EE3242

KH C IN
Bi ging
2015

Ts. Nguyn Vn nh
anh.nguyenvan1@hust.edu.vn

Ts. Nguyn Bch Lin

lien.nguyenbich@hust.edu.vn

The measure of life is not its duration, but its donation

Peter Marshall

M u
Kin thc hc
Kh c in l g?
Cc nhm thit b trong kh c in?
Ni dung mn hc?

1. Kh C in
Khi nhc n h thng in, chng ta thng ngh ngay n cc my pht ra
in, h thng dy dn in truyn ti v cc my bin p trong cc trm
in. Tuy nhin, cn c mt s thit b in khc cng ng vai tr rt quan
trng trong qu trnh truyn ti in nng l cc thit b bo v, o lng,
iu khin,... Nhng thit b ny, thng c gi l kh c in trong thut
ng chuyn ngnh in, lun lun c s dng to ra tnh tin cy v an
ton trong vic vn hnh h thng in ni chung.
Kh c in (KC) l thit b in dng ng, ct, iu khin, kim tra, S khc nhau gia
khng ch cc i tng in cng nh khng in v bo v chung trong KC v thit b
in
trng hp s c.
hiu r hn, chng ta hy nhn
hnh 1 bn cnh. y l cc KC
c trong mt t in cung cp
in v iu khin h thng bm
nc trong ta nh.

p t mt

r le

H thng nt n c s dng cho

ngi vn hnh thao tc ng, ct
h thng ng c my bm, cc nt n + vn k
ng h o ch th gi tr ca
cng tc t
li in cho ngi vn hnh bit.

khi ng t

Hnh 1: Cc kh c in trong mt t in

Cng tc t v khi ng t c s dng iu khin vic ng, ct, khi

ng cc ng c. Tn hiu t cc nt n (c gi tr dng in nh) c truyn

n cc thit b ny ng hoc ct dng in ng lc (c tr s ln) vo cc

ng c bm nc. p t mt, lp t ngay u in vo, c s dng
bo v cc ng c trong trng hp s c nh l chp mch in hoc qu ti.
Cui cng l cc r le, trong trng hp ny l cc r le thi gian, cung cp
thi gian khi ng cn thit cho mch in t ng chuyn mch khi khi
ng cc ng c bm nc m khng cn c s can thip ca con ngi.
Mt v d khc v tc dng ca KC trong trm in phn phi c trnh by
nh hnh 2. KC c s dng y l p t mt (hay gi l my ct i vi
in p ln hn 1 kV). Ngoi tc dng t ng bo v thit b trong mng, p t
mt cn gip cho ngi vn hnh iu kin cung cp in cho cc loi ti
nh mong mun.
Trong v d ny, trm in c thit k cung cp in cho cc loi ti vi
cc mc u tin khc nhau. Khi h thng in n nh, ton b ti c cp
t ngun cp chnh 22kV, nhng khi ngun chnh mt in, cc ti c cp u
tin hn s c cp in qua my pht in G. Mun lm c vy, ta cn
phi c thit b l p t mt 1
22 kV
ngt ti khn cp (v d nh
Ngun chnh
(Main
supply)
h thng thang my ta nh)
= Circuit Breaker
v ti quan trng (nh h
MBA
p t mt
thng server my tnh) ra khi
my ct
G
ngun chnh. Sau , s dng
Ngun khn cp
p t mt 2 ng in t
2 (Emergency supply)
my pht in G cp in
0.4 kV 1
cho nhng ti ny.
y cn c thit b UPS,
c s dng cp in lin
tc cho nhng ti quan trng
trong thi gian ch ng in
t my pht G. Thit b ny
cng s c gii thiu trong
mn hc ny.

ti (loads)
UPS

ti khn cp
(emergency loads)

ti quan trng
(critical loads)
Hnh 2: Kh c in trong trm phn phi in

2. Phn Loi Kh C in
KC c rt nhiu chng loi vi chc nng v kch c khc nhau, c dng
rng ri trong mi lnh vc ca cuc sng. Mc d c nhiu cch phn loi
KC, tuy nhin c th k ra hai loi phn loi ph bin thng gp nh sau.
2.1 Phn loi theo cng dng
Theo cch phn loi ny, KC c phn loi theo cng dng s dng ca
thit b nh l:
Nhm KC khng ch : loi thit b ny dng ng, ct cc thit b in
khc nh l cu dao cch ly, hay p t mt. Cng tc t thng dng ng
ct hay o chiu quay ca my in cng c phn vo loi ny.

