nam Vit

OceanBank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn i dng

OricomBank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Phng ng

PGBank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Xng du Petrolimex

PNB

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Phng Nam

SacomBank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Si Gn Thng tn

SaigonBank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Si Gn Cng Thng

viii

Tn vit tt

Tn ting Vit

SeaBank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn ng Nam

SHB

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Si Gn - H Ni

TechcomBank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn K thng Vit Nam

VIBank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Quc t Vit Nam

VietABank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Vit

VietCapitalBank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Bn Vit

VietcomBank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Ngoi thng Vit Nam

VietinBank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Cng thng Vit Nam

VPBank

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Vit Nam Thnh Vng

WEB

Ngn hng thng mi c phn Phng Ty

CIEM

y ban Quc gia v Hp tc Kinh t Quc t

CONS

Khng i theo quy m

DEA

Phng php phn tch bao d liu

DRS

Gim theo quy m

EPS

H s thu nhp/c phiu

GDP

Tng sn phm trong nc

IRS

Tng theo quy m

NHLD

Ngn hng lin doanh

NHNN

Ngn hng Nh nc

NHNNg

Ngn hng nc ngoi

NHTM

Ngn hng thng mi

NHTMCP

Ngn hng thng mi c phn

NHTMNN

Ngn hng thng mi nh nc

NIM

Thu li bin rng

ix

Tn vit tt

Tn ting Vit

NOM

Thu ngoi li bin rng

OECD

T chc Hp tc v Pht trin Kinh t

PE

Hiu qu quy m.

ROA

Thu nhp rng/ Tng ti sn

ROE

Thu nhp rng/ Vn ch s hu

SE

Hiu qu k thut thun ty.

SFA

Phng php phn tch bin ngu nhin

TCTD

T chc tn dng

TDND

Tn dng nhn dn

TE

Tng hiu qu k thut.

TFP

Ch s nng sut nhn t tng hp

TNHB

Thu nhp hot ng bin

DANH MC CC BNG
Bng 3.1:

S lng cc ngn hng thng mi qua cc nm.............................. 54

Bng 3.2:

N xu cc NHTM Vit Nam giai on 2005 -2012 .......................... 61

Bng 3.3:

Kt qu phn tch la chn cc bin u ra, u vo.......................... 76

Bng 3.4:

Kt qu c lng hiu qu k thut (TE) hiu qu k thut thun


(PE) v hiu qu quy m (SE) ca cc ngn hng thng mi giai
on 2008-2013 .................................................................................. 77

Bng 3.5:

Bng xp hng hiu qu k thut ca cc NHTM Vit Nam giai


on 2008-2013 .................................................................................. 80

Bng 3.6:

S lng cc ngn hng c hiu sut tng (ICR), gim (DCR) v


khng i theo quy m (CONS) giai on 2008-2013. ...................... 87

Bng 3.7 :

Thng k tm tt cc bin s dng trong m hnh SFA ..................... 92

Bng 3.8 :

Kt qu c lng cc tham s ca m hnh ...................................... 94

Bng 3.9:

Hiu qu k thut ca cc ngn hng thng mi ............................... 96

Bng 3.10 : Xp hng hiu qu k thut ca cc ngn hng thng mi ............... 97


Bng 3.11: Kt qu c lng mi quan h Hiu qu k thut, th phn tn
dng, tng ti sn v tng trng tng i. ...................................... 99
Bng 3.12: Kt qu c lng mi quan h Hiu qu k thut, th phn tn
dng, vn ch s hu v tng trng tng i. .............................. 100
Bng 3.13: Kt qu c lng mi quan h Hiu qu k thut, th phn huy
ng, vn ch s hu v tng trng tng i. .............................. 100
Bng 3.14: Kt qu c lng mi quan h th phn huy ng, vn ch s
hu v tng trng tng i. .......................................................... 101
Bng 3.15: Kt qu c lng mi quan h th phn huy ng, tng ti sn
v tng trng tng i. .................................................................. 102
Bng 3.16: Kt qu c lng mi quan h th phn tn dng, vn ch s
hu v tng trng tng i. .......................................................... 102
Bng 3.17: Kt qu c lng mi quan h th phn tn dng, tng ti sn v
tng trng tng i. ...................................................................... 103
Bng 3.18: Mi quan h ROA, ROE v hiu qu k thut ca cc NHTM
Vit Nam giai on 2008 - 2013 ....................................................... 106

xi

DANH MC CC TH
th 3.1:

Vn ch s hu ca cc ngn hng thng mi giai on 2008 2012 .... 55

th 3.2 : Tng ti sn ca cc ngn hng thng mi giai on 2008 2012 ........ 56


th 3.3:

Tng trng huy ng, tng trng tn dng.............................................. 57

th 3.4:

Huy ng vn ca cc ngn hng thng mi giai on 2008 2012 ..... 58

th 3.5:

D n tn dng ca cc ngn hng thng mi giai on 2008 2012.... 59

th 3.6:

N xu ca cc NHTM Vit Nam giai on 2005 2012 ................... 61

th 3.7:

ng bao d liu (DEA).................................................................... 72

th 3.8:

Mi quan h gia th phn v hiu qu k thut nm 2013 ................ 104

th 3.9:

Mi quan h gia vn ch s hu, tng ti sn v hiu qu k


thut nm 2013 .................................................................................... 104

th 3.10: Mi quan h gia vn ch s hu, tng ti sn v tng trng nm


2013 ..................................................................................................... 105
th 3.11: Mi quan h gia tng trng tng i, li nhun v hiu qu
nm 2013 ............................................................................................. 105
th 3.12: Mi quan h gia ROA, ROE v TE giai on 2008 - 2013 .............. 107
th 3.13: N xu cc ngn hng thng mi giai on 2008 - 2013 ................. 107

xii

DANH MC CC S

S 2.1 :

M hnh 5 lc lng cnh tranh ............................................................ 15

S 2.2:

M hnh cc yu t quyt nh ca li th cnh tranh .......................... 29

S 2.3:

M hnh phn tch tc ng ca c cu cnh tranh n hiu qu


hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam ............................ 50

S 3.1:

H thng t chc tn dng Vit Nam .................................................... 53

CHNG 1: M U
1.1. Tnh cp thit ca ti
Tri qua hn 25 nm i mi, chng ta chng kin s thay i nhanh chng
ca h thng ngn hng Vit Nam, th hin l tr ct ca h thng ti chnh, gp
phn quan trng vo tng trng kinh t t nc. Tc ny c th hin thng
qua s lng, quy m vn v s lng sn phm, dch v ca cc ngn hng thng
mi tng ln nhanh chng. Cng vi s thay i l nhng ng gp quan trng
ca h thng ngn hng i vi nn kinh t. H thng ngn hng huy ng v
cung cp mt lng vn kh ln cho nn kinh t, c tnh d n tn dng vt trn
130% GDP, gn 50% vn u t ton x hi. Tc tng trng huy ng vn qua
cc nm mc 22 47% (Ng Xun Thanh, 2012). Tuy nhin, t nm 2008 khi
kinh t th gii ri vo cuc khng hong kinh t ti t nht t sau cuc i suy
thoi nm 1929 1933. Nn kinh t Vit Nam cng khng trnh khi b nh hng:
chu k kinh t thu hp bt u t qu I/2008 v ngy cng tr nn r rt vo cc qu
sau. Du hiu nn kinh t trong mt chu k thu hp c th hin di tc ng ca
chnh sch ti chnh, tin t tht cht, tc tng trng suy gim, gi c tng cao,
th trng chng khon suy gim, th trng bt ng sn m m. Lc ny vai tr
quan trng ca h thng ngn hng c th hin thng qua vic gp phn y li
v kim ch lm pht, tng bc duy tr s n nh ca ng tin v t gi, gp
phn ci thin kinh t v m, mi trng u t v pht trin sn xut kinh doanh.
C th ni, h thng ngn hng l cu ni gia cc thnh phn kinh t gip cho
dng vn lu thng, thc y s pht trin nn kinh t.
Tuy nhin, h thng ngn hng Vit Nam vn cn nhiu tn ti ng lo ngi
m c bit l nng lc qun tr doanh nghip khng theo kp tc pht trin
nhanh chng ca quy m, mng li, loi hnh sn phm, dch v ti chnh v mc
ri ro trong hot ng. NHTM cnh tranh thiu lnh mnh dn n s thiu tn
trng cc chnh sch, php lut trong hot ng ngn hng. V nng lc ti chnh
ca cc NHTMVN cn hn ch v hiu qu kinh doanh thp so vi cc ngn hng
trong khu vc v trn th gii. T nhng tn ti trn, nhn thy vn cp thit

phi thay i trong giai on pht trin vn ti c cu c cp t nm


2006 trong n pht trin ngnh Ngn hng Vit Nam n nm 2010 v nh
hng n nm 2020 ban hnh km Quyt nh s 112/2006/Q-TTg ngy
24/5/2006 ca Th tng Chnh ph. c bit, trong nhng nm gn y khi cuc
khng hong kinh t din ra trn th gii, tc ng ti s pht trin ca nn kinh
t v h thng ngn hng Vit Nam. S yu km ca cc ngn hng c phn nh
r nt thng qua cht lng ti sn thp, n xu tng cao. iu i hi h thng
ngn hng Vit Nam cn c cc bin php x l, khc phc kp thi. Do , trong
giai on hin nay vic ti c cu h thng NHTM c gn lin theo n Ti cu
trc nn kinh t ca Chnh ph vi 3 lnh vc cn ti cu trc: doanh nghip Nh
nc, u t cng v h thng ngn hng thng mi. Tri qua hn 2 nm thc hin
ti c cu theo n c cu li h thng cc t chc tn dng giai on 2011
2015 ban hnh Quyt nh s 254/Q-TTg ngy 01/03/2012 ca Th tng Chnh
ph. H thng ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam thu c mt s thnh cng nht
nh nh: m bo c tnh thanh khon ca h thng v to iu kin n nh
kinh t v m; kim sot c cc NHTM yu km thng qua vic sp nhp hoc
cho php t ti c cu; thnh lp Cng ty mua bn n VAMC cho php x l n
xu cc t chc tn dng nhm n nh hot ng. Tuy vy, vn cn nhiu tn ti
cn c tho g tng cng sc khe cho h thng ngn hng nh: n xu vn
cn cao; vn s hu cho, u t cho trong cc t chc tn dng cn thiu minh
bch; vn iu l mt s NHTMCP khng phn nh ng thc cht dn n nguy
c chi phi, thao tng hot ng ngn hng. iu ny gy ri ro nh hng n hot
ng v kh nng cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng.
Bn cnh , khi tin b ca khoa hc k thut ngy mt pht trin ko gn
cc nn kinh t th gii li vi nhau v cc khong cch ngy mt b loi b th sn
chi s ngy cng bnh ng hn. Vit Nam cng khng phi l mt ngoi l, trong
tin trnh hi nhp nn kinh t th gii, cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam c
nhiu c hi song cng chu nhiu thch thc. So vi cc ngn hng thng mi
trong khu vc v trn th gii, cc NHTMVN cn rt non tr v trnh , quy m
cng nh k nng nghip v kinh doanh. Vi sc p trong giai on hi nhp kinh

t quc t th hin s cnh tranh ngy cng gia tng buc cc ngn hng thng mi
Vit Nam phi khng ngng i mi.
T nhng vn trn tc gi la chn ti L thuyt cu trc cnh tranh
ngnh vi vic nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng thng mi
Vit Nam hin nay vi mc tiu ng gp mt phn nh trong vic nghin cu
cu trc cnh tranh ngnh c nh hng nh th no ti hiu qu ti chnh, cng
nh nng lc cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam. Thng qua
nghin cu ny gip cc ngn hng thng mi c ci nhn tng quan nhm nng
cao nng lc cnh tranh tng kh nng cnh tranh trong mi trng kinh t m.

1.2.

Mc ch, ni dung, i tng, phm vi nghin cu ca lun n

1.2.1. Mc ch nghin cu ca lun n


Nghin cu mt cch khoa hc c s l lun v l thuyt cu trc cnh tranh
ngnh ngn hng v l thuyt nng lc cnh tranh. Trn c s xy dng mi
quan h gia cu trc cnh tranh ngnh ngn hng tc ng ti nng lc cnh tranh.
Da trn m hnh l thuyt phn tch thc trng hot ng ca cc NHTM
Vit Nam v phn tch mi quan h gia cc nhn t nh hng ti hiu qu hot
ng ca cc ngn hng.
T , a ra cc kin ngh nhm nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca cc
NHTM Vit Nam.
c th t c cc mc tiu nghin cu ni trn, lun n ny cn tr li
c cc cu hi nghin cu c th sau y:
NHTM Vit Nam thuc cu trc th trng no?
Nhng nhn t no quyt nh ti cu trc cnh tranh ngnh v thng qua
tc ng ti hiu qu ti chnh ca NHTM Vit Nam?
Cn lm r cc gi thuyt nghin cu sau tr li cc cu hi nghin cu trn:
Mc cnh tranh gia cc ngn hng thng mi chu s tc ng mnh
ca cc nhn t - hng ro gia nhp ngnh, th phn ca cc ngn hng v tp
trung ca ngnh.

Hng ro gia nhp th trng quyt nh tc tng trng ca cc ngn


hng thng mi v do c tc ng tch cc n hiu qu ti chnh.
C mi quan h cng chiu gia th phn v hiu qu ti chnh ca cc ngn
hng thng mi.

1.2.2. Ni dung nghin cu


Lun n bao gm cc ni dung sau:
Khi qut l thuyt v cu trc cnh tranh ngnh v nng lc cnh tranh ca
cc NHTM Vit Nam.
Nghin cu tng quan v c im ca cc NHTM Vit Nam v nng lc
cnh tranh tc ng ti hiu qu ti chnh ca cc NHTM Vit Nam trong giai on
t nm 2008 - 2013.
Trn c s nh gi c nhng nhn t tc ng ti hiu qu hot ng
ca cc NHTM Vit Nam thng qua cc phng php nh lng. Phn tch c
mc nh hng ca cc nhn t nh hng ti hiu qu hot ng ca cc
NHTM Vit Nam.
Kt qu nh gi s l tin a ra cc kin ngh i vi cc NHTM Vit
Nam cng nh i vi NHNN nhm nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca cc NHTM
Vit Nam trong giai on hi nhp kinh t quc t.

1.2.3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu ca lun n


i tng nghin cu: Hin ti c hn 100 cc ngn hng v t chc tn
dng hot ng trong lnh vc ti chnh tin t Vit Nam. Trong khi h thng
ngn hng l mt cu ni quan trng ca cc thnh phn kinh t, n s tc ng ti
nn kinh t ca mt quc gia. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm va qua hot ng trong
h thng ngn hng bc l nhiu yu km e da s an ton ca ton h thng v
nh hng ti s pht trin ca ton b nn kinh t. Bn cnh , trong giai on
hi nhp kinh t quc t s cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng trong v ngoi nc ngy
cng gia tng. V vy, i tng nghin cu ca lun n l nng lc cnh tranh ca
cc NHTMVN hot ng Vit Nam. phn tch nng lc cnh tranh ca mt

ngn hng c th s dng nhiu cch tip cn khc nhau. Trong nghin cu ny, tc
gi phn tch nng lc cnh tranh bng hiu qu hot ng ca cc NHTMVN.
Hiu qu hot ng th hin vic ngn hng s dng cc kt hp u vo to
u ra hiu qu, tm ra cc nhn t v phn tch nh lng nh hng ca n n
hiu qu hot ng ny ca cc NHTM Vit Nam.
Phm vi nghin cu: Trong nhng bi nghin cu ca cc tc gi trc thng
tp trung nghin cu vo mt vi NHTMNN hoc cc ngn hng ln, do khng
phn nh mt cch y nng lc cnh tranh v hiu qu ti chnh ca h thng
NHTM Vit Nam. Trong khi , nhng nm va qua tc gia tng nhanh chng
ca cc NHTMCP tc ng mnh m n h thng ngn hng. Do , lm r
bc tranh ton cnh hot ng ca h thng NHTM Vit Nam, lun n s tp trung
nghin cu vo cc NHTMCP Vit Nam hot ng Vit Nam. Bn cnh , lun
n s m rng phm vi nghin cu th hin r 2 giai on pht trin ca h thng
ngn hng theo giai on pht trin kinh t.
T nm 2000 - 2007, y l thi k Vit Nam y nhanh qu trnh hi nhp
kinh t quc t, vi vai tr l cu ni ca cc thnh phn kinh t cc ngn hng y
nhanh qu trnh ci cch, s thnh lp ca cc ngn hng mi khng ngng gia tng
chun b cho s cnh tranh khi hi nhp.
Tuy nhin, t nm 2008 - 2012, mi trng v m khng my thun li tc
ng ti hot ng ca cc NHTM, lm pht gia tng (nm 2008 l 19,89%, nm
2011 l 18,58%, n nm 2012 cn 6,81%), cn cn thng mi thm ht ln, th
trng ti chnh trong nc v quc t din bin phc tp, li sut, t gi, gi vng
bin ng mnh... Trong giai on ny, nn kinh t trong nc chu tc ng tiu
cc ca cuc khng hong ti chnh v suy thoi kinh t ton cu, bn cnh vn
lm pht cao v suy gim tc tng trng kinh t trong nc. i vi h
thng ngn hng vi t cch l trung gian ti chnh nn cng chu s tc ng, mi
trng kinh doanh v hot ng gp nhiu kh khn lm cho cht lng tn dng
suy gim v n xu tng nhanh hn tc tng trng tn dng. Trong giai on
2008-2011, tc tng trng d n tn dng bnh qun 26,56% nhng tc tng
trng n xu bnh qun 51%, n nm 2012 tc tng trng d n tn dng t

8,91%. C th ni giai on 2008-2012 l giai on y kh khn v thch thc, i


hi cc ngn hng phi c mt ni lc mnh m, phn ng nhanh nhy trc din
bin phc tp ca tnh hnh kinh t, ng thi khng ngng nng cao nng lc kinh
doanh, nng lc cnh tranh c th tn ti v pht trin trc s sng lc ngy
cng kht khe ca th trng ti chnh trong thi k hi nhp kinh t quc t. Tuy
nhin, trong giai a ny tc tng trng h thng ngn hng l tng i nhanh
nhng s tng trng v s lng khng gn lin vi mt cu trc hp l v cht
lng tng trng. Bn cnh , tn dng ngn hng tng trng nhanh, quy m tn
dng so vi GDP tng nhanh lm cho h thng ngn hng d b tn thng t
nhng s thay i bt li ca nn kinh t. Hiu qu hot ng ca cc NHTM gp
nhiu bt cp, t phi c ci nhn ton din hn na v h thng NHTM. Hn
na, ngun s liu ca thi k nghin cu ny bo m tnh ng b hn, y
hn, c tin cy cao hn, cp nht v phn nh tt vic nh gi hiu qu hot
ng ca cc NHTMVN Vit Nam.
Trong lun n ny, do c th ca ngnh ngn hng l mt t chc ti chnh
quan trng ca nn kinh t nn tc gi chia cc NHTM thnh 2 nhm theo ch s hu.
Nhm 1: cc Ngn hng thng mi Nh nc.
Nhm 2: cc Ngn hng thng mi c phn.

1.3. Phng php nghin cu v s liu


Lun n nghin cu cu trc ngnh tc ng ti nng lc cnh tranh ca cc
NHTM Vit Nam, do vy ph hp vi ni dung v mc ch ca lun n ra
ngoi phng php nghin cu v mt nh tnh nh phng php duy vt bin
chng kt hp vi lch s. Lun n cn c s kt hp phng php tip cn nh
lng vi cng c ng dng l phng php phn tch bao d liu (DEA), m hnh
Tobit v phn tch bin ngu nhin (SFA) lm r hiu qu hot ng v cc nhn
t nh hng ti hiu qu hot ng ca cc NHTM Vit Nam.
D liu ca lun n c thu thp thng qua bo co ca Ngn hng Nh
nc v bo co thng nin ca cc NHTM Vit Nam giai on 2000 - 2012.

1.4. ng gp ca lun n.
Lun n ny c ng gp c v mt l lun v thc tin. Da trn l thuyt
v cu trc cnh tranh ngnh, lun n xc nh cu trc ca ngnh ngn hng
Vit Nam. Bn cnh , lun n lm r c s l lun v nng lc cnh tranh v ch
ra mi quan h gia cu trc ngnh v nng lc cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng. Bng
vic xy dng th phn nh mi quan h gia c cu cnh tranh tc ng n
hiu qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng, lun n hnh thnh cc gi thuyt v mi
quan h gia cc nhn t trong cu trc cnh tranh ngnh ngn hng phn tch
thc trng hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam.
Trn c s l lun v cu trc cnh tranh ngnh v nng lc cnh tranh, lun
n phn tch thc trng v nh gi hiu qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng qua
phng php phn tch bao d liu (DEA), m hnh Tobit v phn tch bin ngu
nhin (SFA) ch ra cc nhn t nh hng ti hiu qu k thut, nhng im
mnh v yu ca cc NHTM Vit Nam. Ngoi ra vic quan st xu hng bin ng
hiu qu k thut, cng vi bng xp hng cc ngn hng gip cc nh qun l c ci
nhn tng quan v thc trng hiu qu k thut cng vi cc nhn t tc ng ti
hiu qu k thut ca cc ngn hng, t a ra k hoch nhm nng cao hiu qu
k thut v kh nng cnh tranh ca h thng NHTM Vit Nam.
Da trn kt qu nghin cu, lun n a ra cc kin ngh i vi Chnh ph
v NHNN nhm hon thin khung chnh sch v iu hnh h thng NHTM Vit
Nam. Bn cnh , di gc vi m, lun n s gip cc NHTM nng cao hiu
qu hot ng v nng lc cnh tranh trong giai on hi nhp kinh t quc t.

1.5. Kt cu ca lun n.
Chng 1: M u
Chng 2: Tng quan nghin cu v c s l lun
Chng 3: Thc trng cu trc cnh tranh ngnh ngn hng v nng lc cnh
tranh ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam.
Chng 4: Kin ngh nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng
thng mi Vit Nam
Phn kt lun

CHNG 2
TNG QUAN NGHIN CU V C S L LUN
2.1. Tng quan cc nghin cu
2.1.1. Tng quan cc nghin cu ti Vit Nam
Vi vai tr trung gian ti chnh, h thng ngn hng c bit quan trng i
vi kinh t mt quc gia. Chnh v vy, c rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu lin quan
n nng lc cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng thng mi nh: nghin cu ca ng
Hu Mn nm 2010 v Nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng thng
mi Vit Nam, hay nghin cu cu Bi Tn nh nm 2007 v Nng cao nng
lc cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam khi Vit Nam chnh thc
gia nhp t chc thng mi th gii(WTO), hoc nghin cu ca Nguyn Qunh
Hoa (2007) v Nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit
Nam trong qu trnh hi nhp kinh t quc t .Tuy nhin cc nghin cu trn ch
yu da trn phng php m t s liu t a ra cc nhn nh v thc trng
nng lc cnh tranh ca mt s ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam.
Bn cnh cng c nhiu nghin cu v hot ng ca h thng ngn hng
v cu trc th trng ca ngnh ngn hng. Tuy nhin, cn nhiu nghin cu vn
tip cn theo phng php truyn thng l nghin cu v mt nh tnh nh: nghin
cu ca L Dn (2004) [ 3 ], hay nghin cu ca Hong Xun Thnh (2007), hoc
nghin cu ca Phm Thanh Bnh (2005) [ 14 ]. Ni dung ch yu da vo cc ch s
ti chnh v s liu thng k phn tch v hot ng ca cc ngn hng ri t
a ra cc kin ngh. Hoc bi vit ca V Thnh Danh Phn tch hot ng kinh
doanh ca h thng ngn hng thng mi c phn Vit Nam nm 2008 s dng
phng php phn tch hiu qu truyn thng da trn phn tch cc ch s ti chnh.
Trong giai on gn y bt u xut hin nhng cng trnh nghin cu v
mt nh lng d khng phi l nhiu nh: Nguyn Th Vit Anh (2004) [10]
nghin cu v ngn hng Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn Vit Nam bng

phng php xc nh hm bin ngu nhin v c lng hiu qu k thut di


dng hm chi ph Cobb - Douglas, tuy nhin vic nghin cu ch p dng i vi
mt ngn hng s khng phn nh y . Hay nghin cu ca Nguyn Vit Hng
(2008) [ 12 ] v cc nhn t nh hng ti hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi
s dng cch tip cn tham s v phi tham s trong vic o lng hiu qu hot
ng, nghin cu s dng cng c v mt nh lng kh y nhng giai
on nghin cu din ra trong bi cnh h thng ngn hng Vit Nam ang thi k
pht trin mnh khi cha chu cc bin c kinh t c bit tc ng vo. Hay nghin
cu ca Phm L Thng (2011) thng qua vic s dng hm sn xut bin ngu
nhin. Nhn chung, s lng cc nghin cu nh lng cn rt khim tn, nu c
cng ch mi dng li mc s khai, n gin cha phn nh c ht mc
phc tp ca vn . Hn ch ch yu m cc nghin cu ny gp phi l cha
nh dng ng dng hm v nghin cu mi ch dng li nh gi cho mt s t
cc ngn hng nh nc. Bn cnh , mt s nghin cu ngoi ngnh c th lm
c s vn dng linh hot trong nghin cu ngnh ngn hng c th k n nh:
Nghin cu ca Nguyn Khc Minh (2004) s dng cng c DEA kh mnh m
trong vic c lng hiu qu k thut ca 32 ngnh sn xut H ni v thnh
ph H Ch Minh (Tp.HCM) thng qua s dng s liu hn hp. Bi vit s dng
phng php tip cn tham s, thng l hm sn xut bin ngu nhin (SFPF), v
phng php tip cn phi tham s, thng l phn tch bao d liu (DEA) vi s
liu H ni v Tp.HCM trong giai on 2000-2002. Kt qu nghin cu a ra
hiu qu k thut ca 2 thnh ph ln nht nc ta chch lch nhau khng ng k.
Vic nng cao tnh hiu qu ca cc ngnh khng k ti qui m ln ti 40%. Cch
s dng phng php bao d liu ca tc gi ch ng trong vic tm hiu cc
nhn t nh hng, to ra mt ci nhn a chiu v kt qu phn tch tr nn thuyt
phc hn. Tuy nhin, nghin cu ny c b s liu ch trong ba nm, nn vic d
on iu g xy ra vi cc ngnh sn xut ca hai thnh ph cn mang tnh ch
quan, cha bao qut ht xu hng bin ng ca ngnh trong di hn.

10

Nh vy c ch ra rng, c rt nhiu cc nghin cu khc nhau v nng lc


cnh tranh v hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi. Mc d trong thi gian gn
y xut hin nhiu hn cc nghin cu v mt nh lng nhng ch yu cc
nghin cu vn da trn phng php nghin cu truyn thng v y l cch
nghin cu d hiu v d tnh. Tuy nhin, cha c nghin cu c th v tc ng
ca cu trc ngnh ti nng lc cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam
ti Vit Nam.

2.1.2. Tng quan nghin cu ti cc nc


i vi cc nc trn th gii, cng c nhu tc gi nghin cu v nng lc
cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng thng mi nh: Florin Maican Competitive
conditions in the Swedish banking system Osmis Areda Habte tp trung nghin
cu v nh hng cu cuc khng hong ti chnh nh hng ti kh nng cnh
tranh ca trong h thng ngn hng Thy in giai on 2003 2010. Hay nghin
cu ca Filip Switala, Malgorzata Olszak v Iwona Kowalska (2013) v
Competition in commercial banks in Poland analysis of Panzar Rosser H
statistics nghin cu phn tch mc cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng Ba Lan. Hoc
nghin cu ca Micheal Koetter(2013) Market structure and competition in
German banking phn tch cu trc th trng ca cc ngn hng c nh
gi sc mnh ca th trng.
Cc nghin cu ti cc nc c vn dng nghin cu v mt nh
lng t rt lu. Vic nghin cu lin quan n hiu qu k thut v hiu qu phn
phi hay hiu qu kinh t ca cc ngnh sn xut cc nc pht trin v ang pht
trin c nhiu tc gi cp n. Nhiu tc gi s dng DEA phn tch su
v mc hiu qu cng nh nguyn nhn dn n s phi hiu qu ca cc doanh
nghip nh Pitt and Lee (1981); Changanti and Damanpour (1991); Prada v cng
s (1997), Deyoung v Nolle (1996).
Trong lnh vc Ngn hng- Ti chnh, c bit c kh nhiu cc phn tch p
dng phng php DEA cho khu vc Bc M chng hn nh Miller v Noulas
(1996), Berger v Mester (2001). Kt qu nghin cu thu c t khu vc ny c

11

nhiu nt tng ng d cc nghin cu c cch tip cn thi gian v s liu khc


nhau. iu ny c th l gii bi c ch hot ng ca cc ngn hng Bc M c s
tng ng; li nhun ngn hng khng c nhiu bin ng v t c hi gia tng li
nhun t vic cnh tranh vi cc i th khc. Hay Alam (2001) v Mukherjee et.al
(2001) s dng Malmquist nghin cu cc ngn hng thng mi Hoa K trong
nhng nm 1980. Tng t nh vy, DEA cng c s dng r sot hiu qu
trong lnh lc ngn hng ca c quc gia thuc ca Cng ng kinh t chu u.
Nhiu ngi cho rng, vic nh gi cc ngn hng chu u s thu c mc
chnh lch hiu qu rt ln, l do khc bit cu trc v qui m ngn hng. Phn
tch ca Casu v Molyneux (2000) cho thy rng: qua cc nm, c mt ci thin nh
trong hiu qu ngn hng nhng s khc bit xut pht t tim lc kinh t ca quc
gia khc nhau vn dn n chnh lch hiu qu rt ln. c bit, J.C. Paradi et. al
(2004) xut s dng phng php DEA chun kt hp phng php DEA
trng hp xu nht trong nh gi ri ro tn dng. Trong nghin cu ny, Paradi
s dng s liu nm trc khi ph sn ca cc cng ty np n ph sn trong nm
1996 v nm 1997 Canada. D. Varias & S. Sofianopoulou (2012) s dng
phng php DEA vi cc u ra bao gm n; ti sn thu nhp khc; tin gi v cc
u vo bao gm chi ph li vay/tin gi; chi ph qun l khc/ti sn c nh; chi
ph cho nhn vin/tng ti sn, nhm nh gi hiu qu ca cc NHTM Hy Lp. M.
H. Eken & S. Kale (2010) li s dng 2 cch tip cn l cch tip cn sn xut v
cch tip cn li nhun vi cng cc bin u vo v ch khc nhau cc bin u
ra. Tuy nhin, nghin cu ny tp trung nhiu hn vo vic xem xt hiu sut ca
cc NHTM thay i theo quy m nh th no khi s dng phng php DEA vi
gi nh hiu sut thay i theo quy m (VRS).i vi khu vc Chu , Fukuyama
(1993) p dng DEA nghin cu hiu qu quy m ca 143 ngn hng thng mi
Nht Bn v nghin cu Leigh Drake & Maximilian J.B Hall (2000) nh gi hiu
qu hot ng ca h thng ngn hng Nht Bn. Nghin cu ca Xiaoqing Fu v
Shelagh Hefferman (2005) s dng m hnh hm hi quy 2 bc xc nh nh
hng ca mt s bin ti hiu qu hot ng ca khu vc ngn hng Trung Quc.

12

Chen v Yeh (2000) nghin cu cc ngn hng i Loan v Gilbert and Wilson
(2000) nghin cu cc ngn hng Hn Quc cng s dng cc phng php
tng t. Chen & Pan (2012) iu tra trn 34 ngn hng thng mi i Loan
giai on 2005 2008, da trn cc thng s ri ro tn dng vi phng php tip
cn bao d liu. Nghin cu s dng gi tr trung bnh ri ro tn dng (hiu qu k
thut CR-TE) ti mi ngn hng kt hp vi ch s thu nhp trn mi c phiu
(EPS) phn loi cc NHTM thnh 4 nhm. Liu et.al (2007) s dng phng php
DEA vi ng bin hiu qu v ng bin phi hiu qu kt hp phng php
TOPSIS nhm a ra cch xp hng da trn cc tiu ch ny. Nghin cu p
dng cc phng php ny cho xp hng 15 cng ty trong top 500 cng ty ton cu.
T nhng nghin cu ca cc tc gi i trc, c th thy cc nghin cu v
ti Vit Nam thng tch bit gia nng lc cnh tranh v hiu qu hot ng ca
cc ngn hng thng mi. Trong khi cc nghin cu nc ngoi s dng
nhiu cng c v mt nh lng s lm tin kt hp gia cc nghin cu
trong v ngoi nc tm ra cc bin ph hp vi mi trng hot ng ca cc ngn
hng ti Vit Nam.

2.2. Tng quan v ngn hng thng mi


2.2.1. Khi nim v ngn hng thng mi
Theo Lut cc t chc tn dng Vit Nam c quy nh: t chc tn dng l
doanh nghip c thnh lp theo quy nh ca lut cc t chc tn dng v cc quy
nh khc ca php lut hot ng ngn hng.
Ngn hng l mt trong cc t chc ti chnh quan trng nht ca nn kinh
t. Ngn hng thng mi l loi hnh t chc tn dng c thc hin ton b hot
ng ca ngn hng v cc hot ng kinh doanh khc c lin quan (Ngh nh s
59/2009/N-CP ca Chnh ph v t chc v hot ng ca NHTM). Ngn hng l
mt loi nh ch ti chnh trung gian m qua cc ngun tin nhn ri trong x
hi c tp trung li v h tr ti chnh cho cc thnh phn kinh t trong x hi.
Bn cnh , thng qua cc hot ng ca mnh cc ngn hng cn cung cp cc

13

sn phm, dch v ngn hng ca mnh p ng nhu cu ca cc thnh phn kinh t


trong x hi nhm gia tng li nhun cho ngn hng.

2.2.2. Chc nng ca ngn hng thng mi


Trung gian ti chnh: Ngn hng l mt t chc trung gian ti chnh vi hot
ng ch yu l chuyn tin tit kim thnh u t, i hi s tip xc vi hai loi
c nhn v t chc trong nn kinh t: (1) cc c nhn v t chc tm thi thm ht
chi tiu, tc l chi tiu cho tiu dng v u t vt qu thu nhp v v th h l
nhng ngi cn b sung vn; v (2) cc c nhn v t chc thng d trong chi tiu,
tc l thu nhp hin ti ca h ln hn cc khon chi tiu cho hng ha, dch v v
do vy h c tin tit kim. S tn ti hai loi c nhn v t chc trn hon ton
c lp vi ngn hng. iu tt yu l tin chuyn t nhm (2) sang nhm th (1)
nu c hai cng c li. Nh vy thu nhp gia tng l ng lc to ra mi quan h ti
chnh gia hai nhm ny. Nu dng tin dng tin di chuyn vi iu kin phi
quay tr li vi mt lng ln hn trong mt khong thi gian nht nh th l
quan h tn dng. Nu khng th l quan h cp pht hoc hn vn. Tuy nhin,
quan h trc tip gia hai nhm b gii hn do s khng ph hp v qui m, thi
gian, khng gianiu ny cn tr quan h trc tip pht trin v l iu kin ny
sinh trung gian ti chnh. Ngn hng thng mi chnh l mt nh ch ti chnh
trung gian thc hin chc nng ny. [15, tr.13-14]
To phng tin thanh ton: Tin c mt chc nng quan trng l lm
phng tin thanh ton. Cc ngn hng khng to c tin kim loi nhng cc
ngn hng to phng tin thanh ton khi pht hnh giy nhn n vi khch hng.
Giy nhn n do ngn hng pht hnh vi u im nht nh tr thnh phng
tin thanh ton rng ri c nhiu ngi chp nhn. Nh vy, ban u cc ngn
hng to ra phng tin thanh ton thay cho tin kim loi da trn s lng tin
kim loi ang nm gi. Vi nhiu u th, dn dn giy n ca ngn hng thay
th tin kim loi lm phng tin lu thng v phng tin ct tr; n tr thnh tin
giy. Trong iu kin pht trin thanh ton qua ngn hng, cc khch hng nhn
thy nu h c c s d trn ti khon tin gi thanh ton, h c th chi tr c
c hng ha v dch v theo yu cu. Theo quan im hin i, i lng tin t bao

14

gm: tin giy trong lu thng (M0), s d trn ti khon tin gi giao dch ca khch
hng ti ngn hng, tin gi trn ti khon tin gi tit kim v tin gi c k hn
Khi ngn hng cho vay, s d trn ti khon tin gi thanh ton ca khch hng tng
ln, khch hng c th dng mua hng ha v dch v. Do , bng vic cho vay
(hay to tn dng), cc ngn hng to ra phng tin thanh ton (tham gia to ra M1).
Ton b h thng ngn hng cng to phng tin thanh ton khi cc khon tin gi
c m rng t ngn hng ny n ngn hng khc trn c s cho vay.
Trung gian thanh ton: Ngn hng tr thnh trung gian trong thanh ton ln
nht hu ht cc quc gia hin nay. Thay mt khch hng, ngn hng thc hin
thanh ton gi tr hng ha v dch v. vic thanh ton nhanh chng, thun tin
v tit kim chi ph, ngn hng a ra cho khch hng nhiu hnh thc thanh ton
nh thanh ton bng sc, y nhim chi, nh thu, cc loi thcung cp mng li
thanh ton in t, kt ni cc qu v cung cp tin giy khi khch hng cn. Cc
ngn hng cn thanh ton b tr vi nhau thng qua ngn hng Trung ng hoc
thng qua cc trung tm thanh ton. Nhiu hnh thc thanh ton c chun ha
gp phn to tnh thng nht trong thanh ton khng ch gia cc ngn hng trong
mt quc gia m cn gia cc ngn hng trn ton th gii. Cc trung tm thanh
ton quc t c thit lp lm tng hiu qu ca thanh ton qua ngn hng, bin
ngn hng tr thnh trung tm thanh ton quan trng v c hiu qu. [15, tr.15-16]

2.3. C s l lun v cu trc cnh tranh ngnh v nng lc cnh tranh


2.3.1. C s l lun v cu trc cnh tranh ngnh
Michael Porter l mt tn tui ln trong lnh vc chin lc cnh tranh.
Trong h thng l thuyt ca mnh, c trnh by ch yu trong hai cun sch ni
ting: Chin lc cnh tranh (Competitive Strategies) v Li th cnh tranh
(Competitive Advantage).
Micheal Porter- i hc Havard trong Competitive Strategy, New York,
Free Press, 1980 a ra 5 yu t lc lng quyt nh mc cnh tranh trong
mt ngnh (hoc trong mt th trng c th) l:

15

Cnh tranh gia cc i th hin ti trong ngnh

Sc mnh ca nhng ngi cung ng

Sc mnh ca nhng ngi mua

Mi e do ca nhng ngi gia nhp mi

Mi e do ca nhng sn phm hoc dch v thay th


Mi lc lng ny li chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t khc m bn thn

cc yu t cng cn phi c nghin cu to ra mt bc tranh y v s


cnh tranh trong mt ngnh. S tc ng qua li gia cc lc lng quyt nh
mt ngnh hp dn nh th no i vi cc doanh nghip trong . Thc t, gi
tr ca m hnh 5 lc lng khng phi ch cung cp nhng d on cho mi
kiu ngnh m ch cung cp cho cc nh qun l mt danh mc y c th s
dng xc nh nhng c im quan trng nht ca s cnh tranh trong ngnh.
Cc c im ny to ra xut pht im cc doanh nghip c th xy dng
chin lc cnh tranh.
Mi e da ca nhng
ngi gia nhp tim nng

Sc mnh ca
ngi cung ng
(Khch hng
gi tin)

Cnh tranh gia cc


i th hin ti
(Cnh tranh gia cc
ngn hng hin ti)

Sc mnh ca
ngi mua
(Khch hng
vay tin)

Cc sn phm thay th

S 2.1 : M hnh 5 lc lng cnh tranh


Ngun: Porter,M.E (1980)

16

Mc cnh tranh gia cc i th hin ti


i th hin tai ca cc ngn hng thng mi chnh l cc ngn hng trong
h thng. Da trn phn tch ca Porter ch ra cc yu t xc nh mc cnh
tranh ca cc i th hin ti nh sau:
Tng trng ca ngnh: Nu ngnh ang tng trng nhanh th mi doanh
nghip c th tng trng m khng cn phi chim th phn ca cc i th do
thi gian qun l s c dnh cho vic duy tr s tng trng cng vi s tng
trng nhanh ca ngnh ch khng phi l dnh tn cng i th. Nh th s
cnh tranh trong ngnh ang tng trng s t cng thng hn. i vi ngnh ngn
hng th tc tng trng cao trc khi xy ra cuc khng hong ti chnh trn th
gii do mc cnh tranh khng cao. Tuy nhin, khi cuc khng hong ti
chnh xy ra ngnh ngn hng pht trin chm v suy gim cc ngn hng thng
mi cnh tranh tng dn ln.
Chi ph c nh cao: Chi ph c nh ca cc ngn hng tng i cao do vy
nu khng duy tr c lng bn c th gy ra s st gim li nhun. Do cc
ngn hng s rt quan tm n vic duy tr lng bn v c xu hng gim gi nu
h cm thy c nguy c gim lng bn.
D tha cng sut khng lin tc:Nu mt ngnh tri qua nhng thi k
vt cng sut hoc do cu giao ng hoc v tnh kinh t cu qui m i hi nhng
b sung cho cng sut l rt ln th s cnh tranh c xu hng cng thng hn.
S khc bit v sn phm, s xc nh nhn hng v chi ph chuyn i
ca khch hng: i vi ngnh ngn hng th sn phm, dch v l tng i ging
nhau v khch hng c th chuyn t ngi cung ng ny sang ngi cung ng
khc m mt chi ph khng cao do khch hng s rt nhy cm vi gi v cu v
sn phm ca mi ngn hng s rt co dn dn n cnh tranh l rt cng thng.
iu ny ch ra cc ngn hng tng lng trung thnh ca khch hng vi sn
phm, dch v ca ngn hng mnh cn to ra nhng sn phm khc bit nhau ng
k v gia tng chi ph chuyn i ca khch hng.

