chuyn ha v s dng than

h ni - 2008
3

I. M U
Ngi ta cho rng trong tng lai khng xa, khi ngun du m cn kit,
ngi tiu dng s quay sang nhng ngun cung cp mi. Nu c s h tng
sn xut c chun b ngay t by gi, th c th ngn chn c s sp
trn din rng m ngi ta d on l s xy ra vo cui k nguyn du m.
Theo ti liu thng k v nng lng th gii ca BP (BP Statistical
Review of World Energy), nm 1985 tr lng du cn li c th khai thc v
mt kinh t l 770 t thng. Vo nm 2005, tc l sau 20 nm tiu th, con s
ny li c nh gi l 1.200 t thng. Song du m vn l mt ngun nng
lng c hn, v vi tc tiu th nh hin nay, ngi ta cho rng chng ta
s cn ngun ti nguyn ny trong vng 40 nm na. Hn na, phn ln
ngun du m li tp trung mt s t vng bt n nh trn th gii (v d:
Trung ng 62%, Arp X t 22%), c th b ngng cung cp bt k lc no
do cc cuc xung t v cc hot ng khng thun li ca cc Chnh ph.
Nhng lo ngi ny ang tc ng n gi du trn th gii.
Trong tnh hnh , nhng ngun nhin liu ho thch phi truyn thng
s l mt gii php y tim nng. Nu tt c nhng ngun nng lng phi
truyn thng ca th gii c bin i thnh du nh cng ngh hin i, th
ngi ta s c mt lng du c 8.800 t thng. Vi tc tiu th 30 t
thng/nm, th s lng trn s dng trong vng 300 nm hoc hn na.
Nhng lp ct v cha du, nht l m Athabasca Alberta
(Canada) v vnh ai Orinoco (Venezuela), l nhng ngun nng lng mi,
ln, c kh nng to ra 6.600 t thng du, song s hin ti c th khai thc
v phng din kinh t ch vo khong 10-20% con s trn.
Nu khm ph c ngun d tr du mi v c nhng cng ngh mi
khai thc trit hn na ngun du ang c th thi im khng hong
du m c th c y li thm. Tuy nhin vic cn ngun nguyn liu du
m l mt thc t ang n rt gn.
Vic sn xut nhin liu/ha cht t kh tng hp (CO + H2) ang
nhn c s quan tm ngy cng tng bi v ngun du m ang dn cn
kit v gi du th lun bin ng. Cc nhin liu, c bit l diesel, thu
c t qu trnh chuyn ha kh tng hp thng qua phn ng tng hp
Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) (tn ca hai k s ngi c, Franz Fisher v Hans
Tropsch sng ch ra qu trnh ny vo nm 1920 sn xut du th t
than v kh t), c tha nhn l c cht lng rt cao. Nhin liu ny
3

s tham gia tch cc vo vic bo v mi trng v tng hiu qu nng

lng trong lnh vc vn ti khi cc ng c diesel hin i c p dng
i tr trong phng tin vn ti. Cng ngh F-T pht trin trong nhng
nm gn y c tnh kh thi xy dng cc khu lin hp qui m ln.
Di quan im xem xt di hn v kh nng pht trin qu trnh chuyn
ha than thnh cht lng, cn phi xem xt nhiu hng i. y l nhng
hng i c kh nng quyt nh tnh kh thi ca tt c cc loi d n trong
lnh vc ny. Nhn chung, cc hng i phi c cc im chung l:
1. Hiu qu v mt sinh nng lng nhit
2. Gi thnh chp nhn c
3. u im v mi trng
Cc vn ny c gii quyt tt bng cch s dng nhng con
ng chuyn ha than thnh cht lng a th h. Trong s nhng con ng
khc nhau, v nguyn tc, qu trnh sn xut ng thi nhin liu lng v in
hin ang chim u th. Hiu qu ca qu trnh tng ln l do s cn bng
nng lng tt hn trong phng thc ng sn xut cn u im bo v mi
trng l do cng ngh loi s nhim d dng c p dng. Cc qu trnh
mi nht s m bo gii php tt hn bo v mi trng.
II. TNH HNH CHUYN HA, S DNG THAN TRONG LNH VC
PHT NNG LNG V HA CHT
Theo d tnh ca cc chuyn gia, cng vi s tng dn s, vic tiu th
nng lng trn ton cu c th tng thm 27% trong vng 15 nm ti (Hnh
1). Mc tiu th nng lng ngy cng gia tng phn ln l cc nc ang
pht trin. Tng t, s phn b nhu cu v in theo ngun nng lng cng
khng ngng tng ln v d tnh n nm 2020 nhu cu v in trn th gii
tng ng vi khong 5,5 t tn du, n nm 2030 l tng ng 6,5 t
tn du (Hnh 2).
T th k trc v cho n nhng nm 2030, than v kh t nhin vn l
nhng ngun nguyn liu chim t trng ln nht trong s cc ngun nguyn
liu sn xut in bao gm: than, kh t nhin, du m, nng lng ht nhn
v nng lng ti to.

Hnh 1: S tng nhu cu s dng nng lng trn th gii

Hnh 2: Phn b nhu cu in theo ngun nng lng trn th gii

Theo nh gi ca BP trong bo co BP Statistical Review 2004, tnh
n nm 2003, tr lng than trn ton th gii l 984 t tn (50% than
antraxit v 50% than nu) v c th khai thc trong 192 nm na (Hnh 3).
M, Cng ng cc quc gia c lp v Trung Quc l cc quc gia c tr
lng than ln nht th gii (chim trn 50% tr lng than th gii). Cc
quc gia khc nh n , c, Nam Phi c tr lng than tng ng l 90, 90
v 50 t tn.
5

Hnh 3: Tr lng than th gii v t l tr lng/khai thc ( nm 2003)

Vic dng than sn xut cc nhin liu giao thng vn ti xut hin
c u thp k 20. Cc nhin liu ny c s dng qui m ln
ng u vi nhng thi k thiu du m, u tin l c trong Chin
tranh Th gii th II ri Nam Phi bt u t nm 1955 trong thi k cm
vn di ch phn bit chng tc (Apartheid).
L mt nc giu than, ngho du m, Chnh ph Trung Quc, cc vin
nghin cu v cc doanh nghip ca nc ny ang n lc nhm bin cc
ngun ti nguyn than giu c ca mnh thnh nng lng sch bng cch s
dng cng ngh than sch. Nm 2003, Trung Quc thnh lp Cc Nng lng
thuc Hi ng Ci cch v Pht trin Quc gia tp trung vo gii php an
ninh nng lng ng thi lp k hoch v qun l kh nng cung cp nng
lng v s pht trin cng nghip lin quan ti nng lng. Nh mt gii
php khc phc ngun nng lng du m ngho nn, Trung Quc u
t rt mnh cho cc cng ngh ha lng than vi mc tiu l tng ngun
nhin liu lng c sn xut t ngun than di do Trung Quc. Vin
trng Vin ha than (ICC) thuc Vin Hn lm khoa hc Trung Quc (CAS)
cho bit, vic sn xut sn phm a dng t than chnh l tng lai pht trin
cng ngh than sch ca Trung Quc.
Hin ti Trung Quc, nhng n lc sn xut nhin liu lng phc v
cho giao thng vn ti quy m ln da trn vic s dng qu trnh kh ho
6

than ang din ra mnh m. V d, Cng ty than ln nht Trung Quc,

Shenhua, c k hoch khi ng nh my bin than thnh nhin liu lng u
tin ca Trung Quc vo nm 2007 hoc u nm 2008. y l mt d n
tham vng nht th gii trong lnh vc ny k t sau Th chin II. Shenhua d
nh vn hnh 8 nh my ho lng than vo nm 2020 vi sn lng tng
cng trn 30 triu tn du tng hp /nm, thay th trn 10% lng xng
du nhp khu ca Trung Quc nh d bo. Cc nh my ha lng than
ny s p dng cng ngh ha lng than trc tip (DCL Direct Coal
Liquefaction) v ha lng than gin tip (ICL Indirect Coal Liquifaction)
(Hnh 4). Nh my SH-1 s dng cng ngh ha lng than DCL da trn c
s cng ngh ca M c ci tin t cc cng ngh c pht trin Nht,
c v ca chnh tp on Shenhua. Vi 850 triu USD cho dy chuyn sn
xut u tin, tp on ny hy vng sn xut 830 nghn tn du/nm vo nm
2007 (tng ng 20 nghn thng xng v diesel siu sch, hm lng lu
hunh thp mi ngy) (Bng 1 v Hnh 5). Hai dy chuyn na s c xy
dng trong pha I v 7 dy chuyn s c xy dng trong pha II ca D n
vi chi ph u t tng trn 5 t USD.
Nm 2004, chnh ph Trung Quc giao cho Shenhua chu trch nhim
pht trin nh my ha lng than theo cng ngh ICL tnh Sn Ty v giao
cho tp on khai thc than Ninh H chu trch nhim pht trin mt nh my
ha lng than khc vng t tr Ninh H. C hai nh my s s dng cng
ngh ha lng than ICL ca Sasol c pht trin Nam Phi. Nh vy cc
d n ny bao gm c vic sn xut nhin liu tng hp v sn xut cc sn
phm ha cht.

