Chng II: Cu To Nguyn T

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Chng II.

I.

Nguyn Minh

CU TO NGUYN T

NGUYN T V QUANG PH NGUYN T :

1. Nguyn t v cc ht c bn :
Nguyn t l ht c bn cu to nn vt cht, cng l n v nh nht c y
tnh cht ca mt cht . Chng c khi lng, kch thc rt nh b nhng c cu
to rt phc tp.
Cu to nguyn t:
Ht nhn: tch in dng (+),
chim gn trn khi lng nguyn
t, cha cc ht ch yu l proton v
neutron.
Lp v in t: tch in m
(),khi lng khng ng k, ch
cha ht electron.
* Nguyn t trung ha v in
Hnh 2.1. M hnh cu to nguyn t
- Cc ht c bn cu to nguyn t:
Khi lng

in tch

Tn

K
hiu

kg

vC(amu)

Coulomb(C)

ve

Electron

9,1095.10-31

0,000549

1,60219.10-19

Proton

1,6726.10-27

1,007276

+1,60219.10-19

+1

Neutron

1,6745.10-27

1,008665

K hiu nguyn t:
A
Z

.X : k hiu nguyn t .
.Z : nguyn t s = in tch ht nhn = s p = s e .
.A : s khi = s p + s n .

2. Quang ph nguyn t :
Quang ph ca nh sng l quang ph lin tc.

Quang ph nguyn t l quang ph vch. Mi vch ng vi mt bc

sng xc nh, c trng cho nguyn t .

Chng II: Cu To Nguyn T

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Nguyn Minh

V d: Kh Hydrogen long khi b phng in s pht ra nh sng gm nhng tia

c bc sng khc nhau (ph). Ph hydro trong vng kh kin gm 4 vch

Hnh 2.2. Ph bc x in t ca nh sng trng

Hnh 2.3. Quang ph vch ca nguyn t hydro

Sng tng ng vi cc tia bc x c c trng bi bin sng A
(Amplitude), bc sng (Wavelength), tn s (frequence).

Hnh 2.4. Cc thng s sng

* Gii thch quang ph vch ca nguyn t H :

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Hnh 2.5. Cc mc nng lng v dy quang ph nguyn t hydro

iu kin bnh thng electron mc nng lng thp nht (mc bn
nht): mc c bn.
Khi hp thu nng lng, electron s chuyn ln mc cao hn (mc kch
thch), km bn hn (ch tn ti khong 10 -10 10-8 sec), electron s
nhanh chng chuyn v mc nng lng thp hn, khi n pht ra mt
phn nng lng hp th di dng cc bc x:
E E kt E cb

hc
h

Khi e chuyn t mc n > 1 tr v mc n = 1 ta c dy Lyman (vng t

ngoi-UV), t mc n > 2 v mc n = 2 tng ng dy Balmer (nh sng
thy c-VIS), t mc n > 3 v mc n = 3 l dy Paschen (hng ngoi
IR)
Cng thc Rydberg :

1
1
1
R 2 2

n1 n2

Vi:
: s sng ng vi mt n v chiu di (1cm).
R:(hng s Rydberg) = 109678 cm-1.
Dy:(Lyman:n1=1;n2 2); (Balmer:n1=2;n2 3); (Paschen: n1=3;n2 4)

II. THUYT CU TO NGUYN T CA BOHR :

Chng II: Cu To Nguyn T

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Nguyn Minh

Hnh 2.6. M hnh hnh tinh nguyn t ca Bohr

Ba nh ca Bohr:

nh 1: Electron quay quanh nhn trn nhng qu o trn ng tm xc

nh, gi l qu o bn.

nh 2: Khi electron quay trn qu o bn khng pht ra nng lng in

t.

nh 3: Nng lng s c pht x hay hp thu khi electron chuyn t qu

o bn ny sang qu o bn khc.
E = | Ec E | = h

Hnh 2.7. S thay i trng thi ca e

III. CU TO NGUYN T THEO THUYT C HC LNG T
1.

Lun im 1:Bn cht sng v ht ca cc ht vi m (bn cht nh nguyn)

:

- C hc lng t quan nim rng cc ht vi m c c tnh cht ht v tnh cht sng.