17

S cc ngn hng v quy m tng i ca chng: Nu s cc ngn hng sn


xut cc sn phm thay th l tng i ln th s rt kh gim st hot ng ca
nhau v s c nguy c l mt s ngn hng tin rng mnh c th tin hnh cnh
tranh m khng b pht hin. V th s cnh tranh c xu hng cng thng. S cc
ngn hng m nh th s cnh tranh s t hn. Nhng nu cc ngn hng c cng
quy m th iu cng lm tng cnh tranh v kt qu cng khng r rng. Mc
cng thng ca cnh tranh s l thp nht trong cc ngnh c tng i t ngn
hng v mt trong cc ngn hng mnh hn cc ngn hng khc.
S a dng ca cc i th cnh tranh: Nu cc i th cnh tranh c mc
ch ging nhau, c vn ho cng ty ging nhau th h s c xu hng suy ngh theo
cch ging nhau. Lc c th d on cch thc m mi ngn hng s phn ng
v nht tr v mt tp hp cc qui tc chi ngm. Ngc li, nu khng th th s
cnh tranh s c xu hng cng thng hn.
Li ch ca ngn hng: S cnh tranh s c xu hng cng thng hn nu s
thnh cng ca ngnh ngn hng c tm quan trng c bit i vi cc ngn hng
trong ngnh, hoc v s ng gp ca thnh cng cho li nhun ca cc ngn
hng hoc v n c mt gi tr chin lc no i vi s thnh cng ca chng.
Hng ro rt khi cao: Nu vic rt khi ngnh phi chu chi ph cao th cc
doanh nghip s thn trng li ngnh v s cnh tranh s c xu hng cng thng.
Chi ph ca vic rt khi ngnh c th bao gm cc chi ph ti chnh nh tr lng
thi vic hoc mt mt v gi tr ca cc ti sn chuyn mn ho cao nhng cng c
th bao gm cc chi ph tm l nh nhng ngi qun l khng sn sng t b kinh
doanh hoc mt uy tn vi chnh ph v gy ra tht nghip. Thc t cho thy i vi
ngnh ngn hng th chi ph rt ra khi ngnh l cao do s cnh tranh gia cc
ngn hng c xu hng gia tng.
Mi e do ca nhng ngi gia nhp tim nng
i vi vic tham gia vo th trng ca cc i th cnh tranh mi dn n
vic chia s cc ngun lc v th phn hin c. iu cn dn n gi c th
trng c th gim xung v chi ph tng ln lm gim li nhun ca doanh nghip.

18

i vi cc ngn hng thng mi th cc i th tim nng gm: cc cng ty bo


him; cc qu u t; cc ngn hng nc ngoi; cc t chc ti chnh phi ngn
hng;... Mi e do ca nhng ngi gia nhp tim nng c xc nh bng
cao ca cc hng ro gia nhp. C th thy ro cn gia nhp ca cc i th cnh
tranh tim nng gm c:
Tnh kinh t ca quy m: Nu c tnh kinh t cu quy m ng k th mt
doanh nghip ang cn nhc xem c gia nhp ngnh hay khng hoc l xy dng
mt th phn ln ngay lp tc t c quy m cn thit m bo c chi ph thp
hoc l chu chi ph cao hn cc ngn hng ang tn ti. Do tnh kinh t ca ca
quy m l mt ngun gc quan trng ca cc hng ro gia nhp.
S khc bit v sn phm, dch v: Mt ngn hng hot ng lu nm s xy
dng c thng hiu, chim lnh c lng tin ca khch hng, cung cp cc sn
phm, dch v cht lng v to ra s khc bit s hnh thnh ro cn i vi cc
i th tim nng khi mun gia nhp ngnh.
i hi v vn: i vi ngnh ngn hng nu mun gia nhp cn phi c mt
lng vn rt ln. Nu th trng vn hot ng tt v vn sn c th vic gia nhp
kh mo him nn ngi u t i hi li cao thuyt phc h chp nhn ri ro.
Chi ph chuyn i: Chi ph chuyn i c th gm c chi ph u t cho cng
ngh mi, chi ph cho thit k sn phm, chi ph th nghim sn phm, chi ph o
to cn b, chi ph cho qung b sn phm... i vi hot ng ngn hng th chi
ph ny l tng i ln do nhng i th gia nhp mi s b cn tr khi cc chi
ph tng cao.
C c cc knh phn phi: Ngi gia nhp mi phi thit lp cc knh phn
phi ring ca mnh. Nu cc ngn hng ang tn ti xy dng c cc mi
quan h tt vi cc knh phn phi th ngi gia nhp mi kh m t c cc
knh hoc t c vi chi ph cao.
Li th chi ph tuyt i: Li th chi ph tuyt i l mt ngun gc ca hng
ro gia nhp - cc ngn hng ang trong ngnh c chi ph thp hn nhng ngi
mi gia nhp. Nu c li th ny th cc ngn hng ang trong ngnh lun lun c

19

kh nng gim gi ca mnh n mc m nhng ngi mi gia nhp khng th tn


ti c, iu lm gim mun gia nhp.
S tr a d kin: S tr a ca cc doanh nghip ang trong ngnh i
vi s gia nhp mi l yu t then cht quyt nh s thnh cng ca ngi mi gia
nhp. Nu cc ngn hng trong ngnh chp nhn th ngi mi gia nhp s c c
hi thnh cng ln hn. Ngc li nu h tr a quyt lit thng qua gim gi hay
cc chin dch qung co xc tin bn hng th ngi mi gia nhp ch c th tn ti
c nu c nhng li th to ln b p s thiu kinh nghim trong ngnh.
Chnh sch ca Chnh ph: Chnh ph c th hn ch hoc ngn cn vic gia
nhp th trng thng qua mt s chnh sch qun l hoc yu cu v cp php, yu
cu v vn, v cc gii hn an ton i vi mt ngn hng thng mi...V vy, y
l mt ro cn ln v mt php l i vi cc i th tim nng khi mun gia nhp.
Mi e do ca cc sn phm thay th
Nu cc sn phm thay th cho cc sn phm ca ngnh l sn c th khch
hng c th chuyn sang cc sn phm thay th nu cc doanh nghip ang tn ti
t gi cao. Cc yu t quyt nh mi e do ny l:
+ Gi v cng dng tng i ca cc sn phm thay th.
Nu cc sn phm thay th m sn c v cng dng tng ng cng mt
mc gi th mi e do cu cc sn phm thay th l rt mnh.
+ Chi ph chuyn i vi khch hng
Nu chi ph chuyn i i vi khch hng cao th khch hng co xu hng
khng thch chuyn i sn phm tiu dng
+ Khuynh hng thay th ca ngi mua
Nu khch hng t n lc tm kim cc sn phm thay th v khng thch
chuyn ngi cung ng th mi e do thay th s gim.
Khi th trng ti chnh ngy cng pht trin s xut hin ngy cng nhiu nhu
cu dch v mi thay th cho cc sn phm, dch v truyn thng. i vi hot ng
gi tin vo ngn hng, khch hng c th s dng cc hnh thc khc ti a ha

20

ngun tin nhn ri nh: u t vng, chng khon, th trng bt ng sn hay cc


qu u t...Cn i vi i tng vay vn ngn hng th c th huy ng vn
thng qua pht hnh c phiu, tri phiu trn th trng chng khon hay thu mua
ti chnh.
Sc mnh ca ngi mua
Cc yu t quyt nh sc mnh ca ngi mua gm:
nhy cm i vi gi, n l hm s ca cc yu t sau: V bn cht

nhy cm ca gi i vi gi chnh l co dn ca cu. N l mt hm s ca


Lng mua ca ngnh l mt phn ca tng lng mua: nu sn phm ca
ngnh to nn mt phn khng ng k trong tng lng mua ca nhng
ngi s dng th h c xu hng khng nhy cm i vi gi ca n, nh
vy n s t nh hng n chi ph ca h.
Nhng khc bit ca sn phm ca ngnh nh hng n cht lng sn
phm hoc dch v ca khch hng: nu sn phm ca ngnh l l yu t
then cht trong vic duy tr cht lng sn phm ca khch hng th chc
chn h khng nhy cm i vi gi.
T l li nhun ca khch hng: nhng khch hng c t l li nhun cao s
t nhy cm vi gi.
Nhng khc bit sn phm v s xc nh nhn hng
ng c ngi ra quyt nh
Vic mc c chu: Mc m ngi mua c th thc hin vic mc c chu

cng ph thuc vo.


-

S tp trung ca ngi mua v dung lng ca ngi mua: ngi mua cng
tp trung m mua dung lng cng ln th s c kh nng chu nhiu hn.

Chi ph chuyn ca ngi mua: chi ph cng cao th ngi mua s t kh nng
chu hn v h s cng vic kinh doanh ca h ni khc s c tin cy
thp hn.

21

Thng tin ca ngi mua: ngi mua c thng tin tt hn s c nhiu kh


nng chu hn

Mi e do ca vic ngi mua lin kt dc ngc tr li ngun nguyn liu:


nu ngi mua c kh nng e do gia nhp ngnh bng vic lin kt dc
ngc th h s c kh nng chu ln hn.

S tn ti ca cc sn phm thay th: nu c cc sn phm c th thay th


c cho cc sn phm ca ngnh mc cao th ngi mua s c kh
nng mc c chu ln hn.
i vi mt ngn hng, hot ng trong ngnh cung cp dch v, vic tip cn,

thu ht khch hng l yu t quyt nh thnh bi ca mi ngn hng. V th, phn


tch khch hng v c cu khch hng, thi quen tiu dng, s thch s dng cc sn
phm dch v c bit quan trng.
Sc mnh ca ngi cung ng
Cc yu t quyt nh
+ S khc bit ca u vo:Nu cc doanh nghip trong mt ngnh ph thuc
vo nhng dng khc nhau ca mt u vo do nhng ngi cung ng ring l sn
xut ra th nhng ngi cung ng ny s tng i mnh.
+ Chi ph ca vic chuyn sang ngi cung ng khc:Nu cc chi ph ny cao
th ngi cung ng c th tng i mnh v cc doanh nghip phi chu chi ph khi
chuyn sang ngi cung ng khc
+ S sn c ca cc u vo thay th:Nu cc u vo thay th sn c th sc
mnh ca ngi cung ng gim
+ S tp trung ca ngi cung ng:Mc tp trung ho cao gia nhng
ngi cung ng s c xu hng to cho h sc mnh, c bit l nhng ngi cung
ng tp trung hn nhng ngi mua.
+ Chi ph tng i so vi tng chi ph mua ca ngnh:Nu chi ph ca cc
u vo mua t mt ngi cung ng c th l mt phn quan trng ca tng chi ph
ca ngnh th ngi cung ng s thy doanh nghip kh c th mua chu c.

22

+ nh hng ca u vo n chi ph hoc s khc bit ca sn phm:Nu s


lng ca cc u vo hoc chi ph ca n l mt yu t quan trng nh hng n
kh nng cnh tranh ca mt ngnh th nhng ngi cung ng s c sc mnh mc
c ng k.
+ Mi e do ca vic lin kt xui ca ngi cung ng:Nu vic lin kt xui
ca nhng ngi cung ng trong mt ngnh l d dng th nhng ngi cung ng s
c sc mnh mc c ng k. Bt k s c gng no t ph cc doanh nghip trong
ngnh c c mc gi u vo thp cng c th c p li bng vic nhng
ngi cung ng xy dng cc thit b sn xut cho ring h.
Kt lun rt ra t phng php nm lc lng
Phng php ny i hi vic nghin cu ng k v ngnh ngn hng do tnh
c th ca ngnh ngn hng l mt trung gian ti chnh, phi phn tch mt lot cc
yu t v vic s dng s nh gi tng hp tt c cc yu t nh hng n mi
lc lng. V th ca mt ngn hng trn th trng ch mang tnh tng i. Chnh
v vy, trong thc t, bn cnh nhng phng thc chin lc nng cao v tr
tuyt i ca mnh, mt s ngn hng cn tm cch lm gim v tr tuyt i ca cc
i th hoc km ch s lng i th nhp cuc. Nh vy, phng thc cnh tranh
ca cc ngn hng thng mi bao gm c cc bin php tch cc ln nhng bin
php tiu cc i vi hot ng kinh t. V th, Nh nc phi xc nh mt chnh
sch cnh tranh vi nhng khung kh php lut, to mi trng thun li cho vic
duy tr v khuyn khch cnh tranh mt cch tch cc nhm m bo ng lc pht
trin ca nn kinh t.
i vi ton nn kinh t, cnh tranh m nhn mt s chc nng quan trng
nh trnh by trn. Tm quan trng ca nhng chc nng ny c th thay i
theo tng thi i. Thng qua vic tha nhn nhng chc nng ca cnh tranh, ta c
th hnh dung s b nhng mc tiu ca chnh sch cnh tranh. Tu theo tng thi
i, tu theo vic nh gi tm quan trng ca mi chc nng, ngi ta xy dng
nhng m hnh chnh sch cnh tranh khc nhau. Chnh v th, vic p dng nguyn
trng mt m hnh chnh sch cnh tranh ca nc ny vo thc t nc khc

23

chc chn s khng thu c nhng kt qu nh mong i, thm ch cn c th lm


ny sinh nhng hu qu tai hi cho nn kinh t.

2.3.2. C s l lun v nng lc cnh tranh


2.3.2.1. Cc khi nim v nng lc cnh tranh.
Khi nim nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip n nay c rt nhiu
quan im khc nhau. Di y l mt s cch tip cn v nng lc cnh tranh
ca doanh nghip.
Mt l, nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip l kh nng duy tr v m rng
th phn, thu li nhun ca doanh nghip. y l cch quan nim kh ph bin hin
nay, theo nng lc cnh tranh l kh nng tiu th hng ha, dch v so vi i
th v kh nng thu li ca cc doanh nghip. Cch quan nim ny c th gp
trong cc cng trnh nghin cu ca Mehra (1998), Ramasamy (1995), Buckley
(1991), Schealbach (1989) hay trong nc nh ca CIEM (y ban Quc gia v
Hp tc Kinh t Quc t). Cch quan nim nh vy tng ng vi cch tip cn
thng mi truyn thng nu trn. Hn ch trong cch quan nim ny l cha
bao hm cc phng thc, cha phn nh mt cch bao qut nng lc kinh doanh
ca doanh nghip.
Hai l, nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip l kh nng chng chu trc
s tn cng ca doanh nghip khc. Chng hn, Hi ng Chnh sch nng lc ca
M a ra nh ngha: nng lc cnh tranh l nng lc kinh t v hng ha v dch
v trn th trng th gii. y ban Quc gia v Hp tc Kinh t Quc t (CIEM)
cho rng: nng lc cnh tranh l nng lc ca mt doanh nghip khng b doanh
nghip khc nh bi v nng lc kinh t. Quan nim v nng lc cnh tranh nh
vy mang tnh cht nh tnh, kh c th nh lng.
Ba l, nng lc cnh tranh ng ngha vi nng sut lao ng. Theo T chc
Hp tc v Pht trin Kinh t (OECD) nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip l sc
sn xut ra thu nhp tng i cao trn c s s dng cc yu t sn xut c hiu
qu lm cho cc doanh nghip pht trin bn vng trong iu kin cnh tranh quc

24

t. Theo M. Porter (1990), nng sut lao ng l thc o duy nht v nng lc cnh
tranh. Tuy nhin, cc quan nim ny cha gn vi vic thc hin cc mc tiu v
nhim v ca doanh nghip.
Bn l, nng lc cnh tranh ng ngha vi duy tr v nng cao li th cnh
tranh. Chng hn, tc gi V Trng Lm (2006) cho rng: nng lc cnh tranh ca
doanh nghip l kh nng to dng, duy tr, s dng v sng to mi cc li th
cnh tranh ca doanh nghip, tc gi Trn Su (2006) cng c kin tng t: nng
lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip l kh nng to ra li th cnh tranh, c kh nng
to ra nng sut v cht lng cao hn i th cnh tranh, chim lnh th phn ln,
to ra thu nhp cao v pht trin bn vng.
Theo quan im tng hp cnh tranh l qu trnh kinh t m trong cc ch
th kinh t ganh ua nhau, tm mi bin php t mc tiu kinh t ch yu ca
mnh nh chim lnh th trng, ginh ly khch hng cng nh m bo tiu th c
li nht nhm nng cao v th ca mnh.
Nng lc cnh tranh c th chia thnh nhiu cp cnh tranh khc nhau
Nng lc cnh tranh quc gia: Nng lc cnh tranh quc gia c th hiu l li
th cnh tranh quc gia. Nhn chung nng lc cnh tranh quc gia cp n s tng
trng kinh t quc gia, c s bn vng, n nh kinh t, nng cao v thu nhp, i
sng dn c nc .
Trong qu trnh nghin cu tc gi nghin cu v c bn vn nng lc
cnh tranh gia cc quc gia lm tin nghin cu nng lc cnh tranh ca
nghnh v doanh nghip trong giai on hi nhp kinh t th gii.
Nng lc cnh tranh cp ngnh/ doanh nghip: Nng lc cnh tranh ca
ngnh/doanh nghip c nh ngha l kh nng b p chi ph, duy tr li nhun v
c o bng th phn ca sn phm v dch v trn th trng.
xc nh nng lc cnh tranh ca ngnh/doanh nghip c th s dng mt s
k thut phn tch kh nng cnh tranh nh sau: Phn tch kh nng cnh tranh trn
c s nh gi li th so snh v chi ph, Phn tch kh nng cnh tranh theo m hnh
BCG, Phn tch kh nng cnh tranh theo ma trn GE-McKinsey

25

T cp ngnh/doanh nghip tc gi i vo phn tch su hn i vi tng


doanh nghip. i vi cp doanh nghip tc gi nghin cu nng lc cnh tranh
ca sn phm dch v
Nng lc cnh tranh cp sn phm/ dch v: Kh nng cnh tranh ca sn
phm dch v l c s to nn sc canh tranh ca doanh nghip, ca ngnh v th
hin tp trung 4 yu t l gi, cht lng, t chc tiu th sn phm v uy tn
doanh nghip
Mt s tiu ch tc gi s dng xc nh kh nng cnh tranh ca sn phm,
dch v nh: H s kh nng cnh tranh sn phm t cht lng v gi, H s li th
so snh hin th, mc bo h hu hiu.
Xt cp vi m, c 3 quan im v nng lc cnh tranh da trn 3 quan
im khc nhau: Quan im qun tr chin lc (l thuyt phn tch cu trc ngnh
ca M.Porter v l thuyt li th cnh tranh da trn cc ngun lc ring bit); Quan
im tn c in (l thuyt ch s cnh tranh, so snh c gia cc ngnh; l thuyt
li th chi ph); Quan im tng hp. Khi nim trn v nng lc cnh tranh l da
trn quan im tng hp.
Hin nay, c nhiu quan im khc nhau v nng lc cnh tranh trn cc cp
: quc gia, doanh nghip v sn phm. V hin cha c mt l thuyt no hon
ton c tnh thuyt phc v vn ny, do khng c l thuyt chun v nng
lc cnh tranh. Tuy nhin, hai h thng l thuyt vi hai phng php nh gi
c cc quc gia v cc thit ch kinh t quc t s dng nhiu nht: Phng php
th nht do Din n Kinh t th gii (WEF) thit lp trong bn Bo co cnh tranh
ton cu; Phng php th hai do Vin Quc t v qun l v pht trin (IMD)
xut trong cun nin gim cnh tranh th gii. C hai phng php ny u do mt
s Gio s i hc Harvard nh Michael Porter, Jeffrey Shach v mt s chuyn gia
ca WEF nh Cornelius, Mache Levison tham gia xy dng.
Quan nim nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip cng c nhiu khc bit.
Nng lc cnh tranh l kh nng tn ti trong kinh doanh v t c mt s kt

26

qu mong mun di dng li nhun, gi c, li tc hoc cht lng cc sn phm


cng nh nng lc ca n khai thc cc c hi th trng hin ti v lm ny sinh
th trng mi.
Nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip l th hin thc lc v li th ca doanh
nghip so vi i th cnh tranh trong vic tha mn tt nht cc i hi ca khch
hng thu li nhun ngy cng cao. Nh vy, nng lc canh tranh ca doanh
nghip trc ht phi c to ra t thc lc ca doanh nghip. y l cc yu t
ni hm ca mi doanh nghip, khng ch c tnh bng cc tiu ch v cng ngh,
ti chnh, nhn lc, t chc qun tr doanh nghip, mt cch ring bit m nh
gi, so snh vi cc i th cnh tranh hot ng trn cng lnh vc, cng mt th
trng. C quan im cho rng, nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip gn lin vi
u th ca sn phm m doanh nghip a ra th trng.
C quan im gn nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip vi th phn m
n nm gi, cng c quan im ng nht ca doanh nghip vi hiu qu sn
xut kinh doanh,
Tuy nhin, nu ch da vo thc lc v li th ca mnh e cha , bi trong
iu kin ton cu ha kinh t, li th bn ngoi i khi l yu t quyt nh. Thc
t chng minh mt s doanh nghip rt nh, khng c li th ni ti, thc lc bn
trong yu nhng vn tn ti v pht trin trong mt th gii cnh tranh khc lit nh
hin nay.
Nh vy, nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip l vic khai thc, s dng
thc lc v li th bn trong, bn ngoi nhm to ra nhng sn phm dch v hp
dn ngi tiu dng tn ti v pht trin, thu c li nhun ngy cng cao v
ci tin v tr so vi cc i th cnh tranh trn th trng.
Nng lc cnh tranh th hin vic lm tt hn vi cc cng ty so snh
(cc i th) v doanh thu, th phn, kh nng sinh li v t c thng qua cc
hnh vi chin lc, c nh ngha nh l mt tp hp cc hnh ng tin hnh
tc ng ti mi trng nh lm tng li nhun cng ty, cng nh bng

27

nhng cng c marketing khc. N cng t c thng qua vic nng cao cht
lng sn phm m s sng to sn phm l nhng kha cnh rt quan trng ca
qu trnh cnh tranh.
Cc yu t to nn nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip. Tng hp cc
trng phi l thuyt, trn c s quan nim nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip l
kh nng b p chi ph, duy tr li nhun v c o bng th phn ca sn phm
v dch v trn th trng, th nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip c th c xc
nh trn 4 nhm yu t sau:
Cht lng, kh nng cung ng, mc chuyn mn ha cc u vo. Cc
ngnh sn xut v dch v tr gip cho doanh nghip. Yu cu ca khch hng v
cht lng sn phm, dch v. V th ca doanh nghip so vi i th cnh tranh
Theo Michael Porter th nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip gm 4 yu t:
a. Cc yu t bn thn doanh nghip: Bao gm cc yu t v con ngi (cht
lng, k nng); cc yu t v trnh (khoa hc k thut, kinh nghim th trng);
cc yu t v vn cc yu t ny chia lm 2 loi:
Loi 1: cc yu t c bn nh: mi trng t nhin, a l, lao ng;
Loi 2: cc yu t nng cao nh: thng tin, lao ng trnh cao
Trong , yu t th 2 c ngha quyt nh n nng lc cnh tranh ca
doanh nghip. Chng quyt nh li th cnh tranh cao v nhng cng ngh c
tnh c quyn. Trong di hn th y l yu t c tnh quyt nh phi c u t
mt cch y v ng mc.
b. Nhu cu ca khch hng: y l yu t c tc ng rt ln n s pht trin
ca doanh nghip. Thc t cho thy, khng mt doanh nghip no c kh nng tha
mn y tt c nhng yu cu ca khch hng. Thng th doanh nghip c li
th v mt ny th c hn ch v mt khc. Vn c bn l, doanh nghip phi
nhn bit c iu ny v c gng pht huy tt nht nhng im mnh m mnh
ang c p ng tt nht nhng i hi ca khch hng. Thng qua nhu cu ca
khch hng, doanh nghip c th tn dng c li th theo quy m, t ci thin

28

cc hot ng kinh doanh v dch v ca mnh. Nhu cu khch hng cn c th gi


m cho doanh nghip pht trin cc loi hnh sn phm v dch v mi. Cc loi
hnh ny c th c pht trin rng ri ra th trng bn ngoi v khi doanh
nghip l ngi trc tin c c li th cnh tranh.
c. Cc lnh vc c lin quan v ph tr: S pht trin ca doanh nghip khng
th tch ri s pht trin cc lnh vc c lin quan v ph tr nh: th trng ti
chnh, s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin Ngy nay, s pht trin ca cng
ngh thng tin, cc ngn hng c th theo di v tham gia vo th trng ti chnh
24/24 gi trong ngy.
d. Chin lc ca doanh nghip, cu trc ngnh v i th cnh tranh: S pht
trin ca hot ng doanh nghip s thnh cng nu c qun l v t chc trong
mt mi trng ph hp v kch thch c cc li th cnh tranh ca n. S cnh
tranh gia cc doanh nghip s l yu t thc y s ci tin v thay i nhm h
thp chi ph, nng cao cht lng dch v.
Trong bn yu t trn, yu t a v d c coi l yu t ni ti ca doanh
nghip, yu t b v c l nhng yu t c tnh cht tc ng v thc y s pht trin
ca chng.
Ngoi ra, cn hai yu t m doanh nghip cng cn tnh n l nhng c hi
v vai tr ca Chnh Ph. Vai tr ca Chnh Ph c tc ng tng i ln n kh
nng cnh tranh ca doanh nghip nht l trong vic nh ra cc chnh sch v cng
ngh, o to v tr cp.
xy dng, nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca mt doanh nghip cn thit
phi xy dng c li th cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip t xc nh c
cc yu t cu thnh v ngun lc pht huy li th ca doanh nghip.

2.3.2.2. L thuyt xy dng li th cnh tranh


Li th cnh tranh l s hu ca nhng gi tr c th, c th s dng c
nm bt c hi, kinh doanh c li. Khi ni n li th cnh tranh, l ni n li
th m mt doanh nghip, mt quc gia ang c v c th c nhm so vi cc i

29

th cnh tranh ca h. Li th cnh tranh l mt khi nim va c tnh vi m (cho


doanh nghip), va c tnh v m ( cp quc gia).
Theo quan im ca Michael Porter, doanh nghip ch tp trung vo hai mc
tiu tng trng v a dng ha sn phm, chin lc khng m bo s thnh
cng lu di cho doanh nghip. iu quan trng i vi bt k mt t chc kinh
doanh no l xy dng cho mnh mt li th cnh tranh bn vng. Theo Michael
Porter li th cnh tranh bn vng c ngha l doanh nghip phi lin tc cung cp
cho th trng mt gi tr c bit m khng c i th cnh tranh no c th cung
cp c.
to ra li th cnh tranh theo James Craig v Rober Grant c th da vo
m hnh sau:

S 2.2 : M hnh cc yu t quyt nh ca li th cnh tranh


Ngun: James Craig v Rober Grant, Strategy Management, 1993.
M hnh ny l s kt hp c quan im ca t chc cng nghip (IO) v
quan im da trn ngun lc (RBV). xc nh cc yu t thnh cng then cht,
l ngun gc bn ngoi ca li th cnh tranh, trc ht phi phn tch mi trng
v m v cnh tranh ngnh. Tip theo, phn tch ngun lc v kim ton ni b cng
ty s xc nh cc ngun gc bn trong ca li th cnh tranh, l nhng ngun
lc c gi tr, cc tim lc tiu biu, nhng nng lc ct li v khc bit ca cng
ty, t nhn dng c cc li th cnh tranh trong phi thc v ngun lc.
to ra li th cnh tranh bn vng th ngun lc phi c gi tr, n bao hm nhng
c im nh him c, c th to ra gi tr khch hng, c th bt chc v thay th
nhng khng hon ton (Barney, 1991, trang 105). Trong mt ngnh ph thuc ln

30

vo xu th cng ngh nh ngnh ch to my bin th, th cc ngun lc khng th


bt chc hon ton li thng b cc cng ngh mi thay th v c th s b mt
ton b gi tr. Do vy, li th cnh tranh bn vng l nhng li th ln to s
khc bit, lu di trc nhng bin i ca mi trng kinh doanh v phn ng
ca i th, tri hn i th trong nhng thuc tnh kinh doanh hu hnh c nh
hng n khch hng.

2.3.3. Cc ch s o lng nng lc cnh tranh v hiu qu hot ng ca


ngn hng thng mi
2.3.3.1. Ch s o lng nng lc cnh tranh
Bn cnh xc nh cu trc cnh tranh ca th trng c th s dng mt
s ch s o lng mc tp trung ca th trng. Cc ch s c bn nh gi
mc tp trung ca th trng bao gm: th phn (MS Market share), mc
tch t th trng (ch s CR Concentration Ratio) v ch s Herfindahl Hirschmann Index (HHI).
Cch thc xc nh cc ch s ny nh sau:
Th phn ca doanh nghip i vi mt loi hng ha, dch v nht nh l t l
phn trm gia doanh thu bn ra ca doanh nghip ny vi tng doanh thu ca tt
c cc doanh nghip kinh doanh loi hng ha, dch v trn th trng lin quan
hoc t l phn trm gia doanh s mua vo ca doanh nghip ny vi tng doanh
s mua vo ca tt c cc doanh nghip kinh doanh loi hng ha, dch v trn
th trng lin quan theo thng, qu, nm

MS (Market Share): th phn


Ri: Doanh thu thun
Mc tp trung kinh t ca th trng

31

n: s doanh nghip
Trong si l th phn ca doanh nghip ln th i trong ngnh; n = 3 hoc 5 ty
trng hp cn xc nh CR3 hay CR5.
Ch s HHI c 2 cch tnh:

Trong n l tng s doanh nghip v si l th phn ca doanh nghip th i


trong ngnh.
Ch s HHI (hoc Ch s Herfindahl) c s dng o lng quy m ca
doanh nghip trong mi tng quan vi ngnh v l mt ch bo v mc cnh
tranh gia cc doanh nghip trong ngnh v thng c tnh bng tng bnh
phng th phn ca cc doanh nghip v c gi tr t 0 n 10.000.
Khi tt c cc doanh nghip trong ngnh u c th phn bng nhau th HHI =
1/N*10.000.
Ch s HHI c th xc nh bng cch khc:

Trong : n l s doanh nghip v V l phng sai thng k ca th phn cc


doanh nghip, c xc nh bng cng thc:

32

Nu tt c cc doanh nghip c th phn bng nhau (c ngha l nu cu trc th


trng l hon ton cn xng, tc si = 1/n i vi mi i) th V = 0 v H = 1/n. Nu
s lng doanh nghip l khng i, th phng sai ln hn do mc bt i xng
v th phn gia cc doanh nghip s to ra gi tr ch s cao hn.
Da vo cc mc tp trung, c th phn loi th trng thnh cc dng nh sau:
- Cnh tranh hon ho, vi t l tp trung rt nh
- Cnh tranh mt cch tng i, CR3 < 65%, mc tp trung trung bnh
- c quyn nhm (Oligopoly) hoc c v tr thng lnh th trng, CR3 > 65%,
mc tp trung cao
- c quyn, CR1 xp x 100%
Theo thng l quc t, cc c quan qun l cnh tranh thng phn loi cc th
trng theo c s sau:
HHI < 1.000: Th trng khng mang tnh tp trung
1.000 HHI 1.800: Th trng tp trung mc va phi
HHI > 1.800: Th trng tp trung mc cao
u im ch yu ca ch s HHI so vi cc cch o khc (chng hn nh t l
tp trung - CR) l tnh t trng ln hn i vi cc doanh nghip ln

2.3.3.2. Ch s o lng hiu qu hot ng.


Vic nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam
cng chnh l mc ch thc y hiu qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng trong vic
tn dng ti u ngun lc hin c. Do , h s ti chnh l cng c c s dng
ph bin nht trong vic nh gi, phn tch v phn nh hiu qu hot ng ca cc
ngn hng thng mi. Da vo cc h s ti chnh ny c th so snh v phn tch
tnh hnh hot ng ca cc ngn hng t nhn ra hot ng ca cc ngn
hng trong tng giai on v xu hng bin ng ca cc bin s theo thi gian. C
th nhn tnh hnh hot ng ca cc ngn hng ny thng qua cc ch s phn nh
kh nng sinh li, hiu qu hot ng v ri ro ti chnh ca ngn hng.

33

Nhm ch s phn nng kh nng sinh li: phn nh hiu qu ca mt hot


ng kinh doanh nh: thu nhp li bin rng (NIM), thu ngoi li bin rng (NOM),
thu nhp hot ng bin (TNHB), h s thu nhp trn c phiu (EPS), thu nhp
rng trn tng ti sn (ROA) v thu nhp rng trn tng vn ch s hu (ROE).
NIM = ( Tng thu nhp Tng chi ph) / Tng ti sn c sinh li
NOM = ( Tng thu nhp ngoi li Tng chi ph ngoi li) / Tng ti sn c
TNHB = ( Tng thu hot ng Tng chi ph hot ng) / Tng ti sn c
EPS = Li nhun sau thu / Tng s c phiu thng hin hnh
ROA = Li nhun sau thu / Tng ti sn c
ROE = Li nhun sau thu / Vn ch s hu
T l thu nhp li bin rng (NIM), thu nhp hot ng ngoi bin
(TNHNB) phn nh nng lc ca hi ng qun tr v nhn vin ngn hng trong
vic duy tr tng trng ca cc ngun thu so vi mc tng chi ph. T l thu nhp
li bin rng o lng mc chnh lch gia thu t li v chi ph tr li m ngn
hng c th t c thng qua hot ng kim sot cht che ti sn sinh li v theo
ui cc ngun c chi ph thp. Trong khi thu nhp ngoi li bin rng o lng
chnh lch gia ngun thu ngoi li, ch yu t ngun thu ph cc dch v vi cc
chi ph ngoi li m ngn hng phi chu. Thu nhp trn c phiu (EPS) o lng
trc tip thu nhp ca cc c ng tnh trn mi c phiu thng hin hnh.
Thu nhp rng trn tng ti sn l mt ch tiu phn nh hiu qu qun l,
ch tiu m t kh nng ca hi ng qun tr ngn hng trong qu trnh chuyn ti
sn ca ngn hng thnh thu nhp rng. ROA thp th hin vic cho vay hay u t
khng hp l hoc chi ph hot ng ca ngn hng qu cao. Cn ROA cao th hin
hot ng hp l trong vic s dng ti sn.
Thu nhp rng trn vn ch s hu (ROE) o lng t l thu nhp cho cc
c ng ca ngn hng. Ch tiu ny phn nh hiu qu vn ch s hu.
Bn cnh , vic xem xt mi quan h gia ROA v ROE cn phn nh s
nh i gia ri ro v thu nhp. C th thy mt ngn hng c th c ROA thp
nhng vn t c ROE cao do s dng n by ti chnh.