Bng 1: Phn b sn phm v sn lng ca dy chuyn ha lng than

trc tip ca nh my Shenhua
Sn phm

Sn lng (tn /nm)

70. 000
320. 900
620. 800
11. 500
40. 600
3. 500
1.067. 300

LPG
Naphta
Diesel
Ammonic lng
Lu hunh
Phenol
Tng
7

Hnh 4: Cng ngh chuyn ha than thnh nhin liu lng

Hnh 5: Ton cnh nh my ha lng than Shenhua Trung Quc

8

Ti Trung Quc c mt s d n chuyn ho than thnh ho cht vi quy

m nh Bng 2.
Cng ngh chuyn ho than thnh ho cht (kt hp pht in) nh m
t Hnh 6

Hnh 6: S dy chuyn chuyn ha than thnh ha cht

Bng 2: Qui m mt s d n chuyn ha than thnh ha cht ti Trung Quc
Sn phm

Sn lng (tn /nm)

Qui m d n Baotu

Qui m d n Yulin

Metanol

1 800 000

3. 000. 000

Etylen

300 000

500. 000

Propylen

300 000

500. 000

Cng vi vic pht trin nhin liu tng hp v ho cht t than, Trung
Quc rt quan tm n vn sn xut in t than. Tp on Hoa Nng, nh
sn xut in dng nhin liu than ln nht Trung Quc, lin kt vi cc
nh phn phi in ton cu v cc cng ty than thit k, xy dng nh
my in chy than khng c kh thi u tin trn th gii.
Trung Quc l mt trong nhng quc gia tiu th than ln nht th gii
vi d on ln ti 2,9 t tn vo nm 2020.
Trong 15 nm ti, Chnh ph Trung Quc s u tin vic s dng nng
lng mt cch hiu qu, sch v tit kim cng nh to ra nhiu sn phm t
than. Trung Quc cng d nh pht trin mt k thut gim thiu kh cacbon
9

ioxit ( CO2) pht sinh trong qu trnh s dng than, tin ti t mc pht thi
gn bng 0. Hin ti, cng ngh pht trin than sch ca Trung Quc cha t
c mc th gii. Cc chuyn gia d on rng, Trung Quc c th pht
trin cng ngh kh ha than bng chnh cng ngh ca mnh trong 5 nm ti.
Sn phm kh ha ny r hn 50% so vi nhng sn phm cng loi trn th
trng quc t.
Ti M, t thng 2/2003 Tng thng George Bush cng b d n
FutureGen vi ni dung l trin khai v xy dng mt mu nh my c kh
nng sn xut in v hydro t than .
Nh my s s dng cng ngh chu trnh hn hp kh ho than (IGCC)
pht ra cng sut 275 MW, vi c tnh u vit l hu nh khng nhim
v thu gi cht thi CO2, thay th cho kiu t than truyn thng (Hnh 7).

Hnh 7: S nguyn l nh my sn xut in v hydro t than

thuc d n FutureGen
Hydro sn xut t cc nh my FutureGen s c s dng ngay cp
nhin liu cho cc t my pht in hoc pin nhin liu, hoc cp nhin liu
cho t v xe ti th h mi, chm dt s ph thuc ca M vo du m.
FutureGen, ln u tin s tch hp mt chui cc cng ngh tin tin v
thu gi hoc ngn nga to thnh cc cht nhim hoc cht thi khc vn l
10

mi quan ngi ca M nu phi xy dng cc nh my in chy than trong

tng lai. Cc cht nhim khng kh s bin thnh sn phm thng mi c
gi tr, v ti 90% CO2 to ra t phn ng t chy than s c thu gi. Kt
qu thc tin ti nh my ny s l c s cho vic p dng nhng cng ngh
tin tin hn, c kh nng thu gi 100% kh nh knh.
Nm 2006, c 12 a im thuc 7 bang nc M c xut lm
ni s trin khai thit k v xy dng nh my theo nguyn mu ny. Yu cu
ra l phi c mt bng trn 200 acre (khong trn 0,8 km2), kh nng tip
cn tt vi ngun than, ng dy truyn ti, ngun nhn lc c k thut.
Theo k hoch ra, nguyn mu nh my FutureGen s bt u hot ng
vo nm 2012.
Ngoi ra, trong thi gian qua, khng qun M tin hnh nhiu
chuyn bay th nghim nhin liu tng hp theo phng php F-T (FT Fuel).
Kt qu t nhng chuyn bay ny mang li hy vng mi cho ngnh hng
khng trong bi canh gi du ngy cng leo thang cng vi nguy c cn kit
du m sp cn k. Cc nh khoa hc ang n lc hon thin cng ngh sn
xut quy m ln n nm 2016 FT fuel" s thay th c 50% lng tiu
th nhin liu ca khng qun M v n nm 2025 chim 75% lng nhin
liu ca ton ngnh hng khng nc ny.
Cc th nghim chy ng c vi t l pha trn 50/50 gia nhin liu
tng hp vi nhin liu truyn thng dn n nhng chuyn bay hon ton
bng nhin liu mi, vn hnh an ton trong trong iu kin - 43 , t mi
ch s v k thut nh khi dng nhin liu thng thng m khng cn c s
ci tin v ng c khng nh thnh cng ca vic ng dng nhin liu
mi cho ngnh hng khng. Ngoi ra, do con ngi kim sot qu trnh tng
hp nn nhin liu tng hp t gy nhim mi trng hn so vi cc loi
nhin liu c ngun gc du m, nh gim c 50% lng kh thi, c bit
gim ti a hm lng lu hunh trong kh thi.
Kevin Mulnerin, Ph Ch tch ca lntegrated Concepts & Research
Corp's Advanced Vehicle Technologies, cng ty trng thu kim nh cht
lng nhin liu ny, cho bit: "Th nghim ny chng t loi nhin liu siu
sch ny rt c kh nng tr thnh mt ngun nhin liu dn dng ln qun
s" . iu ny cng c ngha hn khi s lng my bay s gp i trong
vng hai mi nm ti v nhng yu cu bo m v kh thi ng c gy
hiu ng nh knh ngy cng gt gao hn .
11

Nh vy vi gi ch khong 20 USD cho mt thng nhin liu tng hp

cng vi s bo m hn v mi trng, chc chn y s l s la chn quan
trng cho ngnh hng khng th gii trong thi gian ti. Cc chuyn gia ca
Hip hi vn ti hng khng quc t (IATA) ht sc quan tm n vn ny
v u c chung nhn nh: "Rt kh thi v mang li hiu qu cao".
n nay trong lnh vc u t nghin cu chuyn ho than, c th thy
trong vic xy dng cc nh my chuyn ho than Trung Quc vt M,
ni cng ngh kh ho than vn ang trong giai on khi phc li. Cc
chng trnh trnh din cng ngh theo hng ny c m ra M sau
cuc khng hong du m hi thp k 70 ca Th k trc, nhng b b ri
khi gi du v kh t tt xung hi thp k 80. S kin ny khin cho nhiu
ngi cho rng cng ngh ny l khng tin cy. Tri li, Trung Quc,
xng du khng bao gi r v than lun lun gi vai tr hng u ca mnh.
III. CNG NGH CHUYN HO THAN
III.1. Cng ngh kh ho than
Cng ngh c tnh then cht trong cc quy trnh chuyn ho than l qu
trnh kh ha. y l cc qu trnh chuyn than dng rn sang dng kh. C 2
dng cng ngh kh ho than l kh ho kh v kh ho t. Trong kh ho
t, ngoi khng kh ngi ta cn b sung c nc (hoc hi nc) vo l kh
ho v kh nhn c gi l kh tng hp (syngas). Hin c mt s cng ngh
kh ho than c p dng:

- Quy trnh kh ha than p sut kh quyn (ACG)

y l quy trnh c s dng trong a s cc nh my kh ha than kiu
c, c nh ca Trung Quc t nhng nm 1950. Thit b kh ha s dng than
cc c kch thc 25-27 mm v bn nhit tt, nh antraxit hay cc, m
bo lng hyrocacbon thp trong kh than. Thit b hot ng p sut kh
quyn v than c kh ha bng khng kh v hi nc trong tng c nh.
Nhit sinh ra t phn ng ta nhit gia than v khng kh c lu gi trong
tng phn ng cung cp nhit cho phn ng gia than v hi nc, l
giai on mu cht trong qu trnh kh ha.
Kh ha than p sut kh quyn l mt qu trnh n nh v s dng
khng kh p sut kh quyn, khng cn cng on tch kh, trang thit b
tng i r - (r hn khong 30% so vi nhng qu trnh khc tnh theo tn
sn phm). Tuy nhin, tiu hao nng lng cao, khong 57 GJ/ tn amonic v
12

qu trnh cng thi ra nhiu cacbon monoxit v hyro sunfua, nn cn cng

on x l kh ui. Quy trnh ny khng thch hp vi cc dy chuyn cng
sut ln.

