Bai Giang DSP

BI GING MN HC
X L TN HIU S
Gio vin ging dy: L Duy Minh
C quan cng tc: B mn in t-Vin Thng
Khoa in t- Trng HKTCN TN
in thoi CQ: 02803547666
in thoi NR: 02803747193
in thoi D: 0918981323
1
0. M U
1. Thng tin v mn hc:
X l tn hiu s: Digital Signal Processing
S tn ch: 02
2. Vai tr v v tr mn hc:
L mn hc c s cc ngnh hc ca khoa in t
Cung cp kin thc v tn hiu v h thng x l tn hiu s
Cc phng php gia cng tn hiu
K thut chuyn i tn hiu
Kho st tn hiu v h thng trn cc khng gian
ng dng ca x l tn hiu s (lc s)
2
0. M U
3. Cc Mn hc tin quyt
K thut in t,
Ton chuyn ngnh
4. Ti liu tham hc tp
Sch, gio trnh chnh:
[1] X l tn hiu v lc s tp 1, 2. TS Nguyn Quc Trung,
NXB KHKT, 2006
[2] Bi ging X l tn hiu s, TS NGuyn Thanh H, Trng
i hc K thut Cng nghip
Sch tham kho:
[3] Digital Proccesing Signal, Prince Hall Press, 1996
[4] X l tn hiu , Nguyn Thng Hn , NXB KHKT
3
0. M U
5. Ni dung hc tp
CHNG 1
TN HIU V H THNG RI RC TRN MIN THI GIAN
CHNG 2
TN HIU V H THNG RI RC TRONG MIN Z
CHNG 3
TN HIU V H THNG RI RC TRONG MIN TN S LIN TC
CHNG 4
TN HIU V H THNG RI RC TRONG MIN TN S RI RC
CHNG 5
TNG HP CC B LC S C P NG XUNG CHIU DI HU HN
4
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TH V HT RI RC TRN MIN THI GIAN
1.1. Nhp mn
1.2. Tn hiu ri rc
1.3. Cc h thng tuyn tnh bt bin
1.4. Cc PT sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng
1.5. Tng quan ca cc tn hiu
CHNG 1
1.1. NHP MN
1.1.1. Cc nh ngha
1.1.2. Cc h thng x l tn hiu
1.1.3. Ly mu tn hiu tng t
1.2. TN HIU RI RC
1.2.1. Biu din tn hiu ri rc
1.2.2. Mt vi dy c bn
1.2.3. Mt s nh ngha
6
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1.3. CC H THNG TUYN TNH BT BIN
1.3.1. Cc h thng tuyn tnh
1.3.2. Cc h thng tuyn tnh bt bin
1.3.3. H thng tuyn tnh bt bin v nhn qu
1.3.4. H thng tuyn tnh bt bin n nh
1.3.5. Lng t ho tn hiu
CHNG 1
1.4. CC PT SAI PHN TUYN TNH H S HNG
1.4.1. Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh
1.4.2. Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s
hng
1.4.3. Cc h thng quy v khng quy
1.4.4. Cc phn t thc hin h thng bt
bin
1.5. TNG QUAN CA CC TN HIU
1.5.1. M u
1.5.2. Tng quan cho v t tng quan
8
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1.1. NHP MN
Gii thch cc khi nim nh: Tn hiu, Tn hiu s,
X l tn hiu, X l tn hiu s...
Cc khu c bn trong h thng x l tn hiu s
Nu mt s ng dng ca x l tn hiu s
So snh x l tng t v x l s
Cc bc c bn chuyn i tn hiu t tng t sang s
Cc bc c bn chuyn i tn hiu t s sang tng t
9
CHNG 1
1.1. NHP MN
1.1.1. Cc nh ngha
- Tn hiu (signal) dng ch mt i lng vt l mang tin tc.
-V mt ton hc, ta c th m t tn hiu nh l mt hm theo bin
thi gian, khng gian hay cc bin c lp khc
VD:
x(t ) = 20t2
s( x, y) = 3x + 5xy + y2
- X l tn hiu (signal processing): Cc cng vic hay cc php

ton c thc hin trn tn hiu nhm t mt mc ch no 10
CHNG 1
1.1. NHP MN
1.1.1. Cc nh ngha
- Phn loi tn hiu
11
CHNG 1
1.1. NHP MN
Mt h thng thc hin s bin i tn hiu u vo (kch

thch - input) thnh tn hiu u ra (p ng - output).
Ni cch khc, h thng c c trng bi mi quan h

gia tn hiu u vo v u ra.
x(t)
T
Transformer
y(t)
y(t) = T[x(t)], T l php bin i c trng cho h thng

12
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1.1. NHP MN
- H thng tng t
x(t)
y(t)
- H thng s
x(n)
y(n)
- X l s tn hiu
x(n)
x(t)
y(n)
y(t)
13
CHNG 1
1.1. NHP MN
u im ca x l s so vi x l tng t
H thng s c th lp trnh c, cu hnh li cc hot ng x l bng
cch n gin l thay i chng trnh
chnh xc
Tn hiu s d dng lu tr , c th truyn i xa v c th c x l t xa.
Thc hin cc thut ton x l tn hiu tinh vi phc tp .
Trong mt vi trng hp, x l s r hn x l tng t.
Gi thnh thp hn l do cc phn cng s r hn, hoc l do tnh mm
do trong x l s.
Hn ch v tc hot ng ca cc b chuyn i A/D v b x l s
DSP.
14
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1.1. NHP MN
- ng dng ca DSP
ng dng ca DSP ngy cng nhiu trong khoa hc v

cng ngh.
Vin thng
a phng tin
Y hc
X l nh
Tng tc ngi-my...
15
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1.1. NHP MN
- ng dng ca DSP
16
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1.1. NHP MN
- V d v x l tn hiu s
17
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1.1. NHP MN
Bin i A/D
B chuyn i A/D thc t
18
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1.1. NHP MN
Ly mu
t c gi tr ca tn hiu sau mi khong thi gian Ts giy
-Gi tr Ts c xc nh bi s thay i nhanh, chm ca tn hiu
(tn s)
-Ts c chn theo nh l ly mu ca Nyquyst
-nh l ly mu Nyquys pht biu:
f lm 1 / Ts 2 x f max
Ts
Ly mu
Tn hiu tng t
Xc nh trn ton trc thi gian
C bin bt k
Tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian

Xc nh theo chu k nTs
19
C bin bt k
CHNG 1
1.1. NHP MN
Lng t ha
20
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1.1. NHP MN
M ha
21
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1.1. NHP MN
Bin i D/A
22
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1.2. TN HIU RI RC
Biu din cc tn hiu ri rc
Gii thiu cc tn hiu ri rc c bn
Cc php ton trn tn hiu ri rc
Phn loi tn hiu ri rc
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CHNG 1
1.2. TN HIU RI RC
Tn hiu tng t x(t) c ly mu u vi chu k Ts, gi tr
ca x(t) ti mi tn=nTs l x(nTs c gi l mu th n ca x(t)
Chun ha trc thi gian theo chu k Ts
X(n) Mu th n ca tn hiu ri rc thi gian chun ha
24
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1.2. TN HIU RI RC
25
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1.2. TN HIU RI RC
26
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1.2. TN HIU RI RC
1.2.2. Mt s tn hiu c bn
a. Tn hiu xung n v
1
(n)
0
( n 0)
( n 0)
b. Dy nhy n v
1
u(n )
0
( n 0)
( n 0)
27
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1.2. TN HIU RI RC
n
r (n )
0
(0 n N 1)
(n 0 n N )
c. Dy ch nht
1
rect N (n )
0
d. Dy dc n v
( n 0)
( n 0)
rectN(n)
1
n
-1
N-1
e. Dy sin
s(n ) sin n
28
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1.2. TN HIU RI RC
f. Dy m thc
an
e( n )
0
( n 0)
aR
( n 0)
g. Dy m phc
e ( j ) n
x(n)
0
( n 0)
( n 0)
29
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1.2. TN HIU RI RC
1.2.3. Mt s nh ngha
Tn hiu tun hon (chu k N):
n: x(n) = x(n+N)
30
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1.2. TN HIU RI RC
1.2.3. Mt s nh ngha
Tn hiu i xng:
n: x(n) = x(n)
Tn hiu phn i xng:
n: x(n) = x(n)
Tn hiu chiu di hu hn: s phn t khc 0 l hu hn.
Tn hiu chiu di v hn: s phn t khc 0 l v hn
31
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1.2. TN HIU RI RC
1.2.3. Mt s nh ngha
Dy mt pha v dy hai pha
Dy x(n) l dy mt pha nu n (0 , ) hoc n (- , 0).
Dy x(n) l dy hai pha nu n (- , ).Tn hiu i xng:
x1 (n)
N 1
2 k
l dy mt pha hu hn c di N
2 k
l dy hai pha hu hn, di L = 2N + 1.
k 0
x 2 ( n)
k N
x 3 ( n)
2 k
l dy mt pha v hn
k 0
x 4 ( n)
2 k
l dy hai pha v hn.