34

Nhm ch s phn nh thu nhp, chi ph: Phn chnh lch gia doanh thu v
chi ph ca ngn hng phn nh li nhun ca mt ngn hng. Do , vic xem xt
cc ch s ny c th nhn bit c hiu qu hot ng v nng sut lao ng.
Tng chi ph hot ng/ tng thu t hot ng: l mt thc o phn nh mi
quan h gia u vo v u ra hay chnh l s phn nh kh nng b p chi ph
trong hot ng ngn hng.
Nng sut lao ng (thu nhp hot ng/S nhn vin lao ng thi gian)
phn nh hiu qu s dng lao ng ca ngn hng.
Tng thu hot ng/tng ti sn: phn nh hiu qu s dng ti sn. Nu
h s ny ln phn nh ngn hng s dng ti sn hp l trong vic nng cao
li nhun.
Nhm ch tiu phn nh ri ro ti chnh: Trong giai on nn kinh t c
nhiu bin ng nh hin nay, cc ngn hng ngy mt ch trng n nhm ch tiu
ny nng cao hiu qu hot ng phng nga ri ro.
T l n xu ( n xu/tng cho vay v cho thu): ch tiu ny phn nh cht
lng tn dng, ch tiu ny cng b th hin cht lng tn dng cng cao.
T l cho vay ( cho vay rng/tng ti sn): phn nh phn ti sn c c
phn b vo nhng loi ti sn c thanh khon km. Vy vic tng cng s dng
vn vay c th gy ra ri ro thanh khon nu vic rt tin tng v cht lng khon
vay gim.
T l n by ti chnh (tng ti sn/tng vn ch s hu): phn nh bao
nhiu ng gi tr ti sn c to trn c s 1 ng vn ch s hu v ngn hng
da trn ngun vay n l bao nhiu.
Tng d n/vn huy ng: phn nh hiu qu u t ca mt ng vn huy
ng ngn hng.
Vn huy ng/ vn t c: phn nh kh nng v quy m thu ht vn t nn
kinh t.
Nh vy, phn tch hot ng kinh doanh ca mt ngn hng, c th s
dng cc ch tiu trn.Tuy nhin, cc ch tiu trn c xc nh ch yu da trn

35

mi quan h t l gia hai bin s c th. phn tch c th hn v su hn cc


nh nghin cu trn th gii ng dng phng php phn tch hiu qu bin
nh gi hiu qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng. Trong lun n ny, tc gi cng
ng dng phng php phn tch hiu qu bin c trnh by chng sau.

2.3.4. C s l lun v mi quan h gia cu trc cnh tranh ngnh v


nng lc cnh tranh
Cc nh kinh t, cc chuyn gia nghin cu th trng v cc nh hoch nh
chin lc t lu n lc tm hiu cu trc cnh tranh ca th trng. Kinh t hc
c in cho rng vic thu hiu cc lc lng c bn vn hnh mt ngnh l rt
quan trng tm hiu s thnh cng ca ngnh cng nh cc doanh nghip cnh
tranh trong ngnh (Chamberlain, 1933; Collis & Montgomery, 1997). iu cng
c ngha l vic hiu c cc lc lng c bn ca cung v cu trong mi trng
ngnh l yu t then cht i vi mt doanh nghip nhm t c v duy tr li th
cnh tranh (Phillips, 1997; Teare Costa, Eccles & Ingram, 1996)
Hu ht cc nghin cu trong lnh vc ny tp trung gii thch cc lc lng
nh hng n hot ng ca ngnh cng nh ca cc doanh nghip (Bain, 1951,
Hall & Weiss, 1967; Buzzell & Gale, 1987; Kmenta, 1986). Khong t hn na th
k trc, c kh nhiu m hnh l thuyt nghin cu mi quan h gia cnh tranh
v cc nhn t ngoi sinh nh hng n li nhun ca cc doanh nghip (Kholi,
Venkatraman & Grant, 1990; Martel, 1974; Chung, 2000). Cc nghin cu ny
cng ghi nhn cc quan h kinh t gia cc ngnh (Chamberlain, 1933; Bain, 1951,
Buzzell, Gale & Sultan, 1975; Gale, 1972; Shepherd, 1972; Buzzell & Gale, 1987,
Jacobson & Aaker, 1985). Vic tm kim mi quan h ny dn n vic xem xt
cc yu t cu trc v kinh t c tc ng nh th no n v th ca mt doanh
nghip trn th trng. Hng nghin cu m nhiu nh nghin cu s dng l xem
xt, nh gi cc lc lng nh hng n mc cnh tranh ca th trng hiu
r hn v nhng tc ng ca chng n th phn cng nh li nhun ca mi
doanh nghip.

36

Theo quan im ca kinh t hc t chc (IO) l v th th trng trong ngnh


ca mt doanh nghip ph thuc ch yu vo cc c tnh ca mi trng m doanh
nghip cnh tranh. Do , cu trc cnh tranh ca ngnh c th c coi l cc
tham s kinh t - k thut tng qut m t thit lp cc ro cn th trng ca
ngnh (Hall, 1987; Porter, 1979; Chang & Singh, 2000). Trong hu ht cc trng
hp, cc doanh nghip trong cng mt ngnh c rt t hoc khng c sc mnh
kim sot th trng ny (t nht l trong ngn hn).
Theo quan im truyn thng ny, Porter (1979b) cho rng, vic phn phi
li nhun cho tt c cc thnh vin trong ngnh b nh hng bi hai nhm nhn t:
+ Cc c im chung ca ngnh: tng trng kinh t ni chung v hnh vi
tiu dng sn phm ca ngi mua. Nhng yu t ny s c xu hng lm tng
hoc gim mc li nhun trung bnh tim nng cho c ngnh.
+ V th th trng ca doanh nghip v cu trc cnh tranh ca ngnh:
mc cnh tranh, cc ro cn gia nhp, tc tng trng v th phn ca
doanh nghip.
Quan im ny ca Porter c mt s nghin cu khng nh. Schmalensee
(1985) qua phn tch chnh lch li nhun gia cc doanh nghip bng s liu nm
1975 ca y ban Thng mi Lin bang M (FTC) ch ra rng cc nh hng
ca cu trc th trng l nhng yu t quan trng nht nh hng n li nhun
ca mt doanh nghip, trong khi cc yu t hnh vi ca doanh nghip nh chin
lc ch chim mt phn nh trong bin ng li nhun. Trong mt nghin cu gn
y, McGahan v Porter (1997) cho thy cc tc ng ca hnh vi doanh nghip
chim 32% trong tng s bin ng v li nhun, trong khi tng cc tc ng ca
cu trc th trng tng ng vi 19% bin ng li nhun ca cc doanh nghip.
iu ny hm rng ngay c khi cc doanh nghip trong cng mt ngnh, cc c
tnh v ngun lc ca h dn n cc kt qu hot ng khc nhau (Schmalensee,
1989). Nhng nghin cu ny u cho rng hiu ng v s cnh tranh trong
mt ngnh, iu quan trng l phi xem xt c nh hng cp th trng nh
tng trng kinh t v m, cng nh nh hng ca cc yu t cu trc th trng
m c tc ng n cc doanh nghip (Jacobson, 1988).

37

c th phn tch mt cch r rng cc nhn t nh hng n c cu cnh


tranh ca mt ngnh cng nh tc ng ca chng n kt qu hot ng ca cc
doanh nghip trong ngnh v nng lc cnh tranh, cn phi xem xt mt cch c th
tng nhn t - hng ro gia nhp th trng, s cnh tranh, tng trng v th phn;
ng thi xy dng cc gi thuyt nghin cu tng ng vi tng nhn t.
2.3.4.1. Hng ro gia nhp.
Cc hng ro gia nhp l mt trong nhng lc lng ch yu ca cnh tranh
c nh hng quyt nh n hiu qu hot ng ca cc doanh nghip cng nh
cc ngnh trong bt k nn kinh t no (Porter, 1980). Bain (1956) xc nh bn
loi ro cn chnh i vi s gia nhp l: yu cu v vn, tnh kinh t theo quy m,
s khc bit v sn phm v cc chi ph tuyt i. L thuyt kinh t v hng ro gia
nhp cho rng trong tt c cc th trng, cc hn ch v cu trc khc nhau c th
p t ln cc doanh nghip mi gia nhp cc bt li tng i so vi cc doanh
nghip ang trong ngnh. S hin din ca cc hng ro gia nhp dn n s
doanh nghip gia nhp t hn v do cho php cc doanh nghip trong ngnh c
c phn li nhun trn mc bnh thng.
Mann (1966) nghin cu hng ro gia nhp ca 30 ngnh t 1950 n 1960
v pht hin ra rng trong cc ngnh c hng ro gia nhp cao cc doanh nghip c
t sut li nhun trn mc bnh thng. Ngoi ra, Mann (1966) ch ra mi lin h
gia hng ro gia nhp v mc tp trung ca ngnh, mi tng quan ny cho
thy nhiu doanh nghip nhm c mc tp trung cao (th phn ln) cng nm
trong nhm c ro cn cao. Mann cng xc nhn cc kt qu ca Bain (1956), l
trong cc ngnh m 8 doanh nghip dn u c mc tp trung ln hn 70%
(ngnh c mc tp trung cao), c mt s khc bit c ngha thng k trong t
sut li nhun bnh qun. Tuy nhin, Mann cng ch ra rng hng ro gia nhp
ngnh l cng mt nhn t c lp bn cnh mc tp trung. V c bn, cc
ngnh c mc tp trung cao kt hp vi hng ro gia nhp cao c mc li nhun
bnh qun cao hn so vi cc ngnh c mc tp trung cao.
Porter (1979b) cho rng hng ro gia nhp ngnh c ba thuc tnh:

38

+ Cc ro cn gia nhp c tnh ng: khi mt s iu kin kinh t hoc cu


trc quan trng thay i, cc ro cn gia nhp trong mt ngnh cng thay i.
+ Cc ro cn gia nhp thng thay i v cc l do ch yu ln nm ngoi
s kim sot ca cc doanh nghip trong ngnh.
+ Cc ro cn gia nhp ca mt ngnh khng ging nhau vi tt c cc
doanh nghip gia nhp (Sharma v Kesner, 1996).
Hng ro gia nhp c th c phn loi theo cu trc hoc hnh vi (Sigfried
& Evans, 1994). Karakaya v Stahl (1991) ni n nhng ro cn cu trc nh l
cc yu t "mi trng", trong khi cc ro cn hnh vi c cho l cc yu t "c
th kim sot". Cc ro cn cu trc xut pht t nhng c im c bn ca mt
ngnh, khng ph thuc vo cc kim sot ty ca cc doanh nghip hin hu.
l cc yu t nh s ph duyt ca chnh ph, yu cu v vn, trnh cng ngh v
mc tp trung ca ngnh. Cc ro cn hnh vi l nhng hnh vi c mc ch do
cc doanh nghip trong ngnh thc hin ngn chn s gia nhp ca i th cnh
tranh tim nng. Nhng chin lc ny bao gm: bng sng ch, gim gi, vn ng
hnh lang, cc v kin, pht trin sn phm, cc tha thun c quyn vi cc nh
cung cp v phn phi v.v. Ni chung, cc chin lc ngn chn s gia nhp c s
dng ti cc th trng gn nh hon ton trng thnh (Bunch & Smiley, 1992).
Trong cun Cc ro cn i vi s cnh tranh, Bain (1956) xc nh nm
loi hng ro gia nhp bao gm: tnh kinh t theo quy m, s ph duyt ca chnh
ph, s khc bit sn phm, cc chi ph tuyt i v cc yu cu v vn. Mi loi
u c th ng vai tr ngn chn nhng doanh nghip mi tham gia vo th trng
v tm quan trng tng ng ca mi loi c th thay i ty theo cc c im ca
tng ngnh (Porter, 1979b; Hall, 1987).
V c bn hng ro gia nhp s cn tr s cnh tranh gia cc doanh nghip
trn th trng. Tuy nhin, cng c th c trng hp mt doanh nghip mi gia
nhp quyt nh u t mt khon vn ln gia nhp th trng c ro cn cao,
hoc c c s chp thun cn thit ca chnh ph, doanh nghip ny s tch

39

cc theo ui th phn b p chi ph c nh. Do lm tng tnh cnh tranh


trong ngnh do cc doanh nghip phi i mt vi nhiu ri ro hn. Jain (1997) ch
ra rng trong cc ngnh m kh nng sn xut ch c th b sung bng s gia tng
mt lng vn ln, cnh tranh s tng theo cp s nhn. iu ny c ngha l trong
mt ngnh m hiu qu t c thng qua hot ng quy m ln l ng k, th
mt doanh nghip s lm tt c nhng g c th t c tnh kinh t theo quy
m. Nhng n lc lm tng hiu qu khin cho cc doanh nghip cnh tranh tch
cc hn ginh th phn, lm tng p lc ln cc doanh nghip khc v to ra mt
phn ng dy chuyn (Avgeropoulos, 1998).
Tm li, s hin din ca cc hng ro gia nhp cao ngn chn cc i th
cnh tranh gia nhp th trng, lm tng tc tng trng, ci thin th phn, v
lm tng li nhun ca cc doanh nghip trong ngnh bng cch cho php h t
mc gi cao hn v t c hiu qu ln hn (Porter, 1979b).

2.3.4.2. S cnh tranh


Cnh tranh l nn tng ca kinh t th trng t do, trong nn kinh t hin i
s cnh tranh c xu hng ngy cng gia tng. Cnh tranh xut hin trong tt c cc
hin tng c th quan st c ca th trng mc gi trao i sn phm, cc
loi sn phm sn xut, sn lng, phng php phn phi sn phm v nh hng
ca qung co (Chamberlain, 1933). Cnh tranh c th c phn loi nhiu cp
khc nhau. Vi mc tiu nghin cu ca lun n ny, mc quan tm ch yu
n s cnh tranh cp ngnh v doanh nghip.
Cnh tranh, cp th trng hoc cp ngnh, c th c biu din
theo mc tp trung ca ngnh. tp trung c nh ngha l t l phn trm
trong tng doanh s ngnh (hoc mt s bin khc) ca mt s doanh nghip c lin
quan n cc bin (Bain, 1951, 1956). Theo nh ngha ny, trong cc ngnh c
mc tp trung cao hn, tng th phn ca tt c cc doanh nghip cnh tranh, tng
ng vi 100%, c phn b cho t doanh nghip hn so vi phn b ti cc ngnh
c mc tp trung thp hn. Do , th phn ng ngha vi tp trung ca ngnh.
im cn nhn mnh y l s tp trung m t mc cnh tranh cp th

40

trng, ngnh, hn l cp doanh nghip. Cc thc o tp trung c s dng


ph bin khi so snh mc cnh tranh gia cc ngnh thay v trong cng mt
ngnh (Hall, 1987).
tp trung ngnh: Ban u, cc nghin cu lin quan n tnh cnh tranh
v s tp trung ca ngnh c thc y do vn chng c quyn trong mt s
ngnh mt s quc gia. V bn cht, mc tp trung (cao, trung bnh, hoc thp)
ca mt ngnh cho chng ta bit liu th trng c dng c quyn, c quyn
nhm, cnh tranh c quyn hay cnh tranh hon ho (Bain, 1951; Weiss, 1971).
Mc tp trung cng cao, tnh cnh tranh ca th trng s cng thp (Bain, 1951;
Domowitz, Hubbard, & Petersen, 1986; Martin, 1988; Gale, 1972). Cc kt qu
nghin cu ca Bain v nhng ngi khc, thc y chnh sch chng c quyn
cc quc gia nhm ngn chn cc v sp nhp c th dn cc ngnh c mc tp
trung cao (Nguyen, 1990).
Trn gic kinh t, nhng thay i trong mc tp trung c th tc ng
n cch thc hot ng v hiu qu ca cc doanh nghip trong ngnh (Bain,
1951). S tp trung nh hng n cch thc hot ng ca cc doanh nghip trong
ngnh thng qua s nh hng n cc chnh sch gi v Marketing ca cc doanh
nghip (Weiss, 1971). Th trng cng tp trung, kh nng t ch ca cc doanh
nghip i vi cc chnh sch ny cng ln. Mc t ch ny c gii hn bi
lc lng cnh tranh. Mc tp trung cng cao, kh nng cc doanh nghip phi
hp vi nhau iu chnh gi cng ln. Ngoi ra, khi khng c s khc bit v sn
phm v trong ngn hn trc khi hin tng gia nhp c th xy ra, s lng
doanh nghip cng t hoc th phn ca h cng chnh lch, th hnh vi ca chng
cng c kh nng ging nh trng hp c quyn (Bain, 1956; Weiss, 1971).
Nghin cu thc nghim u tin kim nh gi thuyt s tp trung ca
ngnh c lin quan n hiu qu hot ng ca doanh nghip do Bain (1951) thc
hin qua vic xem xt 42 ngnh ca M trong giai on 1936 - 1940. Bain ch ra
rng hiu qu hot ng ca cc doanh nghip trong cc ngnh c tp trung cao
ln hn nhiu so vi nhng doanh nghip trong cc ngnh c mc tp trung thp

41

hn mc trung bnh. Tc l, mc cnh tranh trong ngnh cng ln th li nhun


ca cc doanh nghip cng thp.
tp trung ca mt ngnh l nhn t c nh lng thng xuyn nht
trong cc nhn t ca cu trc th trng (Nguyen, 1990). iu mt phn l do
nghin cu ca Bain a ra mt thc o hu ch o tp trung.
Phn on th trng: Phn on th trng l qu trnh phn chia th trng
tng th thnh cc nhm sn phm v nhm khch hng nh hn (Murphy, 1990;
Aaker, 1996). Nm 1921, Alfred Sloan v Tp on General Motors thc hin
mt quyt nh chin lc thit lp mt chui cc sn phm cho bn ti cc mc
gi khc nhau trn th trng t (Scherer & Ross, 1990). Sau , rt nhiu cc
cng ty v cc ngnh khc s dng phn on th trng nh mt c hi m
rng khch hng v tng doanh thu.
Trong mt th trng c phn on, cc doanh nghip cc on th trng
khc nhau khng cnh tranh trc tip, m l gin tip vi nhau (Aaker, 1996).
Lehmann (1972) cho rng cc doanh nghip s phi cnh tranh nhiu hn nu khch
hng c nhiu s la chn hn. Do , mi doanh nghip s c gng lm cho khch
hng ngh rng sn phm, dch v ca mnh l khc bit so vi cc sn phm ca cc
i th cnh tranh khc, t to ra sc mnh th trng nht nh. ng lc chnh
cc doanh nghip to s khc bit cho cc sn phm ca mnh l lm gim kh nng
thay th gia cc sn phm. Khi kh nng thay th gia cc sn phm gim i, vic
gim gi s khng dn n tnh trng mt hon ton th phn. S khc bit v sn phm
to ra sc mnh nht nh cho mt doanh nghip trong on th trng ca mnh.
Ngc li, khi mc ng nht ca sn phm cao th mc cnh tranh tr nn ln
hn nhiu so vi trng hp th trng phn on (Jain, 1998). iu c ngha l khi
sn phm ca cc doanh nghip c khch hng cho l tng t nhau, doanh nghip
s phi cnh tranh quyt lit v gi v dch v (Kurtz & Clow, 1997).
Phn on th trng ca cc doanh nghip i khi c gi l "a dng ha
sn phm", cc doanh nghip nh v cc doanh nghip mi lp y cc khong
trng v cc sn phm mi hoc c sn trn th trng (Schmalensee, 1978).

42

Schmalensee cho rng cc doanh nghip xc nh mt c im sn phm cn trng


trn mt th trng c nhiu chiu, mi chiu tng ng vi mt thuc tnh m
khch hng mun c sn phm. Mt s nghin cu cho rng a dng ha sn
phm khng ch nhm tng doanh thu m cn l mt chin lc ph bin c cc
doanh nghip trong ngnh s dng to ra cc hng ro gia nhp (Besanko,
Dranove & Shanley, 1996; Thomas, 1996; Mainkar, 2000). Vic to ra mt sn
phm hoc mt thng hiu ph hp vi cc phn khc th trng c th ngn
chn c cc i th cnh tranh gia nhp.
Da trn cc lp lun l thuyt v cc nghin cu thc nghim , ta c th
thy nu cnh tranh tng ln, tc tng trng ca cc doanh nghip trong ngnh
s gim.
Bn cnh , v th th trng ca mt doanh nghip s b suy gim nu cnh
tranh tng ln v cc i th cnh tranh chim c li th i vi cc c hi .
Tng t nh vy, s gia tng cnh tranh s lm gim hiu qu ti chnh ca
mt doanh nghip v vi s c mt ca cc lc lng cnh tranh, cng ty s
khng c kh nng tng gi, hoc bn nhiu sn phm hn.

2.3.4.3. Tng trng


Tng trng l mt nhn t c bn ca cu trc th trng (Porter, 1979b).
S tng trng ca mt doanh nghip c th nh hng n th phn cng nh hiu
qu hot ng ca doanh nghip (Gale, 1972; Shepherd, 1972a; Porter, 1979a &
b; Porter, 1980; Ravenscraft, 1983; Hall, 1987). Doanh nghip cng pht trin
nhanh tng i so vi th trng, v th th trng ca doanh nghip cng ln.
Tng t nh vy, tc tng trng ca mt doanh nghip cng nhanh th doanh
nghip cng sm t c quy m ti hn. Vi s gia tng quy m, doanh nghip
c th t c nhng li ch ca sc mnh th trng hoc tnh kinh t theo quy
m. Nhng li ch l nhng nguyn nhn c bn to nn mc li nhun cao hn
trung bnh cho cc doanh nghip c th phn ln hn (Hall & Weiss, 1967;
Shepherd, 1972a; Mancke, 1974). nh gi tc tng trng tng i ca
mt doanh nghip, trc ht chng ta cn nhn vo tc tng trng ca ton b
th trng, sau so snh n vi tc tng trng ca bn thn doanh nghip.

43

Tng trng cp ngnh: Cc nh nghin cu khng ch o lng tc


tng trng ca ngnh, m cn phn loi v so snh cc tc tng trng, c trong
ni b ngnh cng nh gia cc ngnh vi nhau. Theo , cc ngnh c th c
phn chia thnh cc giai on ca chu k pht trin sn phm hoc ca th trng
thng qua tc tng trng (Kurtz and Clow; 1998). Mt ngnh trng thnh c
cc c tnh nh: doanh s tng chm, cnh tranh quyt lit, cc doanh nghip chi
phi tng trng/loi b cc doanh nghip yu hn, cc phn khc th trng r rt,
v cc doanh nghip bnh ng trong ni b ngnh.
V c bn, cc th trng c tc tng trng cao hn c xem l hp dn
hn so vi cc th trng c tc tng trng thp. Cc th trng c tc tng
trng cao th li nhun cao v cu ngy cng tng nhanh, trong khi cc th trng
tng trng thp th li nhun thp hn v cu tng chm (Hall, 1987). Do cc
doanh nghip c xu hng t b cc th trng tng trng thp v trung bnh v
gia nhp cc th trng tng trng cao. Ngoi ra, ti cc th trng tng trng
thp v trung bnh s c s gia tng phn on th trng v sp nhp doanh nghip
(Porter, 1979).
Gale (1972) cho rng cc ngnh c mc tng trng trung bnh c li nhun
cao hn hn cc ngnh c tc tng trng nhanh chng. ng cho rng trong cc
ngnh c mc tng trng trung bnh, cc doanh nghip c nhiu ng lc hn
trnh s cnh tranh gi - s cnh tranh lm gim li nhun ca cc doanh nghip
trong di hn. Kh nng lin kt gia cc doanh nghip trong tnh hung c quyn
nhm s ln hn khi ngnh c tc tng trng trung bnh. Trong cc ngnh c
tc tng trng thp hoc suy gim, lin kt c quyn nhm c th b ph v
khi cc doanh nghip cm thy p lc ca chi ph c nh cao. Ngc li, cc doanh
nghip trong cc ngnh tng trng nhanh s c xu hng hy sinh li nhun hin ti
cnh tranh ginh th phn (Baumol, 1959).
Tng trng cp doanh nghip: Cho d cc doanh nghip s dng
phng php m rng no th cng thy rng t l tng trng ca doanh nghip c
th lm tng c th phn, cng nh ci thin hiu qu ti chnh trong hot ng ca
cc doanh nghip.

44

Nu mt doanh nghip c tc tng trng nhanh hn tc tng trng


ton ngnh th v th ca doanh nghip trn th trng s tng ln, do th phn
l mt thc o tng i (Bain, 1951, Baumol, 1959). Ngc li, mt doanh
nghip c th c tng trng v gi tr tuyt i, nhng vn c th mt th phn
nu tc tng trng ca doanh nghip khng tng xng vi tc tng
trng ca th trng.
Mt s nghin cu ch ra rng tc tng trng nh hng n hiu qu
hot ng ca doanh nghip. Hu ht cc kt qu thc tin cho thy, trong cc th
trng trng thnh, khi tc tng trng ca mt doanh nghip ln hn tng
i so vi th trng, li nhun c xu hng tng theo cp s nhn ch khng phi
l pht trin mt cch tuyn tnh vi s tng trng chm hn. Healy Palepu v
Ruback (1992) nghin cu 50 v mua bn v sp nhp (M&A) t 1979 n 1984,
ca nhiu ngnh khc nhau. M&A c nghin cu v chng i din cho s gia
tng v th th trng ca mt doanh nghip mt cch t ngt (ch khng phi l
dn dn). S dng cc dng tin sau sp nhp lm thc o hiu qu kinh t, h ch
ra s ci thin ng k trong hiu sut ti sn (5,1%) ca cc doanh nghip sau khi
kt hp so snh tng i vi trung bnh ton ngnh. Tng t nh vy, Kim v
Signal (1993) cho rng cc doanh nghip sp nhp trong ngnh hng khng tng
gi v t 10 n 13% trong vng 12 thng k t khi hon tt giao dch, t nng
cao li nhun. S tng gi c mi lin h cng chiu vi nhng thay i trong th
phn. Dow (2000) coi th phn v s tng trng ca doanh nghip nh l ng c
cho M&A theo chiu rng. S dng mt mu gm 42 v M&A trong giai on
1996-1197, Dow ch ra rng sc mnh th trng l ngun gc ca 40,5% cc v
M&A ny, trong khi ch c 7,1% l do cc cng ty tm kim s hp tc t hiu
qu v tnh kinh t theo quy m. Cn lu rng cc lp lun ny hon ton thng
nht vi gi thuyt v cc li ch ti chnh ca vic gia tng th phn c trnh by
phn sau.
Ngoi M&A, tc tng trng ca mt doanh nghip cng ph thuc vo s
ph bin ca sn phm. Nu mt doanh nghip c mt loi sn phm ph bin hn so

45

vi cc sn phm khc trn th trng, iu ny c th dn n t l s dng cao hn,


mc gi cao hn v li nhun tim nng do cng cao hn. T c th thy, nu
tc tng trng ca mt doanh nghip tng ln tng i so vi th trng, th phn
ca doanh nghip s tng v nu tc tng trng ca mt cng ty tng ln tng
i so vi th trng, hiu qu ti chnh ca cng ty s tng ln.

2.3.4.4. Th phn.
Khi nim th phn bao gm c v th th trng ca mt doanh nghip cng
nh quy m tng i ca n. Th phn c th th hin c s thm nhp hoc
quyn lm ch th trng ca mt doanh nghip (Jacobson & Aaker, 1985). Mt
cch gin tip, n c th bao hm mc ph bin, s cng nhn, kh nng phn
phi hoc thm ch c nhn thc v cht lng ca mt doanh nghip (Smallwood
& Conlisk, 1979; Jacobson, 1988, Aaker, 1996). Th phn cng chuyn tn hiu v
quy m ca mt doanh nghip n cc i th cnh tranh tim nng, cc phn khc
hoc ton th th trng. Th phn c nh ngha chung l t l hot ng ca mt
doanh nghip (da trn doanh thu, n v, khi lng, t l nhn vin ...) trn tng
hot ng ca th trng (Bain, 1951; Gale, 1972; Scherer, 1974).
Ni chung, th phn ca mt doanh nghip c gi nh l c nh hng
n hiu qu ti chnh trong hot ng ca doanh nghip (Kholi, Venkatraman,
& Grant, 1990). Tuy nhin, thi gian gn y ni ln ba lung quan im khc nhau
v mi quan h gia th phn v hiu qu hot ng ca doanh nghip m Saghafi
(1987) gi l 'Cp tin, n ha v Bo th'. Phe 'Cp tin' cho rng th phn l
cha kha dn n hiu qu kinh t cao (Rumelt & Wensley, 1981; Buzzell, Gale &
Sultan, 1975; Wagner, 1984; Gale, 1972; Shepherd, 1972; Buzzell & Gale, 1987).
Phe 'n ha' tha nhn tm quan trng ca th phn cao n hiu qu hot ng,
nhng khng nh gi thp nh hng ca cc yu t khc (Schmalensee, 1986;
Rumelt, 1991). Mann (1966) v Hall v Weiss (1967) cho rng hng ro gia nhp l
yu t quan trng hn th phn i vi hiu qu hot ng trong mt s tnh hung
nht nh. Phe 'Bo th' c cch nhn hon ton tri ngc v mi quan h ny. H
cho rng rng th phn ch l mt yu t nh hoc khng ng k nh hng n

46

hiu qu hot ng ca doanh nghip (Fruhan, 1972, Jacobson & Aaker, 1985;
Jacobson, 1988; Jacobson, 1990).
Quan im ng h cho mi quan h cng chiu gia th phn hiu qu ti
chnh (MS-FP): Mt s tc gi ca trng phi cp tin bng nghin cu thc
nghim thit lp c mt mi quan h MS-FP mnh. Shepherd (1972) kim tra
mt s nhn t ca cu trc th trng, s dng mt mu 410 doanh nghip t 23
ngnh khc nhau t 1960 n 1969. ng kt lun rng th phn l nhn t trung tm
nh hng n hiu qu hot ng ca doanh nghip.
Mt trong nhng nh gi ton din nht lin quan n th phn, cu trc th
trng v hiu qu hot ng l nh gi ca Szymanski, Bharadwaj v
Varadarajan (1993). Cc tc gi ny thc hin mt phn tch tng hp (metaanalysis) cc nghin cu trong cc lnh vc kinh t t chc, th trng, qun l
chin lc i n kt lun rng, nhn chung, th phn c tc ng cng chiu n
hiu qu hot ng ca hu ht cc ngnh, tuy nhin mi quan h khng tng
qut. H cng thy rng cc nhn t ca cu trc th trng nh nh hng ro gia
nhp, tng trng v cnh tranh, thc s nh hng n c th phn v hiu qu
hot ng nhng cc mc khc nhau.
L do gii thch mi lin h cng chiu gia MS-FP l th phn cao hn
gip cho cc doanh nghip c sc mnh th trng thu c li nhun cao hn t
khch hng v tn dng cc loi hiu qu khc nhau cng nh t c tnh kinh
t theo quy m v gim chi ph hot ng. Martin (1988) kim nh thc nghim
c s gii thch bng hiu qu ln sc mnh th trng cho mi quan h th phn-li
nhun. Kt qu kim nh ng h c hai gi thuyt ny, n cho thy cc gi
thuyt b sung cho nhau hn l loi tr.
Quan im phn i mi quan h cng chiu ca MS-FP: Gn y, rt nhiu
nh nghin cu cho rng c th khng c mi quan h nhn qu gia th phn v li
nhun (Gale, 1972; Woo, 1983). Fruhan (1972) ch ra rng, trong di hn, vic duy
tr th phn cao mu thun vi l thuyt kinh t c in (Baumol, 1967), trong
cho rng cc doanh nghip, cc quy trnh hay cc sn phm thnh cng c xu hng

47

b bt chc cho n khi li nhun b cn kit. Nhng nh nghin cu ny tin rng


cc lc lng ca cnh tranh nng ng s khai t bt c cng ty no ch n thun
duy tr cch thc hot ng kinh doanh hin ti ca mnh.
Mt s nh nghin cu cho rng cch nhn v th phn cao c th khng
thch hp trong mt s iu kin th trng nht nh (Abernathy & Wayne, 1974).
H cho rng mi quan h MS-FP hoc l khng ng k trong mt s hon cnh,
hoc b hn ch bi cc nhn t khc. Aaker (1986) cho rng mi quan h MS-FP l
yu hoc khng bc l trong lnh vc dch v ti M. Tng t nh vy, trong
ngnh sn xut bnh ngt M tn ti mi quan h ngc chiu gia th phn v hiu
qu ti chnh (Bass, Cattin &Wittink; 1978).
xc nh xem mi quan h cng chiu gia th phn v hiu qu hot
ng c kh nng tn ti trong mt ngnh hay khng, mt s nghin cu ti M
thit lp c cc tiu ch quan trng (Kholi et al, 1990; Szymanski et al, 1993):
- Ngnh cng nghip hng tiu dng: c bng chng cho quan h MS-FP
mnh hn so cc ngnh khc (Shepherd, 1972; Caves, Gale & Porter, 1977;
Ravenscraft, 1983).
- Hng ha lu bn: Buzzell, Gale v Sultan (1975) ch ra rng mi lin kt
MS-FP mnh hn i vi hng ha lu bn (v d nh t, nh ca ...) khi so vi
nhng mt hng c tiu th thng xuyn nh thc phm, m phm, xng hoc
vn phng phm.
- Xc nh cc ranh gii th trng: Day v Wensley (1988) cho rng mi
quan h MS-FP c nhiu kh nng xut hin trong cc th trng c cc ranh gii
tng i n nh/hay s thay th hn ch.
- Cc ngnh trng thnh: Mt s hc gi kt lun rng mi quan h th
phn hiu qu ti chnh s mnh hn ti cc cc ngnh trng thnh c tc
tng trng trung bnh khi so snh vi nhng ngnh tng trng nhanh hoc ang
suy gim (Gale, 1972; Shepherd, 1972; Caves, Gale & Wittink, 1978; Prescott,
Kholi & Venkatraman, 1986).
- Tnh khng ng nht trong ngnh: c bng chng cho mi quan h cng
chiu MS-FP trong cc ngnh m s khng ng nht ca cc sn phm v dch v

48

l ph bin. C th, nu ngnh b phn on hoc c nhiu thay i gi, mi quan


h MS-FP c kh nng s mnh hn (Bain, 1951; Buzzell, Gale & Sultan, 1975;
Schendel & Patton, 1978; Hatten, Schendel & Cooper, 1978; Gale & Branch, 1982).
D trn c s l thuyt v cc nghin cu thc nghim trn, c th thy khi
th phn tng ln, hiu qu ti chnh trong hot ng ca doanh nghip s tng ln.

2.3.4.5. Hiu qu ti chnh


Anderson (1982) phn loi cc l thuyt v hiu qu ca cc t chc thnh hai
loi - kinh t v hnh vi. Quan im kinh t tp trung vo tm quan trng ca cc lc
lng th trng bn ngoi nh nh v, cnh tranh,.. Quan im hnh vi xem xt cc
m hnh t chc v x hi cng nh s ph hp ca chng vi mi trng (Tvorik &
McGivern, 1997). Venkatraman v Ramanujam (1986) lp lun rng hiu qu kinh
doanh l mt tp con ca hiu qu t chc. H nhn nhn hiu qu kinh doanh ba cp
: ti chnh, hot ng, hiu qu t chc. H tin rng cc nghin cu v hiu qu ch
yu tp trung vo hai cp u tin m t ch n n cp th ba.
Pht trin trn nn tng , mt s nh nghin cu xem xt vic liu hiu qu
ca mt doanh nghip c nn c u tin hn so vi cc nhn t khc c tm quan
trng i vi x hi hay s ng gp ca cc doanh nghip i vi cht lng cuc
sng ca cng ng (Steers, 1975). Ngc li, Randolph v Dess (1984) cho rng
phn tch hiu qu kinh doanh ca cc doanh nghip bng cc ch tiu ti chnh l
thch hp. Tng t nh vy, Snow v Hambrick (1980) cho rng hiu qu ti chnh
l chp nhn c trong vic tm hiu cc hiu qu t chc.
Nghin cu ca Woo v Willard (1983) cho thy cc doanh nghip s
dng 14 thc o hiu qu khc nhau. Bao gm thu nhp rng, ROI, ROS, tng
trng doanh thu, dng tin u t, th phn, th phn tng thm, cht lng sn
phm, nghin cu pht trin sn phm (R&D), cc dng bin th ca ROI, phn
trm thay i trong ROI v phn trm thay i trong dng tin ca mi khon u
t. Cc thc o ti chnh nh ROI, ROE v cc ch s khc c s dng kh
nhiu trong cc so snh a ngnh, nhng c s dng t hn trong cc nh gi
mt ngnh n l (Gale, 1972; Bass, Cattin & Wittink, 1978; Hatten, Schendel &
Cooper, 1978; Porter, 1979; Buzzell, 1981; Rumelt & Wensley, 1981).

49

Trn c s nhng ni dung l thuyt trnh by trn v nm nhn t - hng


ro gia nhp, cnh tranh, tng trng, th phn v hiu qu ti chnh, cng nh 10 gi
thuyt cn kim nh xy dng tng ng vi tng nhn t, tc gi xy dng mt
m hnh l thuyt nhm phn tch c cu cnh tranh ca ngnh ngn hng Vit nam.
Trong m hnh ny, nhn t hng ro gia nhp c gi thuyt l c nh
hng ngc chiu i vi mc cnh tranh v cng chiu i vi tng trng,
th phn v hiu qu ti chnh trong hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi. Cnh
tranh gia cc ngn hng thng mi c gi thuyt c c nh hng ngc chiu
n tng trng, th phn v hiu qu ti chnh ca cc ngn hng. Tc tng
trng ca mi ngn hng c tc ng cng chiu n th phn v hiu qu ti
chnh. M hnh cng gi thuyt v mi quan h cng chiu gia th phn v hiu
qu ti chnh ca cc ngn hng thng mi. T m hnh l thuyt c th xy dng
cc gi thuyt sau:
Gi thuyt 1: Nu ro cn gia nhp tng ln, s cnh tranh s gim xung.
Gi thuyt 2: Nu cc ro cn gia nhp tng ln, tc tng trng ca cc doanh
nghip hin hu s tng ln.
Gi thuyt 3: Nu cc ro cn gia nhp tng ln, th phn ca cc doanh nghip
hin hu s tng ln.
Gi thuyt 4: Nu cc ro cn gia nhp tng ln, hiu qu ti chnh ca cc cng ty
hin hu s tng ln.
Gi thuyt 5: Nu cnh tranh tng ln, tc tng trng ca cc cng ty hin hu
s gim.
Gi thuyt 6: Nu cnh tranh tng ln, th phn ca cc doanh nghip hin hu s
gim i.
Gi thuyt 7: Nu cnh tranh tng ln, hiu qu ti chnh ca cc doanh nghip
hin hu s gim
Gi thuyt 8: Nu tc tng trng ca mt doanh nghip tng ln tng i so
vi th trng, th phn ca doanh nghip s tng.
Gi thuyt 9: Nu tc tng trng ca mt cng ty tng ln tng i so vi th
trng, hiu qu ti chnh ca cng ty s tng ln.

