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S HC
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn
S HC
Ch bn
Li gii thiu
Bn c thn mn,
S hc l mt phn mn quan trng trong ton hc gn b vi
chng ta xuyn sut qu trnh hc Ton t bc tiu hc n trung hc
ph thng. Chng ta c tip xc vi S hc bt u bng nhng
khi nim n gin nh tnh chia ht, c chung ln nht, bi chung
nh nht... gip lm quen d dng hn vi s k diu ca nhng con
s cho n nhng vn i hi nhiu t duy hn nh ng d, s
nguyn t, cc phng trnh Diophantine m ni ting nht l nh l
ln Fermat..., u u t tm vi m n v m, t cu b lp mt bi
b 4 chia ht cho 2 n Gio s thin ti Andrew Wiles (ngi gii
quyt bi ton Fermat), chng ta u c th thy c hi th ca S
hc trong .
S hc quan trng nh vy nhng l thay s chuyn vit v n li
khng nhiu nu em so vi kho tng s cc bi vit v bt ng
thc trn cc din n mng. Xut pht t s thiu ht cng nh
k nim trn mt nm Din n Ton hc khai trng trang
ch mi (16/01/2012 - 16/01/2013), nhm bin tp chng ti cng vi
nhiu thnh vin tch cc ca din n chung tay bin son mt
chuyn gi n bn c.
Chuyn l tp hp cc bi vit ring l ca cc tc gi Nguyn Mnh
Trng Dng (duongld) , Nguyn Trn Huy (yeutoan11), Nguyn
Trung Hiu (nguyentrunghieua), Phm Quang Ton (Phm Quang
Ton), Trn Nguyn Thit Qun (L Lawliet), Trn Trung Kin (Ispectorgadget), Nguyn nh Tng (tungc3sp)... cng s gp sc
i
ii
gin tip ca nhiu thnh vin tch cc trn Din n Ton hc nh
Nguyen Lam Thinh, nguyenta98, Karl Heinrich Marx, The
Gunner, perfectstrong...
Kin thc cp trong chuyn tuy khng mi nhng c th gip
cc bn phn no hiu su hn mt s khi nim c bn trong S hc
cng nh trao i cng cc bn nhiu dng bi tp hay v kh t cp
d n cc bi ton trong cc k thi Hc sinh gii quc gia, quc t.
Chuyn gm 7 chng. Chng 1 cp n cc khi nim v c
v Bi. S nguyn t v mt s bi ton v n c gii thiu trong
chng 2. Chng 3 ni su hn v Cc bi ton chia ht. Phng
trnh nghim nguyn, Phng trnh ng d c phc ha trong
cc chng 4 v 5. H thng d v nh l Thng d Trung Hoa
s c gi n chng ta qua chng 6 trc khi kt thc chuyn
bng Mt s bi ton s hc hay trn VMF chng 7.
Do thi gian chun b gp rt ni dung chuyn cha c u t
tht s t m cng nh c th cn nhiu sai st trong cc bi vit,
chng ti mong bn c thng cm. Mi s ng h, ng gp, ph
bnh ca c gi s l ngun ng vin tinh thn to ln cho ban bin
tp cng nh cho cc tc gi nhng phin bn cp nht sau ca
chuyn c tt hn, ng gp nhiu hn na cho kho tng hc
thut ca cng ng ton mng. Chng ti hi vng qua chuyn ny
s gip cc bn tm thm c cm hng trong s hc v thm yu v
p ca nhng con s. Mi trao i gy xin gi v a ch email :
contact@diendantoanhoc.net.
Trn trng,
Nhm bin tp Chuyn S hc.
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
Mc lc
Li gii thiu
Chng 1
c v Bi
1.1
1.2
1.3
Chng 2
S Nguyn T
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
29
Bi ton chia ht
3.1
3.2
57
L thuyt c bn 29
Phng php gii cc bi ton chia ht
Chng 4
31
iv
Mc lc
4.1
4.2
4.3
Xt tnh chia ht 57
S dng bt ng thc 74
Nguyn tc cc hn, li v hn 86
Chng 5
89
Phng trnh ng d
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
103
129
141
Din n Ton hc
.
m3 + 17..3n 129
c(ac + 1)2 = (5c + 2)(2c + b) 136
Ti liu tham kho
Chuyn S hc
Chng
c v Bi
1.1
1.2
1.3
c s, c s chung, c s chung
ln nht 1
Bi s, bi s chung, bi s chung
nh nht 4
Bi tp ngh 6
1.1
1.1.1
nh ngha
1.1.2
Tnh cht
Chuyn S hc
1.1.3
1.1.4
Bi tp v d
(1.2)
Din n Ton hc
1
n(n + 1), n N cha
2
nhng dy s v hn nhng s i mt nguyn t cng nhau.
4
V d 1.3. Chng minh rng dy s An =
t2a+1 =
1.2
Chuyn S hc
1.2.1
nh ngha
1.2.2
Tnh cht
1.2.3
Bi tp v d
Din n Ton hc
1.3. Bi tp ngh
a.b
th th
(a; b)
[n; n + 1; n + 2] =
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
(n(n + 1); n + 2)
.
Gi d = (n(n + 1); n + 2). Do (n + 1; n + 2) = 1 nn
d = (n; n + 2)
= (n; 2).
Xt hai trng hp:
Nu n chn th d = 2, suy ra [n; n + 1; n + 2] =
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
.
2
1.3
Bi tp ngh
Chuyn S hc
1.3. Bi tp ngh
Bi 3. T cc ch s 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 thnh lp tt c s c su ch s
(mi s ch vit mt ln). Tm U CLN ca tt c cc s .
Bi 4. Cho A = 2n + 1; B =
Bi 5.
n(n + 1)
(n N ). Tm (A; B).
2
Din n Ton hc
1.3. Bi tp ngh
21n + 1
ti gin.
14n + 3
a.
n1996
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
Chng
S Nguyn T
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Mt s kin thc c bn v s
nguyn t 9
Mt s bi ton c bn v s nguyn
t 13
Bi tp 19
Ph lc: Bn nn bit 24
2.1
2.1.1
10
Chuyn S hc
11
2.1.2
Cch 1
Chia s ln lt cho cc nguyn t t nh n ln: 2; 3; 5; 7...
Nu c mt php chia ht th s khng nguyn t.
Nu thc hin php chia cho n lc thng s nh hn s chia m cc
php chia vn c s d th s l nguyn t.
Cch 2
Mt s c hai c s ln hn 1 th s khng phi l s nguyn t.
Cho hc sinh lp 6 hc cch nhn bit 1 s nguyn t bng phng
php th nht (nu trn), l da vo nh l c bn:
c
s nguyn t nh nht ca mt hp s A l mt s khng vt
qu A.
Vi quy tc trn trong mt khon thi gian ngn, vi cc du hiu chia
ht th ta nhanh chng tr li c mt s c hai ch s no l
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
12
2.1.3
S cc c s v tng cc c s ca 1 s
n
Y
pxi +1 1
i
i=1
2.1.4
pi 1
Chuyn S hc
2.1.5
13
Mt s nh l c bit
2.2
2.2.1
Mt s bi ton c bn v s nguyn t
C bao nhiu s nguyn t dng ax + b
Din n Ton hc
14
Chuyn S hc
15
2.2.2
Din n Ton hc
16
2.2.3
V d 2.8. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca s nguyn t p : p + 10 v
p + 14 cng l s nguyn t.
4
Li gii. Nu p = 3 th p + 10 = 3 + 10 = 13 v p + 14 = 3 + 14 = 17
u l cc s nguyn t nn p = 3 l gi tr cn tm.
Nu p > 3 p c dng 3k + 1 hoc dng 3k 1
.