- Quy trnh Koppers Totzek

y l quy trnh c s dng trong nhng nh my Nam Phi, n
v Trung Quc. Trong thit b kh ha, than c nghin thnh ht mn v cp
cho l t. Oxy c dn vo trc tip t pha trc ca thit b kh ha v
cng vi lng nh hi nc, hn hp i vo vng phn ng qua ming ca
l t vi tc cao. Nhit gia ngn la c th t 2.000oC. Kh tng
hp i ra qua nh ca thit b sinh kh nhit 1500 - 1600oC v qua ni
hi tn dng nhit thi. Phn ln tro thi ra khi thit b phn ng dng
lng v c ha rn thnh ht nh lm ngui nhanh bng nc.

- Quy trnh Texaco

Quy trnh kh ha ca Texaco (Texaco Gasification Process - TGP)
c thng mi ha thnh cng t hn 40 nm nay. Quy trnh ny c nhit
kh ho n trn 1300 oC v s dng than cm (di dng bn) a vo l
v x ra l dng nng chy. Cht lng than nguyn liu cho cng ngh cn
chn lc. Quy trnh Texaco t thnh cng ln Trung Quc thay th cho
quy trnh kh ha than p sut kh quyn (ACG) v c p dng trong
hng lot nh my in, phn m ca nc ny trong thi gian qua.

- Quy trnh Shell

y c coi l mt cng ngh kh ha than hin i v c nhiu u
im. Trong quy trnh Shell, than bt kh c s dng lm nguyn liu kh
ho c phun vo l bng khng kh nn. Hi nc c b sung trong qu
trnh kh ho. Quy trnh Shell c nhit kh ho rt cao (n 1500-1600oC),
x ra l dng nng chy v c th lm vic tt ph kh rng v cht lng
than, k c i vi mt s loi than cht lng khng cao (nhit lng thp,
nhiu x, nhit chy ca x cao). Quy trnh ny ang c dng H Lan
trong t hp kh ha than v pht in 250 MW. Trung Quc cng xy
dng v vn hnh mt s nh my sn xut phn m ur H Nam, H Bc,
An Huy v.v..., trong phn kh ha than p dng cng ngh ca Shell vi
cng sut kh ha 1000 - 2000 tn than/ ngy v i vo hot ng t nm
2005. Nh my phn m t than ca Vit Nam ti Ninh Bnh (cng sut 560
nghn tn ur/nm) ang c u t xy dng cng s thc hin kh ho than
theo cng ngh Shell.
13

- Qui trnh Sasol Lurgi

Qui trnh cng ngh Sasol-Lurgi s dng thit b kh ha vi tng c nh
(nh cng ngh ACG), y kh ca Lurgi hin c s dng nhiu nht. Hin
ti, qui trnh ny c pht trin Sasol Nam phi v tiu th khong 30 triu
tn than/nm. Qui trnh Sasol-Lurgi sn xut 150 nghn thng nhin liu v
ha cht mi ngy. Qu trnh kh ha c thc hin bng hi nc v oxy.
Than di chuyn xung pha di rt chm, cn x th c tho ra qua y
(thng dng ghi quay)(Hnh 8). Nhit kh ha tng i thp so vi cc
quy trnh khc. Trong kh thu c c nhng tp cht nh phenol v
hydrocacbon. Hm lng metan trong kh c th ln n khong 10%. Chnh
v th kh khng sch.

Hnh 8: S thit b phn ng kh ha Sasol - Lurgi

- Cc kha cnh kinh t ca qu trnh kh ha
Mt trong nhng nhc im ca cng ngh kh ha than so vi
refoming metan bng hi nc l vn u t tng i cao v tiu th nng
lng gn gp i. Nhng mt khc, qu trnh kh ha d nng cng sut hn
so vi refoming bng hi nc. So vi nh my 2000 tn/ngy, u t cho
nh my 5000 tn/ngy c th gim 30% (tnh theo tn sn phm). Tuy nhin,
vn mu cht vn l gi nguyn liu. V d, theo s liu ca n , gi
nguyn liu nm 2002 nh sau: kh - 4 USD/ Mbtu, napta - 120 USD/ Mbtu
v than - 10 USD/ Mbtu. Nh vy, mt nh my amonic t than cng c kh
nng cnh tranh. Mt khi gi kh thin nhin tip tc tng, th than l s
14

la chn cho nhng nc t kh thin nhin m c ngun than phong ph

nh Trung Quc v n .
III.2. Chuyn ho than thnh nhin liu tng hp
Qu trnh sn xut nhin liu tng hp bao gm nhiu gian on:
1. Sn xut syngas t qu trnh kh ha hoc qu trnh cracking vi s
tham gia ca hi nc nh trnh by phn trn. Qu trnh kh ha c th
s dng mi loi nguyn liu cha cacbon (trong c than ) v hydro.
Trong khi qu trnh cracking (kh ho) vi s tham gia ca hi nc, ngi ta
s nhn c syngas gm cacbon monoxit (CO), hyro (H2), cacbon ioxit
(CO2), nit (N2), hi nc, cc hyrocacbon v mt s tp cht khc. Ngoi
than dng lm nguyn liu kh ho, ngi ta thng s dng cc nguyn liu
khc nh kh t nhin, LPG, naphta hoc thm ch c etanol.
2. Chuyn syngas thnh mt dng sp nh phn ng F-T. Syngas c
a vo mt l phn ng, ti , hydro v cacbon monoxit phn ng vi nhau
di tc dng ca mt cht xc tc cha st v to ra sn phm dng sp cha
cc hydrocacbon (bao gm c xng v diesel).
3.Ch bin su dng sp ny nh cc qu trnh hyrocracking kt hp
vi isome ha thu c LPG, naphta v diesel.
Diesel thu c bng phng php ny c cht lng rt tt: khng cha
lu hunh, cc cht thm (benzen, toluen) v qu trnh chy ca n trong
ng c thi ra rt t mui, ng thi ch s cetan ca loi nhin liu ny rt
cao.
im yu duy nht ca nhin liu ny l t trng thp, v vy ngi ta
thng phi trn ln vi cc loi nhin liu khc.
Da theo cc nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc trn th gii, cc nhin
liu diesel tng hp hin ti c xem l rt thch hp cho cc ng c
diesel hin hnh. Hin nay rt nhiu nhm nghin cu trn th gii lm vic
trong lnh vc chuyn ha than (kh t nhin, sinh khi) thnh nhin liu lng
ang tm cch gim gi thnh ca nhng loi nhin liu tng hp ny.
S chung ca qu trnh cng ngh ho lng than v sn xut nhin
liu tng hp c trnh by ti Hnh 9.
15

Hnh 9: S nguyn l nh my chuyn ha than

III.3. Chuyn ho than thnh ho cht
Nhn chung cc cng ngh chuyn ho than thnh ho cht hin nay
cha thc s pht trin nh cng ngh ho du i t nguyn liu du m.
Cng ngh chuyn ho than thnh ho cht ch yu tp trung vo mt s lnh
vc sau:
- Sn xut amoniac
- Sn xut metanol
- Ho cht t ngun CO2 d tha (t kh thi) ca qu trnh t than
- Cng ngh chng ct than v x l nha than
Sau y l mt s cng ngh ch yu chuyn ho than thnh ho cht:

III.3.1. Sn xut amoniac v ur t than

Phn ln amoniac c sn xut t kh thin nhin, nhng v l thuyt
th bt k nguyn liu cha cacbon no (trong c than) cng c th c
s dng lm nguyn liu, min l c th chuyn c thnh kh tng hp
(syngas).
16

Khi sn xut kh tng hp vi t l H2: N2 = 3:1 tng hp amoniac,

ngi ta oxy ha (hoc kh ha) khng hon ton than theo cng ngh kh
ho t (dng hi nc v khng kh hoc khng kh giu oxy). Sau khi x l
(loi CO, cc tp cht, iu chnh t l H2: N2 = 3:1 ), syngas s c a vo
thp tng hp. Di tc dng ca xc tc v p sut, H2 v N2 s phn ng
vi nhau to amoniac (NH3).
T amoniac v CO2 (chuyn ho t CO trong qu trnh kh ho) ngi ta
s tng hp ur hoc cc sn phm khc.
Than l cht rn nn phi x l s b trc khi a vo qu trnh kh
ha. Ngoi ra phng php kh ha than i hi phi c nh my sn xut oxy
nn sut u t tng. Nh my sn xut amoniac t than c th c sut u
t cao gp 3 - 4 ln so vi nh my s dng kh thin nhin. Tuy nhin,
nhng nc c gi kh thin nhin cao li c than gi r, th chi ph u t
cho my mc cng on kh ha c th c b li bng gi than thp
hn trong qu trnh vn hnh. Than ni a gip tit kim ngoi t nhp
khu du kh v yu t ny cng c tnh n khi quyt nh u t.

