( 5 )

CONTENTS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

104

2. ()
5.

(1)
,
. <2 - 3 8A,
>
B
A, B
AB.
A
B.
A, B
.

.
()
AB.

. , A,B

 (5)

.
<
2-39>A

<2-38> ()

B
.

() .

. A
B A B
A B
.
.

.
E V,

(a)

(b)

<2-39> ()

<2-1>

1012
109
106

1,00,000,000,000 1
1,000,000,000 10
1,000,000 100

THz()

GHz( )

M()

103

1,000 1000

kV()

102

100 100

hm( )

10

-1
10
10-2

10-3

10-6
10-9

-12
10
10-15
-18
10

10 10

da

dam( )

0.1 101

dB()

0.01 1001

cm()

mA()

0.001 10001
0.000,001 1001
0.000,000,001 101

F()

nA()
pC()

0.000,000,000,0001 11

0.000,000,000,000,001 11

0.000,000,000,000,000,001 1001

JAN 2000 105

(a)

(b)

(c)

<2-40>

,
,
+

.
1.5V
1.5V
VA-VB
VA VB

VB=0


VB
VB
VB
.

(a)
(b)
(0)
.
.
(
), ()
<2-41> ()
.

(Volt, V).
.
() . 1
< 2-40(a)>
1 , 0 0 0.
V

() ()

. 1 1/1,000V, 1 1/1,000,000V
. (b)
.
A, B A
(m) 1,000
B A~B
(), 1/10 (dm), 1/100
A B
(cm), 1/1,000 ( m m
)
. (c)
(
A, B B
)
A A~B
. , , , ,
A B

.
< 2-1>.
E
V, .
(2)
2 ,
2 .
VA

106

VA

VA

VA=1.5V

 (5)

()

(a)

(b)

<2- 42>

2 < 2-41(a)>
1.5V
VA VB
VA-VB 1 . 5 V
VA VB
.



. (b)
1 . 5
.
,

.




.

(3)

< 2-38>
A
, A B
A B

<2-43>

() . A B
()
.
< 2-39>A
B A
B . A~B

. A B

A~B
. <24 2 ( a
)>
A, B
B A
A A~B
.
JAN 2000 107


0.2A

0.1A

0.1A

<2-44> 2
2

().
< 2-42(b)> A
B
A B
.
E
. < 2-43>

(), ()
.
.

(4)
,
.

8.3A

5A

.
( C u r r e
nt)
I.

(A), 1
1.


(), (),
(), () . 1
1/1,000A, 1 1/1,000,000A, 1
1/1,000,000,000A, 1 1 , 0 0 0 , 0
00,000,000A.

. < 2-44>
1 2
. 2
1 2. <2-45>


.
6.

1A

0.3A

<2-45>

108

2A

 (5)

<2-46>

<2-47>

(1)
.

()
.


.

.


5V10V ,
.
,

.

.



.

.

.


1

.


.

(2)

. <2-46>
JAN 2000 109


AB
. ,
. , A~B
. A~B
AB

.
, ,
2
.
1 ~ 1 . 5 V

.

< 2-47>
.

.

( 2
)

.
, ,


.

,
.

(4)
(3)
< 2 - 4 8
> A, B
.

.
,

, .


, ,

. ,
< 2-2>.

A
B

<2-48>

<2-2>
(: )

100

200

300

400

5.32

10.87

16.44

22.00

4.28

9.29

14.86

20.87

4.10

8.13

12.21

16.40

0.646

1.464

110

2.359

3.399

(5) ,

. < 2-49> ,
PN

 (5)

P
N

(a)
( )

(b) PN

<2-49>

.
PN
1 0.5V

, 1
10

.
.
, ,

.

EE
.

(6) ( : )

<2-50>

<2-51>

. .

1 0

.

. < 2 - 5 0
>

.
.

, , , .
.
,
.
.
,

.

,
.

1
.
< 2 - 5 1
>

JAN 2000 111


1.31.4

1.22

0.145

0.134

0.127

0.088
0.033
0.031

0.022

0.021
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
()

1.0

1.2

1.4

<2-52> (1mm , 1m)

.
,
.

7.

(1)
,

,
. ,

, .
, (Resistance)
(Resis tivity)
R . , Ohm
()
.
( m)
. 1m 1 / 1 , 0 .
00

() ()
. 11, 000, 11 , 0 0 0 , 0.
00



112

=
S

<2-53>

(2)

0 .

< 2 - 5 2.
>

1mm, 1m
.
, ,
.

 (5)

.
60


.

.


R

S < 2 53>.

(3) ,

R =

.

.


.

(4)

<
2-54> 1, 1
1.


.

1cm

1cm

1cm

<2-54>
1

10-6

10-4

()
10-2

102
104

106

108

1010

1012

1014

1016

1018

<2-55>

JAN 2000 113

. 1

.
(a)
(b)

<2-56>

(
)

(

) . < 256>.
(2)

(3)

<2-57>

.
().

<2-55>.
10-610-3
.
106 1018 .
103
106
.

(5)
.
1
0.5%
.
114

(6)
<
2-57> . ,
3,
3 .

. 2
3
.