32
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1.2. TN HIU RI RC
1.2.3. Mt s nh ngha
Dy chn v dy l
- Dy x(n) l dy chn nu x(n) = x(-n) . Dy chn c th i
xng qua trc tung, nn cn c gi l dy i xng.
- Dy x(n) l dy l nu x(n) = - x(-n) . Dy l c th phn i
xng qua gc to , nn cn c gi l dy phn i xng.
Dy thc v dy phc
- Dy x(n) thc l dy hm s thc. Hu ht cc dy biu din tn
hiu s v h x l s u l dy thc.
- Dy x(n) phc l dy hm s phc x(n) = a(n) + j.b(n)
Mi dy x(n) bt k c th thuc mt hoc nhiu nhm trong cc
33
phn loi trn
CHNG 1
1.2. TN HIU RI RC
1.2.3. Mt s nh ngha
di ca tn hiu s: khong thi gian tn ti ca tn hiu
tnh bng s mu.
Tn hiu s x(n) mt pha hu hn c di N c xc nh
vi i s n [0 , (N - 1)] , v thng c k hiu l x(n)N .
Tn hiu s x(n) hai pha c di hu hn (2N + 1) c
xc nh vi i s n [-N , N].
C th tng di ca tn hiu s hu hn x(n)N m khng
lm thay i n, bng cch thm vo x(n) cc mu c gi tr bng
0 khi n N.
34
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1.2. TN HIU RI RC
1.2.3. Mt s nh ngha
Gi tr trung bnh ca tn hiu s bng tng gi tr tt c cc
mu chia cho di ca tn hiu.
i vi tn hiu s x(n)
mt pha hu hn c di
x ( n)
N 1
x ( n)
N
n 0
N
N
1
i vi tn hiu s x(n) hai pha x(n)
x ( n)
( 2 N 1) n N
hu hn c di (2N + 1):
1
x(n) Lim
i vi tn hiu s x(n) mt pha v hn:
N N
i vi tn hiu s x(n) hai pha v hn x(n) Lim
N 1
x ( n)
n 0
N
x ( n)
(2 N 1)
n N
35
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1.2. TN HIU RI RC
1.2.3. Mt s nh ngha
Nng lng ca tn hiu s bng tng bnh phng gi tr tt
c cc mu ca tn hiu
i vi tn hiu s x(n)
mt pha hu hn c di
N
i vi tn hiu s x(n) hai pha
Ex
N 1
x ( n)
x ( n)
n 0
N
Ex
n N
i vi tn hiu s x(n) mt pha v hn:

i vi tn hiu s x(n) hai pha v hn
Ex
x ( n)
n 0
Ex
x ( n)
Dy c nng lng hu hn l dy nng lng!
36
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1.2. TN HIU RI RC
1.2.3. Mt s nh ngha
Cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu s bng gi tr trung bnh
ca nng lng tn hiu trn mt mu (bng trung bnh bnh
phng
tn hiu)
i vica
tn hiu s x(n)
Ex
1 N 1
2
2
mt pha hu hn c di
Px
x ( n)
x ( n)
n 0
N
E
1
N
2
2
x
i vi tn hiu s x(n) hai pha Px
x
(
n
)
x
( n)
(2 N 1) (2 N 1) n N
Ex
1 N 1
2
i vi tn hiu s x(n) mt pha v hn: Px Lim Lim x(n) x 2 (n)
N
N
N
n 0
Ex
1
2
i vi tn hiu s x(n)
Px Lim
Lim
x
(
n
)
N ( 2 N 1)
N ( 2 N 1) n N
hai pha v hn
Dy c cng sut hu hn l dy cng sut!
x 2 ( n)
37
CHNG 1
1.2. TN HIU RI RC
1.2.3. Mt s nh ngha
VD: Hy xc nh cc tham s c bn ca cc tn hiu s sau:
(n)
b. u(n)
a.
b.
c. rectN(n)
d. x(n) cos n vi n [-4 , 4]
0 2
E
( n) 1
u ( n) Lim
Pu
c. rect N (n)
N 1
u (n) Lim
n 0
Lim
u (n) Lim
( n)
N
N
n 0
Eu
n 0
N 1
n 0
N 1
rect
11
u ( n)
n 0
N 1
Ex
n 0
1
1
n 0
Lim
n 0
N 1
N 1
N
N
rect N (n) 1 N Px
2
n 0
Ex
N
N
N
38
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1.2. TN HIU RI RC
1.2.4. Cc php ton trn dy
Php nhn mt dy vi hng s
nh ngha : Tch ca dy x(n) vi hng s a l dy y(n) c gi tr
mi mu bng tch ca a vi cc mu tng ng ca x(n).
K hiu :
y (n) a. x(n)
39
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1.2. TN HIU RI RC
Php cng hai dy s
nh ngha : Tng ca 2 dy x1(n) vi x2(n) l dy y(n) c gi tr
mi mu bng tng ca cc mu tng ng ca x1(n) v x2(n)
K hiu : y ( n) x1 ( n) x2 ( n)
40
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1.2. TN HIU RI RC
Php nhn hai dy s
nh ngha : Tch ca 2 dy x1(n) vi x2(n) l dy y(n) c gi tr
mi mu bng tch ca cc mu tng ng ca x1(n) v x2(n)
K hiu : y (n) x1 (n).x2 ( n)
41
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1.2. TN HIU RI RC
Php dch tuyn tnh
nh ngha : Dy y(n) l dch tuyn tnh k mu ca dy x(n) nu :
y ( n) x ( n k )
- Khi k > 0 l y(n) dich tr (chm) k mu so vi x(n).
- Khi k < 0 l y(n) dch sm (nhanh) k mu so vi x(n).
Mi dy x(n) u c th biu din di dng :
x ( n)
x(k ). (n k ) x(n) * (n)
42
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1.3. CC HT TUYN TNH BT BIN NHN QU N NH
1.3.1. M t h thng
M t h x l s bng quan h vo ra
Xt mt h x l s c tc ng x(n) v phn ng y(n), m t bng hm
s ton hc F[ ] : y (n) F [... x( n) ... ]
hoc : x(n) F y (n)
F[ ] phn nh cu trc phn cng hoc thut ton phn mm ca h x l

s, v th ta c th dng hm s F[ ] m t h x l s.
y (n) F ... , bk x(n k ) , ..., a r y (n r ), ...

- Cc thnh phn ca tc ng
bk x ( n k )
vi k (- , ).
- Cc thnh phn ca phn ng b gi chm a r y (n r )vi r [1 , ).

43
CHNG 1
1.3.1. M t h thng
M t h x l s bng s khi
H x l s c th c m t bng s
khi
VD: s khi ca h x l s c quan h vo ra
y (n) F [ ] 2 x(n) 3 x(n 1)

x(n)
2x(n) + 3x(n - 1)
y(n)
44
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1.3.2. H thng tuyn tnh
H x l s tuyn tnh l h c quan h bc nht gia phn ng v
tc ng, ng thi tha mn nguyn l xp chng.

H x l s phi tuyn l h khng tha mt trong cc iu kin trn
- Quan h bc nht gia phn ng v tc ng
NU F [ x ( n)]
y ( n)
TH F [ a.x ( n)]
a.F [ x(n)] a. y (n)
- Nguyn l xp chng
NU F [ x k (n)] y k ( n) TH
k 1
k .x k
( n)
a
k 1
k .F [ x k
( n )]
a
k 1
k .yk
( n) y ( n)
45
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1.3.2. H thng tuyn tnh
p ng xung ca h x l s tuyn tnh
Mi dy x(n) uc th biu din di dng :
x(n) x(k ). ( n k ) x(n) * ( n)
k

y ( n) F [ x(n)] F
x(k ) ( n k )
T , c quan h vo ra :
k
H x l s tha mn iu kin tuyn tnh nn
y ( n)
Trong :
x(k ) . F[ (n k )] x(k ).h(n , k )

h( n , k ) F [ ( n k )]
46
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1.3.2. H thng tuyn tnh bt bin
L h c tc ng x(n) dch k mu th phn ng y(n) cng ch
dch cng chiu k mu m khng b bin i dng.
H x l s bt bin c quan h vo ra tha mn iu kin :
NU F [ x k ( n)] y k (n) TH F [ x ( n k )]
y (n k )
H x l s khng bt bin l h c quan h vo ra khng tha mn

iu kin trn
47
CHNG 1
p ng xung ca h x l s tuyn tnh bt bin
V h x l s TTBB tha mn iu kin bt bin nn
h(n , k ) F [ (n k )] h(n k )
Vi
h(n ) F [ ( n)]
c tnh xung h(n, k) ca h x l s TTBB chnh l c tnh xung

h(n) b dch tr k mu nn;
y ( n)
h(k ).x(n k ) h(n)* x(n)
48
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nh ngha tch chp tuyn tnh : Tch chp tuyn tnh gia hai dy
x1(n) v x2(n) l dy y(n) c xc nh v k hiu theo biu thc :
y ( n)
x1 (k ).x 2 (n k ) x1 (n) * x 2 (n)
Tch chp tuyn tnh thng c gi vn tt l tch chp.