Nu p = 3k + 1 th p + 14 = 3k + 15 = 3(k + 5)..3
.
Nu p = 3k 1 th p + 10 = 3k + 9 = 3(k + 3)..3
Vy nu p > 3 th hoc p + 10 hoc p + 14 l hp s : khng tha mn
bi. Vy p = 3.
V d 2.9. Tm k N trong 10 s t nhin lin tip:
k + 1; k + 2; k + 3; ....k + 10
c nhiu s nguyn t nht.
Li gii. Nu k = 0: t 1 n 10 c 4 s nguyn t: 2; 3; 5; 7.
Nu k = 1: t 2 n 11 c 5 s nguyn t: 2; 3; 5; 7; 11.
Nu k > 1: t 3 tr i khng c s chn no l s nguyn t. Trong 5
s l lin tip, t nht c 1 s l bi s ca 3 do , dy s c t hn 5
s nguyn t.
Vy vi k = 1, dy tng ng: k + 1; k + 2, .....k + 10 c cha nhiu s
nguyn t nht (5 s nguyn t).
V d 2.10. Tm tt c cc s nguyn t p : 2p +p2 cng l s nguyn
t.
4
Li gii. Xt 3 trng hp:
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
17
p = 2 2p + p2 = 22 + 22 = 8 6 P
p = 3 2p + p2 = 23 + 32 = 17 P
.
p > 3 p 6 ..3. Ta c 2p + p2 = (p2 1) + (2p + 1).
.
.
V p l 2p + 1..3 v p2 1 = (p + 1)(p 1)..3 2p + p2 6 P
Vy c duy nht 1 gi tr p = 3 tho mn.
2.2.4
Din n Ton hc
18
1 i = 1, 1997
Nh vy: Dy s a1 ; a2 ; a3 ; .....a1997 gm c 1997 s t nhin lin tip
khng c s no l s nguyn t.
V d 2.15 (Tng qut bi tp 2.14). Chng minh rng c th tm
c 1 dy s gm n s t nhin lin tip (n > 1) khng c s no
l s nguyn t ?
4
..
Li gii. Ta chn dy s sau: (a ) : a = (n + 1)! + i + 1 a .i + 1 i =
i
1, n.
Bn c hy t chng minh dy (ai ) trn s gm c n s t nhin
lin tip trong khng c s no l s nguyn t c.
2.2.5
Cc dng khc
chn
c1=6
c=7
Do vy:
b=3
b1=2
loi
c1=3
c=4
Vy b s (a; b; c) cn tm l hon v ca (2; 5; 7).
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
2.3. Bi tp
19
Li gii. Ta c:
p2 = 8q + 1 8q = p2 1 = (p + 1)(p 1)
(2.1)
Do p2 = 8q + 1 : l p2 : l p : l. t p = 2k + 1.
Thay vo (2.1) ta c:
8q = 2k(2k + 2) 2q = k(k + 1)
(2.2)
Nu q = 2 4 = k(k + 1) khng tm c k N
Vy q > 2. V q P (2, q) = 1.
T (2.2) ta c:
a) k = 2 v q = k + 1 k = 2; q = 3. Thay kt qu trn vo (2.2)
ta c: p = 2.2 + 1 = 5
b) q = k v 2 = k + 1 q = 1 :loi.
Vy (q; p) = (5; 3).
2.3
2.3.1
Bi tp
Bi tp c hng dn
Din n Ton hc
20
2.3. Bi tp
Chuyn S hc
2.3. Bi tp
21
2.3.2
Bi tp khng c hng dn
Din n Ton hc
22
2.3. Bi tp
d) p + 8 P. Chng minh rng: p + 4 l hp s.
e) 4p + 1 P. Chng minh rng: 2p + 1 l hp s.
f) 5p + 1 P. Chng minh rng: 10p + 1 l hp s.
g) 8p + 1 P. Chng minh rng: 8p 1 l hp s.
h) 8p 1 P. Chng minh rng: 8p + 1 l hp s.
i) 8p2 1 P. Chng minh rng: 8p2 + 1 l hp s.
j) 8p2 + 1 P. Chng minh rng: 8p2 1 l hp s.
Chuyn S hc
2.3. Bi tp
23
Din n Ton hc
24
2.4
Ph lc: Bn nn bit
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
25
28 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14
Din n Ton hc
26
Li Kt
Thng qua ti ny, chng ta c th khng nh rng: Ton hc c
mt trong mi cng vic, mi lnh vc ca cuc sng quanh ta, n
khng th tch ri v lng qun c, nn chng ta phi hiu bit v
nm bt c n mt cch t gic v hiu qu.
Mc ch ca ti ny l trang b nhng kin thc c bn c o
su c nng cao v rn luyn t duy ton hc cho hc sinh, to ra nn
tng tin cy cc em c vn kin thc nht nh lm hnh trang cho
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
27
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
Chng
Bi ton chia ht
3.1
3.2
L thuyt c bn 29
Phng php gii cc bi ton chia
ht 31
3.1
3.1.1
L thuyt c bn
nh ngha v chia ht
30
3.1. L thuyt c bn
ht cho b, ta k hiu b - a.
Sau y l mt s tnh cht thng dng, chng minh c suy ra trc
tip t nh ngha.
3.1.2
Tnh cht
Sau y xin gii thiu mt s tnh cht v chia ht, vic chng minh
kh l d dng nn s dnh cho bn c. Ta c vi a, b, c, d l cc s
nguyn th:
Tnh cht 3.1 Nu a 6= 0 th a | a, 0 | a.
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
3.1.3
31
Mt s du hiu chia ht
Ta t N = an an1 . . . a1 a0
Du hiu chia ht cho 2; 5; 4; 25; 8; 125
2|N
5|N
4; 25 | N
8; 125 | N
2 | a0 a0 {0; 2; 4; 6; 8}
5 | a0 a0 {0; 5}
4; 25 | a1 a0
8; 125 | a2 a1 a0
3.2
3.2.1
11 | [(a0 + a2 + ) (a1 + a3 + )]
101 | [(a1 a0 + a5 a4 + ) (a3 a2 + a7 a6 + )]
7; 37 | [(a2 a1 a0 + a8 a7 a6 + ) (a5 a4 a3 + a11 a10 a9 + )]
37 | (a2 a1 a0 + a5 a4 a3 + + an an1 an2
)
19 | an + 2an1 + 22 an2 + + 2n a0
nh l Fermat nh
nh l 3.1 (nh l Fermat nh) Vi mi s nguyn a v s
nguyn t p th ap p (mod p).
Chng minh.
1. Nu p | a th p | (a5 a).
Din n Ton hc
32
(mod p) ap1 1
(mod p)
Chuyn S hc
33
(mod 11)
10 s 1
10
(mod 11) 11 - A
(mod q)
Do
pq1 + q p1 1
(mod q)
(mod p).
Din n Ton hc
34
Bi tp ngh
Bi 1. Chng minh rng 11a+2b chia ht cho 19 khi v ch khi 18a+5b
chia ht cho 19 vi a, b l cc s nguyn.
Bi 2. Chng minh rng 2a + 7 chia ht cho 7 khi v ch khi 3a2 +
10ab 8b2 .
Bi 3. Cho p l s nguyn t ln hn 5. Chng minh rng nu n l s
t nhin c p 1 ch s v cc ch s u bng 1 th n chia
ht cho p.
Bi 4. Gi s n N, n 2. Xt cc s t nhin an = 11 1 c vit
bi n ch s 1. Chng minh rng nu an l mt s nguyn t
th n l c ca an 1.
Bi 5. Gi s a v b l cc s nguyn dng sao cho 2a 1, 2b 1 v
a + b u l s nguyn t. Chng minh rng ab + ba v aa + bb
u khng chia ht cho a + b.