Cu dao cch ly

p t mt

Cng tc t

Hnh 3: Cc kh c in khng ch

Mc d cng l cc KC khng ch nhng cch s dng ca cc thit b khc

nhau l khc nhau. V d nh hnh 3, cu dao cch ly th ch c th ng, ct
c dng in khng ti hoc dng in rt nh. Cng tc t c s dng
ng, ct dng in lm vic t xa. p t mt c s dng t ng ct dng
in s c (dng in thng ln v rt ln), hoc l ng, ct dng in lm
vic khi cn thit.
Nhm KC bo v : loi thit b ny lm nhim v bo v cc thit b trong h
thng truyn ti in hoc cc thit b in ring l nh l ng c in khi c
s c qu ti, ngn mch, st p, etc. Cc thit b nh my ct (hay p t mt),
cu ch, hay rle, l nhng thit b thng gp cho nhm ny.
y ta thy rng, p t mt c th lm c hai chc nng l ng, ct khng

Cu ch

R le s

R le nhit

Hnh 4: Cc kh c in bo v

ch cc thit b in, ng thi n c kh nng t ng bo v cc thit b khc

khi mng in gp s c nn n thuc c hai nhm l KC khng ch v nhm
KC bo v. i vi cu ch, n c th bo v cc thit b in khi qu ti v
ngn mch ging nh p t mt nhng n khng c chc nng ng, ct v
khng ch nh p t mt.
Cui cng l r le, thit b ny rt a dng ty thuc vo chc nng bo v ca
n trong h thng. Thit b ny thng khng c kh nng ct c mch in
trc tip, m ch c kh nng pht hin s c v bo s c cho cc KC chp
hnh ct mch. Hnh 4 th hin hai v d v hai loi r le thng gp hin nay:
r le s v r le nhit. R le s, thng c thy trong cc nh my in hay
trm in truyn ti ngy ny, s dng pht hin s c trong mng in v
bo s c cho cc my ct nhm ct mch in loi b s c . R le nhit
th hay c s dng bo v cc ng c in ring l khi b qu ti.
Nhm KC iu khin t xa : lm nhim v thu nhn thng tin ca ngi
iu khin t xa, phn tch v khng ch s hot ng ca cc mch in. V d
nh cc cm thng minh, cng tc bt tt thng minh, bng iu khin thng
minh, hoc n gin l cc cng tc t cho php ng ct t xa.

cm
thng minh

Cng tc bt tt
thng minh

Bng iu khin
thng minh

Hnh 5: Cc kh c in iu khin t xa

Nhng thit b in thng minh nh hnh 5 ngy mt ph bin hn trong thit

k in ngy ny. Vic ng, ct in c thit k thng minh hn p ng
tnh tin nghi nht cho ngi s dng. cm thng minh gip ngi s dng
bt c u cng c th ng hoc ct in cho ti tiu th min ngi c
internet. Cng tc bt tt thng minh th c th s dng t ng bt n in
khi c ngi v t ng tt khi khng c ngi. Phc tp hn l cc bng
iu khin thng minh cho php ng hoc ct in nhiu knh khc nhau t
xa thng qua mng internet.
Nhm KC hn ch dng in: nhng thit b ny, nh in tr hay cun
khng hnh 6, thng c s dng hn ch dng in ngn mch,
dng in m my ca cc ng c in, hay dng in ni t trung tnh trong
my pht hoc bin p in,....

in tr cng sut?
Cun khng v my
bin p?

in tr cng sut

Cun khng

Hnh 6: Cc kh c in hn ch dng in

Nhm KC duy tr n nh cc tham s in: nhm thit b ny c s dng

duy tr mt vi thng s quan trng trong li in. V d nh duy tr in
p n nh th ta s dng thit b n p. Cc thit b cung cp ngun lin tc nh
UPS hay ATS nh hnh 7 c th c xem nh thuc loi ny.
Uninterruptible Power Supply

UPS

ATS
Hnh 7: Cc kh c in duy tr n nh cc tham s in

Nhm KC lm nhim v o lng v bo v: ngoi cc thit b nh ampe k,

vn k o dng in, in p, th ta cn thng gp cc thit b bin dng
in, v bin p o lng trong cc trm in nh trn hnh 8. Nhng thit b
ny c ch to bin dng in v in p ln v cc gi tr tiu chun
cp cho cc thit b o lng, bo v v iu khin.