II.3.2. Sn xut metanol t than

Metanol, mt trong nhng nguyn liu u quan trng trong tng hp
cng nghip, c sn xut bi qu trnh hydro ha c xc tc ca kh cacbon
monoxit (CO) hoc syngas (cha CO + H2), thu c hoc bi qu trnh oxy
ha than (hoc cc cht cha cacbon khc). Qu trnh hyro ha c tin
hnh 250C di p sut 50 t vi cht xc tc trn c s CuO, ZnO, Al2O3.
Do thnh phn ca syngas thu c t qu trnh chuyn ha kh thin
nhin v qu trnh kh ha than rt khc nhau nn cng ngh sn xut metanol
t syngas thu c t qu trnh kh ha than v cng ngh sn xut metanol t
syngas thu c t qu trnh ch bin kh thin nhin c nhiu im khc nhau.
Bng 3 cho ta thy s so snh s b gia cc qu trnh sn xut metanol
t cc nguyn liu khc nhau (cc s liu ch c ngha so snh tng i
gia cc qu trnh).
Trong khun kh chuyn ny, chng ti ch trnh by cng ngh sn
xut metanol t syngas thu c t qu trnh kh ha than
T cc s liu trong Bng 3 c th nhn thy chi ph u t chung cho
nh my sn xut metanol t than rt cao nhng t l u t cho ring qu
trnh tng hp metanol v tinh ch metanol ch chim 13 %. Nh vy nu
17

chng ta c sn nh my sn xut syngas t qu trnh kh ha than th vic

la chn gii php pht trin phn xng sn xut metanol trong nh my
l mt gii php hon ton kh thi v c li v mt kinh t v chng ta c th
a dng ho sn phm m chi ph u t ban u khng qu cao.
C mt s cng ngh sn xut metanol t syngas. Sau y s a ra mt
v d v cng ngh sn xut metanol t syngas thu c t qu trnh kh ha
than theo cng ngh pha lng.
Qu trnh sn xut metanol trong pha lng (LPMEOHTM) khc vi qu
trnh sn xut metanol truyn thng pha kh t kh t nhin ch qu trnh
ny s dng thit b phn ng cha huyn ph xc tc c sc kh (SBCR) thay
v s dng thit b phn ng dng lp c nh (Hnh 10).

Hnh 10: Thit b phn ng dng ct cha huyn ph c sc kh

18

Bng 3: Cc s liu kinh t ca qu trnh sn xut metanol vi cc cng ngh khc nhau

Naphta

Cn chng ct
chn khng

Lurgi

Texaco

C
1800
680

Khng
1800
770

Khng
500
250

Khng
1800
1250

Koppers
Totzek
Khng
1800
1600 (2)

33 35
-

32
-

33.5
-

0.55
-

0.9

0.5

0.85
-

2.05
-

30

30

65
90
2
12
7

0.12
55
190
1
12
7

(-) 0.5
60
155
3
12
7

0.8
15
35
245
1
15
7

55
2
1
8
15

4.5
17
270
340
6
15
20

Nguyn liu

Kh t nhin

Kiu cng ngh

Thm CO2
Cng sut (tn /ngy)
Chi ph u t (106 FF)
Tiu hao nguyn liu, ph tr
Nguyn liu
- Kh t nhin (106 kJ)
- Naphta (t)
- Cn chng ct chn khng
- Than (t)
- Oxy(t)
- CO2 (t)
- Sn phm ph
- Lu hunh (kg)
- Ph tr
- Hi nc (tn)
- Nhin liu (106 kJ)
- in (kWh)
- Nc lm lnh (m3)
- Nc qu trnh (m3)
- Xc tc v ho cht (FF)
Nhn cng

I.C.I
Khng
1000
430

Khng
1800
730 (1)

19

Than

(1) T trng u t cho cc qu trnh

Reforming vi hi nc

43 %

Nn kh

12 %

Tng hp metanol

36%

Tinh ch

9%

Tng

100%

(2)
Cha v chun b than

3%

Kh ho than

35%

Chuyn ho vi hi nc

5%

Tch cc kh axit

13%

Tng hp metanol v lm sch

13%

Chng ct khng kh

29%

X l chng nhim

2%

Tng

100%

Thit b phn ng SBCR s dng xc tc bt dng huyn ph trong du

tr ch khng s dng xc tc p vin np thnh lp hoc nhi trong ng nh
trong thit b phn ng dng lp c nh. Ngoi ra, du tr cn l cht ti nhit
phn ng khi cht xc tc. Nh vy, kiu thit b phn ng SBCR lm tng
chuyn ho kh tng hp thnh metanol v do , qu trnh chuyn ho
mt ln trong thit b phn ng nhn chung l tho mn (cc cng ngh trong
pha kh i hi thit b dng vng khp kn hi lu cc kh cha phn ng
bi v qu trnh chuyn ho mt ln khng kinh t). Vic s dng mi trng
lng trong qu trnh tng hp metanol lm cho cng ngh ny c gi l
cng ngh pha lng.
Qu trnh LPMEOHTM sn xut c sn phm metanol c cht lng
tng i cao trc tip t kh tng hp (hm lng nc thp, khong 1%
trng lng, trong khi metanol th thu c t cc qu trnh i t kh t nhin
c hm lng nc t 4 n 20%). Tuy nhin, metanol thu c qu trnh ny
c th vn cn c chng ct t tinh khit mong mun. Qu trnh
chng ct hai hoc ba thp c th c s dng ging nh cc qu trnh ca
I.C.I. v Lurgi. Hnh 11 m t s sn xut ca qu trnh LPMEOHTM.
20

Hnh 11: S sn xut ca qu trnh LPMEOHTM

Cng ngh LPMEOHTMc nhiu u im hn cc cng ngh pha kh
hin hnh: chi ph u t thp hn 5-23% so vi cng ngh pha kh c cng
cng sut v chi ph sn xut thp hn 2-3% do tiu th in bng 1/4 so vi
qu trnh pha kh.
im c bit quan trng ca cng ngh LPMEOHTM l c th t hp
chng vi qu trnh kh ho than. Cng ngh LPMEOHTM chim u th vi
nguyn liu syngas giu CO c sn xut t qu trnh kh ho than, t , cho
php sn xut metanol th tng i sch ch qua mt giai on chuyn ho.
Hn na, cht lng trong thit b phn ng c th ng vai tr cht m cho
php iu chnh s bt n nh trong thnh phn syngas m thit b phn ng
pha kh khng th iu chnh c. V vy, cng ngh LPMEOHTM c kh
nng iu chnh c cng sut tu theo bn cht ca qu trnh kh ho than.

III.3.3. Nha than

Nha than (hay cn gi l nha cc) l sn phm lng thu c trong
qu trnh cc ho than nhit cao (khong 1000oC) trong iu kin khng
c khng kh. Hi bay ra khi chng than c ngng t v phn tch
thnh kh l cc ( cha: H2, CH4, oxit cacbon, NH3, N2, C2H4,) v nha
than . Chng nha than ngi ta nhn c:
21

Du nh (nhit si < 170C) cha hirocacbon thm, creozot (nhit

si trong khong 116C- 132C) c dng sn xut cc cht nh
creozol v cc axit nha hoc c dng trc tip lm thuc st trng, tr su,
tr sinh vt hi.
Du trung (nhit si = 170 230C) cha phenol, naphtalen, pyriin
Du nng (nhit si = 230 270C) cha naphtalen v cc ng ng
ca n, cresol,
Du antraxen (nhit si = 270 360C) cha antraxen, phenantren.
B cn li (khong 60%) l bitum c dng ri ng, lm vt liu
xy dng.
Ngoi ra trong nha than cn amoniac, v.v
Cc sn phm t nha than u l cc sn phm ho cht c gi tr
trong cng nghip ho hc, trong c bit phi k n cc hyrocacbon
thm nh benzen, toluen, xylen, naphtalen, .v.v.

III.3.4. Ho cht t ngun CO2 d tha (t kh thi) ca qu trnh t than

Than l nhin liu r tin song gy nhiu pht thi CO2. Ngoi phng
n chn CO2 xung di t, hin nay cn c mt s phng n s dng
ngun CO2 d tha ca qu trnh t than.