Bi 6. Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn t p th tn ti s nguyn
n sao cho 2n + 3n + 6n 1 chia ht cho p.
3.2.2
Xt s d
Chuyn S hc
35
(3.1)
4
Din n Ton hc
36
Chuyn S hc
37
3.2.3
(0 <
Phn tch
(n + 1) (n + 2) (2n) =
Do 2n | (n + 1) (n + 2) (2n) .
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
38
Chuyn S hc
39
Nhng ta cng c:
(x z)3 + 2(x z)2 (z y) + 2(x z)(z y)2 + (z y)3
= (x y + y z)3 + 2(x y + y z)2 (z y)
+2(x y + y z)(z y)2 + (z y)3
= (x y)3 + 2(x y)2 (y z) + 3(x y)(y z)2
+(y z)3 + 2(x y)2 (z y)
+4(x y)(y z)(z y) + 2(y z)2 (z y)
+2(x y)(z y)2 + 2(y z)(z y)2 + (z y)3
= (x y)3 + 3(x y)2 (y z) + 3(x y)(y z)2
+2(x y)2 (z y) + 4(x y)(y z)(z y) + 2(x y)(z y)2 ,
Biu thc cui cng c nhn t chung (x y). Ta suy ra iu phi
chng minh.
Bi tp ngh
Bi 1. Chng minh rng nu a, k l cc s nguyn, a l th 2k+1 |
k
(a2 1).
Bi 2. Chng minh rng n5 n chia ht cho 30 vi mi n Z.
Bi 3. Chng minh rng 3n4 14n3 + 21n2 10n chia ht cho 24 vi
mi n Z.
Bi 4. Chng minh rng n5 5n3 + 4n chia ht cho 120 vi mi n Z.
Bi 5. Chng minh rng n3 3n2 n + 3 chia ht cho 48 vi mi n
l, n Z.
Bi 6. Chng minh rng n8 n6 n4 + n2 chia ht cho 1152 vi mi
s nguyn n l.
Bi 7. Chng minh rng n4 4n3 4n2 + 16n chia ht cho 348 vi mi
n l s nguyn chn.
Bi 8. Chng minh rng n4 14n3 + 71n2 154n + 120 chia ht cho
24 vi mi s t nhin n.
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
40
Chuyn S hc
41
a a2 a3
+
+
Z
3
2
6
4
Din n Ton hc
42
1 1 1
1
1
= 1 + +
+
2
3
4
1334
1335
1 1
1
1 1 1
1
=
1 + + + +
2
+ + + +
2 3
1335 2 4 6
1334
1 1
1
1 1
1
=
1 + + + +
1 + + + +
2 3
1335
2 3
667
1
1
1
=
+
+ +
668 669 1335
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+
+ +
+
668 1335
669 1334
1001
1002
1
1
1
= 2003
+
+ +
668.1335 669.1334
1001.1002
p
= 2003.
q
Chuyn S hc
43
+
.
n
2 3 4
1329 1330 1331
Bi 7. Chng minh rng 32n+1 + 2n+2 chia ht cho 7 vi mi n N.
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
44
3.2.4
Xt ng d
Chuyn S hc
45
(
a b (mod n)
Tnh cht 3.11
c d (mod n)
(
a c b d (mod n)
ac bd (mod n)
Din n Ton hc
46
(mod 999).
Li gii. Ta c
2222 4 (mod 7) = 22225555 (4)5555 (mod 7)
5555 4 (mod 7) = 55552222 4 (mod 7)
= 55552222 + 22225555 45555 + 42222
(mod 7)
Li c
45555 + 42222 = 42222 43333 1
= 42222 641111 1
V 64 1 (mod 7) = 641111 1 0 (mod 7).
Do 7 | 55552222 + 22225555
Bi tp ngh
Bi 1. Mt s bi tp phng php phn tch c th gii bng phng
php ng d thc.
777
1967
333
+ 777555
Chuyn S hc
47
7
77
77 .
3.2.5
Quy np
Din n Ton hc
48
Vi n = k + 1 ta c:
a} aa
a}
aa
a} = aa
a} aa
| {z
| {z
| {z
| {z
3k+1
3k
3k
3k
= aa
0} 1
a} 1 |00 {z
0} |00 {z
| {z
3k
3k 1
3k 1
2n+2 | k 2 1
n
A = k2
1 = k 22 1 = k 2
p
p
= k2 1 k2 + 1
= q 2p+2 2 + q 2p+2
= q 2p+3 1 + q 2p+1
2
Chuyn S hc
49
Bi tp ngh
Bi 1. Mt s bi ton cc phng php nu trn c th gii bng
phng php quy np.
Bi 2. Chng minh rng 255 | 16n 15n 1 vi n N.
Bi 3. Chng minh rng 64 | 32n+3 + 40n 27 vi n N.
Bi 4. Chng minh rng 16 | 32n+2 + 8n 9 vi n N.
Bi 5. Chng minh rng 676 | 33n+3 16n 27 vi n N, n 1.
Bi 6. Chng minh rng 700 | 292n 140n 1 vi n N.
Bi 7. Chng minh rng 270 | 2002n 138n 1 vi n N.
4n+1
4n+1
+ 23
+ 5 vi n N.
Bi 10. Chng minh rng s 20012 1 chia ht cho 2n+4 nhng khng
chia ht cho 2n+5 vi n N.
Bi 11. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n 2, tn ti mt s t
nhin m sao cho 3n | (m3 + 17), nhng 3n+1 - (m3 + 17).
Bi 12. C tn ti hay khng mt s nguyn dng l bi ca 2007 v
c bn ch s tn cng l 2008.
Bi 13. Chng minh rng tn ti mt s c 2011 ch s gm ton ch
s 1 v 2 sao cho s chia ht cho 22011 .
n
Bi 15. Cho n N, n 2. t A = 77
rng An + 17 chia ht cho 20.
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
50
3.2.6
n s 2011
0).
= 2012 | |20112011
{z 2011} 20112011
|
{z 2011}
m s 2011
Din n Ton hc
n s 2011
Chuyn S hc
51
= 2012 | |20112011
00}
{z 2011} |00 {z
mn s 2011
n s 2011
Vy tn ti s tha mn bi.
Din n Ton hc
52
Ta c pcm.
S2012 = a1 + a2 + + a2012
Trng hp 1: Nu tn ti s Si (i = 1, 2, , 2012) chia ht cho
2012 th bi ton chng minh xong.
Trng hp 2: Nu 2012 - Si vi mi i = 1, 2, , 2012. em 2012
s ny chia cho 2012 nhn c 2012 s d. Cc s d nhn gi
tr thuc tp {1; 2; ; 2011}. V c 2012 s d m ch c 2011
gi tr nn theo nguyn l Dirichlet chc chn c hai s d bng
nhau. Ga s gi hai s l Sm v Sn c cng s d khi chia
cho 2012 (m, n N, 1 n < m 2012) th hiu
Sm Sn = an+1 + an+2 + + am
chia ht cho 2012.
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
53
Din n Ton hc
54
3.2.7
Phn chng
xk.2 + y k.2 2
Theo gi thit th
x2 + y 2 0
Din n Ton hc
(mod p).
(i)
(mod p).
Chuyn S hc
55
Do k l nn
t k t k . t
t
t
.. x2 + y 2t
+ y2
xk.2 + y k.2
= x2
t
t
xk.2 + y k.2 0 (mod p)
(ii)
T (i) v (ii) suy ra iu mu thun. Vy gi thit phn chng sai. Do
x, y ng thi chia ht cho p.
Bi tp ngh
Bi 1. Chng minh n2 + n + 2 khng chia ht cho 15 vi mi n Z.
Bi 2. Chng minh n2 + 3n + 5 khng chia ht cho 121 vi mi n N.
