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CHUYEN : CU HNH ELECTRON

I. S PHN B ELECTRON LP V NGUYN T
- S phn b electron lp ngoi nh sau
V nguyn t
Chia nh
Lp electron
Chia nh
Phn lp electron
- cha Z electron
- gm 7 lp electron
- mi lp chia thnh cc phn lp s, p, d, f
k hiu n = 1, 2,,7
- lp n chia thnh n phn lp ( n 4)
- S electron ti a cc lp v phn lp
n
1
2
3
4
Lp
K hiu
K
L
M
N
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3d
4s
4p
4d
4f
Phn tn phn lp
lp s e ti a ca mi phn lp
2
2
6
2
6
10
2
6
10
14
S e ti a trong mi lp
2
8
18
32
II. NGUYN TC SP XP CC ELECTRON TRONG NGUYN T.
- trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc electron chim ln lt cc mc nng lng t thp n cao.
- Thc nghim v l thuyt xc nh th t mc nng lng nh sau
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s
Lu : Cch nh mc nng lng
* Da vo quy tc ziczac n gin ca Kletkopski

* Hoc s dng mt s cu ni vui:

ss
ps
ps
son son phn son
phn son

dps
dps
fdps
fdpf
nh phn son nh phn son fi nh phn fi nh phn son
son
-Sau in s th t lp ln lt cho s (17), p(27), d(36), f(46)
Ta c 1s2s 2p3s 3p4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p 6f
* Hoc: sn, sn, phi sn, phi sn, i phi sn, i phi sn, fi i phi sn, fi i phi sn
s s
ps
ps
dps
dps
fdps
fdpf
III. CU HNH ELECTRON NGUYN T.
1. Cu hnh electron nguyn t
Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau.
Ngi ta quy c vit cu hnh electron nguyn t nh sau:
- S th t lp electron c ghi bng ch s (1, 2, 3).
- Phn lp c ghi bng ch ci thng s, p, d, f.
- S electron trong mt phn lp c ghi bng s pha bn phi ca phn lp (s2, p6), cc phn lp khng c
electron khng ghi.
2. Cch vit cu hnh electron nguyn t.
- vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ta thng lm theo cc bc sau:
+ Bc 1: Xc nh s electron nguyn t ( chnh l Z )
+ Bc 2: Xc nh s phn b cc lp, phn lp theo mc nng lng
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s
+ Bc 3. Ln lt in electron vo cc phn lp ca thang nng lng theo nguyn tc t trong ra
ngoi, y phn lp ny mi n phn lp kia
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
+ Bc 4. sp xp cc phn lp v cc lp
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p

4s

3d

4p .

4s

3d

4p .

V d 1. Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t c Z = 8; Z = 17; Z = 20; Z = 26; Z = 24; Z = 29; Z = 30.
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V d 2. Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s electron trong phn lp s l 4. C bao nhiu cu hnh electron
ph hp vi X.
3. Lu v ngha ca cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng.
- Thng c 2 trng hp c bit l Cr ( Z = 24 ) v Cu ( Z = 29 )
Cr: 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1
Cu: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1
Khng phi l
3d44s2
3d94s1
5
10
Nguyn nhn l do cu hnh dng 3d ( bn bo ha ) v 3d ( bo ha ) rt bn vng nn Cr v Cu u tin
dng ny hn.
- thun tin ngi ta thng vit cu hnh di dng: [ kh him] + cu hnh lp ngoi cng
Vd: Fe ( Z = 26 ) 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2.
vit gn l [Ar] 3d64s2.
- Cc nguyn t c electron cui cng in vo phn lp no th thuc nguyn t phn lp
+ nguyn t s l nguyn t c e cui cng in vo phn lp s
+ nguyn t p l nguyn t c e cui cng in vo phn lp p
+ nguyn t d l nguyn t c e cui cng in vo phn lp d
+ nguyn t f l nguyn t c e cui cng in vo phn lp f
Nguyn t s, p l nguyn t nhm A; nguyn t d, f l nguyn t nhm B
- i vi nguyn t nhm A, lp electron ngoi quyt nh tnh cht ca nguyn t
+ nu enc = 1,2,3 => kim loi ( vi Z = 1, Z = 5, Z = 2 th khng phi)
+ nu enc = 5,6,7 => phi kim
+ nu enc = 8 => kh him
+ nu enc = 4 m Z < 20 => Phi kim
m Z > 20 => kim loi
V d 3: Mt s nguyn t c cu hnh e nh sau:
a. 1s22s22p1
b. 1s22s22p6
c. 1s22s22p63s23p5
d. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s2
e. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p1
Nguyn t no l kim loi? phi kim? Kh him?
IV. CU HNH ELECTRON CA ION.
Bc 1: vit cu hnh electron nguyn t.
Bc 2: thm hoc bt electron t cu hnh nguyn t t ngoi vo trong cho ph hp vi in tch ion
+ bt electron i vi cation ( ion dng )
+ thm electron i vi anion ( ion m)
V d 4. vit cu hnh electron ca ion: S2-, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Na+, Cl-.
Cho bit S ( Z = 16), Fe ( Z = 32 ), Cu ( Z = 29 ), Cr ( Z = 24 ), Na ( Z = 11), Cl ( Z = 17).