- Sn xut CO2 rn, lng

CO2 d dng ho lng khi tng p sut v h nhit .
CO2 lng c th c s dng lm tc nhn lnh lm ng lnh trong
cng nghip thc phm, hoc s dng trong cng ngh in t. CO2 lng cn
c th s dng lm tc nhn dp la trong bnh cu ha. CO2 lng ha rn
ngay khi ra khi ming bnh cu ha, to thnh bt trng nh tuyt c tc
dng dp la cao. Ngoi ra, CO2 lng cn c ng dng trong vic ch to
nc ung c gas.
Khi cho bay hi nhanh CO2 lng ngi ta thng thu c CO2 rn (hay
cn gi l kh).
Do tnh cht khi bay hi thu nhit v to mi trng kh tr, kh cho nn
CO2 rn c s dng rng ri bo qun thc n trn my bay, bo qun
hoa qu, thc phm, hi sn cao cp xut khu, v.v...
22

Pht trin sn phm CO2 lng, rn nhm tn thu nguyn liu CO2 d
tha c p dng rt rng ri trong cc nh my sn xut ur. Bin php
ny lm gim thiu lng kh CO2 thi ra mi trng v l mt trong nhng
gii php kinh t hiu qu s dng ngun kh CO2 d tha.

- Sn xut CO2 siu ti hn

Bt u t im ti hn, CO2 trong trng thi siu ti hn. l mt
pha dng mt cht lng nhng vn m bo cc tnh cht tng t nh cht
kh. CO2 siu ti hn c s dng nh dung mi "xanh", c ng dng rng
ri chit cc sn phm t nhin c gi tr cao, v d: chit cafein t c ph;
kh mi nt lie; chit cc hp cht ha hc hoc sinh hc c bit, c gi tr
cao, v.v...C th:
+ Chit cafein t c ph: Cafein chim khong 1% khi lng trong ht
c ph Arabica, 2% khi lng trong Robusta. Cafein c chit bng CO2
trng thi siu ti hn (thay th dung mi metylen clorua hoc etyl axetat).
Trc tin, ht c ph c x l bng nc v hi nc n t c m
30 -40% ha tan cafein. Ht c ph trng n c tch cafein bng
cch cho dng CO2 lng tun hon 93C di p sut 200-300 bar. Tch
cafein khi CO2 lng v hi lu. Ht c ph tch cafein c sy kh. Nh
my cng nghip u tin ng dng CO2 siu ti hn chit cafein c
Hag AG Corporation xy dng c nm 1978 cng sut 50 nghn tn/nm.
+ Chit cc hp cht ha hc hoc sinh hc c bit, c gi tr cao, v d:
chit cc loi tinh du t cc hng liu t nhin.

III.3.5. nh gi vai tr ca cc qu trnh chuyn ho than

Khi nh gi cc u im ca cc qu trnh chuyn ho than thnh nng
lng, nhin liu, ho cht thng qua qu trnh kh ho, ngi ta cho rng y
l nhng qu trnh rt trin vng gip cho con ngi gii quyt s pht trin
sau k nguyn du m. Cc nh my in c th dng kh tng hp lm nhin
liu ging nh dng kh t nhin. Ngoi ra, vi nhng cht xc tc thch hp
v trong nhng iu kin thch hp, cc thnh phn ho cht c bn trong kh
tng hp s chuyn ha thnh hydrocacbon ca xng v du diesel. Do vy,
kh ho than c tim nng va gip hn ch cc nhc im ca than v lm
gim lng kh pht thi ca nh my chy than, li va gim c s ph
thuc ngy cng tng vo xng du nhp khu. Thm ch, cng ngh ny cn
c th gip kim sot c lng CO2 (mt loi kh nh knh) pht thi, v
cc nh my in dng kh tng hp, n d c thu hi hn so vi cc nh
my in thng thng.
23

IV. P DNG CC CNG NGH CHUYN HA THAN

IV.1. Sn xut nng lng t than
Qu trnh sn xut nng lng t than thng qua kh ho than c p
dng rng ri trn th gii v l mt chuyn ln, nn khng c nu t
m y.
Trung Quc c ngun than tp trung n 75% cc tnh pha Bc v
Ty Bc. Trung Quc cng thiu kh thin nhin v ang i mt vi nhu cu
ngy cng tng v sn xut in, do i t than l mt s la chn khng
trnh khi cho cc nh my amoniac tng lai nc ny. M hin nay dng
than sn xut khong 52% sn lng in v d on trong 20 nm ti s
gim xung cn khong 45%, v c thay mt phn bng kh thin nhin,
song vic quay li vi nng lng t than vn l mt kh nng trong tng
lai. Vic tng cng s dng kh thin nhin pht in s khin cho gi kh
tng, buc cng nghip nng lng trong tng lai gn phi tm cc nguyn
liu thay th v than vn l mt s la chn.
IV.2. Sn xut du t than
Trong vng hai nm qua, gi du m th gii tng khng ngng, t
nh im l trn 100 USD/thng vo u nm 2008. Mc d c lc gi
du h xung mc 60 USD/thng, nhng gi du vn l mt sc p ln vi
ngi sn xut v tiu dng. Tuy nhin v lu di, gi du cao cng c ci li
v n s kch thch s quan tm sn xut du th t nhng ngun nng lng
phi truyn thng chng hn t ct cha du hoc than .
Than v kh t cng l ngun nng lng quan trng nhng cha c
dng rng ri trong lnh vc giao thng vn ti.
Cng ngh chuyn ho du th t than (v kh t) trn c s quy trnh
F-T c trin khai c trong thp k 1920 nh nu phn trn.
Cng ty Sasol Nam Phi mt nhiu cng sc bin quy trnh ny
thnh mt cng ngh sn xut du thc t. Trong my nm gn y Sasol
c cc nc c ngun than v kh t di do, chng hn Trung Quc v
Quatar mun cng tc. Cng ty ny ang tin hnh nghin cu kh thi xy
dng nh my ho lng than tr gi 5 t USD Trung Quc, nh my ho
lng kh t u tin Quatar (thng 6/2006) v mt nh my khc
Nigieria. M v n cng quan tm n cng ngh ca Cng ty ny.
24

Mt trong nhng vn chnh ca quy trnh F-T l to ra nhiu loi

alkan khng c ch cho vic sn xut du tng hp. Thng 4/2006, mt nhm
cc nh ho hc M tm ra mt quy trnh mi tng t l nhng alkan c
ch v d on c th sn sng xy dng mt nh my pilot trong vng mt
nm ti.
Nhng cng ngh tin tin ny c th m bo nhng ngun nng lng
mi ngy cng c p dng hiu qu hn trong thc t.
IV.3. Sn xut amoniacv phn ur t than
Hin nay phn ln amoniac v ur (phn bn) c sn xut t kh thin
nhin, nhng cng c nhiu d n sn xut s dng nguyn liu than qua
qu trnh kh ho than. V l thuyt th bt k nguyn liu cha cacbon hoc
hyrocacbon no cng c th c s dng lm nguyn liu cho sn xut
amoniac v ur, min l c th oxy ha c thnh kh tng hp (syngas).
T l s dng cc nguyn liu sn xut amoniac trn th gii l:
71,1% kh thin nhin; 5,6% napta v kh ha lng; 3,7% du nhin liu;
19,0% than , than cc, kh l cc v 0,6% l nguyn liu khc. n l
nc thiu kh thin nhin, nn ch yu dng napta. Tuy nhin, chu gi
kh thin nhin v napta u tng cao, nn ngi ta dng nguyn liu khc
thay th.
Hin nay bn nc u t nhiu nht sn xut amoniac v ur t than
l Nam Phi, n , Trung Quc v M. Ngoi ra, cn mt s nc khc
c s dng than sn xut amoniac v ur nhng quy m nh hn l
Nht Bn, Bc Triu Tin, Vit Nam, Ai Cp v Nga.
Nam Phi hin ang sn xut mi nm 627 nghn tn amoniac, ch yu
da trn kh ha than. n s dng nguyn liu rn (than ) chn mc
ch ny vo nm 1960, chuyn sang nguyn liu lng (napta, FO) vo nm
1970 v kh (kh thin nhin) vo nm 1980. Lng kh cn thit sn xut
2,2 nghn tn ur/ ngy tng ng vi lng kh cho nh my in 250
MW. iu c ngha l mt nh my in 1 nghn MW trn c s kh thin
nhin s tiu th lng kh cn thit ca 4 nh my ur c trung bnh. n
d nh nhp khu kh thin nhin ha lng (LNG) gii quyt kh khn .
Nhng vic s dng ngun than di do cho sn xut amoniac v ur cng
c th gip n gii quyt vn ni trn.
25

IV.4. Sn xut cc ho cht khc t than

IV.4.1. Sn xut metanol

Hin cha tm thy s liu ring v sn lng metanol sn xut t
nguyn liu than . Nhn chung nng lc sn xut metanol ca th gii trong
nhng nm qua ch yu i t kh thin nhin v cung vt qu cu. Theo d
bo, n nm 2010 cung v cu metanol v c bn mi c cn bng. Nhn
xt trn c chng minh bng cc s liu thng k v d bo tnh hnh sn
xut v nng lc metanol th gii:

n v: triu tn
Cung ng

2004

2006

2008

2010

37362

37362

37362

37362

Tiu th

32746

33537

35300

37249

Cu / Cung (%)

87,6

89,8

94,5

99,7

Ti khu vc chu , c mt s nc nh Nht bn, Hn quc, Trung

Quc, i Loan l cc nh tiu th metanol ln trn th gii v phi nhp
khu mc d h u c cc ngun cung cp metanol n nh hoc lin doanh
sn xut tiu th vi cc nc khc.
Ti khu vc ng nam (ASEAN) c nhiu nc t cung cp c
metanol v c kh nng xut khu:

- Indonesia: Indonesia sm tr thnh nh sn xut t cung cp metanol

cho nhu cu ca mnh ng thi xut khu lng metanol sn xut d. V tr
a l ca Indonesia lm cho sn phm ca h khi xut khu trong khu vc c
li th hn ca cc nc xut khu t Trung ng, Canaa hay Nam M.