Bi 3. Chng minh 9n3 + 9n2 + 3n 16 khng chia ht cho 343 vi
mi n N.
Bi 4. Chng minh 4n3 6n2 + 3n + 37 khng chia ht cho 125 vi
mi n N.
Bi 5. Chng minh n3 + 3n 38 khng chia ht cho 49 vi mi n N.
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
Chng
Xt tnh chia ht 57
S dng bt ng thc 74
Nguyn tc cc hn, li v hn 86
4.1
4.1.1
Xt tnh chia ht
Pht hin tnh chia ht ca 1 n
57
(4.1)
58
4.1.2
a v phng trnh c s
(4.2)
Chuyn S hc
59
y + 2 = 54
y = 52
x = 1
3x + 1 = 2
y = 56
y + 2 = 54
V d 4.3. Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn sau:
2x + 5y + 3xy = 8
(4.3)
Li gii. Ta c
(4.3) x(2 + 3y) + 5y = 8
3x(2 + 3y) + 15y = 24
3x(2 + 3y) + 5(2 + 3y) = 34
(3x + 5)(3y + 3) = 34
n y phn tch 34 = 1 34 = 2 17 ri xt cc trng hp. Ch
rng 3x + 5, 3y + 2 l hai s nguyn chia 3 d 2, vn dng iu ny ta
c th gim bt s trng hp cn xt.
V d 4.4. Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn
x2 y 2 = 2011
(4.4)
Chuyn S hc
(4.5)
Din n Ton hc
60
(4.6)
V x, y Z nn a, , a 2, a b u l cc s nguyn. T (4.6) ta c cc
trng hp sau:
(
a2=9
ab=1
(
a2=3
ab=3
(
a2=1
ab=9
(
a 2 = 1
a b = 9
(
a 2 = 3
a b = 3
(
a 2 = 3
a b = 3
(
a = 11
b = 10
(
a=5
b=2
(
a=3
b = 6
(
a=1
b = 10
(
a = 1
b=2
(
a = 1
b=2
(
x y = 11
xy = 10
(
xy =5
xy = 2
(
xy =3
xy = 6
(
xy =1
xy = 10
(
x y = 1
xy = 2
(
x y = 1
xy = 2
(4.7)
(4.8)
(4.9)
(4.10)
(4.11)
(4.12)
Din n Ton hc
y 2 + 1 + 2 (x y) (1 xy) = 4 (1 + xy)
(4.13)
Chuyn S hc
61
(x + 1)(y 1) = 2
Vi (x + 1)(y 1) = 2 m x, y Z nn ta c cc trng hp sau:
x=0
x+1=1
y=3
y1=2
x+1=2
x=1
y1=1
y=2
x = 3
x + 1 = 2
y=0
y 1 = 1
x = 2
x + 1 = 1
y = 1
y 1 = 2
Vi (x + 1)(y 1) = 2 , tng t ta cng suy ra c:
x + 1 = 1
x = 2
1
=
2
y=3
x+1=1
x=0
1
=
2
y = 1
x+1=2
x=1
1
=
1
y=0
x + 1 = 2
x = 3
y1=1
y=2
Vy phng trnh cho c cc cp nghim nguyn:
(x; y) = {(0; 3); (1; 2); (3; 0); (2; 1); (2; 3); (0; 1); (1; 0); (3; 2)}
V d 4.7. Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
x6 + 3x3 + 1 = y 4
Chuyn S hc
(4.14)
Din n Ton hc
62
y2 = 1
x3 + y 2 = 1
2x3 + 2y 2 + 3 = 5
x=0
y=1
x=0
y = 1
3
3
x = 3
x y 2 = 2
2x3 2y 2 + 3 = 1
y 2 = 1
x3 + y 2 = 4
2x3 + 2y 2 + 3 = 5
3
3
x =0
x y2 = 1
2x3 2y 2 + 3 = 5
y 2 = 1
x3 + y 2 = 1
2x3 + 2y 2 + 3 = 1
3
3
2x3 2y 2 + 3 = 5
x y 2 = 4
x = 3
2x3 + 2y 2 + 3 = 1
x3 + y 2 = 2
y2 = 1
nn
(loi)
(loi)
(loi)
(4.15)
4
Chuyn S hc
63
Li gii.
(4.15) xy = px + py (x y)(y p) = p2 .
V p l s nguyn t nn c s nguyn ca p2 ch c th l 1, p, p2 .
Th ln lt vi cc c trn ta d tm c kt qu. Phn trnh by
xin dnh cho bn c.
Nhn xt. Phng php ny cn hai bc chnh: Phn tch thnh c
s v xt trng hp tm kt qu. Hai bc ny c th ni l khng
qu kh i vi bn c, nhng xin ni mt s lu thm v bc xt
trng hp. Trong mt s bi ton, hng s nguyn v phi sau khi
phn tch l mt s c nhiu c, nh vy i hi xt trng hp v
tnh ton rt nhiu. Mt cu hi t ra l: Lm th no gim s
trng hp b xt y? V tr li c cu hi , ta s tham kho
v d di y.
V d 4.9. Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
x2 + 12x = y 2 .
(4.16)
Din n Ton hc
64
Chuyn S hc
65
Din n Ton hc
66
9x2 + 16x + 96 = 3x
1
x+ +
2
r
x+
1
=y
4
.
Bi 16. Tm s nguyn x x2 4x 52 l s chnh phng.
Bi 17. Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn x2 + 2y 2 + 3xy 2x y = 6.
Bi 18. Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn x2 + 3xy y 2 + 2x 3y = 5.
Bi 19. Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn 2x2 + 3y 2 + xy 3x 3 = y.
Bi 20. (Tuyn sinh vo lp 10 THPT chuyn trng KHTN H Ni
nm hc 2012-2013) Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn x, y tha
mn ng thc (x + y + 1)(xy + x + y) = 5 + 2(x + y).
Bi 21. Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn x4 2y 4 x2 y 2 4x2 7y 2
5 = 0.
(Thi HSG lp 9 tnh Hng Yn nm 2011-2012)
Bi 22. (Romanian 1999) Chng minh rng phng trnh sau khng c
nghim nguyn
x5 x4 y 13x3 y 2 + 13x2 y 3 + 36xy 4 36y 5 = 1937
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
4.1.3
67
(4.17)
(4.18)
Din n Ton hc
68
Li gii. Ta c
5y 18
6 2y
10y 36
2x =
6 2y
66
66 + 5(6 2y)
=
+5
2x =
6 2y
6 2y
33
2x =
+5
3y
(4.18) x =
1
2
14
1
4
19
3
6
8
11
14
4
33
36
3
Chuyn S hc
69
4.1.4
Xt s d tng v
(4.19)
(4.20)
Din n Ton hc
70
0, 1 (mod 3)
0, 1 (mod 4)
0, 1, 4 (mod 5)
0, 1, 4 (mod 8)
Chuyn S hc
71
10
x 0, 1 (mod 11)
Li gii. p dng nh l Fermat nh th y 10 0, 1 (mod 11) .
10
z 0, 1 (mod 11)
10
10
10
Do x + y z 0, 1, 2, 10 (mod 11) m 199 8 (mod 11) nn
phng trnh v nghim nguyn.
V d 4.15 ( thi chn HSG ton quc gia nm 2003 - Bng B).