My bin dng in (BI)

My bin in p (BU)

Hnh 8: Cc kh c in lm nhim v o lng v bo v

2.2 Phn loi theo cp in p

i khi cc KC c phn loi theo cp in p m chng lm vic. n
gin th ta c hai loi KC, l KC h p tc l nhng thit b lm vic vi
in p nh hn 1000V. Ngc li, KC cao p l thit b lm vic vi in p
ln hn 1000V. Trong nhiu ti liu, vic phn loi theo cp in p cn c
phn ra thnh cc cp in p nh hn nh di y:
Kh c in h p c in p di 1 kV
Kh c in trung p c in p t 1 kV n 36 kV
Kh c in cao p c in p t 36 kV n nh hn 400 kV
Kh c in siu cao p c in p t 400 kV tr ln
Lu , cp in p c s dng trong h thng in khng phi l cc gi tr
lin tc m ch l cc gi tr ri rc. Hin nay, cp in p s dng ph bin
trong h thng truyn ti v phn phi vit nam l: 0.4 kV - 22kV - 35 kV 110kV - 220 kV - 500kV. Mt s cp in p trc y nh 6 kV, 10 kV v 15
kV gn nh b loi b khi li in v hin nay cp in p 35 kV mc d
vn cn nhng cng khng cn c khuyn khch s dng na.

3 Cc Yu Cu i Vi Kh C in
Ging nh cc thit b in ni chung, KC cn m bo cc yu cu chung
nh sau:
Phi m bo s dng c lu di ng tui th thit k khi lm vic vi
cc thng s k thut ch nh mc.
Thit b in phi m bo n nh lc in ng v n nh nhit khi lm
vic ch bnh thng, v c bit khi c s c v dng in v in
p trong gii hn cho php.
Vt liu cch in chu c qu in p cho php.
Thit b in phi m bo lm vic tin cy, chnh xc an ton, gn nh,
d lp rp, d kim tra sa cha.

4 Hiu Cc Thut Ng K Thut

Trong gio trnh ny v trong cc ti liu hng dn k thut v cc thit b in,
chng ta s thng bt gp mt s thut ng nh gi tr nh mc, gi tr danh
nh hay dng in ng nh mc,....Trong qu trnh hc, nm bt v hiu bn
cht ca nhng thut ng ny l rt quan trng, gip ngi c hiu v la chn
thit b ng trong thit k v lp t in. V d nh,
Gi tr nh mc (rated values): ta thng bt gp l cc gi tr dng in nh
mc (rated current) hoc in p nh mc (rated voltage). Nhng thng s ny
thng c ghi r trn thit b cho ngi s dng bit. Thit b in c
thit k lm vic ch bnh thng i vi cc thng s ny. V ni
chung, hu ht cc thit b cng u lm vic bnh thng khi dng in hay
in p dao ng trong khong 5% hoc 10% gi tr nh mc.
Gi tr danh nh (normal values): khi nim ny th ch p dng cho in p.
in p danh nh c hiu l gi tr in p c gn (hay l dng t tn)
cho mt ng dy truyn ti no trong h thng in. V d nh cc cp
in p danh nh trong h thng in phn phi bao gm 110kV, 35kV, 22kV,
15kV, 10kV, 6kV v 0,4kV.

5 Ni Dung Mn Hc
Kh C in

Phn 1
C S L Thuyt

Phn 2
Kh c in h p

Phn 3
Kh c in cao p

Hnh 9: Ni dung mn hc kh c in

Ni dung chng trnh hc nhm cung cp cho ngi hc cc kin thc c bn

v c s l thuyt KC v gii thiu cc KC cng nh ng dng ca chng
trong cc h thng truyn ti, phn phi v iu khin in. C th mn hc
c chia lm 3 phn ln nh c th hin trn hnh v
Phn 1 c s l thuyt: trnh by nhng c s l thuyt v nhng vn lin
quan n thit k v cu to ca cc KC ni chung. Bao gm nhng vn v
nam chm in, lc in ng, pht nng do tn hao trong KC, h quang in,
tip xc in. gip cc bn sinh vin tip xc vi mn hc ln u hiu, nn
cc vn trong phn ny s c trnh by di dng n gin ha, cng vi
cc v d gii sn ngi hc d tip thu hn. Ton b cc l thuyt ny s l c
s gip cho ngi c hiu bn cht thit k v nguyn l lm vic ca cc kh
c in cp n phn sau.
Phn 2 KC h p: gii thiu cu to, nguyn l hot ng, v ng dng ca
cc KC h p, tc l cc thit b lm vic vi in p nh hn 1000V. Cc
thit b s c trnh by nh: cng tc t, p t mt, r le in, ... Ngoi vic
nm bt tng thit b ring l, ngi hc cn c yu cu c v trnh by li
cch tnh ton v la chn cc KC bo v, iu khin h thng ng c
trong mt ta nh. iu ny s gip ngi hc hiu hn v vic thit k mch
iu khin, la chn v tc dng ca cc kh c in.
Phn 3 KC cao p: ni dung th ging vi phn hai nhng p dng cho cc