- Malaysia: Mc d c s tng nhanh nhu cu s dng metanol trong

nc nhng hng Petronas (s hu cc nh my sn xut metanol) vn cn d
xut khu. Do v tr a l nn Malaysia cng c li th nh Indonesia.

- Thi lan: Nhu cu metanol ca Thi Lan tng trng nhanh v hon
ton ph thuc vo ngun nhp khu t Trung ng. Li th ca cc nh
xut khu trong khu vc khin h c th xm nhp vo th trng Thi Lan
trong tng lai.
26

- Singapore/Philippin/Myanmar: y l cc th trng nh vi lng

tiu th metanol khng nhiu. Singapore ng vai tr ch yu l trung tm
phn phi sn phm.
c bc tranh r rng hn v tnh hnh cung cu ca cc nc thuc
khi ASEAN, i tc gn gi ca Vit Nam trong khu vc, chng ta xem
xt cc s liu thng k v d bo ca cc nc trong khi c dn ra
trong cc bng 4-9.
Ngun: Tecnon (UK), LTD, n v: Nghn tn

Bng 4: Tnh hnh sn xut metanol Indonesia

Nm
Nng lc sn xut
Sn xut
Hiu sut vn
hnh %
Formaldehyte
Axit axetic
Clorometan
Dimetyl
terephtalat
Metyl metacrylat
Dimetyl eter
MTBE
TAME
Xng/ nhin liu
Dung mi
ngdng khc
Tng cng
nh gi tng
trng/ suy gim
Nhp khu
Xut khu
Thng d/thm ht

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

2001

2004

220
218
99.1

Sn xut metanol
200
200
250
170
150
220
85.0
75.0
88.0

830
800
96.4

990
950
96.0

990
950
96.0

330
-

Tiu th metanol cho SX

350
370
400
-

414
-

460
-

509
-

40
18
388
-

44
18
412
-

48
18
436
-

53
20
473
-

55
21
490
-

64
23
547
-

75
25
609
-

170

242

286

223

72

40

182

443

341

-170

-242

-286

-253

310

403

341

27

Bng 5: Tnh hnh sn xut metanol Malaysia

Nm

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

2001

2004

Sn xut metanol
Nng lc sn xut

660

660

660

660

660

730

730

Sn xut

686

640

600

600

600

660

660

Hiu sut vn hnh

%

103,
9

97,0

90,9

90,9

90,9

90,4

90,4

Tiu th metanol cho SX

formaldehyte

112

127

142

150

150

155

170

Axit axetic

Clorometan

Dimetyl tereptalat

Metyl metacrylat

58

58

Dimetyl eter

MTBE

93

108

108

108

108

108

108

TAME

Xng/ nhin liu

Dung mi

15

17

19

20

21

22

24

ng dng khc

23

26

29

30

30

35

42

Tng cng

243

278

298

308

309

378

402

nh gi tng
trng/ suy gim

50

-18

Nhp khu

Xut khu

393

380

302

292

291

282

258

Thng d/thm ht

393

380

302

292

291

282

258

28

Bng 6: Tnh hnh sn xut metanol Myanmar

Nm

1994 1995

1996

1997

1998

2001

2004

Sn xut metanol
Nng lc sn xut

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

Sn xut

80

70

60

50

50

50

50

Hiu sut vn
hnh %

53,3

46,7

40,0

33,3

33,3

33,3

33,3

Tiu th metanol cho SX

formaldehyte

21

22

22

22

22

24

25

Axit axetic

Clorometan

Dimetyl tereptalat

Metyl metacrylat

Dimetyl eter

MTBE

TAME

Xng/ nhin liu

Dung mi

ngdng khc

Tng cng

26

27

27

27

27

29

30

nh gi tng
trng/ suy
gim

Nhp khu

Xut khu

54

43

33

23

23

21

20

Thng d/thm ht 54

43

33

23

23

21

20

29

Bng 7: Tnh hnh sn xut metanol Philippin

Nm

1994 1995

1996

1997

1998

2001

2004

Sn xut metanol
Nng lc sn xut

Sn xut

Hiu sut vn
hnh %

Tiu th metanol cho SX

formaldehyte

22

23

24

25

25

28

32

Axit axetic

Clorometan

Dimetyl tereptalat

Metyl metacrylat

Dimetyl eter

MTBE

TAME

Xng/ nhin liu

Dung mi

ngdng khc

19

20

21

22

22

25

31

Tng cng

44

48

50

52

52

58

68

nh gi tng
trng/ suy
gim

Nhp khu

44

48

50

52

52

58

68

Xut khu

-48

-50

-52

-52

-58

-68

Thng d/thm ht -44

30

Bng 8: Tnh hnh sn xut metanol Singapore

Nm

1994 1995

1996

1997

1998

2001

2004

Sn xut metanol
Nng lc sn xut

Sn xut

Hiu sut vn
hnh %

Tiu th metanol cho SX

formaldehyte

20

21

22

22

23

25

27

Axit axetic

Clorometan

Dimetyl tereptalat

Metyl metacrylat

Dimetyl eter

MTBE

16

37

49

49

49

49

49

TAME

Xng/ nhin liu

Dung mi

ngdng khc

Tng cng

41

55

78

78

80

82

85

nh gi tng
trng/ suy
gim

Nhp khu

100

120

120

125

125

125

125

Xut khu

59

65

42

47

45

43

40

-55

-78

-78

-80

-82

-85

Thng d/thm ht -41

31

Bng 9: Tnh hnh sn xut metanol Thi Lan

Nm

1995
1996
1997
Sn xut metanol
-

formaldehyte

40

Tiu th metanol cho SX

50
81
95

105

140

180

Axit axetic

Clorometan

Dimetyl tereptalat

Metyl metacrylat

Dimetyl eter

MTBE
TAME
Xng/ nhin liu
Dung mi
ng dng khc
Tng cng
nh gi tng
trng/ suy gim
Nhp khu
Xut khu
Thng d/thm ht

18
9
67
-

12
20
10
92
-

18
22
11
132
-

20
24
12
151
-

20
26
13
164
-

20
35
18
213
-

40
47
24
291
-

67
-67

92
-92

132
-132

151
-151

164
-164

213
-213

291
-291

Nng lc sn xut
Sn xut
Hiu sut vn
hnh %

1994

1998

2001

2004

IV.4.2. Sn xut CO2

Trn th gii, ngi ta sn xut CO2 t nhiu ngun kh CO2 khc nhau,
trong c ngun CO2 t cc m kh, CO2 pht ra trong cc trn ni la phun
hoc ngun kh CO2 pht ra t qu trnh chy hoc phn hy cc hp cht hu
c (thc vt, than, du m).
32

Nguyn liu sn xut CO2 thng l cc ngun kh giu CO2 (cha

khong 97% th tch CO2) v c th loi b d dng cc tp cht trong .
Hin nay khng c cc s liu sn lng CO2 sn xut ring t ngun
t than. Tng sn lng CO2 thng mi ha trn th gii c nh gi l:
M: 6 triu tn/nm, Cng ng chu u: 2 triu tn/nm (ring Php
300 nghn tn/nm). M cng l nc tiu th CO2 nhiu nht.
Cc nh sn xut CO2 lng ni ting th gii l:
- S 1 th gii: Praxair (M), t nm 1996 i thnh Liquid Carbonic
- S 2 th gii: Messer (c)
- S 3 th gii: BOC-AIRCO (M, Anh)
- S 4 th gii: Air Liquide (Php)
Bng 10 sau y cho thy mt v d v tnh hnh sn xut CO2 Php.