VD: Tnh tch chp ca hai dy cho bi th di y
49
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1.3.3. H thng tuyn
tnh bt bin
y ( n)
x1 (k ).x 2 (n k ) x1 (n) * x 2 (n)
Thay n bi k ta c x1(k) v x2(k)
Ly i xng x2(k)
c x2(-k)
50
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Dch tri x2(-k) nu n < 0
Dch phi x2(-k) nu n > 0
51
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Nhn x1(k) vi x2(n-k)
Tnh tng cc kt qu trn c y(n)
Lp li cho mi gi tr ca n
52
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Kt qu
53
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V d
Tm y(n) ca h x l s TTBBNQ c h(n) v tc ng x(n):
h(n)
0 ,4
-1 0
x(n)
0 ,6
-1 0
0 ,8
0 ,4
2
y(n)
1 ,0 4
0 ,8 8
0 ,4
-1 0
0 ,2 4
2
54
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y ( n)
n=0:
x(k)
x(k ).h(n k )
k 0
y ( 0)
x(k ).h(k )
k 0
h(-k)
y (0) 1.0 0,6.0 0

55
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y ( n)
n=1:
x(k)
x(k ).h(n k )
k 0
y (1)
h(-k)
x(k ).h(1 k )
k 0
y (1) 1.0,4 0,6.0 0,4

56
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y ( n)
n=2:
x(k)
x(k ).h(n k )
k 0
y ( 2)
h(-k)
x(k ).h(2 k )
k 0
y ( 2) 1.0,8 0,6.0,4 1,04
57
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y ( n)
n=3:
x(k)
x(k ).h(n k )
k 0
y (3)
x(k ).h(3 k )
k 0
h(-k)
y (3) 1.0,4 0,6.0,8 0,88

58
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y ( n)
n=4:
x(k)
x(k ).h(n k )
k 0
y ( 4)
x(k ).h(4 k )
k 0
h(-k)
y (4) 1.0 0,6.0,4 0,24

59
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y ( n)
n=5:
x(k)
x(k ).h(n k )
k 0
y (5)
x(k ).h(5 k )
k 0
h(-k)
y (5) 1.0 0,6.0 0
60
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Phng php gii tch tnh tch chp :
VD: Tm phn ng y(n) ca h x l s TTBBNQ
C c tnh xung h(n) rect 2 (n) vi tc ng l : x(n) rect 3 ( n)
y ( n)
h(k ) x(n k ) rect (k ).rect (n k ) rect (n k )

y (0) rect ( k ) rect (0) rect ( 1) 1 0 1
2
k 0
k 0
y ( 2)
k 0
y (1)
k 0
1
rect
3 (1
rect
3 (2
k 0
1
k ) rect 3 (1) rect 3 (0) 1 1 2
k ) rect 3 (2) rect 3 (1) 1 1 2
k 0
y (3)
y ( 4)
rect
3 (3
k ) rect 3 (3) rect 3 (2) 0 1 1
k 10
rect
k 0
3 (4
k ) rect 3 ( 4) rect 3 (3) 0 0 0
61
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Phng php lp bng tnh tch chp :
VD: Tm phn ng y(n) ca h x l s TTBBNQ
C c tnh xung h(n)
n
1
6
0
0n6
n 0,6
Vi tc ng l : x (n) rect2 ( n) 2rect2 ( n 2)

11
7
29
23
(n 1) ( n 2) (n 3) ( n 4)
6
2
6
6
17
11
1
(n 5) ( n 6) ( n 7) (n 8)
6
6
6
y ( n ) ( n)
62
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63
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64
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Cc tnh cht ca tch chp :
Tnh giao hon :
x1 (n) * x 2 (n) x 2 (n) * x1 (n)
x (k ).x
1
2 (n
k)
x[n]
h[n]
2 ( k ).x1 ( n
k)
y[n]
h[n]
x[n]
y[n]
65
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Tnh kt hp :
x1 (n) * x 2 ( n) * x3 (n) [ x1 (n) * x 2 ( n)] * x 3 (n)

x[n]
h1[n]
h2[n]
y[n]
x[n]
h2[n]
h1[n]
y[n]
x[n]
h1[n]h2[n]
y[n]
66
CHNG 1
Tnh phn phi :
x1 (n) * x 2 (n) x3 (n) x1 (n) * x 2 (n) x1 (n) * x3 (n)

h1[n]
x[n]
y[n]
x[n]
h1[n]+ h2[n]
y[n]
h2[n]
Mi dy x(n) u bng tch chp ca n vi hm xung n v (n) :
x ( n)
x(k ). (n k ) x(n) * (n)
67
CHNG 1
1.3.4. H thng tuyn tnh bt bin nhn qu
H x l s nhn qu l h c phn ng ch ph thuc vo tc
ng cc thi im qu kh v hin ti, khng ph thuc vo tc
ng cc thi im tng lai.
H x l s nhn qu lun tha mn iu kin :
Nu : Tc ng x(n) = 0 vi mi n < k
Th :
Phn ng y(n) = 0 vi mi n < k
HOC y ( n) F b0 x ( n) , ... , bk x( n k ) , ..., a r y ( n r ),

H x l s TTBB l nhn qu nu v ch nu c tnh xung h(n)
...
ca n tho mn iu kin
h( n) 0
vi min 0
68
CHNG 1
H x l s TTBB l phn nhn qu nu v ch nu c tnh xung
h(n) ca n tho mn iu kin
h( n) 0
vi min 0
H x l s TTBB l khng nhn qu nu v ch nu c tnh xung

h(n) ca n khng tho mn iu kin nhn qu v cng khng tha
m iu kin phn nhn qu.
69
CHNG 1
nh ngha dy nhn qu : Dy x(n) l dy nhn qu nu v ch
nu x(n) xc nh khc khng khi n [0 , ) v x(n) = 0 vi n < 0.
x ( n)
x(k ). (n k )
k 0
nh ngha dy phn nhn qu : Dy x(n) l dy phn nhn qu nu

v ch nu x(n) xc nh khc 0 khi n (- , 0] v x(n) = 0 vi n > 0 .
x ( n)
x(k ). (n k )
k 0
nh ngha dy khng nhn qu : Dy x(n) l dy khng nhn qu

nu v ch nu x(n) xc nh khc khng khi n (- , ).
70
CHNG 1
1.3.5. H thng tuyn tnh bt bin nhn qu n nh
nh ngha n nh 1 : H x l s TTBBNQ l n nh nu phn
ng y(n) c thnh phn dao ng t do y0(n) 0 khi n .
nh ngha n nh 2 : H x l s TTBBNQ l n nh nu vi
tc ng x(n) c gi tr hu hn th phn ng y(n) cng c gi tr
Vi tc ng : |x(n)| Mx < vi n
hu hn.
Th phn ng : |y(n)| My < vi n
nh l n nh 1 : iu kin h x l s TTBBNQ n nh l :
lim h(n) 0
n
nh l n nh 2 : iu kin h x l s TTBBNQ n nh l :
n 0
h( n)
71
CHNG 1
1.3.5. H thng tuyn tnh bt bin nhn qu n nh
V d: Cho cc h x l s TTBBNQ c c tnh xung nh sau :
a. h(n) = an.u(n)
b. h(n) = an.rectN(n)
Hy xc nh min gi tr ca a cc h x l s trn n nh.

a. Dng nh l 1 xc nh . tnh n nh ca h, xt gii hn :
khi | a | 1
khi | a | 1
lim h(n) lim a .u (n)

n
n
n
|a| 1
b.Dng nh l 2, xc nh tnh n nh ca h, xt chui :

S
h( n)
a n .rect ( n) N
N 1
n 0
an
1 a
1 a
72
CHNG 1
1.4.1. Phng trnh sai phn (PTSP) tuyn tnh
k M v r N, dng c th tng qut ca quan h vo ra :
y ( n)
b
k 0
x(n k )
y (n r )
a
r 0
r 1
y ( n r ) bk x(n k )
k 0
Vi a0 = 1 gi l phng trnh sai phn bc N