50

Gi thuyt 10: Khi th phn tng ln, hiu qu ti chnh ca doanh nghip cng s
tng ln.
Cc mi quan h gi thuyt ny s c kim nh da trn s liu hot ng
thc t ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam trong. Ni dung c bn ca m
hnh c trnh by tm tt trong S 3.2.
Vic kim nh mi quan h gia cc nhn t trong m hnh nhm xem xt
hiu qu k thut ca cc ngn hng. Bn cnh , cn ch ra mi tng tc gia
cc bin trong m hnh c th nhn nh xu hng bin ng nhm nng cao
nng lc cnh tranh to hiu qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi.
(5) (-)

Cnh tranh

(6)

(-)

(1) (-)

(3) (+)
(+)

Ro cn gia
nhp

(2) (+)

(4)
(8) (+)

Tc tng
trng

(+)

(9)

(+)

(7) (-)

Th phn
(10) (+)

Hiu qu ti
chnh

Ghi ch:
(+/-): Mi quan h cng chiu/ngc chiu gia cc thnh t

S 2.3. M hnh phn tch tc ng ca c cu cnh tranh n hiu qu


hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam

51

CHNG 3
THC TRNG CU TRC CNH TRANH NGNH
NGN HNG V NNG LC CNH TRANH CA
CC NGN HNG THNG MI VIT NAM
n thi im nm 2012 kinh t th gii vn tip tc i mt vi nhiu kh
khn do cuc khng hong n cng Chu u, suy thoi ko di ca c nn kinh t
cc quc gia pht trin v mi ni cng nh bt n chnh tr ca nhiu nc.
Trong bi cnh nn kinh t ton cu c nhiu xo trn, nn kinh t Vit Nam
khng t c mt s ch tiu kinh t v m theo k hoch: GDP t khong
5,14%, mc thp nht k t nm 2000; t l thm ht ngn sch cao hn con s k
hoch 4,8%; t l tht nghip, hng tn kho tng cao v ngnh ngn hng cng
khng phi l mt ngoi l. Vi vai tr l trung gian ti chnh m bo cho nn
kinh t mt quc gia hot ng mt cch nhp nhng, trong bi cnh kinh t nh
hin nay, hiu qu hot ng ca ngn hng khng ch nh hng ti chnh h
thng ngn hng m cn tc ng ti nhiu ngnh ngh khc ca nn kinh t. Do
, theo n c cu li h thng t chc tn dng theo quyt nh s 254/Q
TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph, cc ngn hng phi khng ngng i mi nng
cao nng lc ca mnh gp phn pht trin ca ton b nn kinh t. Vic nh gi
hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam trong thi gian qua s gip
chng ta thy c nhng tn ti hoch nh chnh sch v qun tr ngn hng
mt cch hiu qu hn. Chng ny s nh gi tng quan chung v ngnh ngn
hng Vit Nam, phn tch cu trc cnh tranh ca ngnh thng qua m hnh 5 lc
lng cnh tranh ca Michael Porter v sau , nh lng mi quan h gia cu
trc cnh tranh ca ngnh n nng lc cnh tranh ca cc NHTM (thng qua cc
bin s o lng hiu qu).

52

3.1. Tng quan v ngnh ngn hng Vit Nam


3.1.1. Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca h thng ngn hng
Cng vi tng giai on pht trin ca t nc, h thng ngn hng Vit Nam
cng c nhng bc chuyn bin ph hp vi tnh hnh kinh t trong nc v th
gii. Vo giai on nhng nm 1988 tr v trc, h thng ngn hng Vit Nam
c t chc l h thng ngn hng mt cp gm Ngn hng Nh nc v h thng
chi nhnh t trung ng n a phng phn b theo a gii hnh chnh. Trong
giai on ny Ngn hng Nh nc va m nhn chc nng qun l nh nc, va
thc hin chc nng kinh doanh ca mt ngn hng thng mi. T nm 1988 n
1990 theo Ngh nh 53 ca Hi ng B trng tch chc nng kinh doanh ca
Ngn hng Nh nc v trao cho cc ngn hng chuyn doanh. Vi m hnh t
chc ny cc ngn hng bt u ch n hiu qu hot ng v tng trng tn
dng. Thi im ny hot ng cho vay vn lu ng chim khong 95% tng
d n cho vay nn kinh t.
Tuy nhin hot ng ca cc ngn hng trong giai on ny cn nhiu hn ch
nh: cc ngn hng lun b ng trong hot ng ca mnh, tn dng ngn sch
chim t trng ln, hot ng tn dng khng theo c ch th trng, thiu kh nng
cnh tranh. Bc sang giai on chuyn i nn kinh t theo nh hng kinh t th
trng, h thng ngn hng Vit Nam c bc chuyn bin r rt. Chnh Ph ban
hnh 2 Php lnh v ngn hng vo thng 5 nm 1990 quy nh h thng ngn hng
Vit Nam chia lm 2 cp c chc nng, nhim v phn nh r rng: Ngn hng
Trung ng cng l c quan pht hnh tin t v thc hin chc nng qun l nh
nc v tin t - tn dng, thanh ton, ngoi hi v ngn hng. Ngn hng Trung
ng l c quan t chc vic iu hnh chnh sch tin t, ly nhim v gi n nh
gi tr ng tin lm mc tiu ch yu v chi phi cn bn cc chnh sch iu hnh
c th i vi h thng ngn hng 2 cp. Cn cc ngn hng thng mi thc hin
chc nng kinh doanh, trung gian ti chnh. H thng ngn hng hai cp tip tc
c quy nh trong 02 lut: Lut cc t chc tn dng v Lut Ngn hng Nh
nc c hiu lc t ngy 1 thng 10 nm 1998 to khung php l cho qu trnh pht

53

trin lu di ca h thng ngn hng Vit Nam trong tin trnh i mi. V c bn
h thng ngn hng theo php lnh nm 1990 tho b c tnh c quyn Nh
nc trong lnh vc hot ng ngn hng bng cch cho php thnh lp cc ngn
hng thng mi theo nhiu loi hnh s hu khc nhau. Bn cnh , vic cho lp
cc ngn hng lin doanh v chi nhnh ngn hng nc ngoi thu ht c vn
u t, i mi cng ngh trong lnh vc ngn hng v thc y qu trnh cnh
tranh trong ton h thng. Sau khi gia nhp T chc thng mi th gii (WTO)
vo nm 2007, h thng ngn hng Vit Nam c iu chnh theo xu hng
chung ca th gii, cc ngn hng 100% vn nc ngoi c php thnh lp. C
th khi qut h thng cc t chc tn dng theo s sau:

H thng TCTD
Ngn hng

TCTD phi ngn hng

6 Ngn hng TM NN

Cng ty ti chnh

35 Ngn hng TMCP

Cng ty cho thu ti chnh

50 Chi nhnh NHNNg

Qu TDND

4 Ngn hng lin doanh

T chc TC quy m nh

5 Ngn hng 100% vn NNg

S 3.1: H thng t chc tn dng Vit Nam


Tri qua hn 10 nm ci cch h thng ngn hng Vit Nam, c th thy h
thng tr nn a dng ha v hot ng ngn hng v hnh thc s hu cng nh
s lng ngn hng. Bng 3.1 cho thy s pht trin v s lng v hnh thc s
hu ngn hng thng mi. S lng cc ngn hng thng mi c phn v chi
nhnh ngn hng nc ngoi c chiu hng gia tng qua cc nm, tuy nhin n
nm 2012 do hiu qu hot ng ca mt s ngn hng thng mi c phn yu

54

km buc phi sp nhp, hp nht dn n s lng cc ngn hng thng mi c


phn st gim. Trong khi , sau khi c php thnh lp ngn hng 100% vn
nc ngoi c 5 ngn hng tham gia vo th trng ngn hng Vit Nam. iu
khng nh hot ng cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng ngy cng khc lit gia cc
i th trong ngnh.
Bng 3.1 : S lng cc ngn hng thng mi qua cc nm
Loi hnh ngn hng
Ngn hng thng mi Nh nc

2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2012


5

39

37

37

34

34

40

40

35

Chi nhnh ngn hng nc ngoi

26

27

31

31

41

39

49

50

Ngn hng 100% vn nc ngoi

Ngn hng thng mi c phn


Ngn hng lin doanh

Ngun: Bo co Ngn hng Nh nc


C th thy trc nm 2007, y l giai on m cc ngn hng thng mi
Vit Nam tng i pht trin. i vi ngn hng thng mi Nh nc giai on
ny y nhanh qu trnh ti c cu ton din theo n ti c cu li ngn hng
thng mi Nh nc c Chnh ph ph duyt thng 10/2001 nhm c cu li b
my t chc, phn bit chc nng cho vay ca ngn hng chnh sch vi chc nng
kinh doanh tin t ca ngn hng thng mi. Trong khi , ngn hng thng mi
c phn c cng c v pht trin theo hng tng cng nng lc qun l ti
chnh, gii th, st nhp, hp nht nng cao hiu qu hot ng. Mc d gp
nhiu kh khn nhng cc ngn hng thng mi vn th hin r vai tr quan trng
i vi nn kinh t. Tuy nhin, t nm 2008 tr i do nh hng ca cuc khng
khong ton cu, nn kinh t Vit Nam cng khng trnh khi nh hng v cc
ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam cng khng phi l mt ngoi l. C th thy, giai
on ny cc ngn hng thng mi c nhiu thay i trong hot ng.

55

3.1.2. c im ca h thng ngn hng sau nm 2007 - 2008


i vi quy m vn ch s hu: Vn ch s hu ca mt ngn hng l thc
o t l an ton vn ti thiu cng nh t l n by ti chnh. Trong giai on ny,
p ng ch tiu an ton vn theo thng l Basel II, ngn hng Nh nc yu
cu cc ngn hng thng mi tng vn iu l ln 3000 t ng do cc ngn
hng cng c m rng tng i vn ch s hu. th 3.1 cho thy, t nm
2008 vn ch s hu ca cc ngn hng tng ln nhanh chng. Nguyn nhn dn
n vic tng ln nhanh chng l do vic chp hnh yu cu ca ngn hng Nh
nc thng qua ngun thng d t c phiu v li nhun tch ly trong giai on
tng trng cao ca li nhun. Trong sut giai on t 2008 2011 vn ch s hu
ca cc ngn hng thng mi u tng, nhng n nm 2012 nhm ngn hng
thng mi c phn v ngn hng nc ngoi c vn ch s hu gim nh do n
xu gia tng.
n v: t ng

th 3.1: Vn ch s hu ca cc ngn hng thng mi


giai on 2008 2012
Ngun: Ngn hng Nh nc

56

i vi tng ti sn ca cc ngn hng thng mi: th 3.2 cho thy t


nm 2008 n 2011, tng ti sn ca cc ngn hng u c xu hng gia tng. c
bit, khi ngn hng thng mi c phn c s t bin. Nguyn nhn chnh l do
cc ngn hng thng mi c phn m rng mnh m mng li chi nhnh dn n
tc tng trng vt bc v huy ng vn v khai thc hiu qu ngun vn trong
dn c. Trong khi , cc ngn hng nc ngoi do hn ch do quy m pht trin
mng li chm hn so vi cc ngn hng trong nc v khch hng cha pht
trin c a dng. Nhng n nm 2012, i vi khi ngn hng thng mi c
phn quy m tng ti sn c xu hng st gim.
n v: t ng

th 3.2 : Tng ti sn ca cc ngn hng thng mi giai on


2008 2012
Ngun: Ngn hng Nh nc
Tc tng trng huy ng vn v tn dng ton h thng: Trong nn kinh
t Vit Nam th ngnh ngn hng l ngnh c tc tng trng cao nht so vi
nhiu ngnh ngh khc. th 3.3 cho thy tc tng trng huy ng vn v tn
dng qua cc nm, c th thy trc nm 2008 tc tng trng huy ng vn v
tn dng mc cao. Tuy nhin, do cuc khng hong kinh t ton cu, ngnh ngn

57

hng Vit Nam cng b nh hng dn n tc tng trng huy ng v tn dng


c xu hng gim xung t nm 2009. iu cng phn nh cc ngn hng
thng mi b ng trong vic i ph vi khng khong.
n v: %

th 3.3: Tng trng huy ng, tng trng tn dng


Ngun: Ngn hng Nh nc
Trc nm 2007 th phn ch yu tp trung vo cc ngn hng thng mi
Nh nc th t nm 2008 tr i khong cch huy ng vn gia cc khi ngn
hng c thu hp. th 3.4 ch ra rng tc tng trng huy ng vn ca
cc NHTMCP v NHTMNN tng nhanh v khong cch c thu hp, thm ch c
giai on tc tng trng ca khi NHTMCP cao hn khi NHTMNN. S d
huy ng ca NHTMCP vt NHTMNN vo nm 2011. Trong giai on t nm
2009 2011, huy ng vn ca cc NHTMCP nh vic s dng cng c li sut
trong cnh tranh huy ng vn nn tng ln nhanh chng. Tuy nhin, bc sang
nm 2012 do NHNN p dng cng c trn li sut nh hng ti vic huy ng
vn ca cc NHTMCP lm cho tc tng trng huy ng vn chng li. Lc ny
ngun vn huy ng t dn c c xu hng chuyn sang cc ngn hng c uy tn

58

lu nm. Bn cnh , do mt s tc ng t nhng tiu cc lin quan n cc


NHTMCP cng lm dch chuyn ngun vn huy ng t khi NHTMCP sang khi
cc NHTMNN. i vi khi ngn hng nc ngoi, tc tng trng vn huy
ng ca cc ngn hng ny cng tng trong giai on 2008 2011 mc d khng
cao so vi cc khi ngn hng cn li, nhng cng c chiu hng i ngang khi
bc sang nm 2012 theo xu hng chung ca nn kinh t. C th thy, cc
NHTMCP c nhng bc tin ng k trong vic thay i phng thc hot
ng c th chim lnh c th phn tng kh nng thu ht ngun vn t khch
hng v pha mnh.
n v: t ng

th 3.4: Huy ng vn ca cc ngn hng thng mi giai on


2008 2012
Ngun: Ngn hng Nh nc
V hot ng tn dng gia cc khi ngn hng c phn nh trong th
3.5. Trc nm 2008, th phn tn dng ca cc ngn hng thuc khi NHTMNN
gp khong 4 ln so vi khi cc NHTMCP v 7 ln so vi cc Ngn hng nc
ngoi. Sang giai on 2008 2012 khong cch ny c thu hp li. Trong

59

nhng nm ny cc NHTMCP c nhng nh hng pht trin thc y tng


trng tn dng, nh vy m tc tng tng tn dng tng cao. c bit, nm
2009 2010 to ra tng trng nng dn n lm pht nm 2011 tng cao ln
18%. iu ny buc ngn hng Nh nc thc hin chnh sch tin t tht cht
bng t trn li sut huy ng v hn mc tng trng tn dng dn n tc tng
trng tn dng chng li.
n v: t ng

th 3.5: D n tn dng ca cc ngn hng thng mi giai on


2008 2012
Ngun: Ngn hng Nh nc
Hiu qu ti chnh: Da trn s liu tng hp v li nhun sau thu ca cc
ngn hng t 2008 2012 (ph lc 4) c th thy xu hng bin ng trong hot
ng. Nm 2008 n nm 2009 tnh hnh li nhun ca cc ngn hng c xu hng
tng tuy vy t nm 2009 tr i li nhun ca c xu hng st gim. iu ny
tng ng vi tnh hnh kh khn chung ca nn kinh t th gii ni ring v ca
Vit Nam ni chung. Phn ln cc ngn hng c vn ch s hu ln t c li
nhun ln t c th thy c tnh tng ng vi ROE ca cc ngn hng trong
ngnh (ph lc 5). T c th thy cc ngn hng c vn ch s hu ln thng
c b dy kinh nghim trong hot ng tc ng tch cc ti vic s dng hiu qu

60

ng vn. Mc d vy ROE ca nhiu ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam cng cha
phi l cao th hin kh nng s dng vn vay ca nhiu ngn hng cn hn ch.
Bn cnh cng c th thy khi khng hong kinh t xy ra vi chiu hng ngy
cng xu ca nn kinh t th cc ngn hng vp phi rt nhiu cn tr t nh
hng ti hiu qu ti chnh.
Tnh hnh n xu: Tnh hnh n xu ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam
ngy cng nng bng, t nh hng tiu cc n vic lu thng dng vn vo
nn kinh t, nh hng tiu cc ti cc t chc tn dng v cc doanh nghip. th
3.6 cho thy n xu ca NHTM Vit Nam t nm 2005 n 2012 c nhiu bin
ng. Sau khi thc hin phn loi n theo quyt nh 493/2005/Q NHNN c th
thy tng n xu c xu hng tng ln. Trong 3 nm t 2005 n 2007 tng n xu
bin ng khng nhiu, tuy nhin bc sang nm 2008 k t sau cuc khng hong
kinh t tc tng n xu l tng i nhanh. Tnh n nm 2012 theo cng b ca
NHNN tng n xu ca cc NHTM Vit Nam l 185.205 t ng, tng ng t l
n xu/ tng d n l 6%. Tuy nhin, theo y ban gim st ti chnh quc gia a
ra t l n xu l 11,8% tng ng 270.000 t ng. Mt trong nhng nguyn
nhn quan trng khin tnh hnh n xu ngy mt gia tng l do mt s nguyn nhn
trong vic cp tn dng: giai on 2007 -2010 chng kin s bng n ca th trng
bt ng sn v chng khon, cc d n u t v bt ng sn u t t bt chp
s mt cn bng cung cu trn th trng. Thm vo , i vi ti sn m bo ch
yu l bt ng sn khi th trng st gim dn n gi tr ti sn m bo gim,
cng vi hng tn kho gia tng gy n xu tng theo. Cng vi cuc khng hong
ti chnh ton cu din ra tc ng ti nn kinh t ca quc gia v cc doanh
nghip ni ti, t nh hng ti hot ng sn xut kinh doanh v tiu th sn
phm trn th trng.

61

Bng 3.2: N xu cc NHTM Vit Nam giai on 2005 -2012


n v: T ng, %
Nm

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Tng n xu

17.511

17.207

18.046

26.970

35.875

49.064

85.967

185.205

Tng d n

550.673

693.834

1.061.551

1.242.857

1.750.000

2.271.500

2.504.911

3.086.750

3,18

2,48

1,70

2,17

2,05

2,16

3,3

6,0

T l n xu/
tng d n

Ngun: Bo co tng kt hot ng NHNN Vit Nam 2005 -2012


n v: T ng

th 3.6: N xu ca cc NHTM Vit Nam giai on 2005 2012


Ngun: Bo co tng kt hot ng NHNN Vit Nam 2005 -2012

3.2. Nhng hn ch ca h thng ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam


Trc nm 2007, chng kin s pht trin nhanh chng ca h thng ngn
hng Vit Nam v c quy m v hiu qu hot ng. Sau khi gia nhp WTO mi
trng v th ch hot ng ca NHTM Vit Nam c nhng chuyn bin tch cc
ph hp trong mi trng quc t. Tuy nhin, vic gia nhp WTO cc ngn hng
gp nhiu thch thc trong cnh tranh, bn cnh giai on ny cng chng kin
cuc khng hong kinh t ton cu, t c th thy nhng bt cp ca h thng

62

ngn hng Vit Nam trong vic chng ca s bin ng ca mi trng bn


trong v bn ngoi.

3.2.1. C ch v th ch cn nhiu hn ch
Ngn hng Nh nc vi vai tr l ngn hng ng u trong h thng ngn
hng Vit Nam. iu ny th hin vai tr to ln trong vic kch thch, kim sot
ton b h thng ngn hng. Nhng vai tr ca Ngn hng Nh nc cha thc s
mnh thc hin chc nng, nhim v ca mnh. Hay ni cch khc NHNN
cha c c tnh c lp trong mi quan h vi Chnh ph c c v th trong
xy dng v vn hnh chnh sch tin t mt cch hiu qu, cng nh khng m
bo thc hin c mt s chnh sch vi ngn hng thng mi.
Vn tn ti ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam trong giai on va
qua l tnh hnh n xu mc cao nh hng ti hot ng ca ton h thng.
tho g vn n xu ngoi nhng cng c h tr cn thit phi xem xt cc th
ch c tnh rng buc tho g cc ro cn tm kim cc ngun lc t bn ngoi.
Theo quyt nh s 88/2009/Q Ttg ban hnh km Quy ch gp vn th nhng
khng ch v mc s hu 30% c phn i vi nh u t ngoi c xa b
theo cam kt vi t chc thng mi th gii nhng vn cn ngoi l i vi mt s
trng hp. Tuy nhin, c th thy mc khng ch ny cn hn ch nhiu cc
ngun vn ngoi trong giai on cc t chc tn dng Vit Nam ang cn vn x
l cc vn ni ti.
i vi Lut Doanh nghip v Lut cc t chc tn dng, b my qun tr,
iu hnh v kim sot cc ngn hng thng mi xc nh gm Hi ng qun
tr, Ban iu hnh, ban kim sot,...tuy vy quan h gia Hi ng qun tr v ban
iu hnh cn tch bch quyn s hu v quyn iu hnh cha r rng.

3.2.2. Cht lng dch v cha mnh


C th ni, cc sn phm dch v ngn hng trong thi gian qua tng ln
tng i th hin cc ngn hng c chin lc c th trong vic pht trin sn
phm dch v thu ht khch hng. Tuy nhin, c th thy cc sn phm dch v

63

mi pht trin v s lng m cha cht lng. Bn cnh cc sn phm dch v


ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam cha ng b gy kh khn cho khch
hng trong vic s dng sn phm dch v. n c nh, vic pht trin thanh ton
khng dng tin mt l xu th ca cc quc gia trn th gii nhng Vit Nam vic
thc hin l tng i kh khi cc ngn hng cha pht trin ng b gia pht
hnh th v cng c s dng th. Vi dn s 90 triu dn th vic thc y v s
lng v cht lng sn phm dch v s gp phn thu ht khch hng nhng nhiu
sn phm dch v mi mc trn truyn thng v cha pht trin tng xng
vi tim nng vn c ca ngn hng. Khng nhng th vic tip cn gia khch
hng v ngn hng cha thun tin, ngn hng cha to nim tin cho khch hng
bng thng hiu mnh dn n khch hng hn ch trong vic s dng cc sn
phm dch v ca ngn hng.

3.2.3. Nng lc qun tr v cng ngh cn nhiu hn ch


Ngn hng thng mi c coi l mch mu ca nn kinh t, do nu c
tch s gy h ly ti ton b nn kinh t. Trong khi , mt ngn hng hot ng
hiu qu th vn qun tr ngn hng c bit quan trng. Mt ngn hng c nng
lc qun tr tt s tc ng tc tip ti v th ca cc ngn hng v thc y cc
doanh nghip m ngn hng cho vay. Nng lc qun tr ngn hng s gip cc ngn
hng xc nh mc chu ng ca ri ro v chng trc cc bin ng ca nn
kinh t. Tuy nhin, thc tin nng lc qun tr ngn hng Vit Nam cn nhiu bt
cp. C th thy t cui nm 2008, nn kinh t i mt vi nhiu kh khn do tc
ng ca cuc khng hong kinh t ton cu t tc ng ti cc ngnh ngh lm
cho tc tng trng khng cao, hiu qu u t thp km, lm pht bin i
khng ngng. iu ny tc ng ti ngn hng v phn nh nng lc qun tr ca
cc ngn hng cha cao do kh c kh nng chng chi vi cc bin ng kinh
t. Trong giai on ny c th thy cht lng tn dng ca cc ngn hng gim st
th hin cc khon n xu gia tng (T l n xu/tng d n t 2,17% nm 2008
ln 6,0% nm 2012). Vic nng cao vai tr ca Hi ng qun tr trong vic iu
hnh v tng cng s kim sot c lp ca ngn hng thng mi Nh nc

64

thng qua Ngh nh 59/2009/N CP v t chc v hot ng ca ngn hng


thng mi gip cc ngn hng thng mi nng phn no cao hiu qu hot
ng. Tuy nhin, vn ni ti trong qun tr ngn hng cha c quan tm ng
mc nh qun tr ngun nhn lc, qun tr ri ro, qun tr thng hiu, qun tr
khch hngS d vic quan tm n qun tr ca ngn hng khng c ng
mc cng l do nn tng cng ngh ngn hng khng ng b t dn n thng
tin khng kp thi, gy hao ph v thi gian v chnh xc khng cao.

3.2.4. Trnh cn b nhn vin ngn hng cha cao


Mc d trong nhng nm va qua cc ngn hng quan tm nhiu hn ti
trnh ca nhn vin p ng ti xu hng pht trin trong giai on hi nhp.
Vic tng cng kim tra trnh chuyn mn v nng cao o to nng lc tng
nm. Tuy nhin, vi tc pht trin ngy cng nhanh ca hot ng ngn hng
nh: cng ngh ngy mt hin i, vic pht trin cc sn phm dch v c m
rng hn hay tip cn vi cc t chc nc ngoi gia tng i hi cn b nhn
vin phi c trnh nht nh. Nhng vic p ng nhu cu ca ngun nhn lc
cc ngn hng cha thc s ng u dn gia tng chi ph t nh hng ti hiu
qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng. Ngoi ra, trnh cn b cng nhn vin khng
ch th hin trnh chuyn mn m cn th hin thi , kinh nghim, kin
thc khi tip xc vi khch hng v n c kh nng tng hoc gim cht lng sn
phm dch v khi cung ng cho khch hng. i vi vn ha kinh doanh ca ngn
hng cn yu km t tc ng ti hot ng kinh doanh ca ngn hng.

3.2.5. Nng lc cnh tranh cn yu


Sau khi gia nhp t chc thng mi th gii, nn kinh t Vit Nam gt hi
c nhiu thnh cng tuy nhin cng gp phi nhiu kh khn v thch thc. i
vi ngnh ngn hng, c hi pht trin l rt cao nhng cng khng t tr ngi buc
cc ngn hng phi tng cng nng lc ca mnh cnh tranh vi cc i th.
Tin trnh hi nhp ti chnh ngn hng i hi t do ha ti chnh trong khi giai
on trc y cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam hot ng trong mi trng

65

thu hp vi s bo h ca Chnh Ph v Ngn hng Nh nc dn n nhiu kh


khn s phi ng u. Trong khi , theo Hip nh thng mi Vit M vi
cam kt tho d mi hn ch i vi cc ngn hng ca M v cc iu kin ca t
chc thng mi th gii th ngnh ngn hng cng phi m ca ton b. Cc ngn
hng 100% vn nc ngoi lc ny c php hot ng ti th trng Vit Nam
gy p lc trong cnh tranh gia tng. Thc t cho thy, trong giai on va qua cc
ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam bc l nhng yu km trong nng lc cnh
tranh vi cc i th khi tham gia vo th trng ti chnh quc t. i vi cc ngn
hng thng mi Vit Nam ch c c u im v h thng chi nhnh, phng giao
dch ph rng khp c nc v nm bt c vn ha bn a. Nhng so vi cc i
th cnh tranh t ngn hng nc ngoi, cc ngn hng Vit Nam km v nng lc
ngun vn, trnh qun tr ngn hng, cng ngh ngn hng v tnh a dng ca
sn phm dch v. Hn th na trong qu trnh ti c cu nng cao hiu qu hot
ng v kh nng cnh tranh th h thng ngn hng Vit Nam cn gp phi vn
ln l tnh trng tham nhng gia tng, vn ny khng ch nh hng ti cc ngn
hng m cn lin ly n ton b nn kinh t.

3.3. Thc trng cu trc cnh tranh ngnh ngn hng Vit Nam.
Da trn khung l thuyt nm lc lng cnh tranh ca Micheal Porter, phn
ny s nh gi thc trng cu trc cnh tranh ngnh trn 5 yu t: i) Mc cnh
tranh ca cc i th hin ti, ii) Mi e da ca nhng ngi gia nhp tim nng,
iii) Mi e da ca cc sn phm thay th, iv) Sc mnh ngi mua, v) Sc mnh
nh cung ng.

3.3.1. Mc cnh tranh ca cc i th hin ti:


Tc tng trng ca ngnh ngn hng Vit Nam: K t nm 2000 tc
tng trng tn dng ca ngnh l rt cao, c bit giai on t 2006 n 2010 tc
tng trng tn dng ln ti 35% v tc tng trng huy ng cng ln ti
28%. C th thy qua cc nm tc tng trng tn dng thng cao hn tc
tng trng huy ng lm cho cc ngn hng ph thuc vo ngun vn ca NHNN

66

v huy ng vn t th trng lin ngn hng ti tr thanh khon thiu ht hoc


to ngun m rng tn dng. T , lm gia tng chi ph ca cc ngn hng nh
hng ti li nhun v mc cnh tranh gia tng.
S khc bit v sn phm v chi ph chuyn i ca khch hng: C th thy
i vi cc sn phm dch v ca ngn hng l tng t nhau v vy kh nng thay
th l rt cao dn n cu v sn phm dch v ca ngn hng l tng i co gin.
Do , khi c s bin ng nh v gi s dn n lng cu thay i mnh. n c
nh i vi hot ng thu ht vn ca ngn hng c nhiu bin ng cng vi s
thay i ca li sut ngn hng. Nm 2008 c th coi l nm ca li sut khi li sut
bin ng tri chiu vi mt bin ln ch trong vng 12 thng. Din bin li sut
trong nm 2008 gm 2 giai on chnh: cuc ua li sut ca cc ngn hng trong
na u nm 2008 v mt cuc ua khc theo chiu hng ngc li, ua gim li
sut d km quyt lit hn. T mc li sut 8,5% vo thng 1 tng ln 18,5% vo
thng 6. C mt ln sng t ngi dn rt tin ca ngn hng c li sut thp v
chuyn sang ngn hng c li sut cao. 6 thng cui nm cc ngn hng li vo cuc
ua mi vi li sut gim mnh. Vic iu chnh li sut huy ng gim mnh cung
dn n li sut cho vay cng gim theo. Thm vo lng vn huy ng t u
nm kh ln nn cc ngn hng phi gim li sut cho vay kch thch ngi tiu
dng trong hot ng sn xut cng nh cho cc doanh nghip vay u t. Bn
cnh , chi ph chuyn i ca khch hng l khng cao khng to ro cn chuyn
i ca khch hng sang cc ngn hng khc. T c th thy vic cnh tranh ca
cc ngn hng ngy cng gia tng.
Hng ro rt khi ngnh cao: Bt u t nm 2004 cc ngn hng hoch
nh m rng mng li chi nhnh l mt trong nhng u tin hng u ca cc
NHTM. Vic m rng mng li cho thy chi ph mua sm hay thu mn mt
bng u kh cao so vi ngnh ngh kinh doanh khc. Thm vo c th ca
ngn hng khi m rng cc im giao dch l cc a im phi nm nhng v tr
d giao dch, d qung b thng hiu nn chi ph thng cao. Ti mi im giao
dch d ln hay nh u phi b chi ph tng t: u t tr s, u t ti sn c

67

nh, xe c, my mc thit b, qung b, in nc,i km vi chi ph im giao


dch l chi ph v nhn s. y l khon chi ph rt ln ca cc ngn hng thng
mi. Vic cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng s c xu hng gia tng khi do chi ph cao
khi rt lui khi ngnh.

3.3.2. Mi e da ca nhng ngi gia nhp tim nng


H thng cc t chc tn dng Vit Nam bao gm nhiu loi hnh hot ng
khc nhau. V vy, i vi cc ngn hng thng mi hin ti th cc i th tim
nng gm: cc ngn hng mi, cc cng ty bo him; cc qu u t; cc ngn hng
nc ngoi; cc t chc ti chnh phi ngn hng;... Mi e do ca nhng ngi gia
nhp tim nng c xc nh bng cao ca cc hng ro gia nhp. Ro cn
gia nhp ca cc i th cnh tranh tim nng gm c:
Chnh sch ca Chnh ph l ro cn u tin i vi vic hnh thnh cc
ngn hng mi. Vic yu cu v vn iu l bng vn php nh ti thiu 3000 t
ng v mt s yu cu trong thnh lp chi nhnh, phng giao dch nhm m bo
an ton cho h thng chnh l mt ro cn gia nhp ngnh ngn hng. Tuy nhin c
th thy s lng cc ngn hng vn khng ngng tng ln qua cc nm ( Bng 3.1)
chng t vic gia nhp th trng ngn hng c ro cn khng cao. Ch c nm
2012 s lng cc NHTMCP gim xung do hot ng ca mt s ngn hng trong
h thng khng hiu qu buc phi tin hnh st nhp.
Yu cu v vn: p ng ch tiu an ton vn theo thng l Basel II, Ngn
hng Nh nc yu cu cc NHTM tng vn iu l ln 3000 t ng t cc
NHTM m rng tng i vn ch s hu ( th 3.1). Vic cc ngn hng ni ti
c ngun vn ln s p ng c nhu cu u t ti chnh ln c th cnh tranh
t hnh thnh ro cn cho cc i th cnh tranh tim nng.
S khc bit v sn phm dch v: Bn cnh nhng sn phm dch v truyn
thng nh tin gi v cho vay, xut hin nhiu sn phm mi c nhiu tin ch
cho khch hng nh tng tin ch ti khon c nhn, pht trin dch v th, pht
trin cc dch v ngn hng hin i nh internet banking, phone bankingHot

68

ng huy ng vn ngy cng a dng hn v hnh thc ngi gi tin c nhiu


la chn c li cho mnh. Ngoi cc sn phm tin gi tit kim c li sut c nh
truyn thng, cc ngn hng cn a ra cc sn phm tin gi c hng li sut
bin ng theo t l lm pht, m bo gi tr theo vng,Nhiu dch v pht trin
th a tin ch c cung cp cho khch hng. Mc d sn phm dch v l kh
a dng, nhng nhn chung cc sn phm ngn hng l tng t nhau v c kh
nng thay th cao. Chng hn nh, d c t tn khc nhau nhng ti khon tit
kim cc ngn hng hu nh l ging nhau. im quan trng l khi cc ngn hng
to c lng tin ca khch hng i vi sn phm ca mnh s to c ro cn
khi gia nhp ca cc ngn hng mi.
Tnh kinh t ca quy m: mt ngn hng t tnh kinh t ca quy m th vic
m rng sn lng s lm gim c chi ph bnh qun. Khi , vic cung cp sn
phm cho mt lng ln khch hng s cho php ngn hng gim chi ph v a ra
mc gi hp l. iu ny cc hng mi mun gia nhp th trng s b cn tr do
chi ph cao nh hng ti li nhun k vng.
Nhng bt li v chi ph m khng ph thuc v quy m: cc ngn hng
thng mi hin ti c nhng li th v chi ph do vy cc i th tim nng ca
ngn hng kh c th sao chp. Cc li th ny gm c: S lng chi nhnh, phng
giao dch nhiu tp trung khu ng dn c; duy tr c mi quan h vi khch
hng truyn thng; c hng li t s h tr ca Chnh ph; bn quyn v cng
ngh sn phm T nhng li th ny, cc i th tim nng mun gia nhp s b
ro cn v chi ph cao do s phi cn nhc khi cnh tranh vi cc i th trong
ngnh ngn hng.

3.3.3. Mi e da ca cc sn phm thay th:


Vi xu th chung th trng ti chnh ngy cng pht trin, ng hnh vi s
pht trin s xut hin ngy cng nhiu sn phm, dch v mi p ng tt hn nhu
cu ca khch hng. C th thy, trong giai on hin nay thay v gi tin vo ngn
hng hng li sut theo gi truyn thng, khch hng c th ti a ha ngun
tin gi thng qua nhiu hnh thc khc nhau. Cc sn phm thay th bt hp php

69

nh: cc dch v cho vay nh l, cho vay nng li v chi hi. Hoc cc knh u t
nh: u t trn th trng chng khon; u t trn th trng vng; u t bt
ng sn; tham gia cc qu u ti vi i tng cn vay vn cng c th tm
kim ngun vn thng qua cc knh huy ng khc ngoi ngn hng nh: vay t
cc dch v nh l ngoi ngn hng; pht hnh c phiu; tri phiu trn th trng
chng khon; thu mua ti chnhCc sn phm, dch v thay th ngy cng hp
dn, gi c cnh tranh dn n vic cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng thng mi ngy
cng tr nn gay gt.

3.3.4. Sc mnh ngi mua


Trong lnh vc ngn hng, i tng mua hay s dng sn phm, dch v ca
ngn hng bao gm cc c nhn v t chc. i vi dn c: tham gia vo th trng
ti chnh thng qua vic s dng hiu qu hn li ch t s pht trin ca th trng
sn phm dch v ngn hng nh cc hnh thc tin gi, thanh ton khng dng tin
mt qua ngn hng, tn dng tiu dng, tn dng tr gp, vay vn thnh lp doanh
nghip, vay i du hc i vi cc doanh nghip v t chc kinh t x hi: y l
i tng quan trng trong vic cu v sn phm dch v ngn hng. Vic s dng
cc sn phm dch v ca cc i tng ny s ngy cng gia tng cng vi tc
pht trin kinh t. V vy, sc mnh ca i tng ny cng s ngy mt mnh m
hn i vi cc ngn hng trong giai on th trng m. Chnh ph: tham gia vo
th trng ti chnh vi t cch l ngi s dng khi Chnh ph cn huy ng cc
ngun ti chnh phc v mc tiu u t pht trin kinh t x hi nh pht hnh tri
phiu Chnh ph, tri phiu chnh quyn a phng
i vi i tng mua cc sn phm dch v ca ngn hng th nhy cm
i vi gi s tc ng ti s pht trin ca th trng ti chnh ni chung v i vi
ngn hng ni ring. Trong trng hp gi c cc loi dch v ti chnh qu cao,
khch hng mua s gp kh khn trong vic tip cn v s dng cc loi dch v ti
chnh. Bn cnh , i vi cc sn phm dch v ngn hng t c im khc bit
nh cc dch v trao i ngoi t, chit khu thng phiu, cho vay thng mi,
nhn tin gi, bo qun vt gi tr, ti tr cc hot ng Chnh ph, cung cp cc ti

70

khon giao dch, cung cp dch v y thc, cho vay tiu dng qun l tin mt, dch
v thu mua thit b, cho vay ti tr d n, bn cc dch v bo him, v chi ph
chuyn i khng cao m ng c ca khch hng mua dch v l ti a ha li ch
ca mnh do khch hng nhy cm hn v gi s dn n s dch chuyn ca
khch hng n ngn hng c gi c thp hn.
Sc mnh ca bn mua cn c th hin thng qua mc v mc c:
trong thi i cng ngh thng tin ng dng cao, vic cp nht thng tin ca ngi
mua v cc ngn hng l rt thun tin v nhanh chng. Cng vi cc sn
phng dch v ca cc ngn hng c tnh tng ng cao to ra s thay th mc
cao ca cc sn phm dch v. iu dn n khch hng i mua c kh nng
mc c cao hn trong th trng ti chnh.