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BTVN: CU HNH ELECTRON
Ti liu ca: .. lp ( Tel:..)
im
Nhn xt

Cho nguyn t khi: H = 1; S = 32; O = 16; Cl = 35,5; N = 14; C = 12; Na = 23; K = 39; Ca = 40; Sr = 87;
Ba = 137; Mg = 24; Fe = 56; Cu = 64; Zn = 65; Mn = 55; Pb = 207; P = 31; Al = 27; Cr = 52; Cd = 112
I. C BN
Cu 1.Cation R3+ c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 2p6.
- Vit cu hnh electron ca R
- Anion X2- cng c cu hnh ging R3+. Cho bit nguyn t X l nguyn t no? Vit cu hnh electron
ca X.
- Nu tnh cht ho hc c trng ca R v X. Cho v d minh ho.
.
..

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Cu 2.Nguyn t nguyn t M c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng: 3s23p1.
a) Cu hnh electron nguyn t y ca nguyn t M l:
b) S hiu nguyn t nguyn t M bng bao nhiu?
c) Nguyn t nguyn t M c bao nhiu electron ha tr?
d) Nguyn t M thuc loi nguyn t no?
Cu 3. Nguyn t nguyn t X c cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p63s23p3.
a) Nguyn t nguyn t X c bao nhiu electron?
b) S n v in tch ht nhn nguyn t nguyn t X bng bao nhiu?
c) Lp v nguyn t nguyn t X c bao nhiu lp electron?
d) Lp ngoi cng c bao nhiu electron?
e) Lp electron no c mc nng lng cao nht?
f) Nguyn t nguyn t X thuc loi nguyn t g?
Cu 4. Vit cu hnh eletron ca cc ion Fe3+, Fe2+, S2-. Bit s th t ca S v Fe trong bng h thng tun hon
tng ng l 16 v 26.
.
..
..
Cu 5. Anion X- v Catrion Y2+ c electron lp ngoi cng l 3s23p6. Vit cu hnh electron ca X v Y
.
..
Cu 6. Cho nguyn t Cl (Z=17) v Ni (Z=28). Vit cu hnh electron ca Cl- v Ni2+.
.
..
Cu 7. Y c tng cc loi ht (p, n, e) l 115. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l
25 ht. Tm A, Z v cho bit nguyn t l kim loi, phi kim hay kh him.
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Cu 8.Cho 1,8 gam kim loi X thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II tc dng ht vi H 2O thu c 1,1 lt H2 (
290C v 770 mmHg). Gi tn X, vit cu hnh electron bit trong X s p = n.
.
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Cu 9.Nguyn t A khng phi l kh him, nguyn t c phn lp electron ngoi cng l 4p. Nguyn t ca
nguyn t B c phn lp electron lp ngoi cng l 4s.
1. Nguyn t no l kim loi ? l phi kim ?
2. Xc nh cu hnh electron ca A v B, bit tng s electron ca hai phn lp ngoi cng ca A v B bng 7.
.
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..
Cu 10. Cho cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau:
a) 1s22s1
b) 1s22s22p5
c) 1s22s22p63s23p1
d) 1s22s22p63s2
e) 1s22s22p63s23p4.
f) 1s22s22p63s1
g) 1s22s22p1
h) .3d104s2
Cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t phi kim l
Cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t kim loi l
Cu 11. a) Vit cu hnh electron ca cc ion Fe 2+, Fe3+, S2-, Ni v Ni2+ bit S 16, Fe 26 v Ni th 28
trong bng tun hon.
b) Trong cc cu hnh electron sau, hy ch ra im sai mi cu hnh. Vit li cho ng mi cu hnh trn. Mi
cu hnh ng l cu hnh ca nguyn t no. Hy vit mt phng trnh phn ng chng minh tnh cht ho
hc in hnh ca nguyn t nguyn t .
1s22s12p5
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6
1s22s22p64p64s2
c) Vit cu hnh electron ca Cu (Z=29); Cr (Z=24), v xc nh v tr cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon.
.
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.
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Cu 12. Xc nh s hiu nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau: 4s24p5, 5s25p4, 5d106s2.
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