Cng dng ca st

St l mt kim loi di do, r tin, hu ch cho nhiu s dng v c tm quan trng

trong lch s loi ngi. St c s dng di dng kim loi k t thi c i.
St bn, kin c v c th d dng pha hp kim vi cc cht khc tng cng
dng ca n.
Thp l mt hp kim ca carbon v st. N c s dng cho nhiu sn phm hin
i, bao gm xe hi, ng ray, nh chc tri, sng ng v tu thy.
Thp khng r, mt hp kim vi khong 10% chromium, c dng lm dng c nh
bp, in gia dng v dng c nu n. N t b n mn hoc try xc.
St rn, mt hp kim ca st vi nhng lng rt t carbon, d dt mng, kh nng
chy hn v c cu trc th. Rn c ngha l dp bng tay. Nhiu sn phm tng
qua la rn, v d nh cng vn v thanh hng ro, tht ra l bng thp. Thp Eiffel
c xy dng t mt dng st rn.
St c c lm nng n trng thi nng chy ca n, sau c rt vo khun
ri ng c. N l mt dng quan trng c s dng trong sn xut m, l, xoong,
cho, l, khay.
Taconite, mt khong cht sc, ngy c s dng nhiu cho cc sn phm thng
mi. Ging nh a s khong cht st, n c pha hp kim vi carbon sn xut
cc sn phm tin ch.
St cn thit yu i vi s sng v mang oxygen trong protein hemoglobin ca t
bo hng cu. Cc thc phm giu st bao gm:

Tht, bao gm tht b, tht g ty, tht g ta v tht heo

Hi sn, bao gm tm, s, hu v c ng

Rau c, bao gm spinach, u, bng ci xanh, khoai ty ngt v u dy

Qu ti, bao gm du ty, da hu, nho kh v ch l

Bnh m v ng cc, bao gm cc loi ng cc c cm, thc phm la m v

go

Nhng thc phm khc, bao gm u, u lng, paste c chua, u h v

mt ng.

Ngun gc tn gi: Iron (st) l mt t Anglo-Saxon. K hiu ha hc cho st, Fe,

c xut x Latin t ferrum, ngha l kim loi.
Khm ph: St c s dng di dng kim loi t thi c i v n c nhc
ti trong Kinh Cu c. Mt ct st c nin i khong nm 400 sau Cng nguyn
hin nay vn ang tr vng Delhi, n .
Tnh cht ca st
St l mt cht gin, cng. N c phn loi l mt kim loi thuc Nhm 8
trong Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc.
Dng kim loi nguyn cht nhanh chng b n mn khi tip xc vi khng kh m
hoc nhit cao. St b oxy ha khi tip xc vi oxygen trong khng kh.
St c bn dng th hnh c phn loi l alpha, beta, gamma v omega. Dng
alpha ca st c t tnh. Tuy nhin, khi bin i sang dng beta, n mt t tnh ca
n.
Gang l hp kim ca st vi sulfur, silicon, manganese v phosphorus. Gang cn
cha khong l 3% carbon.
St c ht nhn rt bn. St bnh thng l hn hp ca bn ng v, ngoi ra cn
tn ti 10 ng v khc na.
Cc ngun st
St l mt nguyn t rt ph bin trn Tri t v cn c tm thy di do trn mt
tri v cc ngi sao. N l nguyn t ph bin th t trong lp v Tri t tnh theo
trng lng, v phn ln nhn ca Tri t c cho l c cu to t st.
St ch yu c khai thc t khong cht hematite, thng thy di dng ct en
nm dc theo b bin trong lng sui. Nhng ngun khc l magnetite, siderite v
limonite. Siderite l mt h thin thch cha st l thnh phn chnh ca chng.

Qung st b oxy ha khi tip xc vi oxygen. nh: D

t Fe3O4

Qung manhetit
Fe3O4
quNG MANHETIT( Fe3O4)

Qung hematit Fe2O3

hematite

Qung hematit nu Fe2O3. nH2O

hematite nau

Xxi

Qung xierit FeCO3

xiderit
Khng th trnh khi tn dng khi vit v st: n l nguyn t di do nht trn Tri
t (nu bn tnh c lp v v nhn nng chy ca hnh tinh chng ta); n to ra t
trng Tri t bo v chng ta khi bc x v tr nguy him; n l nguyn t nng