KC cao p, tc l cc thit b lm vic vi in p ln hn 1000V. Cc thit b

s c trnh by nh: my ct, dao cch l, dao ngn mch, chng st,... Phn
ny s c so snh vi phn hai trong qu trnh tm hiu gip cho ngi hc
nhn ra s khc bit gia cc KC cao p v cc KC h p. V d nh, cng
lm nhim v bo v mch in nhng my ct cao p v my ct h p (p t
mt) phi c thit k khc nhau v t duy iu khin, vn hnh cng hon
ton khc nhau.

6 Ti Liu Tham Kho

Phm Vn Chi, Bi Tn Hu, Nguyn Tin Tn, Kh C in, In ln th 6,
2010, NXBKHKT
http://www.electrical-installation.org/enwiki/Main_Page
http://webdien.com/d/content.php

Thomas Alva Edison

Sinh

11 thng 2, 1847
Milan, Ohio, Hoa K

Mt

18 thng 10, 1931 (84 tui)

West Orange, New Jersey, Hoa K

Thomas Alva Edison (11 thng 2 nm 1847 18 thng 10 nm 1931) l mt nh

pht minh v thng nhn pht trin rt nhiu thit b c nh hng ln ti
cuc sng trong th k 20. ng c mt nh bo t danh hiu "Thy ph thy
Menlo Park", ng l mt trong nhng nh pht minh u tin ng dng cc
nguyn tc sn xut hng lot vo quy trnh sng to, v v th c th coi l
sng to ra phng nghin cu cng nghip u tin. Mt s pht minh c gn
cho ng tuy ng khng hon ton l ngi u tin c tng , nhng sau khi
bng sng ch u tin c thay i n tr thnh ca ng (ni ting nht l
bng n), trn thc t l cng vic ca rt nhiu ngi bn trong cng ty ca
ng. Tuy nhin, Edison c coi l mt trong nhng nh pht minh giu tng
nht trong lch s, ng gi 1.093 bng sng ch ti Hoa K di tn ng, cng
nh cc bng sng ch Anh Quc, Php, v c (tng cng 1.500 bng pht
minh trn ton th gii)
Khng hc trng, Edison t hc sch theo cch ring ca mnh. Dn dn,
vi s suy ngh, tm ti, thc hin khng ch trng l thuyt sung, tng bc
Edison chinh phc nhng g m ngi thi by gi cho l khng tng. Pht
minh u tin ca ng l mt chic my in bo ti hai c kh nng cng mt
lc pht i hai tin. t lu sau, ng ci tin thnh my ti ba, ti t ri a ti. Ti t
c bn cho Western Union vi gi 10.000 USD.
Mt thi gian sau, chn nn vi cng vic ca mt in bo vin, Edison n
New York, trung tm ti chnh bc nht lc by gi, vi hy vng s kim thm
chi ph cho cc cuc th nghim ca mnh. Ti y, ng hp tc vi vi ngi

Bn c bit?

bn thnh lp mt cng ty nh chuyn v in v in bo. Pht minh th hai

ca ng l ci tin chic my in bo a ti thnh H thng in bo nhn cc
tin tc hi oi ngn hng. Chic my u tin em v cho ng mt s tin
ln. Ton b s tin kim c lc ny, ng trt ht vo cc th nghim ca mnh
v sau.
Pht minh u tin mang li ni ting cho Edison l my quay a nm 1877.
Cng chng khng th ng c v pht minh ny v coi n l iu ma thut.
Edison bt u c gi l "Thy ph thy Menlo Park, New Jersey", ni ng
sng. Chic my quay a u tin ca ng ghi li m thanh trn cc tr bc
thic cho cht lng m thanh thp v n ph hy lun ng rnh ghi m khi
nghe li nn ch c th nghe c mt ln. Trong thp k 1880, mt model c
thit k li s dng cc tr ba giy cc tng trng sp ong c ch to bi
Alexander Graham Bell, Chichester Bell, v Charles Tainter. y l mt l do
khin Thomas Edison tip tc lm vic to ra chic "My ht hon thin" ca
ring ng.
ng cng tng pht minh ra my Kim phiu in t v xin cp bng sng
ch, nhng b t chi.
Ngun: Wikipedia
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison