400 Graphical Multistage Calculations by the Ponchon-Si “The specifications satisfy the degrees of freedom as follows ‘Stage pressures ‘Adiabatic stages T and P of stream Sp T and P of stream (Vy ~ Sy) Heat leak and P of divider snd solvent mixer '$tfeed rate not given) a9 now-PPawwee F Feed stage location Solventifeed ratio Sal Recovery of each component in the special separator Concerstation of A in product and bottoms 3C+2N #15 ‘The points F, Le, D, B’ (solvent-free), and B (solvent saturated) are located in Fig. 1023. The points PY and P", which He on the verticals through D and B, are found by solving for D (or B) by material balances. An overall material balance for A is 0.950 +0088 =(1000,0.85) A total overall balance is D+B = 1000 ‘Thus D=556, B = 444, and, since Sy = 4000 kg, Sy/B = 99. Now the point PY can be located and then P’, by constructing PEP’ ‘Next, step off stages starting with Vy. Slightly less than six are required withthe feed introduced as indicated in Fig. 10.23. z "The reflux ratio L/D on the top stage is P'Vs IVD =295, o References 1. Ponchon, M., Teck. Modeme, 13,20, 3. Smith, B. D., Design of Equilibrium 50920. ‘Stage’ Processes, McGraw-Hill Book 2. Savant, Ry Arts et Meters, pp. 65, oem 142, 178, 241,266, 307 (1922). Problems ‘An equimolal mixture of hexane in n-octane having an enthalpy of £4000 callemoleis (1) pumped from {to Sata, (2) passed through a heat exchange ‘and (@) flashed to. stmospheric pressure. Sixt) mole percent of the feed is Converted to vapor in the process. Using Fig. 108, determine the composition of fiquid and vapor leaving the flash drum and the total heat added in the heat exchanger. 102 103 Problems 401 O- 40h, *y itn In the Hy digram shove, what is the siifcance of the fines He —A an He~B? = He A and An eauimolal mixture of carbon tetrachloride and tolene is tobe fractionated so 2st produce an ovrhend conning 4 lef nene and a bttoms consing ‘iyo carbon tevachoride. Calcite by the Ponchon method the theo iinimam ref rt, the theoreti minim monte of sae a hear a theoretical stages when L/D =25. The thermal Condon ofthe feeds sauted guid, which sent fo the optimum sage rmthesstmeton'ny Sede athe nae fetid apr ae near fonctions of compostion, Normal Bolling Point, Average Liquid Latent Heat * Specitic Hest of Vaporization cay 164 (0225 allem °C 46.42 calem at 764°C Toltene 1104 Os00callem’C ——B5Beallgm at 110°C Equilibrium data (mote fractions CCL.) y 037 080m om eT)104 10s 106 Graphical Multistage Calculations by the Ponchon-Savarit Method A mixture of 45 mole% is vapor, is to be rectif pressure on the system Fiquid. ‘Using the data below, construct an enthalpy-concentration diggram based on an enthalpy datum of liguid at 68°F and determine the minimum number of stages required to make the separation. Also, calculate the condenser duty Joutane in n-pentane, at conditions such that 40 mote% into a distillate containing only 2 mole% n-pentane. The ibe 308 kPa (2.04 atm absolute). The reflux is saturated Eaquilibrium constants for isobutane and n-pentane. M8 kPa (3.04 atm abs, 1.F Key Kee 160 os 17 0 om 26 160 00 oN 150 om 29 10 os 2 ” 2s 13 n oo 0 Boiling point st 308kPa (3.04 atm abs): isobutane = 20°C (68°F), m-pentane = BIC (1654 Heat of mixing = negligible. Heat capacity of liquid isobutane = 0.526 +0.725 x 107 Btullb~*F (7 ="R) Heat capacity of liquid n-pentane = 0,500 + 0.643 x 107 Btulb °F (7 ="R) Latent heat of Yaporization at boiling point (308 kPa): isobutane = 141 Btu/b (G.28% 10° J/kg); n-pentane = 131 Buu/lb (3.4 10° kg). ‘Average heat’ capacity of isobutane vapor at 27.6 Btuflbmole «°F (1,15 x10" Hkgmole “°K. ‘Average heat capacity of the n-pentane