Bn cht ht: cc ht vi m u c khi lng m, kch thc r v chuyn ng
vi mt tc v xc nh.
Bn cht sng: khi ht vi m chuyn ng s to ra mt sng, c trng bi
bc sng . Tnh cht sng c th hin qua hin tng giao thoa v nhiu
x.
- Quan h gia tnh sng v ht ca cc ht vi m c th hin qua h thc De
Broglie:

h
mv

o h - hng s Planck = 6,625.10-27erg.s

o m - khi lng tnh ca ht vi m.
o v - tc ht vi m.
- V d:

Chng II: Cu To Nguyn T

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Nguyn Minh

i vi electron: m = 9,1.10-31kg, chuyn ng vi tc v = 106cm/s s to nn

sng vi bc sng = 7,3.10-10m. C th dng mng tinh th cht rn lm
mng nhiu x pht hin sng ny:

Hnh 2.8. Th nghim nhiu x

i vi ht v m: m = 1g, chuyn ng vi tc v = 1cm/s s to nn sng
6,6.10-29m. bc sng qu b, khng pht hin c.
2.

Lun im 2: Nguyn l bt nh Heisenberg :

Bn cht sng - ht a ti h qu quan trng v s chuyn ng ca ht vi m,
th hin trong nguyn tc do Heisenberg a ra nm 1927:Ta khng th ng
thi xc nh chnh xc c v tr v tc (hay ng lng) ca ht vi m.
x.v

m 2m

*x - bt nh

v v tr.
*v - bt nh v tc .
=> i vi ht vi m xc nh

l hng s nn khi ta ca n c xc nh
m

cng chnh xc (x cng nh) th tc ca ht cng c xc nh km chnh xc (v

cng ln) v ngc li.( x0 , v ) ; ( v0 , x ).
H qu : Khi xc nh tng i chnh xc tc chuyn ng ca electron chng
ta khng th ni n ng i chnh xc ca n, m ch c th ni n xc sut c mt
ca n ch no trong khng gian. i vi c hc lng t, trng thi ca
electron trong nguyn t c kho st thng qua hai khi nim sau :
*Khi nim m my electron v orbital nguyn t(AO).
Khi chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn nguyn t, electron to ra mt vng
khng gian bao quanh ht nhn m n c th c mt bt k thi im no vi
xc sut c mt khc nhau.Vng khng gian c gi l m my
electron . Ni no electron thng xut hin th mt electron dy c hn,
nh vy mt ca m my t l thun vi xc sut c mt ca electron v
c xc nh bng i lng 2.
Theo tnh ton ca c hc lng t th m my electron l v cng, khng c
ranh gii xc nh, v electron c th tin li rt gn ht nhn, cng c th ra xa
v cng.V th tin kho st : Quy c:orbital nguyn t(AO)(:atomic
orbital) l vng khng gian cha khong 90% xc sut c mt ca electron.
Hnh dng ca AO c biu din bng b mt gii hn bi nhng im c mt

Chng II: Cu To Nguyn T

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Nguyn Minh

xc sut bng nhau ca vng khng gian , cng l ranh gii vi vng
khng gian cn li .
3. Lun im 3 : Phng trnh sng Schrdinger :
Phng trnh sng Schrdinger c bn m t s chuyn ng ca ht vi m
trong trng th nng i vi trng hp trng thi ca h khng thay i theo thi
gian (trng thi dng).
*Phng trnh sng Schrdinger c xem l phng trnh c hc lng t nn
tng dng kho st s chuyn ng ca cc ht vi m. Phng trnh c xy
dng theo cc bc:
>Chn phng trnh sng dng m t trng thi chuyn ng ca electron
trong nguyn t .
>Cn bng lc ht ht nhn-electron v lc ly tm .
Kt qu l thu c phng trnh vi phn ring phn bc hai phc tp :
2 2 2 8 2 m