nht c th c to ra trong phn ng nhit hch xy ra bn trong cc ngi sao; v

khng c n th ngnh cng nghip s sp , ng theo ngha en.
St c luyn u tin bi ngi Hittites x Tiu (Th Nh K ngy nay) vo
khong nm 1500 trc Cng nguyn. H gi ly b mt ca ring mnh nhng khi
h b xm lc vo nm 1200 tCN, nhng ngi th st cao chy xa bay, mang
theo cng vi h nhng k nng v gi. Th l bt u Thi i st, khi nhng
tin b quan trng trong ch tc cng c v xy dng th hin mt trong nhng bc
nhy vt to ln nht trong lch s th gii vn minh.
Trong hng th k sau , hnh nh mt ngi lnh mang thanh gm st l bch
chin bt bi. Tuy nhin, trit gia La M Pliny ch ra im nhn thc mu cht, khi
ng pht biu cng vi st, chin tranh n ra, v khng ch nh gip l c m cn
nh t xa, vi cc th v kh bay t my mc phng ra. Pliny c tm nhn tng
lai trong i bc bng st (phi hp vi thuc sng) tr thnh v kh hy dit.
Trong hai trn i chin th gii ca th k 20, st dng bom v v n git cht
hng triu sinh mng v gn nh san phng ton b cc thnh ph v th t. Ging
nh la v nc, st c th l mt con dao hai li.
Vy ci g mang n cho st bn huyn thoi ca n? Cu tr li nm kch
c ca cc ht trong cu trc tinh th ca st. St c cu trc tinh th hnh lp
phng, l cu trc vn d bn. Tuy nhin, mt mu st dng nguyn cht ca
n th c cu trc ht gm nhiu ht trong tinh th sp thng theo nhng chiu
khc nhau. Ranh gii gia nhng ht ny c th to ra cc khuyt tt lm suy yu
st. Tuy nhin, x l st nhit cao (v d nh ngi ta lm trong xng rn) lm
cho nhng ht nh li, a n mt cu trc nht qun hn v to ra kim loi bn
hn v do hn.
St c sinh ra bi qu trnh nhit hch xy ra bn trong cc ngi sao. Lp nhn
ng knh 7.000 km ca Tri t ch yu gm st nng chy v ngi ta tin rng
lp nhn trong rng 2.500 km gm st dng rn. Dng st nng chy bn trong lp
nhn to ra nhng dng in sinh ra t trng Tri t vn xa hng nghn km ra
ngoi khng gian, bo v chng ta trc bc x mt tri nguy him v gi mt tri c
th lm bay git bu kh quyn ca chng ta.
Nhn Tri t ging nh mt nam chm khng l vi hai cc: cc bc v cc nam.
La bn c s dng u tin bi ngi Trung Hoa c v l dng c h tr i li

trn bin vo th k 12 l nhng nam chm nh xu, vi kim ch v cc bc t.

Trc khi c la bn s dng, cc thy th nh hng trn bin bng cch ngm sao.
Khng ch ring loi ngi bit s dng t trng Tri t h tr i li. Chim chc
v cc sinh vt khc tm ng i trn t lin v trn bin bng cch cm nhn
hng ca lc t xung quanh chng. Cc nh khoa hc tin rng chim chc tht s
c th nhn thy t trng Tri t bi v mt chng c cha cc phn t lin h vi
b phn no x l thng tin th gic. Dng la bn gn trong ny cn cho php chim
chc xc nh a im tt nht dng chn v tm thc n trn nhng chuyn di
c ng di ca chng.

St dng th nguyn cht ca n. St l mt vin gch cu trc tht s ca cuc

sng t mu trong ngi chng ta cho n thp khng g lm dao ko, bnh un
v xe hi ca chng ta.
St c th l thit yu trn nhiu phng din khc nhau trn Tri t, nhng nguyn
t quyn uy ny ca bng tun hon ha hc tht s c mt nhc im khi c
con ngi s dng: n phn ng vi oxygen to ra oxide st, hay g st. Hin tng
ny c th khc phc c bng cch m mt lp thic hoc km nh th thi l
, v st c mt trong thp c tm quan trng ton cu. Nm 2010, 2,6 t tn st

c khai khong trn ton th gii, ch yu Trung Quc, Australia, Brazil v n

. Cc qung chnh l magnetite, goethite v haematite.
Mt trong nhng cnh quan ngon mc nht trn th gii c hnh thnh trong
hng thin nin k ti Thung lng Bryce bang Utah, nc M, ti a hnh ni
pht sng nh hng ca haematite. C nhng ha tit hp dn gi l hoodoo,
ng khi tin, v kim t thp Tri t. Chng c to ra bi s xi mn do nc
v trng ta nh cc th vt t rc la ca ngi xa khi chng phn x nh sng
mt tri lc hong hn.
M Carajs min bc Brazil l m st ln nht th gii, nhng vt rng mnh
mng b h st khai qut n. Tuy nhin, sau khi m st c khai thc, ch s
hu m hng ti vic khi phc tm thm rng nhit i v v th hng nghn
cy non c vun trng ti to rng. Ngi ta th nghim bit xem, sau khi
b ph hy bi t ct v a hnh, liu rng nhit i c kh nng c khi phc
nhn to tr li thi k vinh quang ca chng khng.

St v thp (hp kim ca st v carbon) u d b n mn mt phn ng oxy ha,

trong st phn ng vi oxygen to ra oxide, cn gi l g st. Thn tu thy bng
thp c th chng n mn bng cch m mt lp km bn ngoi.
Khong 95% st c sn xut bng cch nung qung st vi carbon tinh khit v
la trong l luyn to ra gang. y l vt liu th ca thp, cha 1,7% carbon
lm cho n bt gin v chng n mn tt hn. Khng vt liu no ch ni thp v
cng, bn v tnh kinh t.

St c th c c, ch to my, v hn thnh v s dng, khin n l kim loi a

nng nht. N chim khong 90% lng kim loi c tiu th ton cu, t nhng
chic cu s, nh chc tri v tu ch container cho n xe hi, tua vt v kp
giy trn bn lm vic ca bn. St c mt xung quanh chng ta, nhiu dng thc
khc nhau.
St cn c bm trong mch mu ca chng ta trong hemoglobin, mt protein
cha cc nguyn t st v vn chuyn oxygen n cc t bo c th. Nu chng ta
thiu st, th c th to ra t hng cu hn, v chng ta b thiu mu, xanh xao, u
oi, suy nhc v kh th. Cc ngun thc phm giu cht st bao gm tht , gan,
tri cy kh, bnh m v trng. Nu bn l ngi phng khon, th ngi Italia c mt
cu ngn ng kh hay: ru trng tt mu.