3.3.5. Sc mnh ca ngi cung ng


Ngi cung ng i vi ngn hng trc ht phi ni n khch bao gm cc
c nhn v t chc l ngi cung ng ngun vn cho ngn hng kinh doanh. Vi
cc i tng ny do hin ti Vit Nam c hn 100 ngn hng hot ng trong
ngnh v vy khch hng c th d dng la chn i tc cung ng ngun vn.
Hn na chi ph chuyn i l thp dn n i tng ny d dng trong vic thay
i i tng cung ng.
i tng cung ng th hai m ngn hng cn quan tm l ngi cung ng
mt bng cho cc ngn hng. Vi c th v i tng khch hng nn cc ngn
hng cn phi hot ng ti cc khu vc ng dn c v thun tin trong vic tip
xc vi khch hng. V vy, vi i tng cung ng mt bng s c sc mnh
tng i i vi ngn hng trong vic cung ng mt bng.
Trong qu trnh ton cu ha, yu t thi gian v tnh tin ch ca cc sn
phm dch v ngn hng c bit quan trng trong vic thu ht khch hng tng
doanh thu v gim chi ph ca cc ngn hng. Do , c th tn ti v nng hiu
qu trong hot ng cc ngn hng phi hin ai ha hot ng ca ngn hng. Qu
trnh hin i ha phi da trn nn tng cng ngh thng tin p ng ti a hiu

71

qu hot ng. Trn th trng c nhiu i tng cung ng nn tng cng ngh
thng tin cho cc ngn hng, tuy nhin i vi cng ngh thng tin ng dng trong
ngn hng i hi tnh hin i v an ton cao do cc ngn hng thng tip
cn vi cc nh cung ng ln c uy tn trn th trng. Do , i vi i tng
cung ng ny c sc mnh tng i vi cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam.
Chng hn nh i vi LienVietPostBank ngay t nhng ngy u chun b thnh
lp xy dng mt chin lc u t cng ngh bi bn hng ti tr thnh
ngn hng s 1 Vit Nam v hin i ha. Ngn hng LienVietPostBank ng dng
Ngn hng li (CoreBanking) Flexcube do nh cung cp gii php cng ngh thng
tin lnh vc dch v ti chnh hng u th gii I-Flex Solutions (nay l Oracle
Financial Services Limited). Flexcube l gii php Ngn hng c a chung nht
trn th gii theo bng xp hng ca IBS Sales league Table ca International
Banking System trong 4 nm lin (2002 -2005). Vi gii php CoreBanking tch
hp ton din, ngn hng ny p ng c ton din nhu cu dch v Ti chnh
Ngn hng hin i. Hoc nh ngn hng thng mi c phn ng k hp ng
vi tp on GRG mua 250 b my ATM i mi H68N cho php np tin. Nhn
thy ng dng khoa hc cng ngh trong ngn hng c bit quan trng, cc ngn
hng khng ngng nng cp h thng ngn hng in t. Nhiu ngn hng tr
thnh thnh vin chnh thc ca Visa v MasterCard. C th thy, mc tp trung
ca cc nh cung ng dn n xu hng to cho h sc mnh t tc ng ti cc
NHTM Vit Nam.

3.4. Cu trc ngnh ngn hng v nng lc cnh tranh ca cc ngn


hng thng mi
T khung c s l lun, phn ny s nh lng mi quan h gia c im
cu trc ngnh ngn hng (da trn m hnh nm lc lng cnh tranh ca Micheal
Porter) v nng lc cnh tranh ca cc NHTM. Tc gi s s dng mt s bin s
hiu qu ca cc NHTM o lng nng lc cnh tranh ca ngnh. u tin, tc
gi c lng bin s ny vi 2 phng php: bao d liu (DEA), phn tch bin
ngu nhin (SFA) v s c nhng nh gi tng quan v hiu qu ca h thng ngn

72

hng thng qua cc bin s hiu qu c lng c. Sau , tc gi s s dng


hm Tobit v hi quy tuyn tnh nghin cu tc ng ca cc bin s phn nh
cu trc ngnh n hiu qu k thut ca ngnh.

3.4.1. c lng hiu qu k thut ca cc ngn hng thng mi


3.4.1.1. c lng hiu qu k thut vi phng php bao d liu (DEA).
Phng php bao d liu DEA:
DEA ( data evelopment analysis) l mt phng php c bn trong c lng
hm sn xut v hiu qu k thut. DEA s dng m hnh ton tuyn tnh v hm
khong cch. Phng php ny c nhiu nhm tng t Farell (1957) khi ng
a ra tng p dng ng gii hn kh nng sn xut (PPF) lm tiu ch nh
gi hiu qu tng i gia cc cng ty trong cng mt ngnh. Tuy nhin thi im
sau phng php ny cha nhn c s ng h rng ri, ngoi s quan tm ca
mt s t cc nh khoa hc nh Coelietal, Boles (1966), Sheparl (1970) v
Afriat((1972). Cho n khi, Charmes, Cooper v Rhodes a ra khi nim v
phng php phn tch bao d liu th n thc s ngy cng c m rng v
cho n nay tr thnh mt ng dng ln trong phn tch kinh t.
DEA c gi l phng php bao d liu bi n s dng nhng bin tt
nht ng vi mc u vo xc nh to thnh mt ng bao bin.

th 3.7 : ng bao d liu (DEA)

73

Hiu qu k thut:
Bng cch to ra ng bao d liu ny, phng php s gii hn c hiu
qu k thut ca ton ngnh v coi l hiu qu sn xut ti a u ra trong iu
kin u vo cho trc. th 3.6 minh ha nh ngha ny. Trong hnh ny, chng
ta c cc im A, B, C v E tng ng vi mi mc u vo v u ra nht nh.
ng ABC m t ng bin ca qu trnh sn xut. Cc quan st A, B, v C nm
trn ng bin, trong xu hng hot ng lun l ti a ha li nhun, cng nh
s dng khi cc quan st D v E nm di ng bin.
Sau khi qui hoch tuyn tnh cc bin tt nht trong b s liu thnh ng
bao gii hn (trn hnh minh ha l ng ni cc im A B C), ta s c hnh dung
v tnh hiu qu trong vic s dng c yu t u vo ca cc s liu m t bng
cc im nm di ng bao bin (E, F). Mi yu t u ra (q) c t trong mi
quan h ph thuc vi cc yu t u vo (x1, x2 ,x3 ,x4 ). V vy cc im gi
tr nm di ng bao bin cho thy mc hiu qu cng nh phi hiu qu ca 1
s liu i din. y, ta xt n thang o cho mc hiu qu l TE ( Tng hiu
qu k thut):
TE= SE PE
Trong :
TE: Tng hiu qu k thut.
SE: Hiu qu k thut thun ty.
PE: Hiu qu quy m.
Da trn vic thit lp ng bao bin (PP), trng thi hiu sut khng i v
hm khong cch, ta c th tnh c PE, SE v TE. K thut ny to ra mt bin
gii c thit lp bi cc ngn hng hiu qu v so snh n vi cc ngn hng
khng hiu qu sn xut im hiu qu. Trong DEA, ngn hng hiu qu nht
(vi TE=1) khng nht thit phi to ra mc ti a ca sn lng t cc yu t u
vo nht nh. Thay vo , ngn hng ny to ra mc thc hnh tt nht ca
u ra gia cc ngn hng khc trong mu

74

Trong cc bi ton DEA nh hng u ra, TE c o bng 1/. Trong


l t l khong cch t gc ta n im ti u trn ng bin sn xut (OB) v
khong cch t gc ta n v tr sn xut thc t (OA). Do , TE s nhn gi
tr trong khong t 0 n 1. Qua cho ta 1 o v mc khng hiu qu k
thut ca ngn hng. Khi TE c gi tr bng 1 tc l ngn hng c hiu qu l ti
a, gm cc im nm trn ng bao bin (im B).
Trong trng hp hiu qu khng i theo qui m. DEA s xc nh tng hiu
qu k thut ca doanh nghip thng qua bi ton sau :

Vi cc rng buc:

Vi:

m=1,,M: s u ra
n=1,,N: s u vo
k=1,,K: s doanh nghip
T bi ton ny ta c th xc nh c TE ca doanh nghip th i ti thi k

s. Thng qua s c ci nhn khch quan v hiu qu trong hot ng sn xut ca


danh nghip i, cng nh a ra nh hng v vic thay i qui m hay tin b v
mt cng ngh t mc hiu qu cao hn.
Ch s nng sut nhn t tng hp (TFP):
K thut qui hoch cc bin s trong phng php tip cn phi tham s c
s dng o lng ch s Malmquist (ch s nng sut nhn t tng hp). TFP
phn snh s thay i o hiu qu k thut, tin b cng ngh, hiu qu thun,
hiu qu qui m v nng sut nhn t tng hp.

75

Xc nh ch s Malmquist tc l ta gi thit cng ngh sn xut s thay i


ng vi tng thi k. Qua s kim nghim vic thay i l do yu t no gy
ra. Thng qua nghin cu Malmquist TFP c th phn ra thnh 2 thnh phn l
TEC v TC.
Malmquist TFP index = TECxTC
Cng thc ny hm rng tng trng ca TFP c th c gii thch bng
ci tin trong hiu qu k thut v tin b cng ngh.
Nh vy:
DEA p dng c c vi cc bin nh tnh, do n c ng dng
phn tch hiu qu ca cc doanh nghip hot ng trong nhiu lnh vc. DEA c
xy dng da trn cc im thc t, nn n c th c p dng vi cc mu
nghin cu nh, khc vi phng php phn tch hi quy thng yu cu c mu
ln. Do vy DEA thng c s dng phn tch chuyn su theo khu vc, a
phng, chng hn nh phn tch hiu qu ca cc nn kinh t trong ASEAN, cc
phng ban trong mt doanh nghip, cc ngn hng ln trn a bn H Ni
phng php ny cng c hn ch (so vi phng php hi quy) l n khng
tnh ton n yu t sai s hay nhiu, do trong DEA khng tn ti yu t mc
ngha hay tin cy. Nhm nh gi hiu qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng, tc gi
s dng DEA phn tch thng qua vic so snh tng quan gia hiu qu trong
hot ng cc Ngn hng thng mi ca nc ta trong giai on (2008-2013).
Ngun s liu c s dng c ly t cc bo co ti chnh, bo co thng
nin ca 31 ngn hng thng mi giai on 2008-2011 v 27 ngn hng thng
mi nm 2012. Da trn s liu tc gi la chn ra cc bin s s dng chy m
hnh DEA: tng ti sn (TA); chi ph li vay (IN); vn ch s hu (EQ); li nhun
cha phn phi (RE); thu nhp trc thu (EB); thu nhp trn mi c phiu (EPS);
chi ph hot ng (OE).
Trong phn ny, la chn bin u ra, u vo ph hp cho m hnh,
nghin cu s dng kim nh tng quan hng Spearman. Trc ht, chng ta

76

c lng hiu qu k thut cho m hnh DEA vi cc t hp cc bin u vo v


u ra khc nhau. Sau thc hin kim nh tng quan hng cc m hnh a
thm vi m hnh gc kim nh xem liu t hp cc bin la chn trong m
hnh gc c thc s ph hp hay khng. H s tng quan hng di y c tnh
trung bnh cho 5 nm giai on 2008-2013.
Bng 3.3: Kt qu phn tch la chn cc bin u ra, u vo
DEA
1

TA

IN

M hnh

u vo

OE

EB

RE

EPS

0,913

0,902

EQ
u ra

H s tng quan hng (rs)

Ngun: Tnh ton ca tc gi s dng phn mn DEAP 2.1 (Coelli v cng s, 2005)
Cc h s tng quan hng cho bit mc tng quan gia cch xp hng cc
ngn hng trong m hnh la chn vi m hnh gc c cho bi cng thc:

vi rs l h s tng quan hng; di l s sai khc gia xp hng NHTM th i


trong hai m hnh; n l s NHTM c xp hng.

77

Kt qu tnh ton cho thy cch xp hng m hnh gc c mc tng


quan cao vi m hnh cn li. Kt qu u cho thy mc tng quan trn 0,9 v
thc hin kim nh cho thy h s tng quan u c ngha thng k mc 5%(
Kim nh t: vi:

, n-2 bc t do), do cc bin c s dng l cc

bin trong m hnh.


nh gi hiu qu k thut qua phng php DEA:
T s liu thu thp thng qua bo co thng nin ca cc ngn hng qua
cc nm, tc gi chy m hnh DEAP cho tng nm ca cc ngn hng (ph lc
3) v c bng tm tt kt qu c lng hiu qu k thut ca cc ngn hng
thng mi trong giai on 2008 2013 nh sau:
Bng 3.4 : Kt qu c lng hiu qu k thut (TE) hiu qu k thut thun (PE)
v hiu qu quy m (SE) ca cc ngn hng thng mi giai on 2008-2013
Tiu ch

TE

PE

SE

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Mean

0,610

0,801

0,613

0,660

0,675

0,662

Min

0,057

0,239

0,129

0,092

0,217

0,280

Max

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

Mean

0,682

0,856

0,764

0,695

0,779

0,771

Min

0,058

0,370

0,150

0,093

0,223

0,308

Max

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

Mean

0,906

0,938

0,813

0,946

0,946

0,860

Min

0,538

0,239

0,208

0,758

0,217

0,471

Max

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

Ngun: Kt qu tnh ton ca tc gi


Da trn kt qu tnh ton phn nh ton cnh hiu qu hot ng ca h
thng ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam trong giai on 2008 2013. Nhn chung,
trong giai on t nm 2008 n nm 2013 hiu qu ca cc ngn hng thng mi

78

Vit Nam ch t mc trung bnh. Tuy nhin c th thy hiu qu c xu hng gia
tng d tc khng cao. Duy nht nm 2009, hiu qu tng mnh t 0,610 nm
2008 ln 0,801 nhng ngay nm sau hiu qu li gim v 0,613. iu cho thy
cc ngn hng vn cha s dng hiu qu cc ngun lc hin c nng cao hiu
qu hot ng. T nhng con s ny, c th thy cc ngn hng thng mi cn rt
nhiu c hi iu chnh hot ng nng cao hiu qu hot ng thun ty hp
phn gia tng li nhun. C th thy, hiu qu k thut (TE) c hnh thnh t
hiu qu k thut thun ty (PE) v hiu qu quy m (SE). Do , da vo kt qu
tnh ton, c th thy c nn iu chnh yu t no nng cao hiu qu k thut
ca cc ngn hng thng mi. Trong giai on ny, hiu qu quy m thng cao
hn hiu qu k thut thun ty. Vy phn ng gp chnh trong hiu qu k thut
l hiu qu quy m. i vi hiu qu k thut thun ty c mc tng gim tht
thng qua cc nm, thp nht nm 2008 vi PE t 0,682 v cao nht nm 2009
vi PE t 0,856. Mc d PE trong giai on trn mc trung bnh nhng c th
thy thc trng hot ng ca cc ngn hng trong giai on ny cha t hiu qu
k thut thun ty cao do tc tng nhanh v s lng cc ngn hng v tc
m rng quy m hot ng l tng i nhanh. Nhng s tng nhanh v s lng
khng gn lin vi cht lng. Do , khi b tc ng t nhng nhn t ngoi ngnh
th cc ngn hng lng tng trong vic x l. Trong hiu qu chung ca cc ngn
hng th hiu qu quy m ng gp phn ln trong , c th thy hiu qu quy m
ca cc ngn hng thng mi l tng i cao tng tuy nhin c xu hng i
ngang t 0,906 nm 2008 n 0,946 nm 2012 v thp nht l 0,813 vo nm 2010.
iu ny chng t cc ngn hng pht huy c li th v ngun vn, quy m
hot ng, trnh lao ng t tit kim chi ph sn xut gp phn nng hiu qu
hot ng ca cc ngn hng. Tuy vy sang nm 2013 li c xu hng st gim do
mt s ngn hng trong qu trnh ti c cu thu hp quy m hot ng. T nhng
s liu trn c th thy ng vi thc trng ngn hng thng mi trong giai on
khng hong kinh t th gii dn n cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam cng
khng trnh khi b nh hng. Sau khi gia nhp WTO mc d t c nhng

79

thnh tu nht nh trong vic ng gp thc y pht trin kinh t. Tuy nhin,
cng cn tn ti nhng bt cp t tc ng ti hiu qu hot ng ca cc ngn
hng nh cht lng tng trng khng cao, nng sut v hiu qu u t thp, hot
ng tim n nhiu ri ro do nng lc qun l v s dng vn km hiu qu. Theo
kinh nghim ca cc ngn hng nc ngoi th yu t cng ngh s gip gim thiu
76% chi ph hot ng, tuy nhin do chi ph u t v chuyn giao cng ngh l
tng i ln nn cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam cha ti u c dn n
hiu qu cha ti u. Bn cnh , cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam vi quy m
ti sn v ngun vn thp dn n hn ch trong hot ng t nh hng ti hiu
qu k thut. Thc t cho thy, cc ngn hng thuc nhm 1 vi quy m ti sn v
ngun vn ln Vietcombank, Techcombank, Vietinbank,c hiu qu k thut cao.
Cn nhng ngn hng thuc nhm 3 c quy m ti sn v ngun vn thp nh Nam
, Vit ,th hiu qu k thut thp. T nhng kt qu tnh ton c th xp hng
cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam da vo tiu thc sau: i vi hiu qu k
thut t 0,8 1 hng A (hiu qu k thut cao). T 0,5 0,8 hng B (hiu qu k
thut kh). T 0 0,5 hng C (hiu qu k thut trung bnh v km).
C th thy trong giai on ny th hng ca cc ngn hng qua cc nm
tng i n nh. iu ch ra rng cc b my hot ng kh ng u nhng
cc ngn hng cha tp trung nng cao trnh qun l v ci tin cng ngh mt
cch trit nng cao hn na hiu qu hot ng. Nhn chung, cc ngn hng
thng mi Vit Nam ch yu tp trung pht trin mng li theo chiu rng m
cha ch trong ti pht trin chiu su dn n vic s dng cc yu t u vo
cha ti u. Vy tim lc ni ti cn nhiu tim n cn c pht huy t hiu
qu cao hn. c ci nhn su hn v tnh hnh bin ng ca nn kinh t v
nhng tn ti dn n hiu qu cha cao, tc gi s i vo phn tch tnh hnh bin
ng ca hiu qu k thut qua tng nm ca cc ngn hng.

80

Bng 3.5 : Bng xp hng hiu qu k thut ca cc NHTM Vit Nam giai
on 2008-2013
NHTM
DEA chun
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
MBB
A
A
A
A
A
A
SacomBank
A
A
B
B
B
A
ACB
A
A
A
A
C
C
SHB
B
A
B
B
A
B
MSB
A
A
A
C
C
C
EIB
C
A
B
A
A
C
KienLongBank
C
A
C
A
A
A
SeaBank
B
A
B
C
VIBank
B
A
B
C
B
C
VPBank
C
B
C
B
B
C
TechcomBank
A
A
A
A
B
B
VietABank
C
B
C
C
C
NaviBank
C
A
B
C
C
C
NamABank
C
C
C
B
B
A
SaigonBank
A
A
A
B
A
C
HDBank
C
B
B
B
B
A
ABBank
C
B
B
C
B
C
OceanBank
C
B
B
B
C
C
PNB
C
B
B
A
C
C
MDB
A
A
B
A
A
A
DongABank
A
A
B
A
A
A
VietCapitalBank
C
A
C
A
B
C
WEB
C
A
C
C
C
B
PGBank
B
A
B
A
A
A
OricomBank
C
A
B
B
B
B
VietcomBank
B
A
A
A
A
A
VietinBank
B
B
A
A
A
A
BIDV
B
B
B
B
B
B
MHB
C
C
C
C
DaiABank
A
C
C
A
B
HabuBank
B
B
B
C
Ngun: Kt qu tnh ton ca tc gi

81

Nm 2008: Trc nm 2008 tnh hnh chung ca nn kinh t kh thun li


sau hn 20 nm i mi. Nm 2007 tng sn phm trong nc(GDP) theo gi so
snh 1994 tng 8,48% so vi nm 2006. Tng trng t tc cao so vi cc nc
trong khu vc. i vi h thng ngn hng p ng c hiu qu nhu cu vn ca
cc doanh nghip v cc thnh phn kinh t. H thng cc ngn hng hot ng
tng i hiu qu v nng cao c hiu qu hot ng. Tuy nhin, bc sang
nm 2008 khi Vit Nam l thnh vin ca WTO, ngoi nhng thun li th cng
gp khng t thch thc. Bn cnh , nm 2008 ng trc bi cnh tnh hnh kinh
t th gii nhiu bin ng phc tp th nn kinh t Vit Nam cng khng phi
ngoi l chu s nh hng. Tng sn phm trong nc( GDP) nm 2008 theo gi
so snh 1994 tng 6,18% so vi nm 2007, ch s gi tiu dng tng cao 19,89%.
i vi hot ng ngn hng nm 2008 tri qua nhng bin ng ln nh: chnh
sch tin t t nh hng tht cht v linh hot na u nm 2008 chuyn dn sang
ni lng mt cch thn trng nhng thng cui nm. C ch li sut cho vay theo
trn li sut, t dn n li sut huy ng v cho vay nhiu bin ng. Nm 2008
cho php thnh lp li ngn hng mi t n nhn thm 2 ngn hng mi l
Ngn hng Lin Vit v Ngn hng Tin Phong. N xu ngn hng c xu hng gia
tng do cc khon vay t kinh doanh chng khon v u t bt ng sn. Mc d
vy tc tng trng tn dng trong nm ny l tng i cao. T nhng bin
ng ny, c th thy phn nh tng i y trong hiu qu k thut trung
bnh ca ton h thng ngn hng l 0,610, con s ny ch t mc trung bnh.
Trong , hiu qu k thut thun ty t 0,682 v hiu qu quy m t 0,906. Vy
c th thy phn ng gp chnh trong hiu qu k thut l do hiu qu quy m.
Hiu qu k thut thp ngoi nh hng ca cuc khng hong ti chnh ton cu
cn do cc ngn hng cha ch trng pht trin trnh cng ngh, trnh nhn
vin, trnh qun l v s a dng sn phm, cht lng sn phm dch v. Vic
cc ngn hng t hiu qu quy m cao l do pht huy c li th v mng li chi
nhnh v phng giao dch. Mt bng chung cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam t
hiu qu k thut thp th hin bng xp hng nhm A c 9 ngn hng, nhm B c

82

8 ngn hng v nhm C c 14 ngn hng. Ch c 9 ngn hng c xp vo loi A,


phn ln l cc ngn hng c quy m ln cn li l cc ngn hng t hiu qu
trung bnh v thp.
Nm 2009: Bc sang nm 2009, nn kinh t tip tc gp nhiu kh khn.
Cuc khng khong ca nhiu nn kinh t ln trn th gii trong nm 2008 y
nn kinh t ton cu vo giai on suy thoi. Tng sn phm trong nc tng
5,32%, c th thy do tc ng ca khng hong kinh t tc tng trng thp
hn tc tng 6,18% nm 2008 nhng vt mc tiu 5% ca k hoch. i vi
hot ng ngn hng, so vi nm 2008 chnh sch tin t v hot ng ca cc ngn
hng trong nm 2009 c s n nh tng i. Tuy nhin vn cn nhng vn
ni ti cha gii quyt c dn n nh hng ti hot ng ca cc ngn hng.
i vi chnh sch tin t nm 2009 c s n nh hn. Ngn hng Nh nc ch
gim li sut c bn t 8,5% xung 7%/nm v duy tr n ht thng 11 ri tng
tr li 8%. Nm 2009 li sut huy ng v cho vay tng i n nh theo s n
nh ca li sut c bn, tuy nhin din bin tnh hnh li sut n na cui nm tr
nn cng thng mt phn phn nh kh khn thanh khon ca h thng. iu ny
dn n mt h qu t thy l t l li bin ca cc ngn hng gim mnh. im ni
bt nm 2009 ri vo thng 2 khi Chnh Ph trin khai gi kch cu, trong chnh
sch h tr li sut l mt trng tm. Trong giai on ny, cc ngn hng n nhn
chnh sch h tr li sut to iu kin thun li cho vic tip cn khch hng v
tng trng tn dng tt hn t 37,53% cao hn so vi nm 2008 (22,4%). T
nhng chnh sch nh hng ti tc tng trng tn dng cng nh vic thn
trng trong iu hnh qun l ca cc ngn hng thay i li nhun ca cc ngn
hng. Nm 2008, nh hng khng hong, lm pht v li sut tng cao, nhiu ngn
hng khng t c mc tiu li nhun ca nm. Tuy nhin, n nm 2009 li
nhun ca cc ngn hng c ci thin v n nh hn. iu ny c c th ha qua
cc con s tnh ton v hiu qu k thut ca cc ngn hng. Hiu qu k thut tng
t 0,610 nm 2008 ln 0,801 nm 2009. im mnh trong nm nay l hiu qu k
thut thun ty tng mnh t 0,682 nm 2008 ln 0,856 nm 2009. Trong khi

83

hiu qu quy m vn mc cao v tng i n nh. Nm 2009 c bc t ph


trong xp hng ca cc ngn hng thng mi, c 19 ngn hng xp hng A, 9 ngn
hng xp hng B v 3 ngn hng xp hng C. iu ny phn nh, mc d ri vo
cuc khng hong kinh t th gii nhng c s h tr ca Chnh Ph v Ngn
hng Nh nc, cng vi s iu chnh hp l trong chnh sch iu hnh ca tng
ngn hng dn n hiu qu ca h thng ngn hng gia tng.
Nm 2010: Tnh hnh kinh t th gii nm 2010 mc d dn phc hi sau
cuc khng hong ti chnh ton cu. Tuy nhin, cn tim n nhiu bt n t nh
hng ti nn kinh t nc ta. Trong nm ny, Vit Nam l nc sm vt qua kh
khn v phc hi nhanh sau cuc khng hong. Tng sn phm trong nc(GDP)
nm 2010 c tnh tng 6,78% so vi nm 2009. Kt qu trn phn nh ng n
v hiu qu ca cc bin php ngn chn suy gim kinh t, n nh kinh t v m
ca Chnh Ph. Mc d vy, i vi ngnh ngn hng khi m chnh sch h tr li
sut 4% kt thc, hot ng ca cc ngn hng li ri vo tnh trng b tc, hiu qu
hot k thut ca cc ngn hng gim st v 0,613. Trong hiu qu quy m st
gim v 0,813 nhng vn ng gp ch yu trong tng hiu qu, hiu qu k thut
thun ty gim v 0,764. iu ny c minh chng trong mt nm c nhiu thay
i php l quan trng, nhiu bin ng ca th trng , ngn hng v doanh nghip
gp nhiu kh khn. H thng li sut ngn hng nh hng trc tip ti chi ph v
li nhun ca mt ngn hng. Do , vi hin tng li sut bin ng bt thng.
T thng 6, Chnh Ph nhn mnh n nh hng h li sut VND v c ghi
nhn 11%/nm ca li sut huy ng. Tuy nhin, do lm pht gia tng v cuc ua
li sut bng pht vo cui nm nn trung tun thng 12 Ngn hng Nh nc tht
cht tin t, tng li sut ch cht, rt bt k hn v nng cao li sut cho mua trn
th trng m. Nm 2010, tng trng tn dng ton h thng t 29,81%; trong
tn dng VND tng 25,3%; tn dng ngoi t tng 49,3%. Giai on ny, Ngn hng
h d tr bt buc, m rng i tng cho vay v c bit chnh lch ln v li sut
to nn s bng n v tn dng ngoi t. Tc tng trng huy ng cao hn tc
tng trng tn dng trong phn ln thi gian nhng trong hai thng cui nm th

84

c xu hng bin ng ngc li. c bit hot ng ca cc ngn hng b nh


hng khi Ngn hng Nh nc ban hnh thng t s 13 quy nh cc t l m bo
an ton trong hot ng ca cc t chc tn dng. Vic ban hnh Thng t 13 nhm
mc ch nng cao cc tiu chun an ton v sit cht vic s dng cc ngun vn
trong hot ng ca cc t chc tn dng. Mc nm 2010 hot ng ca cc ngn
hng gp nhiu kh khn nhng li c s pht trin mnh m v quy m ca cc
ngn hng; tng ti sn ca h thng tng ti 28%, h thng mng li c m
rng, sn phm dch v gia tng, khong cch quy m gia cc nhm ngn hng
c thu hp, th phn c dch chuyn dn. Nhng vic pht trin v mt quy m
cha chc em li hiu qu cho cc ngn hng (xem ph lc). Nm 2010 c
nhiu bin ng dn n th hng ca cc ngn hng c s thay i; hng A xung
cn 7 ngn hng, hng B tng ln 16 ngn hng, hng C tng ln 8 ngn hng. T
c th thy cc ngn hng s dng cc ngun lc gy lng ph nhiu lm gim
hiu qu hot ng.
Nm 2011: Mc d tnh hnh kinh t c phn phc hi trong nm 2010
sau hn mt nm chu tc ng mnh ca lm pht cao v suy thoi kinh t ton
cu. Nhng sang nm 2011 tnh hnh kh khn t nh hng ca vn n cng,
tng trng chm ca nn kinh t th gii phn no tc ng ti nn kinh t nc
ta. Tng sn phm trong nc (GDP) nm 2011 tng 5,89% so vi nm 2010.
Trong giai on ny, nn kinh t b km hm bi mc tiu kim ch lm pht, n
nh kinh t v m. Mt nm hot ng ngn hng gp nhiu kh khn do nhng
thay i v xo trn trong hot ng. T u nm thc hin Ngh quyt 11/NQ-CP
v nhng gii php ch yu tp trung kim ch lm pht, n nh kinh t v m,
m bo an sinh x hi, Ngn hng Nh nc iu hnh chnh sch tin t vi
mc tiu trng tm l kim ch lm pht. Vi mc tiu ny, trong nm 2011 t
c mt s thnh qu nh: trn li sut huy ng gii quyt c mt s bt n
v m, dng vn tn dng nh hng tt hn vo cc khu vc sn xut, tng
cng cng tc gim st i vi th trng ti chnh ngn hng. C th thy thnh
tu ny qua cc con s v hiu qu, tng hiu qu tng t 0,613 nm 2010 ln 0,660

85

nm 2011.Trong hiu qu quy m vn ng gp nhiu hn mc 0,946 so vi


hiu qu k thut thun ty 0,695. Mc d vy, thc t cho thy hiu qu tng do
hiu qu quy m tng trong khi hiu qu k thut thun ty li gim. iu ny cho
thy, vic s dng cc ngun lc cha ti u dn n hiu qu k thut thun ty
st gim so vi nm 2010. Trong c nhiu nguyn nhn nh: thc hin Ngh
quyt 11/NQ-CP tc tng trng ti sn v tn dng ca cc ngn hng st gim
do phi tun th gii hn tng trng di 20% v nhu cu vay vn kinh doanh,
tiu dng gim. Ngoi ra, ngy 1/3/2011 Thng c Ngn hng Nh nc ban hnh
Ch th s 01/CT-NHNN quy nh n ngy 30/6/2011 t trng d n cho vay lnh
vc phi sn xut so vi tng d n ti a phi l 22% v n 31/12/2011 ti a
16%. Ch th ny tc ng mnh n hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi
buc cc ngn hng phi ng bng tn dng tiu dng, h ly ti th trng bt
ng sn v th trng chng khon. Bn cnh li sut cho vay tng cao (ln ti
25%/nm) vt qu kh nng ca cc khch hng. Trong bi cnh nhiu bin
ng t cc th trng khc nhau dn n cht lng tn dng suy gim mnh, cc
khon n xu c xu hng gia tng t bc l mt yu km trong qun tr ri ro
ca cc ngn hng. Trc tnh hnh kh khn chung ca nn kinh t v ca h thng
ngn hng dn n kh nng sinh li ca h thng st gim. Nm 2011 c s hp
nht ca mt s ngn hng do ri vo tnh trng mt thanh khon tm thi do s
dng ngun vn ngn hn cho vay trung v di hn.
Nm 2012: Kinh t x hi nc ta tip tc b nh hng bi s bt n kinh t
th gii do khng hong kinh ti chnh v khng hong n cng Chu u cha
c gii quyt. Hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca cc doanh nghip b nh n,
hng tn kho tng cao. Tng sn phm trong nc (GDP) nm 2012 theo gi so
snh 1994 tng 5,03% so vi nm 2011. i vi hot ng ngn hng, nm 2012
hu ht cc ngn hng u khng t ch tiu k hoch kinh doanh. Tng ti sn c
h thng ni chung v ring nhiu thnh vin st gim. Li sut ngn hng du song,
ngy 21/12/2012 ln th 6 trong nm Ngn hng Nh nc gim cc li sut iu
hnh, h li sut trn huy ng v cho vay, thanh khon h thng n nh. T gi

86

sau nhiu bt n t nm 2008 - 2011 n nm 2012 kh n nh. Nhng tn dng


tng trng kh khn,nhiu ngn hng tng trng m. u nm Ngn hng Nh
nc d kin tng trng tn dng c nm khong 15 -17% nhng thc t ch t
khong 5%. Nhiu ngn hng d tha vn nhng cng rt nhiu ngn hng thiu
ht vn. Vn n xu tng cao nh hng ti ton b h thng ca cc ngn
hng. Cng vi n xu, vn s hu cho n mc bo ng v l mt nguy c
tim n to nn ri ro trong ton h thng ngn hng. C th thy hiu qu ca cc
ngn hng khng bin ng nhiu so vi nm 2011,t c 0,675 trong hiu
qu quy m vn ng gp chnh trong tng hiu qu t 0,946 trong khi hiu qu k
thut thun ty t 0,675. iu ny chng t cc ngn hng hot ng vn cha tn
dng ti u c cc u vo gia tng hiu qu hot ng. Nm 2012 c 10 ngn
hng xp hng A, 11 ngn hng xp hng B v 6 ngn hng xp hng C.
Nm 2013: Trong bi cnh kinh t Vit Nam cn nhiu kh khn, cc bt
cp cha gii quyt c gy nh hng cho sn xut kinh doanh: Hng tn kho
mc cao, sc mua yu, t l n xu ca cc ngn hng mc ng lo ngi, nhiu
doanh nghip phi thu hp sn xut hoc dng hot ng. i vi hot ng ngn
hng, tnh n 12/12/2013 tng phng tin thanh ton tng 14,64%; huy ng vn
tng 15,61%; tng trng tn dng tng 8,83% so vi cui nm 2012 nhng vn
thp hn k hoch 12%; thanh khon ca h thng ngn hng c ci thin, m
bo kh nng thanh ton v chi tr ca h thng; t gi ngoi t n nh, d tr
ngoi hi tng cao. Trong nm 2013 mc d c nhng tin trin tt nhng vn
cn nhiu kh khn: t l n xu c gim nhng vn mc cao; cht lng tn
dng cha c ci thin; n xu vn cha c nh gi v phn loi y ,
chnh xc. Chnh lch thu nhp - chi ph ca ton h thng ch tng 3,2%. Nguyn
nhn ch yu do tc ng bt li ca kh khn trong kinh t. Chnh lch gia li
sut u ra v li sut u vo gim, trong khi chi ph trch lp d phng ri ro tng
mnh do cht lng ti sn st gim. Bn cnh nm 2013 ch ra cc kt qu
t c ng k ca vic thc hin n 254: v c bn kim sot c tnh
hnh hot ng ca cc NHTMCP yu km dn n kh nng chi tr ca cc ngn

87

hng ny c ci thin tc ng tt n hot ng ca ton h thng. Cc


NHTMCP yu km c NHNN p dng cc bin php gim st cht ch v ch
o phng n ti c cu. Cc NHTMCP sau khi sp nhp, hp nht hoc t c cu
li tch cc trin khai cc gii php c cu li ton din v ti chnh, hot ng,
qun tr v khc phc cc sai phm. V c bn hot ng n nh, cc t l an
ton hot ng, kh nng chi tr v c bn c m bo theo quy nh NHNN;
huy ng vn t dn c tng, n xu tch cc c x l; h thng qun tr v t
chc b my, mng li c cng c. Tuy vy, cc kh khn vn cn tn ng
dn dn hiu qu k thut t c cha cao nhng im sng y l s cn bng
gia hiu qu k thut thun ty v hiu qu quy m th hin tnh hp l trong s
dng cc yu t u vo ca hot ng ngn hng. Trong s lng ngn hng
xp loi A t 10 ngn hng, c 4 ngn hng t loi B v 13 ngn hng t loi C.
Bng 3.6 tm tt kt qu c lng ca m hnh DEA cho bit c th s
lng cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam ang hot ng di iu kin hiu sut
tng, gim v khng i theo quy m ( ph lc 3)
Bng 3.6: S lng cc ngn hng c hiu sut tng (ICR), gim (DCR) v
khng i theo quy m (CONS) giai on 2008-2013.
2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

DRS

18

17

12

16

13

14

IRS

16

10

CONS

11

31

31

31

31

27

27

Tng cng

Ngun: Tc gi tnh ton da trn kt qu c lng


Bng 3.6 cho thy s lng cc ngn hng i mt vi hiu sut gim theo
quy m cao hn so vi cc ngn hng c hiu sut tng hoc khng i theo quy
m. V vy, cc ngn hng ny nn gim quy m hot ng tng hiu qu hot

88

ng. Da theo kt qu tnh ton (xem ph lc 3) cc ngn hng ny thng l cc


ngn hng c quy m ln v vy tng hiu qu hot ng cc ngn hng ny
khng nn tp trung vo m rng quy m hot ng m nn ch trng vo pht
trin cc sn phm mi v cht lng sn phm ci thin nng sut ca cc yu
t u vo. Cn i vi cc ngn hng nh c hiu sut tng theo quy m th nn
m rng quy m cc sn phm ang cung cp tng hiu qu hot ng.

3.4.1.2. c lng hiu qu k thut vi phng php phn tch bin ngu
nhin (SFA)
Phng php bin ngu nhin (SFA)
Phng php DEA l mt k thut quy hoch tuyn tnh nh gi n v
ra quyt nh hot ng tng i so vi cc ngn hng khc trong mu nh th
no. DEA khng i hi xc nh dng hm i vi bin hiu qu v cho php kt
hp nhiu u vo v nhiu u ra trong vic tnh cc o hiu qu. Tuy nhin,
nhc im ca DEA l nhy cm vi quan st vt tri v khng c suy din
thng k. V vy, phn ny tc gi s ng dng phng php phn tch bin ngu
nhin (SFA)_Tip cn tham s; nh gi hiu qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng
thng mi Vit Nam, vi mc tiu a ra c lng chnh xc hn v hiu qu k
thut, cng nh xu hng thay i trong hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi
trong giai on 2008 2013.
Phng php SFA thng c s dng trong cc m hnh phn tch hm
sn xut, chi ph hoc li nhun. N cng c th c s dng trong vic nh gi
hot ng ca cc t chc ti chnh nh ngn hng thng mi hay qu u t. Tuy
nhin y ta khng nn hiu u vo l nhng yu t sn xut, nhng ngun lc
c s dng trc tip to ra sn phm u ra. Trong bi ton ti u ha ca
ngn hng thng mi, c th hiu u vo l nhng bin m vi sn lng u
ra nht nh, doanh nghip s mun ti thiu ha; cn u ra l nhng bin m
vi tp hp u vo nht nh, doanh nghip s mun ti a ha.