E U 0
x 2
y 2
z 2
h2

Trong :
o (teta)- vi phn ring phn
o m - khi lng ht vi m
o h hng s Planck
o E nng lng ton phn ca ht vi m (tng ng nng v th nng)
o U - th nng ca ht vi, ph thuc vo to x, y, z
o (psi) - hm sng vi cc bin x, y, z m t s chuyn ng ca ht vi
m im c ta x, y, z trong h ta trc Oxyz.
*Nghim ca phng trnh : E v .
*iu kin ca : xc nh, lin tc, n tr v chun ha .
2 mt xc sut hin din ca e ti im c ta x, y, z.
2dV xc sut hin din ca e trong vng khng gian vi cp dV.
Chun ha c ngha l: nu c s tn ti electron th xc sut tm thy
electron trong ton khng gian l 100%, v phng din ton hc ngi ta biu
din :

2dV = 1

Khi gii phng trnh sng Schrdinger cho cc h nguyn t khc

nhau ngi ta thy xut hin 4 i lng khng th nguyn nhng li xc nh
trng thi ca electron trong nguyn t. l 4 s lng t.

Chng II: Cu To Nguyn T

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Nguyn Minh

Ch : Phng trnh sng Schrdinger ch gii c chnh xc cho trng hp h

nguyn t H( mt ht nhn v mt e). i vi cc h vi m phc tp hn phi gii
gn ng.
4. Bn s lng t :
a. S lng t chnh n v cc mc nng lng ca electron:

Gi tr: n = 1, 2, 3, , .

ngha : n xc nh:

+ Mc nng lng ca electron (ch ng

i vi nguyn t H v ion hydrogenoid).
+ Kch thc trung bnh ca AO.

Hnh 2.9. M hnh v nguyn t

V d: i vi H:
E

2
me4
Z2
2
18 Z
Z

2,18.10
J

13.6
eV
8 02 n 2 h 2
n2
n2

a 0n 2
1
l l 1
1 1 2
Z
2
n

*n cng tng th E v r cng ln,electron cng xa nhn

Trng thi nng lng ca electron tng ng vi mi gi tr ca n c gi l
mt mc nng lng En (trong nguyn t H , En ch ph thuc vo n )
n

Mc nng lng En

E1

E2

E3

Cc electron nm trn cng mt mc nng lng n hp thnh mt lp e.

n

Lp e

b. S lng t orbital (ph) l v hnh dng AO:

Gi tr: ng vi 1 gi tr ca n c n gi tr ca l , gm : l = 0, 1, 2, , (n-1).
ngha : l xc nh:
o

Nng lng ca AO trong nguyn t nhiu electron.Trong nguyn t

nhiu electron: cc mc nng lng b tch ra thnh nhiu phn mc nng
lng. Mi phn mc nng lng c c trng bi mt s lng t
orbital l, l cng tng, nng lng ca cc phn mc cng ln.
Hnh dng cc AO . C th nh sau :
. l = 0 : AO c dng khi cu , k hiu l s (sphere).
. l = 1 : AO c dng 2 khi cu bin dng tip xc , k hiu l p (principle) .
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Chng II: Cu To Nguyn T

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Nguyn Minh

. l = 2 : AO c dng 4 khi cu bin dng tip xc , k hiu l d

(differential).
. l = 3 : AO c dng phc tp , k hiu l f (fundamental).
. l = 4 , 5 : AO c dng cng phc tp , k hiu ln lt l g, h ,(trong
thc t ngi ta thy d nguyn t ln nht electron cng ch phn b n
f)
Cc electron c cng cp gi tr (n,l) hp thnh mt phn lp e.
. n = 1 , l = 0 : phn lp 1s.
. n = 2 , l = 0 : phn lp 2s ; l = 1 : phn lp 2p .
. n = 3 , l = 0 : phn lp 3s ; l = 1 : phn lp 3p ;l = 2 :phn lp 3d
c. S lng t t ml v cc orbital nguyn t(AO):

Gi tr: ng vi mi gi tr ca l c (2l + 1) gi tr ca ml: ml = 0, 1, 2 ,

l.

ngha : ml c trng cho s nh hng trong khng gian khc nhau ca

cc AO ng nng trong cng mt phn lp. Mi gi tr ca m l ng vi mt
cch nh hng ca mt AO.