Khi N = 0 ta c phng trnh sai phn bc khng :
y ( n)
b x(n k )
k
k 0
Khi M = 0 ta c phng trnh sai phn thun nht :

N
a y (n r ) 0
r
r 0
73
CHNG 1
1.4.1. Phng trnh sai phn(PTSP) tuyn tnh
Ph thuc vo cc h s ar v bk c cc loi PTSP :
- PTSP c mt trong cc h s ar v bk ph thuc vo x(n) hoc y(n)
l PTSP phi tuyn, chng m t h x l s nhn qu phi tuyn.
- PTSP c mt trong cc h s ar v bk ph thuc vo bin thi gian
ri rc n l PTSP khng bt bin, chng m t h x l s nhn qu
khng bt bin.
- PTSP c tt c cc h s ar v bk l hng s c gi l PTSP tuyn
tnh h s hng, chng m t h x l s TTBBNQ.
74
CHNG 1
1.4.2. Gii PTSP tuyn tnh h s hng
Phng php th
Tm phn ng y(n) ca h x l s TTBBNQ c m t bng
phng trnh sai phn y ( n) x(n) 0,5 y (n 1) 0,1 y (n 2)
Vi tc ng x( n) ( n)
Cc iu kin ban u y(-2) = y(-1) = 0. Hy cho nhn xt v phn
ng y(n) v tnh n nh ca h cho.
75
CHNG 1
Phng php th y (n) x(n) 0,5 y (n 1) 0,1 y (n 2)
y(-2) = y(-1) = 0
x ( n) ( n)
S dng phng php th ln lt tnh c cc gi tr ca y(n).
y (0) (0) 0,5 y (1) 0,1 y (2) 1 0,5.0 0,1.0 1
y (1) (1) 0,5 y (0) 0,1 y ( 1) 0 0,5.1 0,1.0 0,5
y ( 2) (2) 0,5 y (1) 0,1 y (0) 0 0,5.0,5 0,1.1 0,35
y (3) (3) 0,5 y ( 2) 0,1 y (1) 0 0,5.0,35 0,1.0,5 0,225
Tip tc tnh tng t c th lp c bng cc gi tr ca y(n) v

xy dng c th ca n.
- Tc ng vo l (n), nn y(n) chnh l c tnh xung h(n)
- h(n) 0 khi n , nn theo nh l n nh 1, h n nh.
76
CHNG 2 :BIU DIN TN HIU V H

THNG RI RC TRN MIN Z
Phng php th
Hy gii phng trnh sai phn y ( n) a. y ( n 1) x ( n)
Vi tc ng
x(n) u (n) v iu kin ban u y(-1) = 1
y (0) a. y (1) u (0) a.1 1 a 1 a 0

y (1) a. y (0) u (1) a 2 . y (1) a.u (0) u (1) a 2 a 1 a 0
y (2) a. y (1) u (2) a 3 y (1) a 2 u (0) a.u (1) u (2) a 3 a 2 a 1 a 0
y (n) a. y ( n 1) u (n) a n 1 y ( 1) a n u (0) a n 1u (1) a n 2 u (2) ... u ( n)
a n 1 a n a n 1 a n 2 ... a 0
n 1
y (n) a u (n 1)
77
CHNG 1
Phng php tng qut
Nghim tng qut ca PTSP tuyn tnh h s hng c dng :
y ( n) y 0 ( n) y p ( n)
Trong thnh phn t do y0(n) l nghim ca phng trnh sai

phn thun nht tng ng nhn c khi cho tc ng x(n) = 0.
Thnh phn cng bc yp(n) l mt nghim ring ca phng trnh
sai phn khng thun nht cho.
Cc bc gii ca phng php tm nghim tng qut nh sau :
78
CHNG 1
Phng php tng qut
Bc 1 : Tm nghim tng qut y0(n) ca PTSP thun nht.
n
Th y 0 (n) A.vo phng trnh sai phn thun nht :
y (n r ) 0
r 0
a 0 A n a1 A n 1 a 2 A n 2 ... a N A n N 0
A n N ( a 0 N a1 N 1 a 2 N 2 ... a N ) 0
Gii phng trnh c trng :
a 0 N a1 N 1 a 2 N 2 ... a N 0
N
y 0 (n) u (n).
k 1
Ak kn
79
CHNG 1
Phng php tng qut
Bc 2 : Tm mt nghim ring yp(n) ca phng trnh sai phn
Nghim ring yp(n) ca phng trnh sai phn thng c dng :
y p (n) B.x(n)
hoc
y p ( n) B.n.x(n)
Bc 3 : Xc nh nghim tng qut

Bc 4: Tm cc hng s sai phn theo cc iu kin ban u.
80
CHNG 1
Phng php tng qut
Gii phng trnh sai phn y (n) x(n) 2 y (n 1)
vi tc ng x(n) u ( n) v iu kin ban u y (1) 0
y (n) 2 y (n 1) 0
n
h y 0 ( n) A.vo phng trnh sai phn thun nht :
A n 2. A. n 1 0
A. n 1 ( 2) 0
n
2 y 0 (n) A.2 .u (n)
Bc 2 : Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh sai phn

y p (n) B.x(n) B.u (n)
Th yp(n) vo phng trnh sai phn cho nhn c :
B.u ( n) 2 B.u ( n 1) u ( n)
81
CHNG 1
Phng php tng qut
Phng trnh trn ng vi mi n 1 xc nh B chn n = 1
B.u ( 1) 2 B.u (0) u ( 1) ( B 2 B ) 1 B 1

Vy nghim cng bc l : y p (n) u (n)
Bc 3 : Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh sai phn cho l :
y ( n) y 0 (n) y p (n) A.2 n .u (n) u ( n)
Bc 4 : Xc nh hng s sai phn t iu kin ban u. Theo phng
trnh sai phn v iu kin ban u u bi xc nh c :
y (0) u (0) 2 y (1) 1 2.0 1

82
CHNG 1
Phng php tng qut
Do nghim tng qut c gi tr y(0) l :
y (0) A.2 0.u (0) u (0) 1
A 1 1 A 2
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh sai phn :
y (n) 2.2 n .u (n) u (n)

hay
y (n) [ 2 ( n 1) 1].u (n)
83
CHNG 1
Phng php tng qut
Gii phng trnh sai phn y (n) 2 y (n 1) 3 y (n 2) x(n) 2 x(n 1)
vi tc ng x(n) u ( n) v iu kin ban u y(-1) = y(-2) = 0
y (n) 2 y (n 1) 3 y (n 2) 0
n
h y 0 ( n) A.vo phng trnh sai phn thun nht :
A n 2. A. n 1 3. A. n 2 0
A. n 2 ( 2 2 3) 0
Gii phng trnh c trng ( 2 2 3) 0 nhn c cc nghim :

2 3
1 1
Nghim t do l :
y 0 (n) [ A1 A2 (3) n ].u (n)
84
CHNG 1
Phng php tng qut
Bc 2 : Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh sai phn
y p (n) B.n.x( n) B.n.u (n)
Th yp(n) vo phng trnh sai phn cho nhn c :
B.n.u ( n) 2 B.( n 1)u (n 1) 3B.( n 2)u ( n 2) u ( n) 2.u (n 1)
Phng trnh trn ng vi mi n 2 xc nh B chn n = 2
3
2 B.u ( 2) 2 B.u (1) u ( 2) 2 u ( 1) ( 2 B 2 B ) (1 2) B
3
Vy nghim cng bc l : y p (n) 4 .n.u (n)
Bc 3 : Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh sai phn cho l :

3
n
y (n) y 0 ( n) y p (n) A1 .u (n) A2 .( 3 ) .u (n) .n.u (n)
4
85
CHNG 1
Phng php tng qut
Bc 4 : Xc nh hng s sai phn t iu kin ban u. Theo phng
trnh sai phn v iu kin ban u u bi xc nh c :
y (0) 2 y (1) 3 y (2) u (0) 2u (1)
y (0) 2.0 3.0 1 2.0
y ( 0) 1
y (1) 2 y (0) 3 y (1) u (1) 2u (0)
y (1) 2.1 3.0 1 2.1
y (1) 1
Theo nghim tng qut xc nh c bc 3 c h phng trnh :
3
0
y (0) A1 .u (0) A2 .( 3 ) .u (0) 4 .0.u (0) 1
y (1) A .u (1) A .(3 )1 .u (1) 3 .1.u (1) 1