vapor at 308kPa (3.0¢atm) = ‘31 Btullbmole -°F (1.297 « 10" J/kgmole -°K) {A saturated liquid feed containing 40 mole% n-hexane and 60 mole% n-octane is fed to distillation column at a rate of 100 gmole/hr. ‘A reflux ratio L/D 1.5 (L/D)a is maintained atthe top of the column. The overhead product is 95 moles hexane, and the bottoms product is 10 mole% hexane. If each theoretical plate section loses 80,000 calfhr (3.35 x10" S/he), step off the theoretical plates on the Ponchon diagram, taking into account the column heat losses. ‘See Fig. 108 for H-r-y data ‘A mixture of 80 mole% isopropanol in isopropyl ether is to be fractionated to produce an overhead product containing 77 mole% of the ether and a bottoms Product containing 5 mole% ofthe ether. Ifthe tower is to be designed to operate Bt atm and a reftax ratio L/D of 13 (L/D)my, how many theoretical plates will be required? ‘Determine the number of plates by means of an enthalpy concentration dingram. Assume that the enthalpies of the saturated liquid and the saturated ‘Yapor are linear functions of composition. The feed is introduced at its bubble point. 308kPa (3.08 atm) = Problems 403 Normat A, Hy, Boiling Point,°F ——_Btullbmole _Btullbmole Isopropyl ether 155 6380 1800 Isopropyl alcohol 180 6100 23380 Equilibrium data at 1atm with mole fractions of ether y 01S 046s 0560 0618 0660 0205 0250 07 yor 02 0304 0S 06878 10.7 A refluxed stripper isto operate as shown below. The system is benzene-toluene 108 at Tatm. The stripping vapor is introduced directly below the bottom plate, and the liquid from this plate is taken as bottoms product. Using the Ponchon method, determine: (a) The reflux ratio (L/D) atthe top of the tower and the condenser heat duty. () Rates of production of distillate and bottoms product. (6) Total number of theoretical stages required. (@ Optimum locations for introducing the feed stream and withdrawing the side stream. Equilibrium data are given in Problem 10.16, Oita Feed wurde 160 ol cold gi oe aie benno (00°F blow tn mots beset Sie seam Supping voor . (200° user Swarts oui ‘An equimolal mixture of carbon tetrachloride and tolusne isto be fractionated so ‘as to produce an overhead containing 6 mole% toluene and a bottoms containing 44 mole% carbon tetrachloride and a side stream from the third theoretical plate from the top containing 20 mole% toluene. The thermal conditions of the feed and side stream are saturated lau ‘The rate of withdrawal of the side stream is 25% of the column feed rate. External reflux ratio is L/D =25. Using the Ponchon method, determine the ‘number of theoretical plates required. However, if the specifications are exces- sive, make revisions before obtaining a solution. ~The assumption may be made that the enthalpies of the liquid and vapor are linear fonctions of composition. Equilibrium data are given in Problem 10.3404 — Graphical Multistage Caiculations by the Ponchon-Savarit Method {or 1 atm (MeOH = Methyl Methanol-water vapor-iqud equilibrium and enthalpy sleohot) Vaporgu Eglin Data Se aes 4.6, Dunlop, MS. the Moles turbo ston ma Saturated Vapor | Satwated Und | hoe neon m row ee *(| lax Vapor ° [mw mmm aw fo 0 $ | ‘ss osm |'ms am | bee w faa maofms mo | oo Bo | 52 mata | sas | Soe » | sa mami wo | bo & | se ieem| so mm | woo a ® | a2 wool ss se | so 7 ee @ | ms woo} 2 oo | mo ws | ie who) 3 He | mop ® | 2 mmoles mo | oo m | &i tte | Wo Bn | os a: nel asa | mo “ 0.0 os rr mo ome imo 1008 10.9 Using the above equilibrium data and the enthalpy data at the top of page 405 solve Problem 8.26 by the Ponchon method. Te oe oraltaeaialccsetooeraes ‘Raton ae some presen a rigs contains, 20 me ta wit proc a