H phng trnh sau c tn ti nghim nguyn hay khng:
x2 + y 2 = (x + 1)2 + u2 = (x + 2)2 + v 2 = (x + 3)2 + t2
(4.21)
(4.22)
Din n Ton hc
72
(x0 + 1) +
x0 + 2 2
(mod 4) (x0 + 2) 4
2
(x0 + 2) +
x0 + 3 3
u20
v02
(x0 + 3) +
t20
(mod 8)
1, 2, 5
(mod 8)
(mod 8)
0, 4, 5
(mod 8)
(mod 8)
1, 2, 5
(mod 8)
y cng chnh l thi chn i tuyn HSG quc gia ton nm 2003
- Bng A. Li gii xin ginh cho bn c. Cng xin ni thm mt tha
nhn rng, phng php xt s d tng v ny, chng ta c tng
chng nh n gin, nhng thc cht khng phi th. Dn chng l
cc v d trn, u l cc bi ton hay v kh ly t khc cuc thi
trong nc v ngoi nc.
Bi tp ngh
Bi 1. Cho a thc f (x) c cc h s nguyn. Bit rng f (1).f (2) l s
l. Chng minh rng phng trnh f (0) = 0 khng c nghim
nghim nguyn.
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
73
10n 1
vi mi n N
9
Din n Ton hc
74
4.2
4.2.1
S dng bt ng thc
Sp th t cc n
(4.23)
3
1 1 1
+ + =1 x3
x y z
x
Vi x = 2 th
Vi x = 3, ta c
(4.24)
Chuyn S hc
75
yz 2 = 1
(
y=1
z=3
Nu x < y th t (4.24) suy ra 2y + 1 > xyz. 2y xyz
xz 2 xz {1; 2}.
Vi xz = 1 x = z = 1, thay vo (4.24) suy ra y + 2 = y
(v nghim).
(
(
x=1
x=2
Vi xz = 2
hoc
. T y ta tm
z=2
z=1
c nghim x = 1, y = 2, z = 2 hoc x = 1, y = 3, z = 1.
Vy phng trnh c nghim nguyn dng l (1; 1; 3), (1; 2; 2), (2; 1; 2),
(2; 3; 1), (3; 2; 1).
Nhn xt. By gi bn hiu v cch sp xp cc n nh th no.
Nhng ti sao bi ny li xt x = y v x < y m li khng i vo phn
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
76
4.2.2
S dng bt ng thc
a1 + a2 + + an
n a1 a2 an
n
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
77
b21 + b22 + + b2n
(a1 b1 + a2 b2 + + an bn )2 .
(4.25)
Din n Ton hc
78
xy yz zx
+
+
= 3.
z
x
y
Chuyn S hc
79
25
4
1
+
+
= 16 x 2 y 1 z 5
y1
x2
z5
2
2
x + z = 9
Bi 5. Tm nghim nguyn ca h phng trnh y 2 + t2 = 16
xt + yz = 12
Bi 6. Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh x3 +y 3 6xy +8 =
0.
(
xy + yz + zx = 12
Bi 7. Tm nghim nguyn ca h phng trnh
.
x4 + y 4 + z 4 = 48
Bi 8. Cho phng trnh x3 + y 3 + z 3 = nxyz.
a, Chng minh rng khi m = 1 v m = 2 th phng trnh
khng c nghim nguyn dng.
b, Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng khi m = 3.
Bi 9. Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng (x3 +y 3 )+4(x2 +y 2 )+
4(x + y) = 16xy.
Bi 10. Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng
3(x4 + y 4 + x2 + y 2 + 2) = 2(x2 x + 1)(y 2 y + 1)
Bi 11. Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng vi x, y, z l cc s i
mt khc nhau
x3 + y 3 + z 3 = (x + y + z)2
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
80
4.2.3
Ch ra nghim
Nhn xt. Phng php ny dnh cho nhng bi ton gii phng
trnh nghim nguyn khi m ta tm c chnh xc nghim nguyn
v mun chng minh phng trnh ch c duy nht cc nghim nguyn
m thi.
V d 4.21. Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh
2x + 3x = 5x
(4.26)
2
3
+ = 1:ng nn x = 1 l 1 nghim ca
5
5
x x
3
2 3
2
+
> + =1
5
5
5 5
Do mi gi tr x > 1 u khng l nghim ca (4.26). Vy nghim
nguyn dng ca (4.26) l x = 1.
Nhn xt. v d trn, ta d nhn thy x = 1 l nghim duy nht
ca phng trnh nn ch cn chng minh vi x > 1 th phng trnh
v nghim. Ngoi ra, t bi ton trn ta c th m rng thnh hai bi
ton mi:
Bi ton 4.1. Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
81
(mod 3) z = 2h (h N)
4.2.4
Chuyn S hc
(4.27)
Din n Ton hc
82
(4.28)
Li gii. Ta c
(4.28) y 2 + 2(x + 1)y (3x2 2x + 8) = 0
0y = (x + 1)2 + 3x2 2x + 8 = 4x2 + 9
(4.28) c nghim th 0y = 4x2 +9 l s chnh phng. t 4x2 +9 =
k 2 vi k N, ta a v phng trnh c s v tm c x {2; 0; 2}.
Vi x = 2 ta c y 2 + 6y 16 = 0 nn y {8; 2}.
Vi x = 0 th y 2 + 2y 8 = 0 nn y {4; 2}.
Vi x = 2 th y 2 2y 24 = 0 nn y {6; 4}.
Kt lun. Vy phng trnh (4.28) c nghim (x; y) l (2; 8), (2; 2),
(0; 4), (0; 2), (2; 6), (2; 4).
Nhn xt. Hai bi ton trn u c th s dng phng php a v
phng trnh c s gii.
Bi tp ngh
Bi 1. Tm cc phng php trc (nht l phng php a v
phng trnh c s) cc bi ton gii bng phng php
ny.
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
83
Din n Ton hc
84
4.2.5
Phng php kp
(a N ) th Y n = (X + a i)n vi
Chuyn S hc
85
(4.30)
Li gii. Ta c nh gi sau
x2 (x2 + 1) < x4 + x2 + 4 < (x2 + 2)(x2 + 3)
(4.31)
(4.32)
(4.33)
T (4.30) v (4.33) th
x4 + x2 + 4 = (x2 + 1)(x2 + 2) x2 = 1 x = 1
T y d tm c y = 1 hoc y = 3.
Vy pt cho c bn cp nghim
(x, y) = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 2), (1, 3)}
Bi tp ngh
Tm nghim nguyn ca cc phng trnh sau:
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
86
Bi 1. x4 + x2 + 1 = y 2
Bi 2. 3(x4 + y 4 + x2 + y 2 + 2) = 2(x2 x + 1)(y 2 y + 1)
Bi 3. 2x4 + 3x2 + 1 y 2 = 0
Bi 4. x2 + (x + y)2 = (x + 9)2
Bi 5. y 3 x3 = 2x + 1
Bi 6. x4 y 4 + z 4 + 2x2 z 2 + 3x2 + 4z 2 + 1 = 0
Bi 7. x3 y 3 2y 2 3y 1 = 0
Bi 8. x4 + (x + 1)4 = y 2 + (y + 1)2
Bi 9. 9x 3x = y 4 + 2y 3 + y 2 + 2y
Bi 10. x4 + x2 y 2 + y + 10 = 0
Bi 11. x6 4y 3 4y 4 = 2 + 3y + 6y 2
Bi 12. (x 2)4 x4 = y 3
Bi 13. x3 + 8x2 6x + 8 = y 3
4.3
4.3.1
Nguyn tc cc hn, li v hn
Li v hn
(4.34)
Chuyn S hc
87
(mod 4) : v l!
4.3.2
Nguyn tc cc hn
(4.35)
Din n Ton hc
88
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
Chng
Phng trnh ng d
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.1
89
90
5.2
5.3
4
x b1
x b2
....
x bk
(mod m1 )
(mod m2 )
(mod mk )
Chuyn S hc
91
Nhn xt.