1
2
86
4
CHNG 1
Phng php tng qut
A1 A2 1

3
A1 3 A2 4 1
Gii h phng trnh trn tm c :

3
13
A2
v
A1
16
16
Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh sai phn cho l :
y ( n)
13
16
.u (n)
3
16
.(3 ) .u (n)
3
4
.n.u (n)
3
3
13
n
y
(
n
)
.(
3
)
.n .u (n)
Hay
16
16
4
87
CHNG 1
H thng s khng quy
H thng TTBB ri rc khng quy c biu din bng mt
phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh bt bin bc 0:
M
y (n) bk x(n k )
k 0
p ng xung ca h thng khng quy
bn
h( n)
0
(0 n M )
(n 0 | n M )
88
CHNG 1
H thng s khng quy
H thng TTBB ri rc khng quy c p ng xung di hu
hn nn cn gi l h thng c p ng xung di hu hn (FIR).
H thng c p ng xung di hu hn l h thng lun n
nh.
89
CHNG 1
H thng s quy
H thng TTBB ri rc quy c biu din bng mt phng
trnh sai phn tuyn tnh bt bin bc > 0 (N > 0).
N
a
r 0
y ( n r ) bk x(n k )
k 0
H thng TTBB ri rc quy c p ng xung di v hn nn

cn c gi l h thng c p ng xung di v hn (IIR).
N > 0, M = 0: h thng quy thun ty.
H thng quy s n nh nu tr tuyt i ca cc nghim c
trng nh hn 1
90
CHNG 1
1.4.4. Thc hin h thng tuyn tnh bt bin nhn qu
Cc phn t thc hin
B tr y(n) x(n 1)
B nhn hng s y(n) x(n)
D
B cng tn hiu
y(n) x1(n) x2(n)
B nhn tn hiu
y(n) x1(n) x2 (n)
91
CHNG 1
H thng khng quy
92
CHNG 1
H thng khng quy
Dng chun tc
Dng chuyn v
93
CHNG 1
H thng khng quy
Cu trc h x l s TTBBNQ khng quy s dng b nh
94
CHNG 1
H thng quy
S cu trc dng chun tc ca h IIR quy
95
CHNG 1
H thng quy
S cu trc dng chuyn v ca h IIR quy
96
CHNG 1
H thng quy
Cu trc h x l s TTBBNQ quy s dng b nh
97
CHNG 1
1.5.1. Hm tng quan
Hm tng quan rxy (m) ca dy y(n) i vi dy x(n) l dyrxy (m)
c xc nh bng biu thc:
rxy (m)
x(n). y(n m)
:
rxy (m)
x(n m). y(n)
so snh dy x(n) vi dy y(n) ta dng hm tng quan ryx (m)

ryx ( m)
y(n).x(n m)
rxy (m) ryx (m)
ryx ( m)
y(n m).x(n)
rxy (m) y (m) * x(m) x( m) * y (m)
ryx (m) x(m) * y (m) y ( m) * x(m)
98
CHNG 1
1.5.1. Hm tng quan
Xc nh hm tng quan rxy (m) ca hai dy
y (n) 1 , 2 , 3 , 1 , 2
x(n) 1 , 2 , 1 , 2
rxy ( m)
x(n). y (n m) rxy (m) 2 , 3 , 1 , 13 , 0 , 6 , 3 , 2
n 1
rxy (0)
rxy (1)
x(n). y(n 0) (1).1 2.(2) 1.3 2.1 0
n 2
1
x(n). y(n 1) (1).(2) 2.3 1.1 2.2 13
n 2
rxy (2)
x(n). y(n 2) (1).3 2.1 1.2 2.0 1
n 2
99
CHNG 1
1.5.1. Hm tng quan
y (n) 1 , 2 , 3 , 1 , 2
x(n) 1 , 2 , 1 , 2

rxy ( m)
x(n). y (n m)
rxy (3)
x(n). y(n 3) (1).1 2.2 1.0 2.0 3
n 2
rxy (4)
rxy (5)
x(n). y(n 4) (1).2 2.0 1.0 2.0 2
n 2
1
x(n). y(n 5) (1).0 2.0 1.0 2.0 0
n 2
100
CHNG 1
1.5.1. Hm tng quan
y (n) 1 , 2 , 3 , 1 , 2
x(n) 1 , 2 , 1 , 2

rxy ( m)
x(n). y (n m)
rxy (1)
x(n). y(n 1) (1).0 2.1 1.(2) 2.3 6
n 2
rxy (2)
x(n). y(n 2) (1).0 2.0 1.1 2. (2) 3
n 2
x(n). y(n 3) (1).0 2.0 1.0 2.1 2

(4) x(n). y (n 4) (1).0 2.0 1.0 2.0 0
rxy (3)
n 2
rxy
n 2
101
CHNG 1
1.5.1. Hm t tng quan
Hm t tng quan rx (m) dng xc nh quan h ti cc thi
im khc nhau ca dy x(n).
Hm t tng quan rx (m) ca dy x(n) c xc nh :
rx (m)
x(n).x(n m) x(n) * x(n)
Hm t tng quan rx (m) t gi tr cc i ti m = 0

rx (0)
x(n).x(n) E
Nng lng ca tn hiu x(n) chnh l rx (0)

102
CHNG 1
n
Xc nh hm t tng quan rx (m) ca dy x ( n) 2 rect 4 ( n)
3
rx (m) 2 n rect 4 (n).2 n m rect 4 (n m) 2 m 2 2 n rect 4 (n m)
n
3
0
rx (0) 2
rx (1) 2
2n
2 n
n 0
3
1
rx ( 2) 2
n 0
n 0
3
2
n 0
3
rect 4 (n)
2 n
2 2
0
n0
rect 4 (n 1) 2.( 2 0.1 2 2.1 2 4.1 2 6.0 )
2n
85
64
21
8
rect 4 (n 2) 2 2.( 2 0.1 2 2.1 2 4.0 2 6.0) 5
rx ( 3) 2 3 2 2 n rect 4 (n 3) 2 3.(2 0.1 2 2.0 2 4.0 2 6.0 ) 8

n 0
rxy (m) 0 vi mi m -4
103
CHNG 1
n
Xc nh hm t tng quan rx (m) ca dy x ( n) 2 rect 4 ( n)
rx (m)
rx (1) 2
n
3
1
rect 4 (n).2 n m rect 4 (n m) 2 m 2 2 n rect 4 (n m)

n 0
2n
n 0
rx (2) 2
rx (3) 2
n 0
2 n
69
128
rect 4 (n 2) 2 2.(2 0.0 2 2.0 2 4.1 2 6.1 )
5
256
rect 4 (n 3) 2 3.(2 0.0 2 2.0 2 4.0 2 6.1 )
1
512
2n
n 0
rect 4 (n 1) 2 1.( 2 0.0 2 2.1 2 4.1 2 6.1)
rxy (m) 0 vi mi m -4
104
CHNG 2: BIU DIN TN HIU V H

2.1. M U
Bin i trong x l tn hiu
Phng php ph bin trong x l tn hiu: bin i tn hiu
t khng gian t nhin ca n (min thi gian) sang khng
gian (min) khc.
V d: bin i tn hiu t min thi gian sang min tn s
x(n) = sin 2f0n m(f) = 1 nu f = f0, 0 nu f f0.
x(n) = asin 2f1n + bsin 2f2n m(f) = a nu f = f1, b nu
f = f2, 0 cn li.
105

2.1. M U
La chn bin i
Tn hiu sau khi c bin i s hi t trong mt vi vng ca
min bin i thun tin cho vic kho st cc c trng.
Phi tn ti bin i ngc c th thc hin vic chnh sa tn
hiu trong min bin i v thu li c tn hiu chnh sa
trong khng gian t nhin (min thi gian) ca tn hiu.
106

2.2. BIN I Z
2.2.1. nh ngha bin i Z hai pha v mt pha
Bin i Z hai pha
nh ngha : Bin i Z hai pha ca dy x(n) l chui ly tha
ca bin s phc z : X ( z )
x(n). z n
Min xc nh ca hm X(z) l cc gi tr ca z chui trn hi t
ZT [ x(n)] X ( z ) hay x(n) ZT X ( z )

K hiu nh sau
Dy x(n) c gi l hm gc, cn X(z) c gi l hm nh Z.
Bin i Z hai pha thng c gi vn tt l bin i Z.
107

2.2. BIN I Z
Bin i Z hai pha
Hy xc nh bin i Z hai pha ca cc dy sau :
a. (n)
b. (n k )
c. (n k )
d. x(n) { 3 , 2 , 5 , 1}
e. u (n)
f. u ( n 3)
g. u ( n 3)
h. u ( n)
a.
ZT [ (n)]
(n). z
b.
ZT [ (n k )]
xc nh vi mi z.
(n k ). z
z k
xc nh vi mi z khc 0
c.
d.
ZT [ (n k )]
X ( z)
(n k ). z
x(n).z
zk
x(n).z
n 1
xc nh vi mi z khc v cng
3.z 1 2 5.z 1 z 2
108