89

M hnh nh gi kh nng hot ng ca cc ngn hng s dng trong bi


vit ny c xy dng trn c s nghin cu ca Battese v Coelli (1992), trong
tnh phi hiu qu k thut ca tng hng c gi nh l tun theo phn phi
chun ct (truncated normal random variables) v thay i mt cch h thng theo
thi gian. Ngoi ra, yu t cng ngh cng c gi nh l s thay i theo thi
gian, bi th m hnh a vo bin thi gian c trng cho yu t ny.
Hm sn xut c th c biu din di dng hm Cobb-Douglas hoc hm
translog, kim nh LR s c thc hin xc nh dng hm ph hp cho m hnh.
y ngoi cc u vo thng thng, ta a thm bin thi gian t vo m
hnh nh mt u vo. iu ny l c trng cho vic tin b k thut thay i
qua thi gian.
Gi s c i hng (n v ra quyt nh) c nh gi, tt c u s dng k
u vo khc nhau sn xut ra u ra l Y trong T thi k.
M hnh c th biu din di dng:

Vi
Trong
l sn lng u ra ca hng th i trong giai on th t;
l vector u vo c (k x 1) ca hng th i trong giai on th t;
l vector tham s c trng cho vai tr ca nhng yu t u vo trong hm sn
xut;
l bin ngu nhin c gi nh phn phi chun

trong

v c lp vi

l bin ngu nhin khng m i din cho tnh phi hiu

qu k thut trong sn xut, c gi nh tun theo phn phi chun ct ti 0


.

l tham s th hin s thay i ca tnh phi hiu qu k thut theo

90

thi gian (cn phn bit vi h s ca bin t thnh phn xc nh ca m hnh)


Ngoi ra nghin cu cn c lng thm gi tr
: phng sai ca c hai thnh phn sai s
: thnh phn ca tnh phi hiu qu k thut trong sai s, c th dng
kim nh xem vic s dng phng php SFA c thc s ph hp khng. Nu
th thnh phn

nn c loi b khi m hnh v ta c lng hm sn

xut theo phng php OLS truyn thng.


Cc c lng trong bi vit c tnh ton s dng phn mm FRONTIER
4.1 ca Coelli (1996). Cc h s c c lng s dng phng php maximum
likelihood thng qua ba bc:
- u tin c lng hi quy OLS c thc hin, cc h s

ngoi tr h

s chn l cc c lng khng lch.


- S dng k thut tm kim theo li (grid search) c lng
- Kt qu c c t bc 2 c dng lm gi tr ban u ca thut ton lp
theo phng php Davidon Fletcher Powell Quasi Newton thu c cc
c lng maximum likelihood.
Sau tnh phi hiu qu k thut ca tng hng trong tng thi k s c tnh
ton theo biu thc ca Battese v Coelli (1991). c lng v tnh phi hiu qu trung
bnh ca tng thi k ch l trung bnh i s ca cc gi tr ring cho tng hng.
M t s liu:
S liu c s dng trong m hnh c thu thp t bo co ti chnh hp
nht ca cc Ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam trong giai on t 2008 n 2013.
Cc bin u vo c s dng gm c: vn ch s hu (EQ), chi ph li vay (IN),
chi ph hot ng (OE) v chi ph d phng ri ro ca ngn hng (RiE). Bin u ra
c s dng l thu nhp trc thu (EB).

91

Vic la chn cc bin u vo v u ra trong m hnh SFA l tng i


phc tp v gy nhiu tranh ci. C rt nhiu quan im khc nhau v cch thc la
chn, tuy nhin theo quan im ca ngi vit th khng c cch tip cn no l
hon ho, c th phn nh c tt c cc hot ng ca ngn hng. Bi vit ny la
chn cc bin u vo c la chn l cc chi ph ch yu ca ngn hng, c lin
quan cht ch i vi hiu qu hot ng ca ngn hng. ng thi m hnh ch
a vo bn u vo tng i c lp vi nhau trn trnh hin tng a cng
tuyn gia cc bin lm sai lch kt qu.
im mi ca m hnh l th hin vic tin b v i mi lm cho trnh
k thut thay i theo thi gian, m hnh a vo bin thi gian t nh mt u
vo sn xut. Cn phn bit ngha ca h s
ng vi thnh phn thi gian trong bin

ng vi u vo ny v h s
ng vi thnh phn xc nh ca m

hnh, th hin vic tin b cng ngh lm kh nng sn xut ca cc hng thay i
theo thi gian; cn

ng vi thnh phn ngu nhin ca m hnh, th hin tnh phi

hiu qu trong sn xut cng thay i theo thi gian.


Dng hm sn xut c chn l hm Cobb Douglas, c th hm c s dng
c lng l:
ln

(EQ) = + ln (EQ) + ln (IN) + ln (OE) + ln (RiE) + t + v u


it

it

it

it

it

it

it

M hnh s dng d liu mng (panel data) nn nghin cu c th va rt ra


c kt lun v tnh hnh hot ng ca cc ngn hng trong cng mt thi im,
va c th nhn nh c v xu th pht trin ca khu vc ngn hng thng mi
gia cc nm khc nhau. Mt c im na ca m hnh l b s liu c s
dng khng c y cc bin s cho tt c cc ngn hng trong tng nm, iu
ny th hin kh nng ca m hnh SFA l c th cho ra kt qu ngay c trong
trng hp d liu mng l khng cn xng (unbalanced).

92

Bng 3.7 : Thng k tm tt cc bin s dng trong m hnh SFA


n v: triu ng

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

Tn bin

IN

EQ

EB

RiE

OE

Trung bnh
lch chun
Trung v
Gi tr nh nht
Gi tr ln nht
S quan st

2761047
661478,6
1671043
80094
15895605
31

3870392
729585,7
2199046
577616
13790042
31

568858,2
137665,9
198723
6235
2560580
31

261833,6
109537,6
35338
1330
2553515
31

585134,6
174356,5
246401
29452
4957685
31

Trung bnh
lch chun
Trung v
Gi tr nh nht
Gi tr ln nht
S quan st
Trung bnh
lch chun
Trung v
Gi tr nh nht
Gi tr ln nht
S quan st

2409202
542885,2
1300431
138921
14235364
31
4393015
931681,8
2520683
334320
20590477
31

4738562
865181,2
2547985
1038949
17639330
31
6630237
1045967
4087344
2022339
24219730
31

905538.7
211664,5
382632
28117
5004374
31
1272038
267858,2
661413
67373
5568850
31

207774.5
68552,47
82122
455
2012282
31
312699.3
107671,2
126283
3114
3024227
31

784206.6
195505,6
339896
46668
4536214
31
1141440
300236,6
446990
73997
7197137
31

Trung bnh
lch chun
Trung v
Gi tr nh nht
Gi tr ln nht
S quan st

8002242
1561242
4939280
525917
35727190
31

8004022
1321671
4644051
2590976
28638696
31

1552998
360545
565976
114012
8392021
31

605897,1
227049,8
148729
10519
4904251
31

1585694
372950,7
657284
208355
9077909
31

Trung bnh
lch chun
Trung v
Gi tr nh nht
Gi tr ln nht
S quan st
Trung bnh
lch chun
Trung v
Gi tr nh nht
Gi tr ln nht
S quan st

7864398
1509979
5342662
454888
32240738
26
3089171,64
4008143,88
1671043
118993
15895605
25

9982600
1932510
5748969
3184140
41553063
26
4335192,4
4368287,63
2266655
577616
13790042
25

1332970
379027,5
479850.5
3474
8167900
26
654090,8
829094,1
221254
6235
2560580
25

818180.9
235059,4
349325
-564710
4357954
26
315452,9
670185,9
35338
1330
2553515
25

2031277
425202,5
1234836
284577
9435673
26
676964,1
1061713,1
264281
29452
4957685
25

Ngun: Tc gi t tnh ton t bo co thng nin ca cc NHTM Vit Nam

93

Bng 3.7 cho thy cc bin u vo c s dng bin ng qua cc nm.


V vn ch s hu ca cc ngn hng thng mi c xu hng tng dn qua cc
nm 2008 n 2012. Vic vn ch s hu tng nhm mc ch u t nng lc h
tng nh u t xy dng tr s, u t cho cng ngh, m rng mng li hot
ng,.. do p lc t s cnh tranh gia cc ngn hng trong nc v ngoi nc khi
m quy m ca cc NHTMVN l qu nh so vi cc nc trong khu vc v trn th
gii. Tuy nhin, n nm 2013 vn ch s hu ca cc ngn hng st gim do cht
lng cc khon tn dng thp y n xu gia tng. T nm 2008 n 2009 chnh
lch vn ch s hu gia cc ngn hng l tng i cao, tuy nhin t nm 2010 n
2013 s chnh lch ny gim. T nm 2008 -2009, chi ph hot ng ca cc ngn
hng l tng i cao nhng t nm 2010 th cc ngn hng c xu hng iu
chnh hot ng gim thiu chi ph nhm tng hiu qu hot ng trong giai on ti
c cu ca h thng ngn hng. Trong bi cnh kinh t kh khn, cng vi vic nng
cao cht lng ca tn dng, cc ngn hng ngy cng ch trng ti ri ro v vy c
th thy chi ph d phng ri ro ngn hng tng dn qua cc nm. V thu nhp trc
thu t nm 2010 -2012 c xu hng i ngang v thp hn 2 nm u tin th hin s
kh khn chung ca nn kinh t nh hng ti hot ng ca cc ngn hng. n
nm 2013 thu nhp trc thu ca cc ngn hng st gim cho thy mc d c
nhng thay i ng k trong qu trnh ti c cu nhng hiu qu hot ng ca cc
ngn hng cha thc s c ci thin do kh khn chung ca nn kinh t, cng nh
ca cc doanh nghip t tc ng ti hot ng ca cc ngn hng.
Kim nh tnh hp l ca m hnh
M hnh SFA theo nghin cu ca Battese v Coelli (1992) c th c thc
hin vi c hm sn xut dng Cobb-Douglas ln hm sn xut dng Translog.
Kim nh LR (likelihood ratio) c s dng xc nh xem gia hm CobbDouglas v hm Translog vi cc bin tng ng th nh dng no ph hp hn
cho m hnh. Tuy nhin vi c im ca b s liu c s dng y c kh t
cc quan st nn vic s dng hm translog l khng kh thi, hm Cobb Douglas
c a vo s dng.

94

Vi nh dng hm la chn, kt qu c lng cc tham s c trnh by


qua bng 3.8 sau:
Bng 3.8 : Kt qu c lng cc tham s ca m hnh
H s

Tn bin

c lng

lch chun

z-ratio

Hng s

-4,82

1,153

-4,182***

EQ

0,789

0,161

4,894***

IN

0,344

0,131

2,635***

EO

0,45

0,177

0,254

RiE

0,143

0,068

2,097**

0,011

0,05

0,225

0,883

0,042

20,879***

-0,615

0,104

5,893***

Thng k khi
bnh phng
hn hp

Gi tr ti hn
mc ngha
5%

Kt lun

39.6

2,706

Bc b H0

Kim nh LR v ngha ca . Ho: = 0

Ghi ch: (***): c ngha thng k mc 1%, (**): c ngha thng k mc 5%

Ngun: Tc gi t tnh ton


kim nh ngha ca cc tham s ny, lun n s dng kim nh z (vi
H0 :

v H1:

). Kt qu cho thy ngoi tr bin chi ph hot ng v tin

b cng ngh th cc bin khc u c ngha thng k mc 1% hoc 5%, iu


ny cho thy hm sn xut bin ngu nhin c lng trn l tng i ph hp
vi ngha kinh t ca cc bin c lng.
Trong cc u vo s dng ta c th thy vn ch s hu (

) l thnh

phn quan trng nht nh hng n u ra thu nhp ca ngn hng. iu ny kt


hp vi cc phn tch phn sau cng cho thy s khc bit trong hiu qu hot
ng, cng nh s nh i gia li nhun v ri ro gia nhm cc ngn hng c
quy m vn nh v nhm cc ngn hng c quy m vn ln.

95

Ngoi ra ta thy chi ph li vay v chi ph d phng ri ro cng l nhng yu


t c lin quan mt thit n hiu qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng. Vic qun l tt
cht lng cc khon tn dng cng vi cng tc d phng ri ro l cng tc cn
c ch nu nh cc ngn hng mun t c thu nhp cao v n nh lu di.
H s , th hin thnh phn ca tnh phi hiu qu k thut trong sai s ca
m hnh. Kt qu c lng cho thy trong m hnh ny

khc 0, vic a thnh

phn ngu nhin vo trong m hnh c lng hiu qu hot ng ca ngn hng l
cn thit v kt qu thu c s ng tin cy hn so vi m hnh hi quy OLS
truyn thng.
Bin thi gian vi h s

trong m hnh trn th hin s thay i ca tin

b cng ngh qua cc nm. Tuy nhin, vic bin ny khng c ngha thng k cho
thy khng c bng chng v s nh hng ca n n u ra thu nhp ngn hng
giai on 2008 2013. Trong khi h s

th hin s thay i ca tnh hiu qu

k thut theo thi gian. Vi d liu va c c lng cho thy

nhn gi tr m

v c ngha thng k phn nh rng hiu qu k thut ca cc NHTMCPVN c xu


hng gim trong cng giai on. Thng k

tun theo phn phi khi bnh phng

hn hp vi 1 bc t do, cc gi tr ti hn c ly t nghin cu ca Kodde


Palm (1986).
nh gi hiu qu k thut cc ngn hng qua phng php SFA
Lun n s dng quy trnh c a ra bi Battese v Coelli (1991), sau
khi thnh phn xc nh ca hm sn xut bin ngu nhin c c lng trong
bc trn, ta tnh hiu qu k thut ca tng hng (ngn hng) trong tng nm bng
cch tnh t l gia s lng u ra quan st c (thu nhp trc thu ca mi ngn
hng trong mi nm) vi gi tr tng ng s dng cng mt vector u vo c
xc nh trn ng bin.
Lun n thc hin vic tnh ton hiu qu k thut cho tng ngn hng trong
tng nm s dng phn mm FRONTIER 4.1, cc kt qu, bao gm gi tr hiu qu
k thut cng nh xp hng so vi cc ngn hng thng mai trong h thng c
th hin qua bng 3.9 sau:

96

Bng 3.9: Hiu qu k thut ca cc ngn hng thng mi


Tn ngn hng
MBB
SacomBank
ACB
SHB
MSB
EIB
KienLongBank
VIBank
VPBank
TechcomBank
NaviBank
NamABank
SaigonBank
HDBank
ABBank
OceanBank
PNB
MDB
DongABank
VietCapitalBank
PGBank
Oricombank
VietComBank
VietinBank
BIDV
Gi tr nh nht
Gi tr ln nht
Trung bnh

2008
0,983
0,973
0,954
0,969
0,917
0,960
0,982
0,895
0,975
0,945
0,846
0,959
0,973
0,932
0,934
0,935
0,840
0,970
0,960
0,965
0,938
0,965
0,962
0,965
0,950
0,895
0,982
0,946

2009
0,967
0,950
0,916
0,944
0,853
0,928
0,969
0,815
0,954
0,900
0,734
0,925
0,951
0,878
0,881
0,883
0,724
0,945
0,927
0,937
0,889
0,937
0,931
0,936
0,911
0,724
0,969
0,903

2010
0,940
0,911
0,852
0,900
0,746
0,871
0,943
0,685
0,917
0,824
0,565
0,867
0,912
0,787
0,793
0,795
0,550
0,901
0,870
0,887
0,806
0,888
0,878
0,886
0,842
0,550
0,943
0,833

2011
0,893
0,844
0,746
0,825
0,583
0,778
0,899
0,499
0,854
0,702
0,349
0,770
0,845
0,645
0,653
0,656
0,333
0,828
0,776
0,804
0,673
0,805
0,789
0,801
0,723
0,333
0,899
0,723

2012
0,815
0,736
0,589
0,706
0,374
0,635
0,825
0,280
0,753
0,527
0,145
0,624
0,739
0,451
0,461
0,465
0,132
0,711
0,632
0,675
0,487
0,676
0,652
0,670
0,565
0,132
0,825
0,573

2013
0,696
0,583
0,392
0,542
0,170
0,449
0,712
0,996
0,606
0,320
0,294
0,435
0,587
0,240
0,250
0,254
0,248
0,549
0,445
0,500
0,277
0,502
0,470
0,494
0,364
0,170
0,996
0,400

Ngun: Tc gi t tnh ton


Xu hng ca tnh hiu qu k thut trong h thng Ngn hng thng mi Vit
Nam l gim qua tng nm, iu ny th hin kh khn chung ca ton ngnh ngn
hng k t sau khng hong kinh t nm 2008. Mc d trong giai on 2008 n 2010,
quy m ngnh ngn hng lin tc tng, ch s M2/GDP v tn dng c nhn/GDP nm
2008 l 0,86 v 1,08 v n nm 2010 t 1,16 v 1,27. Tuy nhin vi tnh hnh kinh
t kh khn chung, ngnh ngn hng cng b nh hng nng n dn n quy m ca

97

nhnh gim dn qua cc nm cho n 2013 th c xu hng tng tr li. iu ny phn


nh trong giai on t 2008 n 2010 c mt s bng n v quy m pht trin ca h
thng ngn hng nhng do pht trin t, cng vi nh hng ca cuc khng hong
kinh t ton cu v trnh qun tr ngn hng cha cao dn n hot ng ngn hng
khng hiu qu buc h thng ngn hng phi thu hp quy m hot ng bng cc
thng v mua bn, sp nhp trong nm 2011 -2012. Sang nm 2013 h thng ngn
hng dn i vo n nh dn n quy m tng tr li. Cn lu thm l do c tnh ca
m hnh, xu hng ca tnh hiu qu k thut ch c th hin cho c giai on t 20082013; cn s bin i qua tng nm khng c th hin thng qua h s ny.
Bng 3.10 : Xp hng hiu qu k thut ca cc ngn hng thng mi

Tn ngn hng
MBB
SacomBank
ACB
SHB
MSB
EIB
KienLongBank
VIBank
VPBank
TechcomBank
NaviBank
NamABank
SaigonBank
HDBank
ABBank
OceanBank
PNB
MDB
DongABank
VietCapitalBank
PGBank
Oricombank
VietComBank
VietinBank
BIDV

2008
1
4
15
7
22
12
2
23
3
17
24
14
5
21
20
19
25
6
13
8
18
9
11
10
16

2009
2
5
15
7
22
12
1
23
3
17
24
14
4
21
20
19
25
6
13
8
18
9
11
10
16

2010
2
5
15
7
22
12
1
23
3
17
24
14
4
21
20
19
25
6
13
9
18
8
11
10
16

2011
1
5
15
7
22
12
2
23
3
17
24
14
4
21
20
19
25
6
13
9
18
8
11
10
16

2012
2
5
15
7
22
12
1
23
3
17
24
14
4
21
20
19
25
6
13
9
18
8
11
10
16

2013
3
6
16
8
25
13
2
1
4
18
19
15
5
24
22
21
23
7
14
10
20
9
12
11
17

Ngun: Tc gi t tnh ton

98

Xp hng tnh hiu qu k thut qua tng nm ca cc ngn hng thng


mi, ta thy th hng ca cc ngn hng hu nh khng thay i qua cc nm.
Nhm cc ngn hng c hiu qu k thut tt, tc l th hin tt trong kh nng bin
i u vo v u ra gm c KienLongBank, EIB, MBB, SaigonBank v PGBank.
Ngc li nhng ngn hng nh MHB, WEB, NaviBank v PNB c hiu qu hot
ng tng i thp. ng ch l nhng ngn hng c vn c phn tng i ln
nh MBB, Sacombank, ACB, TechcomBank, VietcomBank, VietinBank u c
hiu qu mc kh thp, iu ny c th l gii l do mc ri ro mo him trong
kinh doanh ca cc ngn hng ny thp hn, nn c hiu qu km hn nhm NHTM
chp nhn ri ro cao hn.
Tm li, vic s dng phng php SFA nhm nh gi hiu qu hot ng
ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam giai on 2008-2013, trong c a vo
bin thi gian nhm nh gi hiu qu ca tin b cng ngh. Kt qu c lng
cho thy mc d trnh cng ngh hng nm c thay i theo hng tt ln, tnh
phi hiu qu k thut ca cc ngn hng thng mi trong h thng cng c xu
hng tng ln. iu ny gi rng cc ngn hng thng mi vn cha thc s
gii quyt c nhng tn ti, yu km cn li sau khng hong bc vo thi k
phc hi. tng cng kh nng sinh li, cc ngn hng cn tp trung gii quyt
dt im nhng vn nh n xu, chi ph hot ng cao.
V tnh hiu qu tng i gia cc ngn hng, ta thy cng c tn ti s
khc bit v hiu qu tng i ang k gia cc ngn hng hot ng tt v nhng
ngn hng hot ng yu km. iu ny i hi cn c nhng chnh sch ti cu
trc, thc hin mua li v sp nhp cc ngn hng hot ng yu km tng cng
nng lc v m bo tnh an ton trn ton h thng.

3.4.2. Cu trc cnh tranh ngnh ngn hng v hiu qu k thut.


kim nghim cc gi thuyt trong m hnh l thuyt cu trc cnh tranh
ngnh v hiu qu tc gi s dng hm Tobit v Hi qui tuyn tnh c lng
hiu qu k thut ca cc ngn hng theo cc bin s phn nh cu trc cnh tranh
ngnh nh th phn tn dng, tng ti sn, tng trng tng i, vn ch s hu, t
kim nh c mt s gi thuyt c t ra ban u.

99

M Hnh 1
M hnh Tobit
Bng 3.11: Kt qu c lng mi quan h Hiu qu k thut, th phn tn
dng, tng ti sn v tng trng tng i.
Hiu qu k thut

Coef.

S.E

Th phn tn dng

-0,102**

0,043

Tng ti sn

3,88e-06***

Tng trng tng i

0,438***

t.

Pvalue

[95% Conf. Interval]

-2,35

0,020

-0,188

-0,016

1,08e-06

3,59

0,000

1,74e-06

6,02e-06

0,039

11,23

0,000

0,361

0,515

Lu : Mc ngha (*): 10%, (**): 5%, (***): 1%

Ngun: Tc gi t tnh ton da trn BCTC ca cc NHTM giai on 2009 -2013


T kt qu kim nh m hnh Tobit cho thy tng ng cc kt qu t
c u c ngha thng k (P < 0,05), cc kim nh ny ng vi gi thuyt 4, 9
v 10 trong chng 2. C th thy tng ti sn c quan h cng chiu vi hiu qu
k thut cho bit mt ngn hng c tng ti sn ngy cng tng s tc ng tch cc
ti hiu qu k thut ca cc ngn hng. Tng ng vi iu ch ra rng khi ro
cn gia nhp th trng tng th hiu qu ti chnh ca cc ngn hng c xu hng
gia tng. i vi tc tng trng tng i kim nh cng ch ra c mi quan
h cng chiu vi hiu qu k thut. T , kim nh ch ra c tnh hp l ca
gi thuyt 9 trong m hnh l thuyt. Tuy nhin, c th thy xu hng bin ng
ca th phn tn dng c tc ng ngc chiu vi hiu qu k thut (ngc so vi
gi thuyt 10). iu ny c th l gii do trong giai on ny xy ra cuc khng
hong kinh t trn ton th gii t nh hng ti cc doanh nghip Vit Nam v
th vic cc ngn hng Vit Nam khi ngy cng m rng tn dng vi cht lng
cc khon tn dng khng cao lm gia tng n xu ca cc ngn hng tc ng
khng tt ti hiu qu k thut ca cc ngn hng . Bn cnh , vic cc ngn hng
cho vay mt cn i, c bit vi cc khon tn dng bt ng sn tng cao kt hp
vi th trng bt ng sn ri vo khng hong nh hng ti hiu qu k thut
ca cc ngn hng.

100

M hnh 2
M hnh Tobit
Bng 3.12: Kt qu c lng mi quan h Hiu qu k thut, th phn tn
dng, vn ch s hu v tng trng tng i.
Hiu qu k thut
Th phn tn dng
Vn ch s hu
Tng trng tng i

Coef.
-0,072**
0,001***
0,357***

S.E
0,028
0,001
0,044

T
-2,53
4,41
8,16

P-value
0,013
0,000
0,000

[95% Conf. Interval]


-0,128
0,001
0,270

-0,016
0,001
0,444

Lu : Mc ngha (*): 10%, (**): 5%, (***): 1%

Ngun: Tc gi t tnh ton da trn BCTC ca cc NHTM giai on 2009 -2013


i vi m hnh 2: T kim nh m hnh c th thy cc bin trong m hnh
u c ngha thng k (P < 0,05). i vi th phn tn dng cng cho kt qu
tng t nh trong m hnh 1. T c th ch ra trong giai on nghin cu cc
ngn hng cng gia tng th phn tn dng th hiu qu k thut c xu hng st
gim. Vi vn ch s hu cho kt qu nh hng cng chiu vi hiu qu k thut
ca cc ngn hng. Tng ng vi gi thuyt 4 trong m hnh l thuyt th hin ro
cn gia nhp tng th hiu qu ti chnh ca cc ngn hng c xu hng gia tng.
Cn i vi tng trng tng i so vi hiu qu k thut cho kt qu tng t m
hnh 1 ng vi gi thuyt 9 trong m hnh l thuyt trong chng 2.
M hnh 3
M hnh Tobit
Bng 3.13: Kt qu c lng mi quan h Hiu qu k thut, th phn huy
ng, vn ch s hu v tng trng tng i.
Hiu qu k thut
Th phn huy ng
Vn ch s hu
Tng trng tng i

Coef.
-0,038
0,001** *
0,365***

S.E
0,031
0,001
0,046

T
-1,22
3,09
7,99

P-value
0,225
0,003
0,000

[95% Conf. Interval]


-0,099
0,001
0,275

0,024
0,001
0,456

Lu : Mc ngha (*): 10%, (**): 5%, (***): 1%

Ngun: Tc gi t tnh ton da trn BCTC ca cc NHTM giai on 2009 -2013

101

Trong khi vi m hnh 3 cho thy vi th phn huy ng cha a ra c


kt lun v khng c ngha thng k vi P >0,05. i vi vn ch s hu v tng
trng tng i c quan h cng chiu vi hiu qu k thut. iu cho thy vi
cc ngn hng khi vn ch s hu v tng trng tng i tng th hiu qu k thut
cng c xu hng tng. Hai yu t ny tng ng vi gi thuyt 9 v 10 trong m hnh
l thuyt trong chng 2.
Qua 3 kim nh da trn m hnh Tobit tr li c cc gi thuyt nghin
cu v mi quan h gia th phn, vn ch s hu, tng trng tng i vi hiu qu
k thut ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam. Bn cnh , lm r mi quan h
gia cc yu t trong cu trc cnh tranh ngnh vi nhau da trn cc gi thuyt trong
m hnh l thuyt chng 2. Tc gi s dng m hnh hi qui tuyn tnh c lng
thng qua m hnh 4-5-6.
M hnh 4
M hnh hi qui
Bng 3.14: Kt qu c lng mi quan h th phn huy ng, vn ch s hu
v tng trng tng i.
Th phn huy ng

Coef.

S.E

P-value

[95% Conf. Interval]

Tng trng tng i

-0,014

0,257

-0,06

0,956

-0,524

0,496

Vn ch s hu

0,001***

0,001

7,73

0,000

0,001

0,001

H s chn

-0,089

0,442

-0,20

0,840

-0,966

0,787

Lu : Mc ngha (*): 10%, (**): 5%, (***): 1%

Ngun: Tc gi t tnh ton da trn BCTC ca cc NHTM giai on 2009 -2013


S dng m hnh hi qui c lng m hnh 5 tng ng vi cc gi
thuyt 3 v 8. Kt qu kim nh cho thy khi vn ch s hu tng th th phn huy
ng s c xu hng tng v ngc li. iu ny cn th hin khi ro cn gia nhp
th trng tng s lm tng th phn ca cc ngn hng. Trong khi cha th a
ra kt lun v mi qua h gia tng trng tng i v th phn huy ng v khng
c ngha thng k (P > 0,05).

102

M hnh 5
M hnh hi qui
Bng 3.15: Kt qu c lng mi quan h th phn huy ng, tng ti sn v
tng trng tng i.
Th phn huy ng

Coef.

S.E

P-value

[95% Conf. Interval]

Tng trng tng i

0,048

0,129

0,37

0,710

-0,207

0,303

Tng ti sn

0,001***

1,51e-06

15,32

0,000

0,001

0,001

H s chn

-0,008

0,193

-0,04

0,967

-0,391

0,375

Lu : Mc ngha (*): 10%, (**): 5%, (***): 1%

Ngun: Tc gi t tnh ton da trn BCTC ca cc NHTM giai on 2009 -2013


Tng t nh vy m hnh 5 ng vi gi thuyt 3 v 8. Kt qu kim nh
ch ra rng cha th khng nh th phn huy ng c mi quan h vi tng trng
tng i do khng c ngha thng k (P > 0,05). i vi Tng ti sn tng s
lm th phn huy ng ca cc ngn hng c xu hng tng. iu ny cho thy ro
cn th trng c nh hng cng chiu vi th phn ca cc ngn hng.
M hnh 6
M hnh hi qui
Bng 3.16: Kt qu c lng mi quan h th phn tn dng, vn ch s hu
v tng trng tng i.
Th phn tn dng

Coef.

S.E

P-value

[95% Conf. Interval]

Tng trng tng i

0,709**

0,299

2,37

0,020

0,115

1,303

Vn ch s hu

0,001***

0,001

9,33

0,000

0,001

0,001

H s chn

-1,062**

0,413

-2,57

0,012

-1,880

-0,243

Lu : Mc ngha (*): 10%, (**): 5%, (***): 1%

Ngun: Tc gi t tnh ton da trn BCTC ca cc NHTM giai on 2009 -2013

103

M hnh 6 tng ng vi gi thuyt 3 v 8 trong m hnh l thuyt. Cc kt


qu c lng u c ngha thng k (P < 0,05). Qua c th thy khi tng
trng tng i tng th th phn tn dng ca cc ngn hng c xu hng tng v
ngc li. i vi vn ch s hu ca cc ngn hng cng c quan h cng chiu
vi th phn tn dng.
M hnh 7
M hnh hi qui
Bng 3.17: Kt qu c lng mi quan h th phn tn dng, tng ti sn v
tng trng tng i.
Th phn tn dng

Coef.

S.E

P-value

[95% Conf. Interval]

Tng trng tng i

0,761***

0,206

3,70

0,000

0,353

1,169

Tng ti sn

0,001***

1,01e-06

23,82

0,000

0,001

0,001

H s chn

-0,906**

0,236

-3,84

0,000

-1,374

-0,438

Lu : Mc ngha (*): 10%, (**): 5%, (***): 1%

Ngun: Tc gi t tnh ton da trn BCTC ca cc NHTM giai on 2009 -2013


Kim nh m hnh 7 ch ra mi tng quan vi m hnh l thuyt 3 v 8
trong chng 2. Cc c lng trong m hnh u c ngha thng k (P < 0,05).
Do tng trng tng i v tng ti sn c quan h cng chiu vi th phn tn
dng ca mt ngn hng.
Cng vi vic kim nh cc gi thuyt c th thy c mi tng quan
trong xu hng bin ng ca cc bin trong m hnh thng qua th. T th c
th thy gi thuyt 10 ch ra mi quan h gia th phn v hiu qu ca cc ngn
hng l cng chiu vi nhau.

104

th 3.8: Mi quan h gia th phn v hiu qu k thut nm 2013


Ngun: Tc gi tnh ton da trn BCTN ca cc NHTM

th 3.9: Mi quan h gia vn ch s hu, tng ti sn v hiu qu k thut


nm 2013
Ngun: Tc gi tnh ton da trn BCTN ca cc NHTM
Bn cnh vi gi thuyt 4 cng c th thy c vn ch s hu, tng ti
sn ca cc ngn hng nh hng dng ti hiu qu ca cc ngn hng thng mi
Vit Nam.

105

th 3.10: Mi quan h gia vn ch s hu, tng ti sn v tng trng nm 2013


Ngun: Tc gi tnh ton da trn BCTN ca cc NHTM
Gi thuyt 2 ch ra mi quan h thun chiu gia tng ti sn, vn ch s
hu v tng trng tng i ca ngn hng. iu ny cng c th hin trn
m hnh kim nh phn trn.

th 3.11: Mi quan h gia tng trng tng i, li nhun v hiu qu


nm 2013
Ngun: Tc gi tnh ton da trn BCTN ca cc NHTM

106

Cng c th thy, i vi th 3.10 th tc tng trng tng i tng s


tc ng lm tng li nhun v hiu qu ca cc ngn hng thng mi.
Kt qu tnh ton ca cc nm trc cng a ra xu hng bin ng tng
t nm 2013 (ph lc 7).
Ngoi cc nhn t tc ng ti hiu qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng
phn tch trn th vic nh gi kh nng sinh li ca ngn hng l mt iu cn
thit. c bit, trong qu trnh ti c cu ngn hng th vic phn tch cc ch s
ROA, ROE nhm nh gi kh nng ci thin hiu qu hot ng ca cc ngn
hng. Bn cnh , c th thy mi quan h gia ROA, ROE v TE thy c
mi tng quan trong hiu qu ca vic s dng vn c tc ng ti hiu qu k
thut ca cc ngn hng.
Bng 3.18: Mi quan h ROA, ROE v hiu qu k thut ca cc NHTM Vit
Nam giai on 2008 - 2013
ROA
ROE
TE

2008
2009
2010
2011
0.96% 1.03% 0.97% 0.97%
12.05% 13.58% 12.72% 12.87%
0.610
0.801
0.613
0.660

2012
0.52%
6.55%
0.675

2013
0.60%
7.32%
0.662

Ngun: Tc gi t tnh t tng hp bo co ti chnh


Da vo s liu tnh ton trong Bng 3.18 cho thy kh nng sinh li ca cc
ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam t mc cao nht nm 2009, khi cc ngn hng
thng mi bng n, t mc tng trng tn dng cao. i vi hiu qu k thut
lc ny cng cho kt qu tng ng vi kh nng sinh li ca cc ngn hng. T l
ROA v ROE gim nh trong hai nm tip theo 2010 v 2011 do tnh hnh chung
ca nn kinh t din ra khng hong. Cng vi thc trng ny cng cho thy hiu
qu k thut st gim. Sang n nm 2012, kh nng sinh li ca h thng ngn
hng thng mi st gim mnh. ROE gim t 12,87% nm 2011 xung cn 6,55%
nm 2012 v ROA t 0,97% xung cn 0,52%. iu ny cho thy, t nm 2011
ngnh ngn hng bc vo suy thoi v khng hong, t l n xu tng cao dn n
nh hng ti kh nng sinh li v hiu qu k thut ca cc ngn hng. Cc ch s
ny c ci thin ng k vo nm 2013 khi bc u t c nhng kt qu t

107

qu trnh ti c cu bng nhng bin php cng rn nhm lm lnh mnh ha h thng
ngn hng. T lm cho kh nng sinh li ca cc ngn hng bt u gia tng. Kt
qu ny cng c m t bng s bin ng ca cc ch tiu thng qua th 3.12.

th 3.12: Mi quan h gia ROA, ROE v TE giai on 2008 - 2013


Ngun: Tc gi tnh ton da trn BCTC ca cc NHTM
Hiu qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng b tc ng ng k ca cc khon n
xu. T nhng d liu cho thy tnh hnh n xu cc ngn hng bin ng qua cc
nm nh th 3.13.

th 3.13: N xu cc ngn hng thng mi giai on 2008 - 2013


Ngun: BCTC ca cc NHTM

108

Theo bo co ca ngn hng Nh nc t nm 2008 n 2012 n xu ca cc


ngn c xu hng tng nhanh. Tnh n ht nm 2012 n xu ca h thng vo
khong 117.723 t ng. Trong , n xu ca cc ngn hng thng mi nh nc
khong 54,6 ngn t ng; n xu ca cc ngn hng thng mi c phn l 41
ngn t ng. N xu tng nhanh chng l do tc ng tiu cc ca cuc khng
hong ti chnh v suy thoi kinh t ton cu nn mi trng kinh doanh trong nc
gp nhiu kh khn. T nhng kh khn trong hot ng sn xut kinh doanh lm
cho cht lng tn dng suy gim v n xu tng nhanh. Bn cnh , cc ngn
hng tng vn dn n sc p tng trng tn dng m bo hiu qu kinh doanh
dn n kh nng qun tr ri ro, gim st vn vay bt cp. T dn n cht
lng cc khon vay thp lm gia tng n xu. Sang nm 2013, tnh hnh n xu
phn no c ci thin do thc hin n ti c cu. V c bn phn no kim
sot c tnh hnh ca cc NHTM c phn yu km, kh nng chi tr ca cc ngn
hng c ci thin ng k. Tuy nhin, vic bc tch cc khon n xu cha c
c th dn n vic kim nh m hnh khng em li c hiu qu cao.
Tm li, vic kim nh cc gi thuyt ra ch ra c mi tng quan
gia cc bin tc ng t ch ra c phng hng iu chnh gp phn tm
kim mc tiu ti u ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam trong giai on ti.
Kt lun: Chng 3 khi qut tnh hnh hot ng ca cc ngn hng
thng mi Vit Nam trong giai on 2008 2013. Nhn chung, cng vi xu th
chung ca ca khng hong kinh t th gii hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng
mi Vit Nam cng b nh hng. iu th hin r nt trong s thay i ca quy
m vn ch s hu, tng ti sn v hiu qu ca cc ngn hng. Tuy nhin, trong
vn c nhng ngn hng t c hiu qu trong hot ng th hin kh nng
chng trc khng hong. T ch ra nhng mt hn ch ca cc ngn hng
dn ti tnh phi hiu qu. Chng 3 xy dng cc m hnh nh gi tc ng ca
cu trc cnh tranh ngnh ti hiu qu k thut. Cc kt qu t c cho thy mi
quan h gia cc yu t trong cu trc ngnh v c th a ra nhn nh ngnh ngn
hng c cu trc c quyn nhm. T nhng kt qu nh lng ny lm tin
cho chng 4 a ra kin ngh nng cao nng lc cnh tranh nhm thc y hiu
qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam.