Nh vy mt t hp 3 gi tr ca ba s lng t (n, l, ml ) xc nh mt
AO.Mt phn lp (n, l) c (2l+1) AO.
Phn s
lp
l

ml

0 -1,0,+1 -2,-1,0,+1,+2

S
AO

-3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3
7

Hnh 2.10. Hnh dng v nh hng khng gian ca cc AO s, p, d.

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Chng II: Cu To Nguyn T

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d. S lng t spin ms

Hnh 2.11. Trng thi t xoay ca electron

ngha: c trng chuyn ng ring ca electron, tc l s t quay quanh trc
ca electron. Electron tch in nn khi t xoay s pht sinh t trng, chiu
ca vect moment t theo qui tc vn nt chai.
Gi tr: ms = ng vi hai chiu quay thun v nghch vi chiu kim ng
h.( v ch c hai chiu t xoay nn ms ch c hai gi tr )
B 4 s lng t n, l, ml, ms xc nh mt electron trong nguyn t.
IV. NGUYN T NHIU ELECTRON
1.

Trng thi ca electron trong nguyn t nhiu electron- Hiu ng chn v

hiu ng xm nhp.
i vi h nguyn t a e, c hc lng t cng kho st bt u bng vic gii
phng trnh sng Schrdinger, nhng ch gii bng phng php gn ng l:
xem hm s sng nguyn t a e l tng ca cc hm sng mi e.
Kt qu l trng thi ca e trong nguyn t a e :
* Ging e trong nguyn t 1e:
-Cng c xc nh bng 4 s lng t n, l, ml, ms .
-Hnh dng, ln, phn b nh hng ca cc AO .
*Khc nhau gia nguyn t 1e v a e:

Chng II: Cu To Nguyn T

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Hnh 2-12: Gin mc nng lng ca nguyn t H v nguyn t a e.

- Nng lng e trong nguyn t a e ph thuc vo c n v l ( tc l ph

thuc vo phn lp e) cn nguyn t 1e ch ph thuc vo n (lp e).

Z
E

'2
2

.13,6(eV )

. Vi : Z= Z S

(S l hiu ng chn Slater ph thuc

vo phn lp tc vo n v l )

- Lc tng tc c 2 loi:
+ lc ht ht nhn electron.
+ lc y e e.
Tng tc y gia cc electron lm xut hin hiu ng chn v hiu ng xm nhp
Hiu ng chn: l hiu ng gy nn bi cc electron bn trong y ln cc
electron bn ngoi hnh thnh mt mn chn tng tng lm suy yu lc ht
ca ht nhn ln cc electron bn ngoi.
*c im ca hiu ng chn:
o Cc electron bn trong chn mnh i vi cc electron bn ngoi, ngc li
cc electron bn ngoi gy hiu ng chn khng ng k i vi cc
electron bn trong.
o Cc electron trn cng mt lp chn nhau yu hn so vi khc lp. Trong
cng mt phn lp chn nhau cng yu.
o Trn cng mt lp n, nu l tng th hiu ng chn gim. Hiu ng chn gim
dn theo dy s > p > d > f.
o Vi cng mt loi AO (cng l), n tng hiu ng chn gim.
o Cu hnh bo ha hoc bn bo ha c tc dng chn rt ln.
*Tm li, hiu ng chn ph thuc vo kch thc (n) v hnh dng AO (l)

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Chng II: Cu To Nguyn T

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Hiu ng xm nhp: c trng cho kh nng m xuyn ca cc electron bn

ngoi vo cc lp electron bn trong xm nhp vo gn ht nhn hn ,chu
lc ht ca ht nhn nhiu hn.
o Theo chiu tng l, hiu ng xm nhp gim dn: s > p > d > f
o n cng ln, kh nng xm nhp cng gim.
Do s xut hin hiu ng chn v hiu ng xm nhp nn trt t nng lng
ca cc phn lp trong nguyn t nhiu e c s thay i so vi h 1 electron:
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s < 5f 6d
2.