2.2. BIN I Z
Bin i Z hai pha
e. ZT [u (n)]
u(n).z
f. ZT [u (n 3)]
g. ZT [u (n 3)]
u (n 3).z
h.
ZT [u (n)]
u (n).z
n 3
u ( n).z
z ( m 3)
m0
m0
z
1
2
( z 1)
z ( z 1)
z
z4
3
z
( z 1)
( z 1)
z ( m 3) z 3
m 0
n 3
n
z 1
1
( z 1)
(1 z )
1
n 0
u (n 3).z
u (m).z
m 0
zm
(1 z )
z 1
109

2.2. BIN I Z
Bin i Z mt pha
nh ngha : Bin i Z mt pha ca dy x(n) l chui ly tha
ca bin s phc z : X 1 ( z )
x(n). z n
n 0
Min xc nh ca hm X (z) l cc gi tr ca z chui trn hi t

1
ZT 1
K hiu nh sau ZT [ x (n)] X ( z ) hay x(n) X 1 ( z )

Dy x(n) c gi l hm gc, cn X1(z) c gi l hm nh Z.
110

2.2. BIN I Z
Bin i Z mt pha
Hy xc nh bin i Z mt pha ca cc dy sau :
a. (n)
b. (n k )
c. (n k )
d. x(n) { 3 , 2 , 5 , 1}
e. u (n)
f. u ( n 3)
g. u ( n 3)
h. u ( n)
a.ZT 1 [ (n)] (n). z n 1 xc nh vi mi z.

n 0
b. ZT 1 [ (n k )] (n k ). z n z k xc nh vi mi z khc 0
c.
d.
ZT [ ( n k )]
1
X 1 ( z)
n 0
n 0
(n k ). z
n 0
x(n).z n
n0
0. z n 0
n 0
x( n).z n 2 5.z 1 z 2
111

2.2. BIN I Z
Bin i Z hai pha
1
e. ZT [u (n)]
u (n).z
n 0
f. ZT [u (n 3)] u (n 3).z
1
n0
g. ZT [u ( n 3)]
h. ZT 1 [u ( n)]
n 0
1 z
n 0
n 3
u (n 3).z
n 0
u ( n).z n
m 3
m0
z
n 0
z 1
z
z 1
z 1
z
1
2
z 1
z ( z 1)
0.z n 0
n 0
112

2.2. BIN I Z
So snh bin i Z mt pha v hai pha
Vi bin i Z mt pha tng theo n ch chy t 0 n
Bin i Z mt pha khng biu din c tn hiu x(n) vi min
bin s c lp m
Bin i Z mt pha v hai phi ca tn hiu nhn qu l nh
nhau
i vi tn hiu nhn qu, bin i Z mt pha l duy nht
113

Im[Z]
2.2. BIN I Z
2.2.1. nh ngha bin i Z hai pha v
mt pha
Mt phng Z
Z Re[ Z ] j.Im[ z ]
Z r.e
Re[Z]
0
Im[Z]
Re[ Z ] r.cos( )
Im[ Z ] r.sin( )
r=1
Re[Z]
114

2.2. BIN I Z
2.2.2. S tn ti ca bin i Z
Min hi t ca bin i Z
Tp hp tt c cc gi tr ca bin s phc z m ti cc chui
X(Z) hi t c gi l min hi t ca bin i Z.
Min hi t ca bin i Z c k hiu l : RC[X(z)] hoc RC
Xt trng hp x(n) l dy khng nhn qu v hn xc nh
trong khong (- , ), bin i Z hai pha ca x(n)
X ( z)
x(n).z n
tm min hi t ca chui trn cn s dng tiu chun hi t

ca Cauchy
115

2.2. BIN I Z
Tiu chun hi t Cauchy : Xt chui s v hn
Nu lim x(n)
1
n
x ( n)
n 0
l th chui hi t khi l < 1 , phn k khi l > 1.
S dng tiu chun Cauchy xc nh min hi t ta tch X(z):
X ( z)
x(n).z n
X 1 ( z)
x(n).z n
x(n).z n X 1 ( z ) X 2 ( z )
n 0
x( n).z n x(0) X 2 ( z )
x(n).z n
n 0
116

2.2. BIN I Z
Tiu chun hi t Cauchy
:
X 2 ( z)
x(n).z n
n 0
X 2 ( z ) S hi t nu tha mn iu kin :
lim x(n) . z n
n
Nu tn ti Rx-:
1
n
lim x(n)
n
R x | z 1 | 1
| z 1 | . lim | x(n) |
1
n
1
n
R x
| z | R x
117

2.2. BIN I Z
Tiu chun hi t Cauchy :
X 1 ( z)
x(n).z n
x( n).z n x(0)
Vi X1(Z) i bin t m = - n ta c : X 1 ( z ) x( m).z m x(0)

lim x(m) . z m
1
m
| z | . lim | x(m) |
Nu tn ti Rx+: lim x(m)

m
R x lim x(n)
n
1
n
1
m
1
R x
1
R x
1
m
m 0
1
1
R x
lim x( m)
1
m
|z| 1
| z | R x
118

2.2. BIN I Z
Tiu chun hi t Cauchy :
RC[ X ( z )] l giao cc min hi t ca X 1 ( z ) v X 2 ( z )
Nu Rx Rx th RC[ X ( z )] : R x | z | R x
Dy khng nhn qu
Dy nhn qu
Dy phn nhn qu
119

2.2. BIN I Z
Bi tp v d
120

2.2. BIN I Z
Bi tp v d
121

2.2. BIN I Z
Bi tp v d
122

2.2. BIN I Z
Bi tp v d
123

2.2. BIN I Z
Bi tp v d
124

2.2. BIN I Z
Bi tp v d
125

2.2. BIN I Z
Bi tp v d
126

2.2. BIN I Z
Bng tng kt min hi t ca bin i Z
127

2.2. BIN I Z
2.2.3. im cc v im khng
V bin i Z l chui ly tha ca z nn c th bin i hm X(z) v
dng phn thc hu t :
X ( z ) A.
X ( z ) A.
B( z )
D( z )
B( z )
D( z )
A.(b0 b1 z 1 b2 z 2 ... bM z M )
(1 a1 z 1 a 2 z 2 ... a N z N )
A(b0 z M b1 z M 1 ... bM 1 z bM ).z ( N M )

( z N a1 z N 1 ... a N 1 z a N )
Trong A v cc h s ar , bk l cc hng s thc.

Phng trnh B(z) = 0 c M nghim l z0k gi l im
khng ca hm X(z).
D((z) = 0 c N nghim zpr l gi l im cc ca X(z).
128

2.2. BIN I Z
Bin i Z ca cc dy nhn qu thng gp
2.2.4. Tng kt
129

2.2. BIN I Z
2.2.4. Tng kt
130

2.2. BIN I Z
2.2.4. Tng kt
131

2.2. BIN I Z
Bin i Z ca cc dy phn nhn qu thng gp
2.2.4. Tng kt
132

2.2. BIN I Z
Bin i Z ca cc dy phn nhn qu thng gp
2.2.4. Tng kt
133

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
2.3.1. nh ngha
Theo nh l Cauchy v tch phn theo chiu dng trn ng
cong khp kn C bao quanh gc ta trong mt phng phc c :
khi k 0
1
1
( k 1)
z
dz
khi k 0
j 2 C
0
T biu thc ca bin i Z

X ( z ) x ( n) z n
Nhn c hai v vi z ( m1) j 2 , ly tch phn theo chiu dng trn C

1
j 2
X ( z ) z ( m 1) dz
j 2
x ( n)z n z ( m1) dz
C n
134

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
2.3.1. nh ngha
i v tr ca du tng v du tch phn v phi
1
j 2
X ( z ) z ( m 1) dz
x ( n)
j 2
z ( n m 1) dz
Theo Cauchy tt c cc s hng ca chui v phi ca tr m

= n ta c biu thc ca php bin i Z ngc
1
x ( n)
j 2
K hiu nh sau
X ( z ) z ( n 1) dz
IZT [ X ( z )] x(n)
X ( z)
IZT
x ( n)
135

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
2.3.2. Cc phng php bin i Z ngc
Tm bin i Z ngc xc nh dy x(n) bng cch tnh trc
tip tch phn thng rt phc tp, v th ngi ta xy dng cc phng
php gin tip sau tm bin i Z ngc :
- Phng php thng d.
- Phng php khai trin X(z) thnh chui ly tha
- Phng php phn tch X(z) thnh tng cc phn thc n gin.
136

2.3. BIN I Z NGC

Phng php thng d.
Nu Q(z) c mt cc bi bc q ti z z p th c th phn tch Q(z) thnh :
Q( z )
N ( z)
(z z p )
1
1
Q
(
z
)
dz
k 1
j 2 C
j 2
N ( z)
(z z
dz Re s p
Re s p c gi l thng d ca hm Q(z) v c tnh theo biu thc :

d ( q 1) N ( z )
Re s p
z zp
(q 1)! dz ( q 1)
1
Trong trng hp ring, nu
z p l nghim n th
Re s p N ( z ) z z p N ( z p )
137

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
Phng php thng d.
tm bin i Z ngc, p dng phng php thng d cho hm
Q ( z ) q X ( z ).z ( n 1)
i
Gi s Q(z) c m cc bi bc qi th c th phn tch Q(z) thnh tng :

Q ( z ) X ( z ).z
( n 1)
N i ( z)
(z z
i 1
x ( n)
1
x ( n)
j 2
( n 1)
X ( z) z
j 2
C
X ( z) z
( n 1)
dz
1
dz
j 2
m
N i ( z)
(z z
C i 1
N i ( z)
j 2 ( z z
i 1
qi
)
pi
pi )
qi
pi
qi
dz
dz
Re s
i 1
pi
138

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
Phng php thng d.
139

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
Phng php khai trin X(z) thnh chui ly tha
V X(z) l hm gii tch ca z, nn trong min hi t ca n, c th
khai trin X(z) thnh chui ly tha ca n theo dng :
X ( z)
a n .z n
ng nht cc h s
Mt khc
x ( n) a n
X ( z)
x(n).z n
V d:
140

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
x ( n) ( a ) u ( n)
n
141

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
x(n) ( a ) ( n 1) u (n 1)
142

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
Phng php phn tch X(z) thnh phn thc ti gin
Trong a s trng hp, c th a hm X(z) v dng
M
M 1
A.(b0 z b1 z
... bM 1 z bM )
B( z )
X ( z ) A.
D( z)
( z N a1 z N 1 ... aN 1 z aN )
A l hng s v D(z) c a0 = 1 c gi l a thc c trng ca X(z).
D(z) = 0 c N nghim zpk l cc im cc ca X(z).
N > M X(z) l hm dng chnh tc.
N M th n l hm dng khng chnh tc.
M N
N ( z)
r
X ( z ) A. C ( z )
A
.
c
z
X ( z )
r
D( z )
r 0
143

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
X(z) l hm dng chnh tc.
M N
C(z) l a thc ly tha ca z : c(n) IZT [ A.C ( z )] A. c r (n r )
r 0
X ( z ) A.
B( z )
D( z )
A.(b0 z M b1 z 1 b2 z 2 ... bM ).z ( N M )
( z z p1 )( z z p 2 )....( z z pN )
Cc cc im zpk ca hm X(z) c th l cc cc n (cc c gi

tr khc nhau), hoc cc cc bi bc q (q cc c gi tr ging nhau),
hn na zpk c th l cc s thc hoc s phc.
144

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
Trng hp hm X(z) ch c cc cc n l s thc
X(z) c N cc n zpk c phn tch thnh tng ca cc phn thc
X ( z ) A.
B( z )
Bk
(z z
B1
B2
...
BN
) ( z z p1 ) ( z z p 2 )
( z z pN )
Nhn c hai v ca vi (z - zpk ) :
B1 ( z z pk ) B 2 ( z z pk )
B N ( z z pk )
X ( z )( z z pk )
... B k ...
( z z p1 )
(z z p2 )
( z z pN )
D( z )
k 1
pk
B k X ( z )( z z pk ) z z
pk
145

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
Ly bin i Z ngc hm X(z) tm c dy x(n) :
N
N
Bk
z
x(n) IZT [ X ( z )] IZT
B k .IZT z

( z z pk )
k 1 ( z z pk )
k 1
Theo tnh cht tr v vi RC[ X ( z )] :| z | max[ z pk ] nhn c
x ( n)
( n 1)
B k .z pk
.u (n 1)
k 1
146

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
( z 5)
Hy tm hm gc nhn qu ca X ( z )
( 2 z 2 8 z 6)
B0
B1
B2
X ( z)
( z 5)
( z 5)
2
z
2 z ( z 1)( z 3)
z
( z 1) ( z 3)
2 z ( z 4 z 3)
( z 5) z
B0
2
z
(
z
1
)(
z
3
)
( z 5)( z 1)
B1
2
z
(
z
1
)(
z
3
)
z0
B0
5
2( 1)(3)
5
6
6
3
(1 5)
B1
z 1
2.1.(1 3)
4
2
147

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
( z 5)( z 3)
8
2
(3 5)
B2
z 3 B2
2.3.(3 1)
12
3
2 z ( z 1)( z 3)
5 1
3
2
X ( z)
1
1
z
6 z
2 ( z 1)
3 ( z 3)
5
3
2
z
z
X ( z)
6
2 ( z 1)
3 ( z 3)
V dy x(n) l nhn qu nn
5
3
2 n
x(n) IZT [ X ( z )]
( n)
u ( n)
3 u ( n)
148
6
2
3

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
Trng hp hm X(z) c nhiu cc dng phc tp
Gi s X(z) l dng chnh tc v c r cc thc n zpk , mt cc
thc bi zpq bc q, mt cp cc phc lin hp
z pe
*
z pe
khi c th phn
tch X(z)thnh tng ca cc phn thc dng :
X ( z)
( z z pe )
E*
(z
z *pe )
Bk
(z z
k 0
pk )
Ci
(z z
i 1
i
)
pq
Thnh phn ng vi r cc thc n zpk l :
X b ( z)
Bk
(z z
k 0
pk
149

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
Thnh phn ng vi cc thc bi zpq bc q l :
X c ( z)
Ci
i
z
(
z
z
)
i 1
pq
Thnh phn ng vi cp cc phc lin hp
X e ( z)
( z z pe )
E*
( z z *pe )
Vi RC[ X b ( z )] :| z | max z pk
xb (n) IZT [ X b ( z )]
k 0
B k .z npk .u ( n)
150

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
1
d ( q i ) X ( z )
q
Ci
(
z
z
)
pq
z z pq
(q i )! dz ( q i ) z
Vi RC[ X c ( z )] :| z | | z pq |
n(n 1)....(n i 1)
( n i )
x c ( n) IZT [ X c ( z )] C i .
. z pq
.u (n)
(i 1)!
i 1
q
151

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
152

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
153

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
154

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
155

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
156

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
157

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
158

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
159

2.3. BIN I Z NGC
160

2.4. CC TNH CHT CA BIN I Z
2.4.1. Tnh cht tuyn tnh
Hm nh Z ca t hp tuyn tnh cc dy bng t hp tuyn tnh
cc hm nh Z thnh phn.
161

162

163

164

2.4.2. Tnh cht tr
165

2.4.2. Tnh cht tr
166

2.4.3. Tnh cht t l (nhn vi hm m)
167

2.4.3. Tnh cht t l (nhn vi hm m)
168

2.4.4. Tnh cht bin o
169

170

2.4.5. Tnh cht o hm
171

2.4.5. Tnh cht o hm
172

2.4.6. Tnh cht tch chp
173

174

175

2.4.7. Hm nh Z ca tch hai dy
176

2.4.7. Hm nh Z ca tch hai dy
177

2.4.8. nh l gi tr u ca dy nhn qu
178

2.4.9. Hm nh Z ca dy lin hp phc
179

2.4.10. Bin i Z ca hm tng quan rxy(m)
180

2.4.10. Bin i Z ca hm tng quan rxy(m)
181

2.4.11. Bin i Z ca hm t tng quan rx(m)
182

2.2. BIN I Z
2.4.12. Tng kt
Cc tnh cht ca bin i Z
183

2.2. BIN I Z
2.4.12. Tng kt
Cc tnh cht ca bin i Z
184

2.5. CC TNH CHT CA BIN I Z MT PHA
Bin i Z mt pha c hu ht tt c cc tnh cht ging nh bin i
Z hai pha, tr tnh cht tr
2.5.1. Tnh cht tr ca bin i Z mt pha
185

186

187

2.5.2. Tnh cht vt trc ca bin i Z mt pha
188

2.6. BIU DIN H THNG RI RC TRONG MIN Z
2.6.1. Hm h thng H(z)
189

2.6.2. Tm hm h thng H(z) t phng trnh sai phn
190

191

192

193

194

2.6.3. Tm phn ng y(n) ca h x l s qua bin i Z
195

196

197

198

199

200

201

2.6.4. Phn tch h thng trong min Z
a. S cu trc ca h x l s trong min Z
Phn t cng
202

203

204

b. Tm hm h thng H(z) theo s cu trc v s khi
205

206

207

208

209

2.6.5. Gii PTSP nh bin i Z mt pha
210

211

212

213

214

2.6.6. n nh ca h thng
iu kin n nh ca h x l s TTBBNQ theo H(z)
iu kin h x l s TTBBNQ n nh l tt c cc im
cc ca hm h thng H(z) u nm trong vng trn n v |z|= 1
iu kin h x l s TTBBNQ n nh l vng trn n v
|z|= 1 nm trong min hi t ca hm h thng H(z) .
R x | z | 1
H n nh
R x | z | 1
H khng n nh
215

Tiu chun n nh Jury
216

Tiu chun n nh Jury
Bng Jury
217

Tiu chun n nh Jury
218

Tiu chun n nh Jury
219

Tiu chun n nh Jury
220

Tiu chun n nh Jury
221

Tiu chun n nh Jury
222

Tiu chun n nh Jury
223

Tiu chun n nh Jury
224

Tiu chun n nh Jury
a0 a5
b0 b4
c0 c3
r0 r2
Vy h thng trn n nh
225

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.1. M U
Ni dung chnh chng ny bao gm:
- Bin i Fourier
- Bin i Fourier ngc
- Cc tnh cht ca bin i Fourier
- Phn tch tn s cho tn hiu ri rc (cch gi thng dng l phn
tch ph)
- Phn tch tn s cho h thng ri rc
226

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.2. BIN I FOURIER CA CC TN HIU RI RC
3.2.1. nh ngha bin i Fourier
227

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.2.1. nh ngha bin i Fourier
Tiu chun n nh Jury
228

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.2.2. S tn ti ca bin i Fourier
229

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.2.2. Cc dng biu din ca hm X(ej)
230

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
231

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
232

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
233

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
234

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
235

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.2.3. Quan h gia bin i Fourier v bin i Z
236

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.2.3. Quan h gia bin i Fourier v bin i Z
237

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.2.4. Bin i Fourier ngc
238

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
239

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
240

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
241

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
242

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.3. CC TNH CHT CA BIN I FOURIER
3.3.1. Tnh tuyn tnh
243

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.3.2. Tnh cht tr
244

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.3.2. Tnh cht tr
245

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.3.2. Tnh cht tr
246

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.3.3. Tnh cht tr ca hm tn s
247

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
248

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
249

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
250

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
251

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.3.5. Hm tn s ca tch chp hai dy
252

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
253

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
254

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.3.6. Hm tn s ca tch hai dy
255

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
256

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
257

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.3.7 . Cng thc Parseval
258

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
259

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
260

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
261

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
262

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.3.8 . o hm ca hm tn s
263

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.3.8 . o hm ca hm tn s
264

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.3.9 . Ph tn s ca hm tng quan rxy(m)
265

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
266

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
267

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.3.10 . Ph tn s ca hm t tng quan rx(m)
268

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.3.10 . Ph tn s ca hm t tng quan rx(m)
269

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.4. PH CA TN HIU S
270

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.4. PH CA TN HIU S
271

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.4. PH CA TN HIU S
272

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.4. PH CA TN HIU S
273

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.5. H THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.5.1. c tnh tn s v hm truyn t phc H(ej)
274

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
275

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
M un hm truyn t phc H(ej) c trng cho tnh cht chn

lc tn hiu theo tn s ca h x l s TTBBNQ, v th H(ej) cn
c gi l c tnh bin tn s.
Argumen ca hm truyn t phc () cho bit s dch pha ca
cc thnh phn tn s tn hiu khc nhau khi truyn qua h x l s
TTBBNQ, v th () = Arg[H(ej)] gi l c tnh pha tn s.
276

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
277

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
278

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
279

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
280

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
281

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
282

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
Khi nim v di thng v di chn : Di thng l di tn s m
h x l s cho tn hiu s i qua, di chn l di tn s m h x l
s khng cho tn hiu s i qua.
- i vi h x l s l tng : di thng 2 l vng tn s
m H(ej) = 1, cn di chn H(ej) = 0 .Tn s gii hn gia
di thng v di chn gi l tn s ct v thng c k hiu l c.
- i vi h x l s thc t : Quy c tn s gii hn ca di
thng l c , tn s gii hn ca di chn l p , gia di thng v
di chn tn ti di qu p = |p - c| p cng nh cng tt.
283

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.5.2. Tm hm truyn t phc H(ej ) theo phng trnh sai phn
284

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
285

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
286

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
287

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.5.3. Phn tch h x l s theo hm truyn t phc H(ej)
S khi, s cu trc trong min tn s ca h x l s
288

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
289

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
290

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
Xt tnh n nh ca h x l s theo H(ej)
291

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
3.5.4. Cc b lc s l tng
292

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
293

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
294

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
295

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
296

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
297

THNG RI RC TRN MIN
298

Bai Giang DSP

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Bai Giang DSP

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BI GING MN HC

- X l tn hiu (signal processing): Cc cng vic hay cc php

Mt h thng thc hin s bin i tn hiu u vo (kch

Ni cch khc, h thng c c trng bi mi quan h

y(t) = T[x(t)], T l php bin i c trng cho h thng

ng dng ca DSP ngy cng nhiu trong khoa hc v

B chuyn i A/D thc t

Tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian

l dy hai pha hu hn, di L = 2N + 1.

l dy hai pha v hn.

i vi tn hiu s x(n) mt pha v hn:

Dy c nng lng hu hn l dy nng lng!

x(k ). (n k ) x(n) * (n)

hoc : x(n) F y (n)

F[ ] phn nh cu trc phn cng hoc thut ton phn mm ca h x l

y (n) F ... , bk x(n k ) , ..., a r y (n r ), ...

- Cc thnh phn ca phn ng b gi chm a r y (n r )vi r [1 , ).

VD: s khi ca h x l s c quan h vo ra

y (n) F [ ] 2 x(n) 3 x(n 1)

tc ng, ng thi tha mn nguyn l xp chng.

a.F [ x(n)] a. y (n)

H x l s tha mn iu kin tuyn tnh nn

x(k ) . F[ (n k )] x(k ).h(n , k )

H x l s khng bt bin l h c quan h vo ra khng tha mn

c tnh xung h(n, k) ca h x l s TTBB chnh l c tnh xung

h(k ).x(n k ) h(n)* x(n)

x1 (k ).x 2 (n k ) x1 (n) * x 2 (n)

Tch chp tuyn tnh thng c gi vn tt l tch chp.

Thay n bi k ta c x1(k) v x2(k)

y (0) 1.0 0,6.0 0

y (1) 1.0,4 0,6.0 0,4

y ( 2) 1.0,8 0,6.0,4 1,04

y (3) 1.0,4 0,6.0,8 0,88

y (4) 1.0 0,6.0,4 0,24

y (5) 1.0 0,6.0 0

h(k ) x(n k ) rect (k ).rect (n k ) rect (n k )

k ) rect 3 (1) rect 3 (0) 1 1 2

k ) rect 3 (2) rect 3 (1) 1 1 2

k ) rect 3 (3) rect 3 (2) 0 1 1

k ) rect 3 ( 4) rect 3 (3) 0 0 0

C c tnh xung h(n)

Vi tc ng l : x (n) rect2 ( n) 2rect2 ( n 2)

x1 (n) * x 2 (n) x 2 (n) * x1 (n)

x1 (n) * x 2 ( n) * x3 (n) [ x1 (n) * x 2 ( n)] * x 3 (n)

x1 (n) * x 2 (n) x3 (n) x1 (n) * x 2 (n) x1 (n) * x3 (n)

Mi dy x(n) u bng tch chp ca n vi hm xung n v (n) :

x(k ). (n k ) x(n) * (n)

Phn ng y(n) = 0 vi mi n < k

HOC y ( n) F b0 x ( n) , ... , bk x( n k ) , ..., a r y ( n r ),

H x l s TTBB l khng nhn qu nu v ch nu c tnh xung

nh ngha dy phn nhn qu : Dy x(n) l dy phn nhn qu nu

nh ngha dy khng nhn qu : Dy x(n) l dy khng nhn qu

Hy xc nh min gi tr ca a cc h x l s trn n nh.

lim h(n) lim a .u (n)

b.Dng nh l 2, xc nh tnh n nh ca h, xt chui :

Vi a0 = 1 gi l phng trnh sai phn bc N

Khi M = 0 ta c phng trnh sai phn thun nht :

Tip tc tnh tng t c th lp c bng cc gi tr ca y(n) v

CHNG 2 :BIU DIN TN HIU V H

x(n) u (n) v iu kin ban u y(-1) = 1

y (0) a. y (1) u (0) a.1 1 a 1 a 0

Trong thnh phn t do y0(n) l nghim ca phng trnh sai

Bc 3 : Xc nh nghim tng qut

Bc 2 : Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh sai phn