Bng 10: Tnh hnh sn xut CO2 Php

Nh my, cm nh my

Cng sut
(tn/ngy)

Carboxyque (Air Liquide)

300

Cm nh my ti GrandQuevilly, Grand-Puits,
Ottmarsheim v
Toulouse:

100 - 300

Chit t
Montmirail

Grand-Quevilly

2 (nh my)

Grand-Puits

2 (nh my)

Ottmarsheim

1 (nh my)

Toulouse

1 (nh my)

Cc nh my khc

Ngun nguyn liu

t

ca

vng

Thu hi t nh my sn xut
amoniac

2- 30

Qu trnh ln men trong cc nh

my thc phm (CO2 ny c
dng cho qu trnh sn xut bia)

2- 8

Thu hi t qu trnh sn xut

nc c gas. S dng bm
tr li, to gas cho nc khong

33

IV.4.3. Sn xut nha than

Do cng nghip s dng than cc pht trin nn sn lng nha than
trn th gii cng tng. M l nc sn xut nhiu nha than nht trn th
gii. Nm 1986 sn lng nha than ca M l 640,7 triu lt, nm 1987
tng ln 716,3 triu lt, nm 1992 t 700 nghn tn. Creozot c sn xut
thng mi M t nm 1917 v c chia thnh hai loi: creozot chng ct
(100% creozot) v creozot cha nha than. Sn lng creozot chng ct M
nm 1987 l 117 nghn tn, creozot cha nha than l 120 nghn tn. Nm
1987, sn lng creozot chng ct l 180 nghn tn, creozot cha nha than l
130 nghn tn. Sn lng creozot chng ct nm 1992 l 240 nghn tn,
creozot cha nha than l 110 nghn tn.
Khng c cc s liu v cc ha cht c chit xut t nha than.
V. CC PHT MINH MI TRONG LNH VC S DNG V CH BIN
THAN
V.1. Cng ngh kh ha than di lng t
Hin nay, ti mt s ni c nhng khu m than kh p dng c cng
ngh khai thc than truyn thng (l thin, hm l) do tnh kinh t- k thut
khng cho php, ngi ta ang tin hnh th nghim p dng mt cng ngh
tuy tn ti t lu, nhng rt c tim nng, l cng ngh kh ha than
di lng t (UCG).
Nhng nm mi ra i, cng ngh ny M khng c hoan nghnh.
Quy trnh UCG to ra kh t cht lng thp, c hm lng hyro cao v n
b coi l gy hi cho mi trng. Nhng ngy nay, khi cc nc c nhiu m
than ang tm cch thay th du nhp khu bng nhng ngun nng lng
trong nc, sn xut nhin liu hyro, v tm nhng phng php gim thiu
pht thi kh nh knh, th h bt u cn nhc n tim nng ca UCG.
So vi ban u, cng ngh UCG c ci tin v c th p dng
kh ha nhng va than mng, cht lng km v nm su di t. Vi
cng ngh ny, ngi ta c th lm gia tng rt nhiu ngun than khai
thc. Than c th c bin thnh kh phc v cho nhiu ng dng khc
nhau v gim c nhiu lng kh pht thi cha cc cht c hi (SO2,
NOx v thy ngn). Julio Friedmann, Gim c Chng trnh Qun l than
34

ca Livermore, cho bit UCG c th tng c ngun than hu dng M

ln ti 300-400%. Mt li ch na ca UCG, l hm lng hydro chim
ti 50% lng kh sn sinh ra trong qu trnh.
Ging nh mi qu trnh t chy than v hydrocarbon, UCG pht thi
ra CO2. May mn rng, nhng a im tim nng thc hin cng ngh
UCG li l nhng ni rt thun li ct gi CO2 vo nhng tng a cht
trong lng t. Kh tng hp sinh ra, c th c dn ln khi lng t v tch
cc ph phm. Tip , CO2 c bm tr li vo chnh bn thn va than.
Mc d tim nng p dng UCG vi t cch l mt cng ngh chuyn
ha than c bit khp ni, nhng s pht trin trong tng lai ca n ph
thuc vo mc thnh cng ca cc c s th nghim ang tin hnh.
V.2. Cng ngh Chu trnh hn hp ha kh tch hp
Hin tng nng ln ca tri t l mt thc t e da mi trng sng.
C theo pht trin kinh t hin nay th n nm 2056, s pht thi CO2 s
tng ln gp 2 ln. V vy, s pht trin nng lng trong tng lai phi da
trn nguyn tc quan trng l gim thiu pht thi CO2. Vic s dng ngun
nguyn liu than sn xut nng lng cng cn da trn nguyn tc ny.
Than l nhin liu r tin song gy nhiu pht thi CO2. Hin nay, ngi
ta ang tin n cng ngh hin i trong lnh vc s dng than lm nhin
liu: l cng ngh IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle - Chu
trnh hn hp ha kh tch hp). Trong cng ngh IGCC, kh CO2 khng thot
ra mi trung v b chn di t. Cc khu trong qu trnh IGCC bao gm:
- Than, nc v oxygen c a vo thit b cao p (gasifier), trong
than b oxyha mt phn v bin thnh kh tng hp (syngas).
- Syngas i qua hi nc: Syngas + hi nc CO2 + H2
- CO2 s b tch ra v em chn.
- H2 b t v dng chy turbin kh (gas turbine - generator).
- Kh nng cn li (d nhit) thot ra t turbin kh c un nng trong
thit b sinh hi dng chy turbin hi (steam turbine - generator).
S dng IGCC cho php cc nh my chy than gim thiu n mc ti
a pht thi CO2.
35

V.3. Sn xut nhin liu t CO2

Theo cc nh bc hc, mt cht xc tc c kh nng ph v lin kt ha
hc trong phn t CO2 s cho php chng ta s dng cacbon trong khng kh
lm nhin liu theo cch thc y ht nh thc vt ang tin hnh.
Ph v nhng lin kt n nh trong CO2 l mt trong nhng thch thc
ln nht trong ngnh ho hc tng hp, Frederic Goettmann, nh ho hc ti
Vin nghin cu cht keo v mt phn gii Max Planck (Potsdam, c), pht
biu. Nhng thc vt lm iu trong sut hng triu nm".
Thc vt s dng nng lng mt tri ph v nhng lin kt ho hc
tng i n nh gia nguyn t cacbon v oxy trong mt phn t CO2.
Trong phn ng quang hp, ban u phn t CO2 c gn vi cc nguyn
t nit, to ra mt hp cht km bn c tn cacbamate. Nhng hp cht ny
c th b ph v, cho php cacbon c s dng trong qu trnh tng hp cc
sn phm khc ca thc vt, chng hn nh ng v protein.
Trong mt n lc c coi l cnh tranh vi qu trnh quang hp t
nhin, Goettmann v cc cng s Arne Thomas, Markus Antonietti pht trin
mt cht xc tc cha nit to ra cacbamate. H s dng nhng lp
nguyn t cacbon v nit phng c sp xp thnh hnh bt gic ch to
hp cht xc tc ny. B ngoi, n trng ging nh than ch.
Nhm nghin cu un nng mt hn hp gm CO2 v benzene vi cht
xc tc nhit 150 C v p sut gp 3 ln p sut khng kh. u tin,
cht xc tc cho php CO2 to thnh hp cht cacbamate km bn, ging nh
cacbamate trong thc vt.
Cht xc tc cho php cc phn t benzene bt nguyn t oxy t phn
t CO2 trong cacbamate, to ra phenol v CO km bn. CO c th c dng
to ra nhng lin kt carbon-carbon mi, Goettmann gii thch. Chng
ti tin hnh nhng bc u tin trong vic s dng CO2 t khng kh
lm nguyn liu u vo cho qu trnh tng hp ho hc.
Cng ngh lc du trong tng lai c th gip cc nh ho hc khng
cn phi ph thuc qu nhiu vo nhin liu ho thch trong vic to ra cc
sn phm ho hc. Nhin liu lng cng c th c to ra t CO, m CO th
c th c tch ra t CO2, Goettmann khng nh. Trong i chin th gii
36

ln th hai, c dng CO ly t than sn xut nhin liu. Trong nhng

nm 80 ca th k trc Nam Phi cng lm iu tng t.
Cc nh nghin cu ang tm cch a phng php ca h ti gn hn
qu trnh tng hp ca thc vt. Phn ng ca benzene cung cp ngun nng
lng tch CO2, Goettmann ni. Nhng trong thc vt th l nh
sng. Cht xc tc mi hp th tia cc tm, v th nhm chuyn gia ang tin
hnh cc th nghim xem liu nh sng thng thng c th cung cp
ngun nng lng hay khng.
Joe Wood, k s ho hc ti i hc Birmingham (Anh), cng nghin
cu cch lm ng CO2. Ngy cng c nhiu ngi quan tm n vic s
dng CO2 lm nguyn liu u vo trong ngnh cng nghip ho cht, ng
ni.
K thut ca Vin nghin cu cht keo v mt phn gii Max Planck ch
mi c chng minh quy m nh v hiu sut ca n kh thp - ch
khong 20%, Joe cho bit. Nhng n c v rt ha hn, ng ni thm:
"Cht xc tc c th c to ra vi chi ph thp v hot ng c nhit
tng i thp.
Nhng sn phm ca k thut ny rt ph hp trong vic ch to dc
phm hoc thuc tr su.
V.4. Tnh hnh nghin cu cng ngh than sch
Hin nay nhiu nc bt u nhn thc li vai tr ca than v c
cc chng trnh nghin cu su v cc cng ngh x l v s dng than .
Trung Quc l nc c nhiu than v quan tm cc cng ngh ch
bin v s dng than . Nc ny l mt trong nhng a ch u tin p
dng cc cng ngh kh ha than ca Shell, c coi l cng ngh tin tin
nht v hiu qu nht hin nay ti mt lot nh my in v phn m.
Chnh ph M cp 2 t USD cho chng trnh nghin cu Cng
ngh than sch, m ng cho vic xy dng cc nh my lin hp sn
xut in, kh tng hp, amoniac, ur v metanol (Hnh 12).