109

CHNG 4
KIN NGH NNG CAO NNG LC CNH TRANH CA
CC NGN HNG THNG MI VIT NAM
4.1. Nhm kin ngh i vi Chnh ph v ngn hng Nh nc
4.1.1. Gii php t Chnh Ph
Mt l, Hon thin h thng php lut, c bit l lut cnh tranh nhm to
hnh lang php l c hiu lc v m bo s bnh ng cho cc i tng hot ng
trn lnh th Vit Nam. Ring i vi ngnh ngn hng do l cu ni, huyt mch
ca nn kinh t nn cng i hi tnh minh bch m bo s an ton v hiu qu
ca ton h thng ni ring v ca nn kinh t ni chung. Do cn xy dng
nhng vn bn php lut ph hp vi lnh th Vit Nam da trn nhng chun mc
quc t. Trong , cc vn bn php lut v cc cng c phi ph hp vi chun
mc quc t va phi ph hp vi iu kin c th ca Vit Nam cc NHTM ch
ng thc hin chnh sch v vn hnh cng c iu tit ca NHNN cng nh cc
c quan chc nng nhm pht trin bn vng trong qu trnh hi nhp kinh t quc
t. Mt khc, thng qua chc nng vai tr ca nh nc trong vic iu tit khc
phc nhng khuyt tt ca th trng theo hng to mi trng lnh mnh cho cc
ngn hng hot ng theo lut, khng bao cp cho NHTM, nhng cng khng nn
to ra nhng ri ro cho ngn hng bng c ch chnh sch hay cc mnh lnh hnh
chnh; s dng c ch gim st, ch ti bo m cho cc ngn hng tham gia th
trng tun th lut chi qui nh. y l c s quan trng nht m bo cho
nn kinh t v h thng ngn hng pht trin bn vng v hi nhp hiu qu. Cng
trn phng din v m, cn phi c cu li h thng lut php ti chnh, ngn hng.
Hin Lut cc t chc tn dng, Lut Ngn hng Nh nc v cc quy nh khc
ang c xem xt sa i mt cch c bn. Vic c cu li NHNN cng nn c
t ra theo l trnh sa i Lut NHNN, m bo c quan ny hot ng theo
ng chc nng ca mt ngn hng trung ng hin i. Vic sa i Lut cc t

110

chc tn dng cn a vn ci cch qun tr vo mt cch tng ng nhm ci


cch, chuyn i m hnh qun tr ti cc NHTM c phn theo m hnh qun tr
hin i, ph hp vi tin trnh hi nhp quc t.
Cng vi vic gia nhp WTO, Vit Nam cn tin hnh sa i, b sung v
hon thin h thng php lut ngn hng nh sau:
(a) Sa i Lut NHNN, Lut cc T chc tn dng v cc vn bn php lut
khc c lin quan m bo NHNN Vit Nam tr thnh ngn hng trung ng
hin i, tng cng tnh t ch, t chu trch nhim ca cc t chc tn dng trong
hot ng kinh doanh.
(b) Xy dng, chnh sa, b sung cc quy nh php lut ngn hng v cp
php hin din thng mi, v t chc, hot ng, qun tr, iu hnh ca cc t
chc tn dng k c trong v ngoi nc hng ti nguyn tc khng phn bit i
x, ph hp vi cc cam kt v l trnh gia nhp WTO, cc quy nh php lut cn
tun th nguyn tc minh bch ho v c th d bo. NHNN hin ang d tho Quy
ch cp giy php thnh lp v hot ng ca NHTM c phn, Thng t hng dn
Ngh nh 22 v t chc v hot ng ca chi nhnh ngn hng nc ngoi, ngn
hng lin doanh, ngn hng 100% vn nc ngoi, vn phng i din t chc tn
dng nc ngoi ti Vit nam, trong s c th ho cc cam kt lin quan n vic
thnh lp v hot ng ca cc t chc tn dng nc ngoi ti Vit nam. Ngh nh
v vic t chc tn dng nc ngoi mua c phn ca ngn hng thng mi ca
Vit nam cng ang trong qu trnh d tho. m bo an ton hot ng ca h
thng ngn hng, NHNN cng s xy dng mi Lut Bo him Tin gi v Lut
Gim st An ton Hot ng Ngn hng.
(c) R sot danh mc cc dch v ti chnh - ngn hng theo Ph lc v dch
v ti chnh ngn hng ca GATS xy dng, b sung, hon chnh cc quy nh,
m bo cc t chc tn dng c thc hin y cc sn phm, dch v ngn
hng theo GATS v thng l quc t;

111

(d) Nghin cu xy dng khung php l cho cc m hnh t chc tn dng


mi, cc t chc c hot ng mang tnh cht h tr cho hot ng ca cc t chc
tn dng (cng ty xp hng tn dng, cng ty mi gii tin t) nhm pht trin h
thng cc t chc tn dng. Cc Ngh nh v t chc v hot ng ca cng ty cho
thu ti chnh, cng ty ti chnh s c ban hnh mi thay th cho cc vn bn
php quy c v vn ny.
(e) Hon thin cc quy nh v qun l ngoi hi, ci cch h thng k ton
ngn hng ph hp chun mc k ton quc t. Hon thin cc quy nh v thanh
ton khng dng tin mt.
(f) Tip tc nghin cu, hon thin quy nh v cc nghip v v dch v
ngn hng mi (qun l ngn qu, qun l danh mc u t, cc dch v u thc,
cc sn phm phi sinh, dch v ngn hng in t, dch v thu mua ti chnh).
Hai l, xy dng li vai tr ca Ngn hng Nh nc NHNN c lp vi
mi quan h vi Chnh ph, t NHNN s c v th trong vic xy dng v vn
hnh chnh sch tin t hiu qu. m bo mc tiu NHNN l mt ngn hng trung
ng thc s, c lp v mt t chc, nhn s , m bo kh nng qun tr iu
hnh v l ngi cho vay cui cng ca nn kinh t.
Mt s kin ngh c th trong vn ci t h thng ngn hng:
(a) Vit Nam hin nay ang c cho l c qu nhiu ngn hng v dn ti
tnh trng kh qun l v mt s quan im cho rng y l nguyn nhn dn ti bt
n trong nn kinh t. Nguyn nhn chnh vn l vic Vit nam cha a ra nhng
bin php hu hiu trng vic qun l cc ngn hng trnh nhng tc ng xu
t vic kinh doanh khng hiu qu ca cc ngn hng ti nn kinh t. Mt trong
nhng vic cn nghin cu l xy dng nhng gii php hp l cho vic ph sn cc
t chc ti chnh. Nu chng ta c phi nui mt con bnh yu km mi th ng
nhin tn km hn nhiu so vi chi ph mai tng khi con bnh cht hn, ph sn
khng phi l iu g xu, nghin cu cch thc xy dng mt h thng sao cho
vic ph sn cc t chc ti chnh khng nh hng ln v mang tnh dy truyn ti

112

nn kinh t mi l mt vn cn suy ngh. Ngay c cc nc pht trin cng ang


phi ci t h thng ti chnh trnh tnh trng qu ln sp . Vit nam
cha c thng l v gii php cho vic ph sn ngn hng, nn dn ti tnh trng bt
c ngn hng no c nguy c ph sn cng cn c gii cu, iu ny to ra nhng
s khng bnh ng gia cc doanh nghip, khi mt doanh nghip t nhn ph sn th
khng c gii cu, cn ngn hng th li c gii cu. Cn phi nghin cu
vic ph sn c din ra mt cch bnh thng v khng gy h ly ln ti x hi.
(b) Quan tm ti cc lut l v quy nh m bo s cng bng gia cc bn
tham gia vo h thng ti chnh: Ngn hng, ngi gi tin, doanh nghip. Thc
cht th gii ti chnh c li kh nhiu t vai tr trung gian ca h. Tt c dng
tin giao dch u chy qua h thng ti chnh v h c nhng quyn lc kh ln
trong vic nm c nhng dng tin ny, mc d y l tin ca ngi dn v
doanh nghip gi vo sau li c phn b li cho nhng ngi dn v doanh
nghip c nhu cu. Ngn hng c nhng cng c v cch thc y nhng kh
khn cho doanh nghip v ngi dn khi h nm ton b dng tin trong x hi.
Nhng quy tc v lut l a ra i vi h thng ti chnh lun phi nghim ngt v
m bo quyn li cht ch ca cc bn, khng th tnh trng gii ti chnh lm
giu da vo c s khng hong v khng chia s bt gnh nng x hi. Cc thit
hi, ri ro th lun y v pha ngi dn v doanh nghip.
(c) m bo s cnh tranh bnh ng v lnh mnh trong h thng ti chnh.
Cnh tranh bnh ng v lnh mnh lun l ng la cho s pht trin x hi.
Nhng c th yu s b o thi khi mi trng. Tuy nhin, s cnh tranh khng
lnh mnh s ngc li gy phng hi cho s pht trin mi trng chung v to
iu kin cho nhng c th yu ln t nhng c th mnh. Vai tr ca Ngn hng
nh nc nh ngi trng ti m bo cc quy lut cnh tranh ny din ra mt
cch bnh ng v c li cho x hi. Hng ti vic s dng cc cng c th trng
qun l ngn hng, v s dng nhng quy lut th trng to ra h thng ti
chnh lnh mnh.

113

Ba l, Chnh ph cn tng cng v th ti chnh ca NHNN Vit Nam thng


qua vic tng cng t ch ti chnh; minh bch v cng khai m bo l ngn
hng ca Chnh ph v l ngn hng ca cc ngn hng.
(a) Hon thin v a vo thc hin cc tiu chun qun tr mi, cc quy
nh v an ton v phng trnh ri ro theo hng tip cn nhanh thng l quc t;
tng cng vai tr gim st ca NHNN trong vic thc hin cc tiu chun ny.
(b) Xy dng c ch, chnh sch nhng ngn hng thng mi c
iu kin pht trin nhanh v cnh tranh c hiu qu trong nc v quc t; ng
thi, khuyn khch cc ngn hng m rng a bn hot ng phc v nng nghip
v nng thn.
(c) Thc hin c phn ha cc ngn hng thng mi Nh nc, nng cao
tim lc ti chnh, kh nng qun tr, cht lng cc dch v, sc cnh tranh v hiu
qu hot ng ngn hng thng mi Nh nc thc s lm nng ct trong hot
ng ca h thng ngn hng thng mi c nc.
(d) B sung hon thin th ch cc ngn hng thng mi c phn nng
cao cht lng qun tr, hot ng minh bch, thc s l ngn hng i chng;
quy nh mc vn ti thiu v l trnh thc hin ph hp vi quy m v a bn
hot ng.
(e) Xy dng phng n x l c th gim nhanh cc ngn hng yu
km ko di theo cc phng n thch hp vi chi ph t nht, bo m an ton h
thng, khng lm nh hng n n nh kinh t v m, bo v quyn li chnh
ng ca ngi gi tin v x l nghim nhng c nhn c sai phm.
(f)

Kin ton v pht huy hiu qu hot ng ca t chc tn dng nng

thn. Vic thnh lp mi cc ngn hng thng mi v cc nh ch ti chnh, k c


thnh lp mi cc hp tc x tn dng a bn nng thn phi c thm nh cht
ch, theo ng quy nh ca php lut.
(g) Phi hp c hiu qu vic c cu li h thng ngn hng, cc t chc tn
dng vi vic c cu li v pht trin mnh cc phn khc khc cc th trng ti

114

chnh nh th trng chng khon, th trng tri phiu, th trng bo him v cc


qu u t theo nhng tiu chun qun l ph hp vi thng l quc t p ng
nhu cu vn cho nn kinh t; thc hin cng khai, minh bch v kim sot cht ch
hot ng ca cc nh ch ti chnh ny.
Bn l, Chnh ph cn thc hin ti cu trc trit v ton din i vi u
t cng v cc doanh nghip nh nc loi b bt cc d n km hiu qu nhm
gim tc tng n cng v gnh nng cc doanh nghip nh nc yu km. V c
bn v lu di, y cng l c hi tng u t ca t nhn, thc hin vic chuyn
i m hnh pht trin, c cu li vn u t x hi, nhm pht trin t nc mt
cch bn vng. bo m n nh kinh t v m, kim sot lm pht, ngn chn
suy gim kinh t v thm ht ngn sch, to vic lm, chng ta cn xy dng v duy
tr mi quan h hp l gia u t cng v u t t nhn.Chng hn, s gn kt
gia ct gim u t cng vi thc y u t t nhn cha c xem xt v t
trong mi quan h tng tc bin chng, trong ct gim u t cng l qu trnh
thc hin trong ngn hn, trc tip v trc din, cn thc y u t t nhn cn
xem xt trong mt thi gian di vi cc bin php tc ng gin tip cng vi c
ch, chnh sch ng b. Bn cnh , Chnh ph cn tng cng cng tc thanh
tra, gim st gim thiu s tht thot lng ph, ti thiu ha chi ph qun l, ngn
nga tham nhng v tiu cc.
Nm l, cn phi thay i th ch cc t chc tn dng quc t c th mua
li, sp nhp hoc gia tng s hu vn c phn y nhanh x l n xu ca cc
ngn hng. thc hin iu ny Chnh ph cn m rng room vn ngoi vi cc
ngn hng yu, vic ni room c th ty theo tng ngn hng c th n mc ti a
nu cn thit. Vi h thng ngn hng cn non tr nh hin ti khi cc nh u t
nc ngoi nm gi c phn s gp phn ng gp c ti chnh, h tr nng lc
qun tr ,qun l ri ro, thanh khon v mua ban n xu. T c th gip cc ngn
hng Vit Nam ti cu trc, y nhanh x l n xu, thc y u t cng ngh,
nng cao kh nng qun tr, thay i t duy v phng thc hot ng dn n tng
hiu qu hot ng. Song song vi bin php m rng room th Chnh ph cn to

115

mi trng u t hp dn vi cc c ch chnh sch n gin nhm thu ht s quan


tm ca cc nh u t nc ngoi. Bn cnh cng c th nghin cu chng
khon ha cc khon n xu da trn vic p dng thnh cng ca cc nc trn th
gii. Nh nc cn chng khon ha cc khon n kh i theo 2 phng php.
Th nht, nu doanh nghip c lch s qun tr kinh doanh tt, ang gp kh khn
v ngha v tr n gc hoc do cc d n u t ang trin khai cha i vo hot
ng c th chuyn mt phn n gc thnh tri phiu trung hn. iu ny nhm
h tr thanh khon v gip doanh nghip tn ti v pht trin. Th hai l chuyn n
qu hn, n xu thnh c phn. ng thi, chuyn v th cc ngn hng ang l ch
n thnh c ng ln nm a s c phn nu nhn thy sau ti cu trc doanh
nghip c kh nng tn ti v pht trin. cc iu kin c bn tin trnh chng
khon ha c thnh cng, trong vai tr ng ch n cc ngn hng cn tch cc
nng cao tnh cng ng hn na, phi hp vi doanh nghip x l n xu.
ng thi, cc ngn hng nn s dng cc cng ty con ca mnh nh cng ty qun
l mua bn n, cng ty chng khon hay cng ty qun l qu tham gia ch ng
vo tin trnh chng khon ha.

4.1.2. Gii php t Ngn hng Nh nc


Mt l, Ngn hng Nh nc cn tch cc, ch ng gim st hot ng ca
h thng theo nguyn tc, chun mc quc t v khng can thip su bng cc mnh
lnh hnh chnh. Bn cnh , cn nng cao nng lc th ch, r sot cc c ch
chnh sch theo hng th trng, to mi trng lnh mnh cho h thng ngn
hng. Nh l: Xy dng khung php l v thnh lp ngn hng theo hng mt
cch cht ch, hp l; sa i; cho php ngn hng c php tch bin ti sn;
nhanh chng p dng cc chun mc v phn loi n v trch d phng ri ro theo
chun quc t; r sot vn thc c ca cc NHTM gim st t l an ton vn ti
thiu, thc hin qun tr ri ro theo Basel II.
Trong , cc vn bn php lut v cc cng c phi ph hp vi chun mc
quc t va phi ph hp vi iu kin c th ca Vit Nam cc NHTM ch
ng thc hin chnh sch v vn hnh cng c iu tit ca NHNN cng nh cc

116

c quan chc nng nhm pht trin bn vng trong qu trnh hi nhp kinh t quc
t. Mt khc, thng qua chc nng vai tr ca nh nc trong vic iu tit khc
phc nhng khuyt tt ca th trng theo hng to mi trng lnh mnh cho cc
ngn hng hot ng theo lut, khng bao cp cho NHTM, nhng cng khng nn
to ra nhng ri ro cho ngn hng bng c ch chnh sch hay cc mnh lnh hnh
chnh; s dng c ch gim st, ch ti bo m cho cc ngn hng tham gia th
trng tun th lut chi qui nh. y l c s quan trng nht m bo cho
nn kinh t v h thng ngn hng pht trin bn vng v hi nhp hiu qu.
Hai l, Ngn hng Nh nc cn xy dng chin lc pht trin cng ngh
ngn hng gim thiu chi ph hot ng cho cc ngn hng. Ngn hng Nh nc
vi vai tr l ngi qun l trc tip hot ng ca h thng ngn hng, NHNN cn
gip , t vn cc ngn hng pht trin h thng thng tin hiu qu, minh bch,
cht lng, uy tn v bn vng.
Ba l, Ngn hng Nh nc cn phi y nhanh qu trnh ti cu trc h
thng ngn hng. i vi cc ngn hng thng mi yu km, cn thc hin sp
nhp, hp nht. c bit, NHNN cn a ra l trnh c th cn t c sau ti cu
trc cc ngn hng hot ng hiu qu.
i vi cc NHTM Nh nc, cn tip tc gim t trng phn vn Nh nc
mc hp l, bng vic cho php nh u t nc ngoi nng t l s hu c phiu
ti mi ngn hng ln ty theo qui m ca tng ngn hng. Tuy nhin, vic nng t
l s hu ca nh u t nc ngoi s c th dn n kh nng b thu tm ca cc
ngn hng tng ln. V vy, NHNN cn xy dng cc bin php gim thiu nh
hng ny bng cch tp trung xy dng cc ngn hng ln c nng lc cnh
tranh quc t vi y cc tiu chun qun tr ri ro quc t. Bn cnh , cn
gim s can thip ca Nh nc vo hot ng ngn hng, buc cc ngn hng phi
minh bch trong kinh doanh, chu trch nhim v s tn ti v pht trin ca chnh
ngn hng. nhiu yu t. Thc trng trn cho thy, khu vc ngn hng Vit Nam
ang ng trc yu cu v ti c cu mnh m hn bao gi ht. Tuy nhin, do khu
vc ngn hng l mt cu phn quan trng ca nn kinh t nn vic c cu li cn

117

c nhn nhn trn phng din tng th. Do , ni dung v trng tm c cu li


khu vc ngn hng Vit Nam hin nay khng ch t gc vi m (tng ngn hng)
m c t gc v m (Nh nc/Chnh ph).
Trc tin, trn phng din v m, vn mc tiu tng trng kinh t cng
cn phi c c cu li theo hng mi l khng nn t ra mc tiu tng trng
kinh t cao bng mi gi m thay vo l mt mc tng trng hp l, bn vng.
Khi p lc tng trng kinh t khng nng ln h thng ngn hng, lm cho
khu vc ny d tn thng v km hiu qu. Mt s c cu v m khc cng cn
c c cu li m bo pht trin v tng trng bn vng nh c cu xut
nhp khu, c cu ngnh sn xut, c cu u t, c cu ngn sch
V phng din vi m, cc ngn hng cn tin hnh c cu li th trng, sn
phm v c cu ti sn cho ph hp vi nng lc qun l ca mnh, m bo pht
trin hiu qu v bn vng. Vi c cu ti sn v sn phm nh hin nay, h thng
ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam rt d b tn thng (nh nm 2008). i vi cc
NHTM Nh nc va mi c phn ha cn tp trung ci thin qun tr ti ngn
hng ny theo chun quc t v ni y tp trung ngun lc ln ca Nh nc, coi
y l hnh mu v qun tr ngn hng hin i Vit Nam.
Bn l, Ngn hng Nh nc cn lnh mnh ha h thng ngn hng trc
ht v cn thit phi gii quyt trit n xu. NHNN ch o st sao buc cc
NHTM c cu li khon n xu s dng cc cng c gim n xu. Bn cnh
, gim st quan h s hu cho gia cc TCTD vi cc tng cng ty, tp on
kinh t. c bit, cn nng cao vai tr ca c quan Thanh tra, gim st ngn hng
trc thuc ngn hng Nh nc nhm nng cao an ton cho ton h thng.
Cn quan tm ti 4 trong 10 gii php x l n xu trong h thng ngn hng
do Hip hi cc Nh u t ti chnh Vit Nam (VAFI) xut: Gii php u tin
l cc ngn hng ch ng tng mc trch lp d phng cc khon n xu, chp
nhn gim li nhun hoc thua l. Vic lm ny s gip NHTM nhanh chng b
p tn tht, gim s thu thu nhp doanh nghip, gim qu lng nhng lm tng
kh nng ti chnh ni ti ca ngn hng. Th hai, cc ngn hng cn c chnh sch

118

tin lng, tin thng hp l trong giai on kh khn ny. Cch thc ny gip
gim chi ph mt cch hp l nhm h tr cho vic tng mc trch lp d phng t
l n xu. Th ba, ngn hng cn tng t l s hu ca nh u t nc ngoi trong
ngnh ngn hng ln 40%. ng thi cng cho php nng t l s hu ca nh u
t chin lc nc ngoi ln mc 25% hoc 30% vn iu l. Th t, Chnh ph
cn cho php mt s ngn hng nc ngoi c tim lc ti chnh mnh, qun tr
doanh nghip tt mua li nhng ngn hng yu km.

4.2. Nhm kin ngh i vi cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam


Trong nghin cu ca chng trc c th thy, cc ngn hng thng mi
Vit Nam s dng cc ngun lc cn nhiu lng ph t hiu qu hot ng ca
cc ngn hng cha t ti u.
Nh vy, nng cao hiu qu hot ng t y cao nng lc cnh tranh
ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam trong xu th hi nhp kinh t quc t cn
y mnh vic thay i theo chiu su hot ng ca cc ngn hng.

4.2.1. Pht trin theo nh hng th trng mc tiu


Kt qu nghin cu v mt nh lng v hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng
mi Vit Nam ch ra rng s lng cc ngn hng t hiu sut gim theo quy m
chim phn ln. iu ny th hin cc ngn hng ang hot ng khng ti u ha
quy m ca mnh dn n hiu qu t c cha cao. Do , i vi cc ngn
hng t hiu sut gim theo quy m cn phi gim quy m hot ng, cn i vi
ngn hng t hiu sut tng theo quy m th cn tng quy m nng cao hiu qu
hot ng t tng cng nng lc cnh tranh. Mt trong nhng hnh thc thay
i quy m l xc nh th trng mc tiu thay i quy m gim thiu chi ph.
Trong giai on va qua mt trong nhng yu km ng ch nht ca h
thng ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam l s tng trng mt cch khng cn i
trong nhiu nm. S mt cn i ny cn c nhn nhn c trn phng din v m
v vi m. S tng trng nhanh v quy m v vn trong khi cc thit ch qun l
cha theo kp l cc vn ni ti ca khu vc ny.

119

Mi mt ngn hng c quy m v ngun vn v chi nhnh khc nhau do


khng phi th trng no cng tham gia th s em li hiu qu. Do , cc ngn
hng thng mi cn xc nh r phn khc th trng mc tiu tp trung pht
trin nhm ti u ha cc yu t u vo. C th thy, khi xc nh c th trng
mc tiu ngn hng s chuyn tm hn, u t hiu qu tp trung m khng b phn
tn cc ngun lc.

4.2.2. Nng cao hiu qu qun tr trong ngn hng


Nng cao vn ha qun tr ri ro v nng lc gim st ngn hng, nng lc qun
tr ngn hng l yu t quyt nh s thnh cng hay tht bi trong kinh doanh ca
ngn hng. Ngn hng c c cu qun tr doanh nghip vng mnh l ht sc quan
trng v ngn hng c vai tr ct yu trong nn kinh t ca mi Quc gia v c
coi l ngnh chu s qun l, gim st cht ch nht. V vy, qun tr ri ro cn phi
lm r: mc chp nhn ri ro n u, s ph hp gia mc ri ro cho php
v kh nng ti chnh ca ngn hng cng nh chin lc chung. thc hin c
hiu qu mi ngn hng phi nng cao qun tr ri ro ni b bng cch kim tra sc
chu ng. y l cng c qun tr ri ro nh ga mc nh hng i vi gi
tr danh mc ti sn ca mt hay nhiu s kin c th c coi l ngi l nhng
vn c kh nng xy ra. y l cng c kh hu dng c ngn hng nhiu quc
gia p dng, nhng Vit Nam cn kh mi m, v th, rt cn phi nghin cu v
vn dng mt cch hp l i vi mi ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam. Ngoi ra,
cng cn tng cng qun tr, qun l i vi c h thng ngn hng trn phng
din v m v vi m. n nay, vn t c ca cc NHTM c ci thin ng k
(hu ht cc NHTM c t l an ton vn t v vt 8%). Tuy nhin vn qun tr
v qun l v ang t ra yu cu c cu li. Vn qun tr cn c ci thin
m bo cc NHTM c phn hot ng theo ng nguyn tc ca mt cng ty c
phn v cng ty i chng: ch cng b thng tin, bo co ti chnh; quyn ca
cc c ng nh l; vn chuyn i NHTMNN sau c phn ha sang cng ty c
phn thc s V mt qun l, ci thin qun l ri ro thanh khon (nh h thng
ALCO) cn c t ra nh mt yu cu bt buc i vi cc NHTM hin nay
m bo cc NHTM c th chu ng c cc c sc.

120

4.2.3. Tng cng nng lc ti chnh v t ch ti chnh


Nng lc ti chnh ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam khng cao so
vi cc nc trong khu vc. V cng t kt qu nghin cu nh lng cho thy kh
nng sinh li ca ngn hng c quan h cng chiu vi hiu qu hot ng v vy
cc ngn hng cn ch ng hn trong vic nng cao nng lc ti chnh. Do vy,
m bo cc ngn hng thng mi c nng lc ti chnh p ng nhu cu m
rng v pht trin hot ng kinh doanh an ton, hiu qu theo chun mc quc t
th cc ngn hng phi tng vn t c, cht lng ti sn, thanh khon, kh nng
sinh li x l dt im n xu v lnh mnh ha bo co ti chnh. Cc ngn hng
thng mi cn m bo tng cng mc vn ch s hu ph hp vi quy m ti
sn trn c s thc hin t l an ton vn ti thiu t mc trn 12%, t l n qu
hn di 3% v cc chun mc theo Basel II v III. i vi cc ngn hng, uy tn l
c bit quan trng do cn phi xy dng lng tin t pha khch hng thu ht
ngun vn di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau. NHNN ban hnh thng t 07 v kim
sot c bit i vi cc ngn hng. Thng t ny nu r NHNN s cng khai danh
tnh n v thuc din kim sot c bit do mt kh nng chi tr, nguy c mt an
ton h thng. Do vy vi cc ngn hng yu km cn ch ng y mnh lin
doanh, lin kt trong h thng ngn hng tn dng ngun vn, trnh k thut
v nng lc qun l t cc nc tin tin trn th gii. Tuy nhin, trong vic la
chn cc i tc chin lc cn la chn cc i tc ph hp vi mc tiu ca tng
ngn hng. Cng vi mc tiu an ton, hiu qu cn xem xt tin hnh st nhp cc
ngn hng yu km nng cao v th nng lc cnh tranh trong mi trng hi
nhp quc t.
Cc ngn hng thng mi phi t ch ti chnh v hot ng kinh doanh
pht huy kh nng c lp, sng to vt qua nhng kh khn thch thc trong
giai on hi nhp kinh t quc t. Vic t ch ti chnh s gip cc ngn hng ch
ng trong thc hin chnh sch tng trng vn v m bo tnh minh bch trong
hot ng ton h thng ngn hng.

121

4.2.4. Hin i ha cng ngh ngn hng, xy dng vn ha kinh doanh


Mt l, ng trc nhng thch thc t ni ti v bn ngoi sau khi gia nhp
WTO, cc ngn i mt vi nhiu thch thc buc phi i mi tn ti v pht
trin. Trong khi khoa hc cng ngh trong lnh vc ngn hng thng mi Vit
Nam cha cao s dn n bt li trong gim thiu chi ph v mt thi gian v thu
ht th phn v pha mnh. Trong khi , vi s gia nhp ca cc ngn hng nc
ngoi vi li th v b dy kinh nghim v loi hnh sn phm dch v, tin ch.
iu ny i hi cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam phi sm hin i ha ngn
hng, nhanh chng cung cp cc sn phm dch v ngn hng hin i nng cao
kh nng cnh tranh.
Hai l, xy dng h thng thu thp d liu m bo thng tin cung cp l tin
cy. Trong hot ng ngn hng, khng phi mi thng tin u c th cng b cng
khai. Nhng cng minh bch thng tin, m bo tnh cp nht, chun xc, s
cng cng c c nim tin ca dn c. Ch khi c c h thng thng tin minh
bch s gim bt c tin n v khi nng lc bn trong ca tng ngn hng c
ci t theo hng cht lng, uy tn thc s, th lng tin gia cc doanh nghip,
gia ngn hng v doanh nghip s tt ln.
Do cn nghin cu, p dng phn mm ngn hng linh hot, gn nh, p
ng cc quy trnh kinh doanh gip cc ngn hng qun l ri ro tt hn v tn dng
c li th cnh tranh nhm h tr cc quy trnh kinh doanh ngn hng c th, t
khu giao dch cho n khu x l thng tin. Chng hn nhng dch v mi t SAP
(Cng ty phn mm ln nht Chu u) trc tip p ng nhu cu ca cc ngn hng
trn th trng hin nay, nhm gip ngn hng tng cng ng dng cng ngh
thng tin v qun l ct gim chi ph, d dng tip cn v qun l ri ro mt
cch hiu qu, t tn km, ng thi y nhanh qu trnh cung cp nhng sn phm
v dch v mi nhm duy tr v nng cao kh nng cnh tranh.
Nhng ci tin i vi cc dch v ngn hng tch hp c thit k nhm
gip cc ngn hng t c s uyn chuyn xuyn sut b my t chc; tp trung
tt hn vo vic cung cp cc sn phm v chng trnh gi tr gia tng cho khch

122

hng; p ng nhng nhu cu lun thay i v tun th php l; tn dng ti a cc


c hi pht trin mi; gip cc ngn hng c c mt hnh trnh ri ro thp;
gim thiu chi ph hot ng v ci thin dch v khch hng.
Ba l, i vi khch hng ca cc ngn hng l tng i a dng do
thu ht khch hng: cc ngn hng cn xy dng mi trng kinh doanh thn thin
gip cho cc khch hng c th gi nim tin vo ngn hng. Khng nhng vy vic
xy dng mi trng hot ng c vn ha cn l ng lc gi chn nhn vin,
thc y nng sut lao ng, gim thiu chi ph v ch ca cc ngn hng.

4.2.5. Pht trin a dng ha sn phm v dch v theo hng pht


trin chiu su
Trong xu hng hin i ha ngn hng, s pht trin ca sn phm dch v
ngn hng ngy cng tch cc. Tuy nhin vn cn manh mn v cha ng b, thm
vo vic tin ti pht trin hot ng thanh ton khng dng tin mt buc phi
c chnh sch pht trin th trng th to tin ch thu ht khch hng.
hon thin th trng th cn phi tin hnh gii quyt cc vn sau:
Mt l, NHNN tip tc hon thin mi trng php l v thanh ton khng
dng tin mt ni chung v dch v th ni ring mt cch y , ng b
khuyn khch pht trin thanh ton th.
Chnh ph cn dng mnh lnh hnh chnh bt buc cc c s bn hng,
dch v c s vn ln, nh cc siu th, phi trang b thit b thanh ton th. Bn
cnh vic gim bt lu thng bng tin mt Chnh Ph cn qun l c lung tin
ca cc n v kinh doanh t gim st cht ch c cc n v kinh doanh.
Tuy nhin, vic khch hng Vit Nam ang theo thi quen s dng thanh
ton bng tin mt, nu p dng thanh ton bng dch v th cn phi tng tnh
thun tin v tnh ph phi hp l. Do cc c quan chc nng cn quan tm v x
l ng mc vn thu ph ph ca khch hng thanh ton th qua POS theo ng
cc quy nh hin hnh.

123

Hai l, v pha cc NHTM cn tp trung pht trin h thng my ATM ph


hp v c s lng v m bo cht lng, hot ng n nh. ng thi tip tc
pht trin v b tr hp l, sp xp li mng li POS, m bo hot ng hiu qu,
thc cht.
Cc NHTM cn y mnh pht trin hn cc tin ch khi s dng th, nh
pht trin cc loi th a dng, a nng thu ph khi i xe but, taxi, ph cu
ng, mua xng du, thanh ton tin in thoi, tin nc, chi tr bo him x
hi... Ngoi ra, cc NHTM cn pht trin dch v hu mi nh chm sc, bo v li
ch khch hng ti cc im chp nhn th, x l kp thi cc s c, yu cu tra
sot, khiu ni ca khch hng.
Ba l, trong giai on u khuyn khch tt c cc thnh vin trn th
trng tham gia thanh ton khng dng tin mt, ngoi vic thc y i vi ngi
tiu dng th NHNN cn phi hp vi B Ti chnh xy dng c ch, chnh sch
khuyn khch v thu i vi doanh s bn hng ha, dch v thanh ton bng th
qua POS. iu ny s khuyn khch cc n v bn hng tch cc chp nhn thanh
ton bng th v n s mang li li ch cho c n v bn hng.
Bn l, hot ng ngn hng quan trng l phi to nim tin cho khch hng
th khch hng mi s dng cc sn phm dch v ca mnh. Khng nhng th
ngnh ngn hng i hi vic ng dng cng ngh hin i, t xut hin ti
phm cng ngh cao. Chnh v vy, ngnh ngn hng cn ch ng v tng cng
phi hp vi B Cng an trong vic phng chng ti phm, m bo an ninh, an
ton trong hot ng thanh ton; thit lp cc knh trao i thng tin kp thi
phi hp, x l nhiu v vic gian ln, la o trong thanh ton th, thanh ton in
t, gp phn gim bt ri ro trong thanh ton, bo v quyn, li ch hp php ca t
chc, c nhn c lin quan.
Nm l, cn tng cng hp tc quc t trong nghip v pht hnh, thanh
ton th c th kt ni cc h thng chuyn mch, thanh ton th th ni a
c th d dng c s dng v chp nhn thanh ton nc khc. Bn cnh ,
cn s phi hp ng b ca cc b, ngnh chc nng, s ng h ca ng o
ngi dn, cc doanh nghip v t chc. iu s thc y dch v ti chnh pht
trin, gp phn thc y tng trng bn vng nn kinh t.

124

4.2.6. Nng cao nng lc cn b cng nhn vin


Hot ng ca ngn hng khng t hiu qu ti u mt phn do chi ph hot
ng cao. Trong chi ph cho ngun nhn lc l tng i ln m hiu qu s
dng khng c cao. Do , vic nng cao nng lc cho cn b cng nhn vin
cng l mt bin php gim thiu chi ph nng cao hiu qu hot ng v tng
cng nng lc cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam.

4.2.6.1. Nng cao cht lng i ng cn b, nhn vin.


i vi ngn hng th i ng cn b, nhn vin l lc lng quyt nh ti
hu qu kinh doanh v nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca ngn hng. thc hin
iu ny cn phi xy dng chin lc t tuyn dng n o to cn b, nhn vin.
V tuyn dng: cn xy dng quy trnh tuyn dng nhn vin khoa hc, chnh xc
v hp l ph hp vi yu cu ca ngn hng v xu hng pht trin trong giai
on hi nhp. V hot ng o to: nh k t chc cc kha o to k nng,
nghip v theo nh hng cng vic. Bn cnh , cn ch trng ti i ng cn
b, nhn vin tr c nng lc o to chuyn su nhm tm kim i ng nng
ct cho ngn hng. Thng xuyn t chc cc cuc thi v nghip v v cc phong
tro to sn chi cho cn b nhm gii ta p lc cng vic. Cn xy dng cc
qu khen thng ng vin cn b nhm khuyn khch pht trin v ng gp
cho ngn hng. Tuy nhin, i km vi ch khen thng cn nng cao tnh k lut
cn b, nhn vin t cng c vai tr trch nhim ca mnh vi cng vic.

4.2.6.2. Nng cao kh nng giao tip ca cn b, nhn vin


Ngoi trnh chuyn mn v cc sn phm dch v tin ch thc y
hot ng kinh doanh. i vi ngn hng do khch hng rt a dng t vn ha
kinh doanh v cch ng x ca cn b vi khch hng l yu t quyt nh ti hiu
qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng. Nh vy, cn phi xy dng v pht trin vn ha
kinh doanh trong ngn hng. V mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh l nng cao kh
nng giao tip ca cn b, nhn vin. thc hin iu ny cn: t khch hng ln
trn vi tn ch khch hng l thng , cn b ngn hng phi lun lun lng

125

nghe kin ca khch hng, ng x kho lo, nhit huyt to s hi lng cho
khch hng, thi nhn vin phi lun nim n, tc phong nhanh nhn, trang phc
gn gng to s thin cm v thn thin i vi khch hng. Khng nhng th,
nhn vin ca ngn hng phi lun trung thc trong hot ng giao dch vi khch
hng, lun cng bng vi tt c cc khch hng to lng tin ca khch hng i
vi ngn hng.