rubcoded reftn at 40% ee a a ee 13 cng ering oc, ee op Rei tee a acne nee © Al th Heme in Pars (010 sem opal to ha at ctermioed for the reboiler in Part (). Problems 405 uld, btu/Ib mote of solution Enthalpy of the ‘Temperature, °C Mole % ‘MeOH 0 10 20 30 4 50 60-70 9 9 100 ° D324 688 972 1256 1420 1948 2268 29 2916 3240 s ~180 167 53) 887 1235 1590 1983 D261 2646 2987 0 271 $0 482810 1181 1564 1922 2300 2673 5 37-18 36s 781 145 Aste 1915 Za 2686 2» 410-58 3B 718 1129 1S41 1908 2304 2683 as M8 76 310706 11231827 1901 2304 30 87 79 Me 7m 11201537 Toot 2308 « 410-65 2075 1m Ise 1810 2304 0 380 36 M0 TINK S87 190 DIR Py BS 7 Be 76S 1174 1877 1953 238 70 7963 4812 1220 1600 988 % 29 130 BS R69 126 1638 016 0 =I 211 562940 1310. 1678248 100 0333 6s som ams 1733 2082 (h) All the items in Parts (c) to (0 i boilup ratio of 1.3 times the minimum value is used and an intercondenser is inserted on the third stage from the top with duty equal to half that for the condenser in Part (¢). [Equilirium and enthalpy data are given in Problem 10. ‘An equimolal bubble-point mixture of propylene and I-butene is to be distilled at 200 psia (1.379 MPa) into 95 mole% pure products with a column equipped with a partial condenser and a partial reboier. (@) Construct y-x and H-y-r diagrams using the method of Section 4.7 (©) Determine by both the McCabe-Thiele and Ponchon methods the number of theoretical stages required at an external reflux ato eqal (013 times the ‘A mixture of ethane and propane is to be separated by distillation at 475 psa. Explain in detail how a series of isothermal lash calculations using the Soove. Redlich-Kwong equation of state can be used to establish y-x and Hiy-x diagrams s0 that the Ponchon-Savarit method can be applied to determine the stage and reflux requirements, One hundred kilogram-motes pet hour of a 30moles bubble-point mixture of acetone (1) in water (2) is to be distilled at I atm to obtain 90 mole% acetone and 95 mote% water using a column with a partial reboiler and a total condenser. The ‘yan Laar constants a this pressure are (E. Hale etal, Vapour-Liguid Eauilibrium ata at Normal Pressures, Pergammon Press, Oxford, 1968) ‘Ay.= 2095 and (2) Construct y-x and H-y-x diagrams at 1 atm,406, 10.16 tos Graphical Multistage Calculations by the Ponchon-Savarit Method (b) Use the Ponchon-Savarit method to determine the equilibrium stages required for an external refx ratio of 1.5 times the minimum valve. |A feed at 21.1°C, 101 kPa (00°F, 1 atm) containing $0.0 mass% ethanol in water is {5 be stripped in'a reboled stripper to prodace a bottoms product containing 1.0, imass% ethanol, Overhead vapors are withdrawn as a top product (a) What isthe minimum heat regoited in the reboiler per pound of bottoms product to effect this separation? (by What is the composition ofthe distillate vapor for Part (a)? (OIF VIB at the reboier is 1.5 times the minimum and the Murphree plate Umeiency. (based on vapor compositions) ts 70%%, how many plates are fequired for the separation? Equilibrium data for this system at 1 atm are as follows, Ethanol Concentration Enthalpy of Mixture Btu/I Saturation Temp, Mass fraction Mass fraction Uguia Vapor * In guid Invapor 22 ° ° 1901 1150 aoa on” 12 2o8 00 ons ams 050 037 1693 ms ima 0.100 os 198 ton 200 0686 4s3 tons 0300 om 1380 943 0300 om mo a0 9600 a7 1s mH 0700 osm unt oe osm oass 1038 36 om O68 0860 ose 0900 os 6 5 1.000 osrs 80 ass Note: Reference sates fr enthalpy = pure liquids, 32°F otal mixture of acetic acid and water isto be separated into a distillate ‘Containing 90 mole% water and a bottoms containing 20 mole% water with a plate oluma Raving a partial reboler and a