Cc quy lut phn b electron vo nguyn t nhiu e

a. Nguyn l vng bn
Trng thi bn vng nht ca electron trong nguyn t l trng thi tng ng vi
gi tr nng lng nh nht. Cc electron s sp xp vo cc phn lp c mc
nng lng t thp n cao.
b. Quy tc Klechkowski:
Trong mt nguyn t nhiu electron, trt t in cc electron vo cc phn lp
(c trng bi n v l) sao cho tng (n + l) tng dn.
Khi hai phn lp khc nhau c cng gi tr (n + l) th electron c xp vo
phn lp c n tng dn.
Phn mc:

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d

(n + l)

1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8

c. Nguyn l ngoi tr Pauli

Trong mt nguyn t khng th c hai electron c cng gi tr 4 s lng t.
H qu: gip tnh c s e ti a c mt AO, mt phn lp v mt lp e:
Nu c 2 electron c cng gi tr 3 s lng t (n,l,ml) tc l cng mt AO th
s lng t th t l ms phi khc nhau , m ms ch c 2 gi tr ms= nn mt
AO cha ti a 2e vi spin ms ngc du nhau .

d. Quy tc Hnd:

Phn lp

s p

S AO

1 3

S e ti a 2 6 10 14
Khi phn b electron
vo cc AO ng nng
trong cng mt phn lp t trng thi bn vng nht phi phn b sao cho gi tr
tuyt i ca tng spin phi cc i.(ngha l mi AO mt e trc, sau mi ghp
i e th hai vo).
+ V d: O

1s22s22p4

3. Cng thc electron nguyn t.(cu hnh electron nguyn t).

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Chng II: Cu To Nguyn T

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Nguyn Minh

Cng thc e nguyn t cho bit s phn b e vo cc phn lp theo th t mc nng

lng tng dn t tri sang phi (theo ng qui tc Klechkowski), s m trn mi phn
lp l s electron .
0
n
1

Gia tr l
1
2

1
7f

2
7p 3 7d

6f

4 co tr
nho trc cac OA
5
(n+l) thap en cao
6
7
t roi len cao
8
d%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%1s
2

2s

2p

3s

3p

3d

4s

4p

4d

4f

Th d : . Al (Z = 13) : 1s22s22p63s23p1.
6
6
. K (Z = 19) : 1s
3s23p5p
4s1. 5d
5 22s22p
5s
5f
. Co (Z = 27) : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d7.
6sbn 6p 6d
6f
*Ch :
Cu hnh 6e khng
Cu hnh e bn hn
2
4
1
ns (n-1)d

ns (n-1)d5 (bn bo ha, bn).

7
7s
7p
7d 17f
ns2 (n-1)d9

ns (n-1)d10 (bo ha, bn nht).

Th d : . Cr (Z = 24) : 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5.
. Cu (Z = 29) : 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10.
. Ag (Z = 47) : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s14d10.
*Cu hnh electron ca ion:
Trc ht cn phn bit hai loi phn lp :
- Phn lp ngoi cng: l phn lp c s lng t chnh n ln nht trong
cu hnh e nguyn t .
- Phn lp cui cng: l phn lp cha e cui cng c nng lng cao
nht ( vit theo qui tc Klechkowski).
Cu hnh e cation Mn+: tch n e ra khi phn lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t .
Cu hnh e anion Xm-: nhn m e vo phn lp cui cng ca nguyn t .
Th d: Fe(Z = 26):1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6.(3d6:ph.lp cui cng;4s2:ph.lp ngoi cng)
Fe2+(Z = 26): 1s22s22p63s23p63d6.
Fe3+(Z = 26) : 1s22s22p63s23p63d5.
S (Z = 16) : 1s22s22p63s23p4.
S2- (Z = 16) : 1s22s22p63s23p6.

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