126

PHN KT LUN

Ngnh ngn hng l ngnh quan trng trong vic kt ni gia cc doanh
nghip vi nhau v vi nn kinh t. Vi vai tr l cu ni vic pht trin ngnh ngn
hng s to thun li trong vic thc y nn kinh t ca mt quc gia. Do , lun
n L thuyt cu trc cnh tranh ngnh vi vic nng cao nng lc cnh
tranh ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam hin nay tp trung nghin
cu cc vn v mt l lun v thc tin v cu trc ngnh ngn hng, t xem
xt nh hng ti nng lc cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam.
Lun n phn tch trc tip v mt nh lng vo 31 ngn hng thng mi Vit
Nam bao gm 5 ngn hng thng mi Nh nc v 26 ngn hng thng mi c
phn trong giai on 2008 -2012. Da trn c s phn tch v mt nh lng trong
vic nh gi hiu qu v vic xc nh cc nhn t nh hng n hiu qu hot
ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam, lun n a ra cc kin ngh nhm
nng cao hiu qu hot ng v nng lc cnh tranh ca cc NHTM trong giai on
hi nhp kinh t quc t. Lun n t c mt s ni dung c th nh:
Lun n c xy dng da trn vic k tha cc phng php nghin cu
truyn thng phn tch thc trng hot ng cng nh nng lc cnh tranh ca
cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam. Bn cnh , vi u im ca phng php
nghin cu hin i c p dng trn nhiu nc vi nhiu ngnh ngh khc nhau.
Lun n ch ra nhng im mnh v yu ca cc phng php nghin cu v mt
nh lng t la chn cc phng php phn tch v cc bin s ph hp vi
ngnh ngn hng Vit Nam, t ng dng linh hot trong phn tch hiu qu hot
ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam.
Vi vic gia nhp WTO i hi cc ngn hng Vit Nam cn phi i mi
theo xu th ha nhp mi tng quc t. Bn cnh , trong giai on nghin cu
ri vo cuc khng hong kinh t ton cu khng nhng nh hng ti nn kinh t
cc quc gia m cn nh hng su ti khi ngn hng. V vy, Lun n phn

127

tch, nh gi thc trng ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam trong giai on
hi nhp kinh t quc t bng cch tip cn phn tch bin ngu nhin (SFA) v
phng php bao d liu (DEA). T da trn kt qu nghin cu c th thy h
thng ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam cn tn ti nhiu nhn t phi hiu qu gy
nh hng khng tt ti hiu qu hot ng ca cc ngn hng. Do , tng kh
nng cnh tranh ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam trc cc i th cn phi
xy dng phng thc hot ng gim thiu nh hng ca cc nhn t ny.
T nhng phn tch thc trng, lun n xut mt s kin ngh nng cao
hiu qu hot ng v nng lc cnh tranh cho cc ngn hng trong thi k hi
nhp kinh t quc t. (1) cc gii php t pha Chnh ph nh hon thin h thng
php lut, c bit l lut cnh tranh nhm to hnh lang php l c hiu lc v m
bo s bnh ng cho cc i tng hot ng trn lnh th Vit Nam v tng
cng cng tc thanh tra, gim st gim thiu s tht thot lng ph, ti thiu ha
chi ph qun l, ngn nga tham nhng v tiu cc. (2) gii php t pha ngn hng
Nh nc nh l: cn tch cc, ch ng gim st hot ng ca h thng theo
nguyn tc, chun mc quc t v khng can thip su bng cc mnh lnh hnh
chnh. Bn cnh , cn nng cao nng lc th ch, r sot cc c ch chnh sch
theo hng th trng, to mi trng lnh mnh cho h thng ngn hng. Cn phi
y nhanh qu trnh ti cu trc v kim tra cht ch sau ti cu trc pht trin
bn vng h thng ngn hng. (3) nhm gii php t cc ngn hng thng mi nh
nng cao nng lc ti chnh, pht trin th trng mc tiu, nng cao cng ngh,
pht trin vn ha kinh doanh v gim thiu n xu.

128

NHNG CNG TRNH CA TC GI CNG B

1.

on Vit Dng (2005), H thng ngn hng Vit Nam trong giai on hi
nhp WTO, Hi tho khoa hc Ngn hng Nh nc H thng ngn hng
Vit Nam v cc cam kt WTO: nh gi v trin vng

2.

on Vit Dng v H nh Bo (2013), Phn tch p lc cnh tranh ca cc


Ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam trong giai on hi nhp kinh t quc t,
Tp ch Kinh t v Pht trin, s 198(II)

3.

on Vit Dng v Phm Xun Nam (2013), Hiu qu hot ng ca cc


ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam trong giai on hi nhp, Tp ch Kinh t v
D bo, s 24(560)

129

DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO


A. TI LIU TING VIT
1.

Cc Qun l cnh tranh B Cng Thng (2010), Bo co nh gi cnh


tranh trong 10 lnh vc, H Ni.

2.

Frederic S.Mishkin (1994), Tin t ngn hng v Th trng ti chnh, NXB


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3.

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Kinh t Quc dn.

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9.

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130

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Porter, M.E. (1979a), How competitive forces shape strategy. Harvard

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102.

Porter, M.E. (1979b), The structure within industries and company

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103.

Porter, M.E. (1980), Competitive Strategy, Free Press: New York, NY.

104.

Rao, V. & Steckel (1995), The New Science of Marketing. Chicago: Irwin.

105.

Randolph, W.A. & Dess, G.G. (1984), The congruence of perspective of

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106.

Ravenscraft, D.J. (1983), Structure-profit relationships at the line of business

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Rumelt, R.P. & Wensley, R. (1981), In search of the market share effect.

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108.

Saghafi, M. M. (1987), Market share stability and marketing policy: An

axiomatic approach, Research in Marketing.


109.

Schendel, D.E. and G.R. Patton (1978), A simultaneous equation model of

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110.

Scherer, F.M. (1980), Industrial Market Structure and Economic

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111.

Scherer, F.M. & Ross, D. (1990), Industrial market structure and economic

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Schmalensee, R. (1985), Do markets differ much? American Economic

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138

PH LC
Ph lc 1: Danh sch cc NHTM v quy m vn CSH t 2008 -2013
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Tn TCTD
Ngn hng Cng thng Vit
Nam
Ngn hng u t v Pht trin
Vit Nam
Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit
Nam
Ngn hng NNo&PTNTVN
Ngn hng Pht trin nh ng
bng sng Cu Long
Ngn hng TMCP Hng hi
Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn
thng tn
Ngn hng TMCP ng
Ngn hng TMCP Xut nhp
khu

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

10.202

14.291

16338,36

24.037

30.029

54.075

13.282

16.273

22451,2

23.436

25.182

32.040

12.102

12.316

16401,85

24.428

37.594

42.386

16.142

17.916

30754,14

32.830

40.473

38.723

1.101

1.164

3134,539

3.103

3.175

1.736

3.285

5963,54

8.813

9.440

9.413

6.907

8.725

11703,82

12.193

12.369

17.064

2.962

3.570

4763,899

4.889

5.536

5.885

12.644

12.748

12967,89

13.265

13.709

14.680

10

Ngn hng TMCP Nam

1.279

1.281

2035,968

3.059

3.091

3.258

11

Ngn hng TMCP Chu

6.667

8.340

10.237

10.472

11.633

12.504

1.308

1.725

2730,84

3.546

3.242

3.501

2.353

2.377

4693,793

5.173

5.954

7.727

12
13

Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn


cng thng
Ngn hng TMCP Vit Nam
thnh vng

14

Ngn hng TMCP K Thng

4.817

5.623

7286,779

9.563

12.429

13.920

15

Ngn hng TMCP Qun i

4.110

6.463

8103,55

8.573

11.791

15.148

16

Ngn hng TMCP Bc

1.400

2.176

3077,886

3.092

3.113

3.312

17

Ngn hng TMCP Quc t

2.147

2.510

5806,056

7.518

7.840

7.983

18

Ngn hng TMCP ng Nam

4.111

5.182

5470,319

5.393

5.505

5.726

19

Ngn hng TMCP i Dng

1.432

2.038

3566,922

4.156

4.242

4.355

1.009

2.019

3066,184

3.085

2.361

1.613

1.602

2088,228

3.121

3.175

20
21

Ngn hng TMCP Du kh


Ton Cu
Ngn hng TMCP Pht trin

8.600

139

STT

Tn TCTD

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Nh TPHCM
22

Ngn hng TMCP An Bnh

4.042

4.099

4154,839

4.417

4.491

5.744

23

Ngn hng TMCP Phng Nam

2.518

2.684

3148,927

3.783

4.206

4.317

1.519

2.120

2835,351

3.449

3.590

3.965

2.612

4.296

4467,159

4.429

11.305

13.113

24

Ngn

hng

TMCP Phng

ng

25

Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn

26

Ngn hng TMCP i

702

1.027

3130,121

3.140

3.189

27

Ngn hng TMCP i Tn

559

1.513

3019,385

3.055

3.216

1.010

1.026

2073,288

2.143

3.160

3.210

511

1.021

3788,564

3.822

3.886

3.953

1.011

1.024

2038,215

3.045

3.188

2.073

2.101

3702,577

5.087

9.563

28

Ngn hng TMCP Xng du


Petrolimex

29

Ngn hng TMCP Mekkong

30

Ngn hng Phng Ty

31

Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn-H


Ni

10.356

32

Ngn hng TMCP Nam Vit

1.019

1.023

1864,966

3.049

3.182

33

Ngn hng TMCP Kin Long

1.010

1.015

3029,648

3.061

3.094

3.476

34

Ngn hng TMCP Vit

1.409

1.573

3129,003

3.328

3.369

3.588

1.002

1.005

3047,255

3.023

3.078

35

Ngn hng TMCP Vit Nam


Thng tn

36

Ngn hng TMCP Lin Vit

3.300

3.721

3861,492

6.323

6.952

7.271

37

Ngn hng Bn Vit

1.049

1.052

2021,773

3.031

3.061

3.219

38

Ngn hng TMCP Tin Phong

1.000

1.498

3035,904

3.050

4.734

3.701

39

Ngn hng TMCP Bo Vit

1.500

1.500

1516,744

1.557

3.065

3.184

40

Ngn hng TMCP Nh H Ni

2.907

3.094

3221,464

4.403

41

Ngn hng TMCP Nht

617

1.018

2030,154

3.568

582

3.417

3516,114

3.043

42

Ngn hng TMCP Vit Nam


Tn Ngha

140

Ph lc 2: Danh sch cc NHTM v quy m TTS t 2008 -2013


STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Tn TCTD
Ngn hng Cng thng Vit
Nam
Ngn hng u t v Pht trin
Vit Nam
Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit
Nam
Ngn hng NNo&PTNTVN
Ngn hng Pht trin nh ng
bng sng Cu Long
Ngn hng TMCP Hng hi
Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn
thng tn
Ngn hng TMCP ng
Ngn hng TMCP Xut nhp
khu

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

218.360

245.986

370.964

474.649

518.821

678.368

264.153

296.733

368.344

412.474

492.241

548.386

216.444

258.108

311.027

374.189

419.780

468.994

466.760

469.312

523.566

560.780

618.857

696.781

35.369

39.779

51.350

47.446

37.986

44.558

64.452

115.024

112.056

107.467

107.115

82.517

99.040

143.208

140.903

153.178

161.378

38.997

42.486

55.177

65.057

69.353

74.920

54.960

66.345

131.668

183.968

170.488

169.835

10

Ngn hng TMCP Nam

6.774

10.915

14.375

19.083

16.002

28.782

11

Ngn hng TMCP Chu

141.750

172.748

204.154

279.334

175.572

166.599

11.559

11.911

16.810

15.942

15.459

14.685

20.433

27.920

57.960

80.682

98.716

121.264

12
13

Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn cng


thng
Ngn hng TMCP Vit Nam
thnh vng

14

Ngn hng TMCP K Thng

74.612

92.804

149.742

181.379

183.633

158.897

15

Ngn hng TMCP Qun i

44.807

66.658

107.354

137.799

176.020

180.381

16

Ngn hng TMCP Bc

11.876

14.998

26.355

26.597

34.954

50.308

17

Ngn hng TMCP Quc t

42.387

56.678

93.939

97.079

63.129

76.875

18

Ngn hng TMCP ng Nam

21.851

30.789

55.706

101.051

75.140

79.864

19

Ngn hng TMCP i Dng

20.487

33.829

55.260

62.817

64.568

67.075

11.130

17.349

27.867

26.801

18.165

14.300

19.152

34.676

45.553

37.986

20
21

Ngn hng TMCP Du kh Ton


Cu
Ngn hng TMCP Pht trin Nh
TPHCM

86.227

141

STT

Tn TCTD

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

22

Ngn hng TMCP An Bnh

19.594

24.203

38.046

41.746

46.325

57.628

23

Ngn hng TMCP Phng Nam

25.952

35.310

59.697

69.207

74.286

77.558

24

Ngn hng TMCP Phng ng

9.789

12.691

19.748

25.449

27.442

32.795

25

Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn

43.325

54.943

61.351

81.548

150.259

181.019

26

Ngn hng TMCP i

3.601

7.071

11.184

22.320

18.079

27

Ngn hng TMCP i Tn

4.718

8.516

19.761

27.171

15.556

8.875

10.653

16.716

17.889

19.899

24.876
6.437

28

Ngn hng TMCP Xng du


Petrolimex

29

Ngn hng TMCP Mekkong

2.302

2.620

17.404

10.570

9.024

30

Ngn hng Phng Ty

3.090

10.426

9.457

20.599

15.153

19.241

27.478

51.301

71.043

117.174

31

Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn-H


Ni

143.626

32

Ngn hng TMCP Nam Vit

13.856

18.795

20.157

22.704

21.835

33

Ngn hng TMCP Kin Long

4.336

7.479

12.635

17.894

19.080

21.372

34

Ngn hng TMCP Vit

11.268

15.819

24.091

22.547

24.752

27.033

2.484

7.257

16.898

18.274

16.881

11.690

17.834

35.513

56.986

66.968

79.594

3.331

8.227

17.011

21.173

23.059

35

Ngn hng TMCP Vit Nam


Thng tn

36

Ngn hng TMCP Lin Vit

37

Ngn hng Bn Vit

38

Ngn hng TMCP Tin Phong

4.240

10.737

20.929

26.349

15.123

32.088

39

Ngn hng TMCP Bo Vit

4.317

7.373

13.850

13.439

13.323

16.788

40

Ngn hng TMCP Nh H Ni

27.357

30.680

38.418

41.718

41

Ngn hng TMCP Nht

1.534

1.640

7.783

49.873

8.132

15.940

46.454

16.166

42

Ngn hng TMCP Vit Nam Tn


Ngha

142

Ph lc 3: Hiu qu ton b (CRSTE) , hiu qu k thut (VRSTE) v hiu


qu quy m thi k 2008-2013
2008
TT

Tn NH

2009

Crste

vrste

Scale

crste

vrste

scale

MBB

0.877

0.877

drs

SacomBank

0.879

0.879

drs

0.857

0.957

0.895

drs

ACB

0.913

0.913

drs

SHB

0.666

0.725

0.918

drs

0.813

0.917

0.887

drs

MSB

0.931

0.932

0.999

drs

0.999

0.999

drs

EIB

0.488

0.906

0.538

drs

0.902

0.902

drs

KienLongBank

0.436

0.439

0.992

drs

SeaBank

0.566

0.684

0.827

drs

0.951

0.951

drs

VIBank

0.534

0.539

0.991

irs

0.92

0.94

0.979

drs

10

VPBank

0.364

0.373

0.976

drs

0.583

0.679

0.859

drs

11

TechcomBank

12

VietABank

0.431

0.431

0.999

0.788

0.83

0.949

drs

13

NaviBank

0.491

0.522

0.942

irs

14

NamABank

0.078

0.078

0.993

drs

0.386

0.396

0.974

irs

15

SaigonBank

16

HDBank

0.319

0.33

0.967

drs

0.64

0.681

0.94

drs

17

ABBank

0.124

0.227

0.548

drs

0.704

0.722

0.976

drs

18

OceanBank

0.375

0.389

0.964

irs

0.592

0.593

19

PNB

0.417

0.418

0.998

irs

0.545

0.552

0.987

irs

20

MDB

21

DongABank

0.879

0.885

0.993

drs

143

2008

2009

TT

Tn NH

Crste

vrste

Scale

crste

vrste

scale

22

VietCapitalBank

0.057

0.058

0.985

drs

23

WEB

24

PGBank

0.567

0.57

0.995

irs

25

OricomBank

0.389

0.393

0.991

drs

0.963

0.971

0.992

drs

26

VietcomBank

0.544

0.98

0.555

drs

27

VietinBank

0.599

0.951

0.63

drs

0.501

0.51

0.981

drs

28

BIDV

0.618

0.618

drs

0.664

0.822

0.808

drs

29

MHB

0.464

0.498

0.932

drs

0.35

0.37

0.945

drs

30

DaiABank

0.239

0.239

irs

31

HabuBank

0.688

0.708

0.972

drs

0.654

0.714

0.916

drs

0.61

0.682

0.906

0.801

0.856

0.938

mean
2010
TT

2011
Tn NH

Crste

vrste

Scale

crste

vrste

scale

MBB

0.946

0.973

0.972

drs

0.97

0.97

drs

SacomBank

0.676

0.836

0.808

drs

0.719

0.896

0.803

drs

ACB

0.933

0.966

0.966

drs

SHB

0.633

0.735

0.861

drs

0.584

0.681

0.858

drs

MSB

0.846

0.86

0.984

irs

0.359

0.383

0.937

drs

EIB

0.7

0.7

drs

0.994

0.994

drs

KienLongBank

0.395

0.535

0.739

irs

0.952

0.959

0.993

irs

SeaBank

0.559

0.57

0.98

drs

0.092

0.093

0.99

irs

VIBank

0.576

0.608

0.946

drs

0.394

0.52

0.758

drs

10

VPBank

0.477

0.498

0.958

drs

0.633

0.636

0.995

irs

144

2008
TT

Tn NH

2009

Crste

vrste

Scale

crste

vrste

scale

11

TechcomBank

12

VietABank

0.408

0.426

0.958

irs

0.421

0.448

0.939

drs

13

NaviBank

0.754

0.754

irs

0.326

0.37

0.883

drs

14

NamABank

0.348

0.887

0.392

irs

0.587

0.592

0.992

irs

15

SaigonBank

0.687

0.696

0.986

drs

16

HDBank

0.623

0.979

0.637

irs

0.632

0.635

0.995

irs

17

ABBank

0.546

0.553

0.987

drs

0.364

0.395

0.923

drs

18

OceanBank

0.621

0.658

0.944

irs

0.513

0.515

0.996

irs

19

PNB

0.662

0.797

0.83

irs

0.859

0.918

0.936

irs

20

MDB

0.744

0.744

irs

21

DongABank

0.588

0.594

0.989

drs

0.811

0.85

0.955

drs

22

VietCapitalBank

0.237

0.237

irs

0.932

0.932

irs

23

WEB

0.142

0.683

0.208

irs

0.253

0.253

24

PGBank

0.549

0.549

irs

25

OricomBank

0.511

0.57

0.896

irs

0.653

0.692

0.944

drs

26

VietcomBank

0.978

0.978

drs

27

VietinBank

0.866

0.933

0.928

drs

0.866

0.866

drs

28

BIDV

0.662

0.831

0.797

drs

0.508

0.621

0.818

drs

29

MHB

0.129

0.15

0.859

irs

0.133

0.14

0.949

irs

30

DaiABank

0.231

0.361

0.638

irs

0.969

0.985

0.983

irs

31

HabuBank

0.646

0.689

0.937

irs

0.265

0.28

0.948

drs

0.613

0.764

0.813

0.66

0.695

0.946

Mean

145

2012
TT

Tn NH

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
mean

MBB
SacomBank
ACB
SHB
MSB
EIB
KienLongBank
VIBank
VPBank
TechcomBank
NaviBank
NamABank
SaigonBank
HDBank
ABBank
OceanBank
PNB
MDB
DongABank
VietCapitalBank
WEB
PGBank
OricomBank
VietcomBank
VietinBank
BIDV
DaiABank

Crste
1
0.584
0.414
0.863
0.223
0.95
1
0.573
0.789
0.556
0.217
0.59
1
0.526
0.677
0.491
0.249
0.979
0.827
0.614
0.479
0.83
0.692
1
1
0.53
0.562
0.675

vrste
1
0.589
0.419
0.868
0.223
1
1
0.792
0.796
0.573
1
1
1
0.527
0.683
0.493
0.25
1
0.836
1
1
1
0.731
1
1
0.584
0.662
0.779

scale
1
0.993
0.986
0.994
0.999
0.95
1
0.724
0.992
0.971
0.217
0.59
1
0.999
0.991
0.995
0.997
0.979
0.989
0.614
0.479
0.83
0.946
1
1
0.908
0.849
0.889

drs
drs
drs
drs
drs
drs
drs
irs
irs
drs
drs
drs
drs
irs
drs
irs
irs
irs
irs
drs
irs

146

2013
TT

Tn NH
1 MBB

crste
1,000

vrste
1,000

scale
1,000

2
3
4
5

1,000
0,443
0,511
0,303

1,000
0,451
0,517
0,308

1,000
0,982
0,990
0,983

irs
irs
irs

0,385

0,400

0,963

irs

1,000
0,280
0,457
0,696

1,000
0,341
0,461
0,776

1,000
0,820
0,991
0,897

drs
drs
drs

11 VietABank
12 NaviBank

0,396
0,457

0,455
0,533

0,872
0,858

drs
drs

13
14
15
16

NamABank
SaigonBank
HDBank
ABBank

1,000
0,429
0,900
0,482

1,000
0,633
0,919
0,683

1,000
0,677
0,979
0,706

drs
drs
drs

17 OceanBank
18 PNB
19 MDB

0,448
0,358
1,000

0,727
0,760
1,000

0,616
0,471
1,000

drs
drs
-

20 DongABank
21 VietCapitalBank
22 WEB

1,000
0,416
0,522

1,000
0,874
0,975

1,000
0,476
0,535

drs
drs

23 PGBank
24 OricomBank

1,000
0,621

1,000
1,000

1,000
0,621

drs

25 VietcomBank

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000
0,776
0,662

1,000
1,000
0,771

1,000
0,776
0,860

drs

SacomBank
ACB
SHB
MSB

6 EIB
7
8
9
10

KienLongBank
VIBank
VPBank
TechcomBank

26 VietinBank
27 BIDV
Mean

147

Ph lc 4: Li nhun sau thu ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam 2008 -2013
STT

Tn TCTD

2008

Ngn hng Cng thng Vit Nam

Ngn hng u t v Pht trin Vit


Nam

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

1.569,398

2.114.270 3.837

5.746

5.866

5.792

1.418,453

1943.473

2.506

3.502

3.242

4.031

Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam

1214.919

3947,644

4.521

4.528

4.269

4.358

Ngn hng NNo&PTNTVN

1661.358

3003.418

2.891

3.870

3.260

1.357

49,139

49,001

81

86

96

18

316,650

180,476

1.202

788

226

330

1048,948

1468,296

2003

2031

1224

2229

5
6
7

Ngn hng Pht trin nh ng


bng sng Cu Long
Ngn hng TMCP Hng hi
Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn thng
tn

Ngn hng TMCP ng

495,548

546,824

634

922

769

328

Ngn hng TMCP Xut nhp khu

722,687

1144.421

1822

3051

2117

659

10

Ngn hng TMCP Nam

9,824

53,992

134

241

184

135

11

Ngn hng TMCP Chu

2276.168

1879.145

2366

3476

699

826

156,396

207,141

791

300

297

173

166,029

1846,194

413

815

525

1018

1032,082

2076

3432

803

659

12
13

Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn cng


thng
Ngn hng TMCP Vit Nam thnh
vng

14

Ngn hng TMCP K Thng

15

Ngn hng TMCP Qun i

587,387

458,716

2032

2129

2268

2276

16

Ngn hng TMCP Bc

118,498

150,410

140

164

34

192

17

Ngn hng TMCP Quc t

164,579

290,372

767

624

499

50

18

Ngn hng TMCP ng Nam

330,128

140,120

727

137

120

152

19

Ngn hng TMCP i Dng

62,134

301,308

756

646

309

189

56,941

317,947

194

(725)

(2517)

38

60,399

193,144

269

426

96

218

20
21

Ngn hng TMCP Du kh Ton


Cu
Ngn hng TMCP Pht trin Nh
TPHCM

22

Ngn hng TMCP An Bnh

64,224

299,494

483

318

360

141

23

Ngn hng TMCP Phng Nam

96,231

224,995

388

215

132

18

24

Ngn hng TMCP Phng ng

65,421

208,983

321

306

231

241

148

25

Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn

466,532

26

Ngn hng TMCP i

47,927

27

Ngn hng TMCP i Tn

23,295

36,665

73,679

154,779

28

Ngn

hng

TMCP

Xng

du

Petrolimex

679,399

282

224

31

43

97

375

191

236

161

(8835)

461

252

38
63

29

Ngn hng TMCP Mekkong

67,023

105,111

162

383

142

30

Ngn hng Phng Ty

100,043

123,312

52

143

48

31

Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn-H Ni

144,504

194,397

493

736

(87)

32

Ngn hng TMCP Nam Vit

58,950

154,810

227

240

110

33

Ngn hng TMCP Kin Long

37,253

101,075

195

393

348

313

34

Ngn hng TMCP Vit

72,182

209,995

271

251

244

60

22,433

41,859

60

364

23

443,588

540,053

683

977

868

565

35

Ngn

hng

TMCP

Vit

Nam

Thng tn

850

36

Ngn hng TMCP Lin Vit

37

Ngn hng Bn Vit

8,956

54,739

52

270

171

135

38

Ngn hng TMCP Tin Phong

51,658

67,481

168

74

(1393)

381

39

Ngn hng TMCP Bo Vit

133

125

93

106

40

Ngn hng TMCP Nh H Ni

468,531

390,970

476

380,441

41

Ngn hng TMCP Nht

55,974

65,540

115

125,748

17,337

190,588

410

194,680

42

Ngn hng TMCP Vit Nam Tn


Ngha

149

Ph lc 5 : ROE ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam 2008 2013


STT Tn TCTD

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

15.38% 17.26%

25.05%

23.90%

21.70%

13.20%

10.68% 13.15%

12.93%

14.94%

13.34%

13.80%

Ngn hng Cng thng Vit


1

Nam
Ngn hng u t v Pht

trin Vit Nam


Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit

Nam

10.04% 32.33%

29.12%

18.54%

13.77%

10.40%

Ngn hng NNo&PTNTVN

10.29% 17.64%

11.80%

11.79%

8.89%

3.50%

Ngn hng Pht trin nh


5

ng bng sng Cu Long

4.46%

4.33%

3.77%

2.76%

3.05%

0.00%

Ngn hng TMCP Hng hi

18.24% 29.79%

24.22%

8.94%

2.48%

3.60%

Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn


7

thng tn

15.19% 18.79%

18.89%

16.66%

9.96%

14.50%

Ngn hng TMCP ng

16.73% 16.74%

15.21%

18.87%

14.76%

5.50%

Ngn hng TMCP Xut nhp


9

khu

5.72%

9.01%

13.92%

23.00%

15.70%

4.30%

10

Ngn hng TMCP Nam

0.77%

4.22%

8.11%

7.86%

5.99%

4.10%

11

Ngn hng TMCP Chu

34.14% 25.04%

25.29%

33.19%

6.33%

6.60%

11.95% 13.66%

35.69%

8.45%

8.76%

4.90%

7.06%

7.63%

11.67%

15.75%

9.44%

14.20%

N/A

35.37%

32.17%

35.89%

7.30%

4.80%

Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn


12

cng thng
Ngn hng TMCP Vit Nam

13

thnh vng

14

Ngn hng TMCP K Thng

15

Ngn hng TMCP Qun i

14.29% 19.52%

22.62%

24.83%

22.27%

16.20%

16

Ngn hng TMCP Bc

8.47%

8.41%

5.27%

5.31%

1.10%

6.00%

17

Ngn hng TMCP Quc t

7.67%

19.70%

18.45%

8.30%

6.50%

0.60%

Ngn hng TMCP ng Nam


18

8.03%

6.25%

11.91%

2.54%

2.21%

2.70%

19

Ngn hng TMCP i Dng

4.34%

17.36%

24.65%

15.54%

7.37%

4.30%

Ngn hng TMCP Du kh

20

Ton Cu

5.64%

9.25%

7.64%

23.48%

-92.44%

0.00%

21

Ngn hng TMCP Pht trin

3.75%

12.02%

14.60%

13.66%

3.04%

3.10%

150

STT Tn TCTD

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

1.59%

7.36%

11.57%

7.20%

8.08%

2.60%

3.82%

8.65%

13.29%

5.67%

3.30%

0.40%

Nh TPHCM
22

Ngn hng TMCP An Bnh


Ngn hng TMCP Phng

23

Nam
Ngn hng TMCP Phng

24

ng

4.31%

11.48%

12.37%

8.87%

6.56%

6.20%

25

Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn

17.86% 19.67%

6.44%

5.07%

0.40%

0.30%

26

Ngn hng TMCP i

6.83%

4.65%

11.94%

6.03%

0.00%

N/A

27

Ngn hng TMCP i Tn

4.17%

3.54%

10.42%

5.27%

281.80%

Ngn hng TMCP Xng du


28

Petrolimex

7.29%

15.20%

0.00%

21.51%

9.52%

1.20%

29

Ngn hng TMCP Mekkong

13.11% 13.72%

6.75%

10.03%

3.69%

1.60%

30

Ngn hng Phng Ty

9.90%

12.12%

3.42%

4.71%

1.55%

Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn-H


31

Ni

9.38%

15.23%

16.89%

14.47%

-1.18%

8.60%

32

Ngn hng TMCP Nam Vit

5.79%

15.16%

15.70%

7.87%

3.54%

33

Ngn hng TMCP Kin Long

3.69%

9.98%

9.66%

12.83%

11.30%

9.10%

34

Ngn hng TMCP Vit

5.12%

14.09%

11.33%

7.53%

7.29%

1.70%

Ngn hng TMCP Vit Nam


35

Thng tn

2.24%

4.17%

2.96%

12.05%

0.75%

36

Ngn hng TMCP Lin Vit

13.44% 15.38%

18.01%

15.45%

13.08%

7.70%

37

Ngn hng Bn Vit

0.85%

5.21%

3.68%

8.91%

5.62%

4.20%

38

Ngn hng TMCP Tin Phong

5.17%

11.57%

7.39%

2.43%

-35.78%

10.90%

39

Ngn hng TMCP Bo Vit

8.79%

8.05%

4.01%

3.30%

40

Ngn hng TMCP Nh H Ni

16.11% 13.03%

15.06%

6.84%

41

Ngn hng TMCP Nht

9.07%

8.02%

7.53%

5.46%

2.98%

9.53%

10.99%

4.13%

Ngn hng TMCP Vit Nam


42

Tn Ngha

151

Ph lc 6 : ROA ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam 2008 2013


STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Tn TCTD
Ngn hng Cng thng Vit
Nam
Ngn hng u t v Pht trin
Vit Nam
Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit
Nam
Ngn hng NNo&PTNTVN
Ngn hng Pht trin nh ng
bng sng Cu Long
Ngn hng TMCP Hng hi
Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn
thng tn
Ngn hng TMCP ng
Ngn hng TMCP Xut nhp
khu
Ngn hng TMCP Nam
Ngn hng TMCP Chu
Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn cng
thng
Ngn hng TMCP Vit Nam
thnh vng
Ngn hng TMCP K Thng
Ngn hng TMCP Qun i
Ngn hng TMCP Bc
Ngn hng TMCP Quc t
Ngn hng TMCP ng Nam
Ngn hng TMCP i Dng
Ngn hng TMCP Du kh Ton
Cu
Ngn hng TMCP Pht trin Nh
TPHCM
Ngn hng TMCP An Bnh
Ngn hng TMCP Phng Nam
Ngn hng TMCP Phng ng
Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn
Ngn hng TMCP i
Ngn hng TMCP i Tn
Ngn hng TMCP Xng du
Petrolimex
Ngn hng TMCP Mekkong
Ngn hng Phng Ty

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

0.72%

0.91%

1.24%

1.2%

1.18%

1.10%

0.54%

0.69%

0.75%

0.8%

0.72%

0.80%

0.56%
0.36%

1.66%
0.64%

1.47%
0.58%

1.2%
0.7%

1.08%
0.55%

1.00%
0.20%

0.14%
0.71%

0.13%
1.37%

0.18%
1.25%

0.2%
0.7%

0.22%
0.21%

0.00%
0.30%

1.27%
1.27%

1.62%
1.34%

1.59%
1.30%

1.4%
1.4%

0.83%
1.14%

1.40%
0.50%

1.31%
0.15%
1.61%

1.89%
0.61%
1.20%

1.81%
1.06%
1.25%

1.7%
1.3%
1.2%

1.19%
1.05%
0.31%

0.40%
0.60%
0.50%

1.35%

1.77%

5.54%

1.9%

1.89%

1.20%

0.81%
#VALUE!
1.31%
1.00%
0.39%
1.51%
0.30%

0.75%
2.21%
1.85%
1.12%
0.93%
1.10%
1.11%

0.96%
1.71%
1.89%
0.67%
1.02%
1.47%
1.55%

1.0%
1.9%
1.5%
0.6%
0.6%
0.1%
1.0%

0.90%
0.40%
1.30%
0.50%
0.10%
0.20%
0.30%

0.51%

0.98%

0.59%
0.44%
1.45%
0.11%
0.62%
0.14%
0.49%
0.86% -2.7% 11.20%

0.42%
0.33%
0.37%
0.67%
1.08%
1.33%

1.15%
1.37%
0.73%
1.86%
1.38%

1.00%
1.53%
0.82%
1.89%
0.49%
1.06%

0.30%
0.30%
0.00%
0.80%
0.00%
0.00%

0.49%

0.55%

1.67%

0.23%
0.82%
0.18%
0.87%
0.03%
0.94%
0.6% 41.36%

0.83%
2.91%
3.24%

1.59%
4.27%
1.82%

0.00%
1.62%
0.53%

2.6%
3.6%
0.7%

0.20%
0.80%

0.9%
0.8%
0.3%
1.2%
0.3%
1.7%

1.34%
1.45%
0.27%

0.00%

152

STT
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42

Tn TCTD
Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn-H
Ni
Ngn hng TMCP Nam Vit
Ngn hng TMCP Kin Long
Ngn hng TMCP Vit
Ngn hng TMCP Vit Nam
Thng tn
Ngn hng TMCP Lin Vit
Ngn hng Bn Vit
Ngn hng TMCP Tin Phong
Ngn hng TMCP Bo Vit
Ngn hng TMCP Nh H Ni
Ngn hng TMCP Nht
Ngn hng TMCP Vit Nam Tn
Ngha

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013
0.70%

1.01%
0.43%
0.86%
0.64%

1.36%
0.95%
1.71%
1.55%

1.24%
1.16%
1.94%
1.34%

1.0%
1.1%
2.2%
1.1%

-0.09%
0.50%
1.88%
1.03%

0.90%
3.79%

0.86%
3.66%

1.22%
0.00%
1.71%
3.65%

1.93%
1.15%
1.35%
4.13%

0.50%
2.56%
0.98%
1.06%
1.25%
1.38%
2.44%

2.0%
1.7%
1.6%
0.3%
0.9%
0.7%
0.4%

0.13%
1.40%
0.90%
-6.72%
0.69%

0.21%

1.58%

1.22%

0.8%

1.60%
0.20%

0.80%
0.60%
1.60%
0.70%

Ph lc 7: Ch s CR v HHI
CR(4-NHNN)-Tin gi

CR(NHTMCP)-Tin gi

2009

2010

2011

2012

2009

2010

2011

2012

59.605968

35.05059

56.5554068

56.767732

43.867864

47.876645

48.653278

49.612857

CR(4-NHNN)-D n
59.6059684

35.05059

56.5554068

CR(NHTMCP)-D n
56.767732

40.394032

HHI( Tin gi)


2008

2009
988.4185

2010
851.03136

2011

2012

825.6665

802.534103

953.4244

953.452301

HHI( D n)
1329.610354

1106.509

556.294137

64.949407

43.444593

43.232268

153

Ph lc 7: N xu v CAR
STT

Tn TCTD

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Ngn hng Cng thng Vit


1

Nam

1.8%

0.6%

0.7%

0.8%

1.5%

1.0%

2.6%

2.7%

2.5%

2.8%

2.7%

2.3%

Ngn hng u t v Pht trin


2

Vit Nam
Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit

Nam

4.6%

2.5%

2.8%

2.0%

2.4%

2.7%

Ngn hng NNo&PTNTVN

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

2.7%

Ngn hng Pht trin nh ng


5

bng sng Cu Long

Ngn hng TMCP Hng hi


Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn

thng tn

0.6%

0.6%

0.5%

0.6%

2.0%

1.5%

Ngn hng TMCP ng

2.5%

1.3%

1.6%

1.7%

3.9%

4.0%

Ngn hng TMCP Xut nhp


9

khu

4.7%

1.8%

1.4%

1.6%

1.3%

2.0%

10

Ngn hng TMCP Nam

0.0%

0.0%

2.2%

2.8%

2.5%

1.5%

11

Ngn hng TMCP Chu

0.9%

0.4%

0.3%

0.9%

2.5%

3.0%

0.7%

1.8%

1.9%

0.0%

2.9%

2.2%

Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn cng


12

thng
Ngn hng TMCP Vit Nam

13

thnh vng

0.0%

1.6%

1.2%

1.8%

2.7%

2.8%

14

Ngn hng TMCP K Thng

0.0%

2.5%

2.3%

2.8%

2.7%

3.7%

15

Ngn hng TMCP Qun i

1.8%

1.6%

1.3%

1.6%

1.8%

2.4%

16

Ngn hng TMCP Bc

0.0%

0.2%

1.5%

0.6%

5.7%

2.3%

17

Ngn hng TMCP Quc t

1.8%

1.3%

0.0%

0.0%

2.6%

2.8%

18

Ngn hng TMCP ng Nam

0.0%

0.0%

2.1%

2.7%

0.0%

0.0%

19

Ngn hng TMCP i Dng

1.4%

1.6%

1.7%

2.1%

3.5%

3.0%

Ngn hng TMCP Du kh Ton


20

Cu

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

35.8%

0.0%

21

Ngn hng TMCP Pht trin Nh

1.9%

1.1%

0.8%

2.1%

2.4%

3.7%

154

STT

Tn TCTD

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

TPHCM
22

Ngn hng TMCP An Bnh

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

6.7%

23

Ngn hng TMCP Phng Nam

2.3%

2.3%

1.8%

2.3%

3.0%

0.0%

24

Ngn hng TMCP Phng ng

2.9%

2.6%

2.1%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

25

Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn

0.6%

1.3%

11.4%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

26

Ngn hng TMCP i

0.5%

0.1%

0.7%

0.9%

0.0%

0.0%

27

Ngn hng TMCP i Tn


Ngn hng TMCP Xng du

28

Petrolimex

0.0%

0.0%

1.4%

2.1%

8.4%

3.0%

29

Ngn hng TMCP Mekkong

0.8%

2.9%

1.3%

2.1%

3.5%

2.6%

30

Ngn hng Phng Ty

1.9%

2.8%

1.4%

2.2%

8.8%

4.1%

Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn-H


31

Ni

32

Ngn hng TMCP Nam Vit

33

Ngn hng TMCP Kin Long

0.0%

1.2%

1.1%

2.8%

2.9%

0.0%

34

Ngn hng TMCP Vit

1.8%

1.3%

2.5%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

Ngn hng TMCP Vit Nam


35

Thng tn

36

Ngn hng TMCP Lin Vit

0.0%

0.3%

0.4%

2.1%

2.7%

0.0%

37

Ngn hng Bn Vit

1.2%

3.5%

4.1%

2.7%

1.9%

0.0%

38

Ngn hng TMCP Tin Phong

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

3.7%

2.3%

39

Ngn hng TMCP Bo Vit

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

40

Ngn hng TMCP Nh H Ni

41

Ngn hng TMCP Nht


Ngn hng TMCP Vit Nam Tn

42

Ngha

155

Ph lc 8: Mi quan h Tng trng tng i, vn ch s hu, tng ti sn,


th phn v hiu qu

156

157

158

159

160

161

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