37

Hnh 12: M t d n Kenai Blue Sky

VI. TNH HNH, TIM NNG, TRIN VNG PHT TRIN CC SN
PHM T THAN TI VIT NAM
Tng tr lng than ca Vit Nam tnh n thng 01 nm 2002 c xc
nh khong 3,8 t tn, trong :
- Than l 3,4 t tn.
- Than bn l 0,4 t tn.
- Tr lng than a vo quy hoch l 2,5 t tn.
Trong giai on t nm 2003 - 2010 Vit Nam tp trung y mnh cng
tc thm d n mc -300 m, ng thi trin khai vic tm kim, iu tra c
bn di mc -300 m b than Qung Ninh; tng bc thm d b than ng
bng Bc B phc v cho chin lc pht trin nng lng; cc vng than
khc bao gm c than bn.
Tuyn m than Qung Ninh di 150 km, t o K Bo (Vn n) n
Mo Kh (ng Triu). Than Qung Ninh hu ht thuc dng antraxit,
mt loi than dn p thnh tng, rt cng, t l cc-bon n nh 80-90%, nhit
lng cao 7.350 - 8.200 kcal/ kg.
38

Hin nay, Qung Ninh c ba trung tm khai thc than: 1/Hn Gai, Cm
Ph, 2/ Dng Huy v Ung B, 3/ Mo Kh. Sn lng than khai thc nm
2002 t trn 15 triu tn, xut khu hn 5 triu tn.
Ch tnh ring ti Qung Ninh, trong vi nm ti vi s ra i ca mt
lot c s cng nghip ln (cc nh my xi mng, nhit in, phn bn, ha
cht, gch chu la...), nhu cu v than nhin liu v than ch bin s rt ln
(d kin khong 7 triu tn/ nm) cng vi xut khu tng; nhu cu s dng
than s tng nhanh trong cc nm ti, i hi ngnh than i mi thit b,
cng ngh, phng php qun l tng nhanh sn lng p ng nhu cu th
trng v m bo v sinh mi trng. Ngnh than v ang ch ng hp
tc vi cc i tc nc ngoi trong khai thc v ch bin than.
Mt trong s cc mc tiu c th ca Chin lc pht trin ngnh Than
l: y nhanh vic nghin cu, trin khai cc d n ch bin than theo
hng a dng ha sn phm, to ra cc sn phm sch, thn thin vi mi
trng, c bit l ho lng, kh ha than nhm nng cao gi tr v gi tr s
dng ca than. Phn u sau nm 2020, lnh vc ch bin than ni chung v
ha lng, kh ho than ni ring c pht trin rng ri, thay th mt phn
xng du, kh t v chim mt t l ng k trong gi tr gia tng ca ngnh
than.
V nh hng pht trin, Chin lc c nu: y mnh nghin cu
cng ngh chin bin than, bao gm: ch bin than cm thnh than cc, ch
bin than antraxit dng cho luyn kim, ch bin ho lng than v kh ho than
nhm a dng ha sn phm, nng cao gi tr v gi tr s dng ca than v
m bo thn thin vi mi trng. Trong , cn c bit coi trng vic ch
bin ha lng, ha kh than. Phn u sau nm 2010 c mt vi d n th
nghim; sau 2015 xy dng mt s c s ch bin, ha lng v kh ha than;
sau 2020 ngnh ch bin than ni chung v ha lng than ni ring c pht
trin rng ri, thay th mt phn xng du, kh t v chim mt t l ng k
trong gi tr gia tng ca ngnh than. Trong thi gian qua, vic s dng than
trong nc ch yu l thu nng lng duy tr hot ng ca cc nh my
nhit in t than, nh my xi mng, luyn thp, sn xut natri silicat, vt liu
xy dng, thu tinh, phn ln nung chy, v.v... v dng trong dn dng.
Than lm nguyn liu chuyn ho cha ng k. Hin mi ch c mt v
c s dng than nh nguyn liu sn xut:

39

- Sn xut amoniac v ur ti Nh my Phn m Bc Giang thuc Cng

ty TNHH mt thnh vin Phn m v Ho cht H Bc ( d kin s
nng cng sut t 180 ln 480 nghn tn ur/nm. Hin nay, Tng
Cng ty Ho cht Vit Nam ang lm ch u t Nh my m t than
ti Ninh Bnh cng sut 560 nghn tn ur/nm d kin hot nm 20102011. Ngoi ra, nh my s c cc sn phm ph, sn phm trung gian
nh: 500 nghn tn amoniac/nm, cng sut 36MW in vi sn lng
in hng nm ln n 71,47 triu kWh.
- Sn xut metanol mi ang nm trn d n 10 nghn tn/nm chun
b trin khai ti Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin Phn m v Ho
cht H Bc.
- Sn xut CO2 lng v rn trn c s tn dng lng CO2 d ca dy
chuyn sn xut ti Nh my Phn m Bc Giang.
- Sn xut t n (CaC2) ti Nh my t n Trng Knh, v.v...
Hin ti Vit Nam cng ngh cng ngh ho lng than v sn xut du t
than mi ang bt u c quan tm v cha c c s no p dng cng
ngh ny trong sn xut.
Nh vy, vi tr lng than tng i ln, vic ch trng pht trin cc
cng ngh ha lng, ha kh than sn xut nhin liu tng hp, sn xut
in v ha cht s l mt hng i quan trng trong tng lai ca ha hc
than nc ta.

40

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Xu Hao, Gengquan Dong, Yong Yang, Yuanyuan Xu, Yongwang Li,
Chem. Eng. Technol. 2007, 30, N9, 1157 1165
2. Colin Baudouin, Confrence E.P.F.L AISEN, 2 novembre 2005
3. Jerald J. Fletcher and Quingyun Sun et all., Twenty-First Annual
International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, September 13-17, 2004,
Osaka, Japan
4. http://irv.moi.gov.vn/socuoithang/toancanhkhcn/2006
5. www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen
6. Th tng Chnh ph, Quyt nh s 20/2003/Q-TTg v vic ph
duyt quy hoch pht trin ngnh Than Vit Nam giai on 2003 2010 c xt trin vng n nm 2020
7. www.vinachem.com.vn

41

MC L C
Trang
I. M U

II. TNH HNH CHUYN HA, S DNG THAN TRONG LNH VC

PHT NNG LNG V HA CHT

III. CNG NGH CHUYN HO THAN

12

III.1. Cng ngh kh ho than

12

III.2. Chuyn ho than thnh nhin liu tng hp

15

III.3. Chuyn ho than thnh ho cht

16

III.3.1. Sn xut amoniac v ur t than

16

III.3.2.. Sn xut metanol t than

17

III.3.3. Nha than

21

III.3.4. Ho cht t ngun CO2 d tha (t kh thi) ca qu trnh t

than

22

III.3.5. nh gi vai tr ca cc qu trnh chuyn ho than

23

IV. P DNG CC CNG NGH CHUYN HA THAN

24

IV.1. Sn xut nng lng t than

24

IV.2. Sn xut du t than

24

IV.3. Sn xut amoniacv phn ur t than

25

IV.4. Sn xut cc ho cht khc t than

26

IV.4.1. Sn xut metanol

26

IV.4.2. Sn xut CO2

32

IV.4.3. Sn xut nha than

34

42

V. CC PHT MINH MI TRONG LNH VC S DNG V CH BIN

THAN

34

V.1. Cng ngh kh ha than di lng t

34

V.2. Cng ngh Chu trnh hn hp ha kh tch hp

35

V.3. Sn xut nhin liu t CO2

36

V.4. Tnh hnh nghin cu cng ngh than sch

37

VI.
TNH HNH, TIM NNG, TRIN
CC SN PHM T THAN TI VIT NAM

VNG

PHT

TRIN

38

TI LIU THAM KHO

41

MC LC

42

43

Thng tin phc v lnh o

_______________________

chuyn ha v s dng than

Chu trch nhim xut bn

TS Trn Kim Tin

Bn tho
TS. V Th Thu H

_________________________________________________________________________
Giy php xut bn s 302/XB-BC cp ngy 5/6/1985. Np lu chiu thng 01/2008
44

45