Trong trng hp tng qut, chng ta c th chng
minh c rng: iu kin cn v h phng trnh (5.2) c
nghim l U CLN (mi ; mj ) chia ht bi bj vi i 6= j(1 i, j k).
a2
k
Gi s m = p1
1 p2 ...pk l phn tch tiu chun ca m. Khi
y phng trnh ng d f (x) 0 (mod m) tng ng vi h
phng trnh ng d f (x) 0 (mod p1
i ), i = 1, 2, ..., k. T
suy ra rng nu x b1 (mod p1
)
l
mt
nghim ca phng
1
trnh f (x) 0 (mod pi ), i = 1, 2, ..., k th nghim ca h phng
trnh ca h phng trnh ng d
x b1 (modp1 1 )
x b2 (modp2 2 )
...
x bk modpk k
Din n Ton hc
92
(mod
m2
)
d
m1 m2
,
) = 1 nn phng trnh ng d ny cho ta
d d
m2
nghim t t0 (mod
), l tp hp tt c cc s nguyn
d
m2
t = t0 +
u, u Z
d
Thay biu thc ca t vo biu thc tnh x ta c tp hp cc
gi tr ca x nghim ng c hai phng trnh ng d ang xt
l:
m2
x = b1 + m1 (t0 +
u) = b1 + m1 t0 + m1dm2 u, hay x = x0 + mu
d
vi x0 = b1 + m1 t0 , m = BCN N (m1 , m2 ).
Nhng (
x 26 (mod 36)
x 62 (mod 60)
V d 5.5. Gii h phng trnh:
4
x 92 (mod 150)
x 11 (mod 231)
Li gii. H hai phng trnh:
x 26 (mod 36)
x = 26 + 36t
, t Z.
x 62 (mod 60)
26 + 36t 62
26 + 36t 62 (mod 60)
36t 36 (mod 60)
t 1 (mod 5)
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
93
x 62 (mod 180)
x 92 (mod 150)
x 11 (mod 231)
V d 5.6. Gii h phng trnh
x = 62 + 180t
x 62 (mod 180)
, t Z.
(mod 1)50)
(mod 150)
(mod 5)
t1
(mod 5)
Vy nghim ca h l:
x 62 + 180.(1+)
(mod 900)
Din n Ton hc
94
(mod z)
yz 1
(mod x)
xz 1
(mod y)
(5.1)
(5.2)
(5.3)
Chuyn S hc
95
5.4
Bc ca phng trnh ng d
5.5
Bi tp
x1
x4
Bi 2. Gii cc h phng trnh: a)
x2
x9
5x 1 (mod 12)
5x 2 (mod 8)
b)
7x 3 (mod 11)
(mod
(mod
(mod
(mod
3)
4)
7)
11)
Din n Ton hc
96
x 3 (mod 3)
x 1 (mod 4)
a)
x 11 (mod 7)
x a (mod 11)
2x a (mod 3)
b)
3x 4 (mod 10)
5.6
5.6.1
nh l Euler.
Chuyn S hc
97
Nu m = p1 1 p2 2 ...pk , pi l cc s nguyn t th
1
1
1
(m) = m 1
1
... 1
p1
p2
pk
By gi ta xt m = a.b trong (a; b) = 1 th c cc kt qu sau
nh l 5.2
a(b) + b(a) 1
(mod ab)
(5.4)
t1
(m2 )
+ t2
(mk )
+ ... + tk
(mod M )
(5.5)
t1
(mod mi )
(5.6)
tj
(m )
(m )
(mod mi )
(5.7)
(m )
t S = t1 1 + t2 2 + ... + tk k
T (5.6) v (5.7) c S timi 1 (mod mi )
V m1 ; m2 ; . . . mk nguyn t vi nhau tng i mt, nn theo tnh cht
ng d thc c
S 1 0 (mod m1 .m2 ...mk ) S 1 (mod M ), tc l c (5.5).
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
98
(mod ab)
(5.8)
t1
n(m2 )
+ t2
n(mk )
+ ... + tk
(mod M )
(5.9)
mi
n(mi )
+ ti
(mod M )
(5.10)
Chuyn S hc
99
m1
(t2 )
+ m2
n(tk )
+ ... + mk
k1
(mod M )
(5.11)
m1
(mi )
Do mi .ti
(mi )
+ mi .ti
(mi )1
= mi .ti .ti
1+(t1 )
mi
+ mi
(mi )1
= M.ti
mi
(mod M )
(5.12)
nn
(mod M ), i = 1, k
(5.13)
m1
2+(t2 )
+ m2
1+(tk )
+ ... + mk
m1 + m2 + ... + mk
(mod M )
(5.14)
m1
2+(t2 )
+ m2
1+(tk )
+ ... + mk
1+(mi )
ti
ti
m1 + m2 + ... + mk
(mod M ), i = 1, k
(mod M )
(5.15)
(5.16)
t1
1+(m2 )
+t2
1+(mk )
+...+tk
t1 +t2 +...+tk
(mod M ) (5.17)
(mod M )
(5.18)
Din n Ton hc
100
(mod 30)
(5.19)
(mod 60).
(mod 60)
Chuyn S hc
5.7. Bi tp
5.7
101
Bi tp
(mod 45)
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
Chng
H thng d v nh l
Thng d Trung Hoa
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.1
104
6.2. H thng d
HTG: h thng d thu gn.
P: tp cc s nguyn t.
(n): hm le ca n.
|A|: s phn t ca tp A.
{x}: phn l ca s thc x, c xc nh nh sau: {x} = x [x],
trong [x] l phn nguyn ca s thc x (l s nguyn ln nht
khng vt qu x).
n
Q
pi = p1 p2 ...pn
i=1
6.2
6.2.1
H thng d
Kin thc c bn
H thng d y
nh ngha 6.1 Cho tp A = {a1 ; a2 ; ...; an }. Gi s ri , 0 ri n 1
l s d khi chia ai cho n. Nu tp s d {r1 ; r2 ; ...; rn } trng vi tp
{0; 1; 2; ...; n 1} th ta ni A l mt h thng d y (gi tt l
H) mod n.
Nhn xt. T nh ngha, d thy:
. Nu A = {a1 ; a2 ; ...; an } lp thnh H (mod n) nu v ch nu:
i 6= j ai 6= aj (mod n).
. Nu A = {a1 ; a2 ; ...; an } l H (mod n) th t nh ngha d
dng suy ra:
Vi mi m Z, tn ti duy nht ai A sao cho ai m
(mod n).
Vi mi a Z, tp a + A = {a + a1 ; a + a2 ; ...; a + an } l
mt H (mod n).
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
6.2. H thng d
105
b. Kt lun cu a. s th no nu n l s l
Li gii.
a. Ta c mt iu kin cn sau y i vi H (mod n),
khi n chn. Gi s C = {c1 ; c2 ; ...; cn } l mt H (mod n). Khi
theo nh ngha ta c:
n(n + 1)
2
(mod n)
+
(mod n)
2
2
[n(n + 1)] (mod n)
A+B 0
(mod n)
(mod n)
(6.2)
Din n Ton hc
106
6.2. H thng d
H thng d thu gn
nh ngha 6.2 Cho tp B = {b1 ; b2 ; ...; bk } l mt tp hp gm k s
nguyn v (bi ; n) = 1 vi mi i = 1; 2; ...; k.
Gi s: bi = qi n + ri vi 1 ri < n. Khi d thy (ri ; n) = 1.
Nu tp {r1 ; r2 ; ...; rn } bng tp K gm tt c cc s nguyn dng
nh hn n v nguyn t cng nhau vi n th B c gi l h thng
d thu gn mod n, gi tt l HTG (mod n).