partial condenser. Determine the minimum Fehux. and. using a refx LID 1.5 times the minimum, calculate the theoretical plates. Assume linear H-x-y, feed on the optimum plate, and operation at Tate. i, Ifthe Murphree efficiency is 85%, how many stages are required? Problems ‘07 Equilibrium data (mole fraction water) y O17 03 04 083 06s 072 OW 093 * 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 09 "Notee: Acetic Aci: Liquid G, = 91.4 Btu/lomole“F(1.31 x 10*u/kgmole*) [At normal bp, Heat of vap. = 10,430 Btu/Tbmole (2.42% 10" J/kg). Water: Liquid, = 18.0 u/Tomole-"F (7.55% 10" J/kgmele °K). [At normal Bp, Moat of vap. = 17,500 Btu/bmole (4.07 = 10° Wkgmole). 10.16 An equimolal mixture of benzene and toluene isto be distilled ina plate column at atmospheric pressure, The feed, safurated vapor, is to be fed to the optimum plate. The distillate is to contain 98 mole% benzene, while the bottoms is to Contain 2 mole% benzene. Using the Ponchon method and data below (Ind. Eng, Chem. 39, 752 (1947), calculate: reflux ratio (L/D). umber of theoretical plates needed and the duties of the reboiler and condenser, using a reflux ratio (L1¥V) of 0.80 (© To which actual plate the feed should be sent, assuming an overall plate cefciency of 65%, Enthalpy data (1 Atm, 101 kPa) Composition, mote | Enthal fraction benzene Btu/tbmole Saturated Saturated x y Liquid Vapor ° om fears 2188S a 2/760 2s 02 ose dao 2185 03 ost fares ans 04 on |eaen ass os on [eis 19980 os a7) 5850 19610 07 oss |s60 19240 os ost | 3300 sass 03 os |S.8 18500 " 10 100 [4300 10.17 A feed stream containing 35 wi% acetone in water is to be extracted at 25°C in a countercurrent column with extract and raffinate reflux to give a raffinate cont 12% acetone and an extract containing 55% acetone. Pure 1,12.triehloroethane, Which is to be the solvent, is removed in the solvent separatr, leaving solvent. free product. Rafinate refx is saturated. Determine (2) The minimum nunber of stages. (@) Minimum refax ratios (©) The number of stages for an extract solvent rate twice that at minimum reflux. Repeat using a feed containing 50 wi% acetone. Was reflux useful in this cease? Feed isto the optimum stage1018 Graphical Multistage Calculations by the Ponchon-Savarit Method System acetone-water-t, 1, 2-richloroethane, 25°C, composition on phase boundary {ind. Eng. Chem., 38, 817 (194 ‘Acetone Water, ‘Trichloroetha weight fraction weight fraction weight fraction 0 013 027 050 04 046 oa 003 057 Extact 030 02 068 on ots 7s 10 oor 089 oss 035 010 030 oa 007 rv as7 003 Refine 030, 088 002 02 07 oot 010 0995 0.005 Tle-tine data Rattinate, Extract, welght fraction acetone ——_welght fraction acetone ou 056 0 040 on on ‘Note: Ths problem is more easly solved using the Techniques Gt Chapter 1, A feed mixture contining $0w1% n-heptane and 50% methyl cyclohexane (GACH isto be separated by liquid-liquid extraction ito one product containing SAS we. methyleyelobexane and another containing 7.3 wi% methyeyelo hexane. Aniline wil be used asthe solvent. {@) What i the minimum number of theoretical stages necessary to effect tis separation? (2) What ete minimum extract refx ratio? {6) It the reflux ratios 10, how many theoretical contacts willbe required? Problems 409 Hydrocarbon Layer Weight percent MCH, solvent. treo basle, 00 99 m2 ne uo 45 sas 60 146 BI ei 29 1000 Pounds aniline/ pound solvent. free mixture 00799 0.086 0.087 0.0804 0.094 0.0982 0.0989 0.1062 oun oans ons aum ons for the system n-heptane-methyt ‘at 25°C and at 1 atm (101 kPa) Solvent Layer Pounds anitine/ pound solvent- free mixture, 00 1812 18 BR BE us wo 3 506 398 0 90 63 30 187 683 a3 64s ss 60 04 59 962 sa 1000 an