4
Nhn xt. Ta c th rt ra hai nhn xt:
. D thy tp B = {b1 ; b2 ; ...; bk } gm k s nguyn lp thnh mt
HTG khi v ch khi
i. (bi ; n) = 1
ii. bi 6= bj (mod n) vi 1 i 6= j k
iii. |B| = (n)
iu kin (iii) tng ng vi (iii0 ): vi mi x Z; (x; n) = 1
tn ti duy nht bi B sao cho x bi (mod n).
. T nh ngha ta suy ra: cho tp B = {b1 ; b2 ; ...; bk } l HTG mod
n v c Z; (c; n) = 1 th tp cB = {cb1 ; cb2 ; ...; cbn } cng l HTG
mod n.
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
6.2. H thng d
107
an a0 n
(mod m) a a0
(iu ny mu thun).
Vy an + bm , a0 n + b0 m (mod mn).
+ Chng minh iu kin (iii0 ).
Gi s (x, mn) = 1 (x, m) = 1; (x, n) = 1.
V (m, n) = 1 nn tp B = {mb1 , mb2 , ..., mbk } l mt HTG mod
n.
Vy tn ti duy nht b B x mb (mod n).
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
108
6.2. H thng d
Tng t, tn ti duy nht a A x na (mod m).
T suy ra x na + mb (mod n) v x na + mb (mod m).
T kt hp vi (m, n) = 1 suy ra x na + mb (mod mn).
6.2.2
ng dng
(mod pp )
(mod p)
(6.3)
(mod p) u v
(mod p)
(6.4)
(mod pp )
Cng t (6.3) ta c:
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
6.2. H thng d
109
Kt hp vi (6.4) suy ra
(u v)((p 1).p.up1 1) 0
(mod pp ) u v 0
(mod pp )
(mod pp ).
.
Ngha l tn ti v hn s ak (k = 0, 1, 2, ...) tha mn Q(ak )..pp .
Din n Ton hc
110
6.2. H thng d
Theo nh l Ferma:
xp1 = x3k+1 1
(mod p)
y p1 = y 3k+1 1
x
(mod p)
3k+1
y 3k+1
(mod p) (6.5)
(mod 191)
27P (n1 )
27P (n2 )
(mod 191)
(3n1 11)3
(3n2 11)3
(mod 191)
3n1 11
3n2 11
(mod 191)(suy ra t b )
n1
n2
(mod 191)
.
(mod 191) P (n)..191
Chuyn S hc
6.2. H thng d
111
Li gii. Ta c b sau:
.
B 6.2 k N, k < m th tn ti bk Z sao cho bk pm + pk ..k!
Chng minh. Gi s k! = pk Mk vi (Mk ; p) = 1.
Khi e chy trong tp {0; 1; ...; Mk 1} th cc s epmk lp thnh
mt H modMk , thnh th tn ti bk Z sao cho bk pmk 1
(mod Mk )
.
(bk pmk + 1)..Mk
.
(b pm + pk )..pk .M
k
Mt khc
k
X
k
pi
i=1
<
X
k
<k
pi
i=1
.
Vy (bk pm + pk )..pk .Mk = k!. B c chng minh.
Tr v bi ton.
i
x(x 1)...(x i + 1)
Cn nu n i
th fi (n) =
.
t fi (x) =
0 nu n < i
i!
m1
P
t R(x) =
fi (x)(bi pm + pi ) th theo B 6.2, R(x) l a thc
i=0
c h s nguyn.
Ta c:
n
un = (p + 1) + R(n) =
n
X
Cni pi
i=0
i=0
fi (n)pi
m1
P
m1
X
fi (n)p p
i=1
fi (n)pi
m1
X
fi (n)bi
i=0
(mod pm )
i=1
fi
(n)pi
(mod pm ) n = 1, 2, 3...
i=0
Din n Ton hc
112
6.2. H thng d
(mod p)
Chuyn S hc
6.2. H thng d
113
p
Q
(i2 + i + 3) 3(modp).
i=1
Li gii.
a. Ta s chng minh tp A tha mn 3 iu kin nu
nh ngha 6.2.
Hin nhin mi phn t ca A u khng chia ht cho p
(tha mn iu kin (i)).
Gi s tn ti 1 i < j p 1 sao cho
i3 1 j 3 1 (mod p)
i3 j 3 (mod p)
i3k j 3k (mod p)
Mt khc, theo nh l Ferma, ta c: i3k+1 j 3k+1 (mod p)
T suy ra i j (mod p) i = j (mu thun). Vy A
tha mn iu kin (ii).
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
114
6.2. H thng d
V (p) = p 1 = |A| nn iu kin (iii) tha mn.
Vy A l mt HTG mod p.
b. V B = {1; 2; 3; ...; p 1} l mt HTG mod p. M A cng l mt
HTG mod p (theo phn a.) nn ta c:
p
Q
(i3 1) (p 1)!
(mod p)
i=2
p
Q
(mod p)
i=2
p
Q
(mod p)
(i2 + i + 1) 1
(i2 + i + 1) 3
i=1
p
Y
t=1
cho p.
= 1a1 a2 ...an
= 3a1 a2 ...an
= 5a1 a2 ...an
= 7a1 a2 ...an
= 9a1 a2 ...an
= 5n (1.2n + a)
= 5n (3.2n + a)
= 5n (5.2n + a)
= 5n (7.2n + a)
= 5n (9.2n + a)
Chuyn S hc
6.2. H thng d
115
(p 1)(q 1)
2
b. Xc nh gi tr ca p, q S l s nguyn t
4
kq
rk
Li gii.
a. Ta c
= , y rk l s d trong php chia q
p
q
cho p (0 rk p 1).
Ta c:
q 2q
(p 1)q
S= +
+ ... +
p
p
p
rp1
r1 r2
+
+ ... +
p
p
p
Din n Ton hc
116
6.2. H thng d
Tht vy, ngc li, gi s i, j {1; 2; ...; p 1} , i < j m
ri = rj
(
1jip2
.
(j i)q ..p
jip2
(v l)
.
j i..p
Ta c:
rp1
r1 r2
1 + 2 + ... + p 1
p1
+
+ ... +
=
=
p
p
p
p
2
(p 1)(q 1)
S=
2
(6.7)
(p, q) = 1
p1=1
q1 P
2
(p,
q) = 1
p1P
q1 =1
2
p=2
q = 2h + 1 (h P)
q=3
p = t + 1 (t P, t , 2 (mod 3))
SP
Din n Ton hc
(6.8)
Chuyn S hc
117
q=2
(6.9)
p=3
q = n + 1(n P, n , 2 (mod 3))
T (6.8) v (6.9) ta c cc cp s p, q cn tm.
6.3
6.3.1
Din n Ton hc
118
t n = n1 n2 ...nk v t Ni =
n
.
ni
k
P
(mod ni )
(6.11)
Nj bj aj .
j=1
Vi mi i (1 i k) ta c
a = Ni bi ai +
k
X
Nj bj aj
(6.12)
j=1;j6=i
Chuyn S hc
119
Din n Ton hc
120
Ta c:
x r1
x r2
.
(mod m1 )
(x r) k1 d..dd1
(mod m2 )
(x r) k d...dd
2
2
xr
k2
d
xr k
2
d
(mod d1 )
(6.13)
(mod d2 )
Chuyn S hc
6.3.2
121
ng dng
Trong L thuyt s
V d 6.13. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n, tn ti n s t
nhin lin tip m mi s trong n s u l hp s.
4
Li gii. tng: ta s to ra mt h phng trnh ng d gm n
phng trnh ng d. Da vo nh l thng d Trung Hoa, ta kt
lun c s tn ti nghim ca h .
Gi s p1 , p2 , ..., pn l n s nguyn t khc nhau tng i mt.
Xt h phng trnh ng d x k (mod p2k )(k = 1, 2, ..., n).
Theo nh l thng d Trung Hoa, tn ti x0 N sao cho x0 k
(mod p2k ), k = 1, 2, ..., n.
Khi cc s x0 + 1; x0 + 2, ...; x0 + n u l hp s.(pcm)
V d 6.14. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n, tn ti n s t
nhin lin tip sao cho bt k s no trong cc s cng u khng
phi ly tha (vi s m nguyn dng) ca mt s nguyn t.
4
Nhn xt. Bi ny cng gn tng t vi tng ca bi ton v d
cng c. Tuy nhin vic tm ra h phng trnh ng d kh hn mt
cht.
Li gii. Vi mi s t nhin n, xt n s nguyn t khc nhau tng i
mt p1 , p2 , ..., pn .
Theo nh l Thng d Trung Hoa, tn ti a N sao cho a pk k
(mod p2k ) (k = 1, 2, ..., n).
Khi d thy rng cc s a + 1, a + 2, ..., a + n u khng phi ly
tha vi s m nguyn dng ca mt s nguyn t (pcm).
V d 6.15. Cho trc cc s nguyn dng n, s. Chng minh rng tn
ti n s nguyn dng lin tip m mi s u c c l ly tha bc
s ca mt s nguyn dng ln hn 1.
4
n
Din n Ton hc
122
(mod 2k ) x a (mod 2k )
x a (mod 2k )
x b (mod (2m + 1))
.
V theo l lun trn, P (x) = (3x + 1)(2x + 1)..n.
Chuyn S hc
123
x+1
x+2
x+n
...
y
+
1
y+2
y+n
...
v
0 (mod p01 p02 ...p0n )
0 (mod p11 p12 ...p1n )
0 (mod p21 p22 ...p2n )
0
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
124
Li gii. Ta c:
x +x0
(mod n)
x(x + 1) 0 (mod pi i )
i = 1, k
"
i
x 0 (mod pi )
i
x 1 (mod pi )
i = 1, k
(6.14)
x ai (mod pi i )
ai {1; 0}
(mod n)
c duy nht mt nghim v ta c 2k
i = 1, k
h (bng s b (a1 , a2 , ..., ak ), ai {1; 0}), nghim ca cc h khc
nhau. Suy ra phng trnh cho c ng 2k nghim.
V d 6.19. Cho m = 20072008 . Hi c tt c bao nhiu s t nhin
n<m sao cho m|n(2n + 1)(5n + 2) .
4
Li gii. D thy GCD (m; 10) = 1. Do :
n(2n + 1)(5n + 2) 0
10n(10n + 5)(10n + 4) 0
(mod m)
(mod m)
(6.15)
(mod q1 )
(6.16)
x(x + 5)(x + 4) 0
(mod q2 )
(6.17)
D thy:
(6.16) xy ra khi v ch khi x 0 (mod q1 ) hoc x 5 (mod q1 )
hoc x 4 (mod q1 ).
(6.17) xy ra khi v ch khi x 0 (mod q2 ) hoc x 5 (mod q2 )
hoc x 4 (mod q2 ).
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
125
x 0 (mod 10)
x
1 (mod q1 )
x r2 (mod q2 )
(6.18)
x
<
10q
q
1
2
r1 , r2 {0; 4; 5}
V 10; q1 ; q2 i mt nguyn t cng nhau nn theo nh l Thng d
Trung Hoa, h (6.18) c nghim duy nht.
D thy s c 9 s x l nghim ca 9 h (6.18) tng ng. V mi s x
cho ta mt s n v hai s x cho hai s n khc nhau nn c 9 s n tha
mn cc iu kin bi.
Nhn xt. V d 6.19 chnh l trng hp c bit ca bi ton tng
qut sau:
V d 6.20. Cho s nguyn dng n c phn tch tiu chun n =
p1 1 p2 2 ...pk k . Xt a thc P (x) c h s nguyn. Nghim
x0 ca phng
trnh ng d P (x) 0 (mod n) l lp ng d x0 0, 1, 2, ..., n 1
tha mn P (x0 ) 0 (mod n). Khi , iu kin cn v phng
trnh P (x) 0 (mod n) c nghim l vi mi i = 1, 2, ..., s, phng
trnh P (x) 0 (mod pi i ) c nghim. Hn na, nu vi mi i =
1, 2, ..., s, phng trnh P (x) 0 (mod pi i ) c ri nghim module pi i
th phng trnh c r = r1 r2 ...rs nghim module n.
4
6.4
Bi tp ngh & gi p s
Bi tp ngh
Bi 1.
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
126
2012
X
k=6
17k
11
Chuyn S hc
127
Gi p s
Bi 1. Chng minh trc tip da vo nh ngha.
Bi 2. Ta chng minh n phi c dng n = 2k . Phn chng, gi s
n = 2k .m vi m l v m > 1. S dng tnh cht h thng d
y .
Bi 3. Ta c th chng minh da vo kin thc v h thng d y
, cng c th chng minh da vo nh l Thng d trung
Hoa.
Bi 4. S dng HTG.
Bi 5. Biu din P (x) di dng P (x) = ap xp + ap1 xp1 + ... + a2 x2 +
a1 x + a0 . Phn chng, gi s P (x) c nghim nguyn x = u.
Suy ra mu thun.
Bi 6. Tin hnh tng t V d 6.7.
Bi 7. S dng kin thc H.
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
128
Bi 8. p s: 887.
Bi 9. Gi pk l s nguyn t th k, k > 0. Theo nh l Thng d
Trung Hoa, tn ti dy s {an }
n=1 tha mn a1 = 2; an =
k(modpk+1 ), k n.
Bi 10. nh l Thng d Trung Hoa.
Bi 11. Chng minh n c dng 2k . S dng tnh cht ca s Fecma
(xem li V d 6.15).
Bi 12. V d 6.15 v Bi 3.
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
Chng
Mt s bi ton s hc
hay trn VMF
7.1
7.2
.
m3 + 17..3n 129
c(ac + 1)2 = (5c + 2)(2c + b) 136
7.1
.
m3 + 17..3n
.
7.1. m3 + 17..3n
130
n2
(mod3)
n1
m3 + 17 2.3k
k+1
mod3
m3 + 17 3k
(mod 3k+1 )
.
.
(Do k 2 32k1 ..3k+1 v 33k3 ..3k+1 ).
Suy ra:
m + 3k1
3
(mod 3k+1 )
.
.
.
(v m 6 ..3 m2 1 (mod 3) 2 + m2 ..3 (2 + m2 ).3k ..3k+1 ).
3
.
Nh vy, trng hp 1, ta c: m + 3k1 + 17..3k+1 .
Trng hp 2: m3 + 17 3k (mod 3k+1 ).
Xt:
3
m 3k1 = m3 m2 3k +m32k1 33k3 m3 m2 3k
(mod 3k+1 )
.
.
(Do k 2 32k1 ..3k+1 v 33k3 ..3k+1 ).
Suy ra:
m 3k1
3
+ 17 m3 m2 3k + 17 3k m2 3k 0
(mod 3k+1 )
.
.
.
(v m 6 ..3 m2 1 (mod 3) 1 m2 ..3 1 m2 .3k ..3k+1 ).
3
.
Nh vy, trng hp 2 ta c: m 3k1 + 17..3k+1 .
.
.
Tm li, ta u tm c s nguyn t 6 ..3 m t3 + 17..3k+1 .
Ta chng minh c vn ng trong trng hp n = k + 1.
Theo nguyn l quy np, ta c pcm.
Mu cht bi ton ny l b sau:
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
.
7.1. m3 + 17..3n
131
..
Chng minh. Ta chng minh i din cho trng hp ak + b.q. Trng
hp cn li tng t.
Xt A = {1; 2; 3; ...; q} l 1 h y H mod q.
Theo tnh cht ca H thng d, ta c tp B = {a; 2a; 3a; ...; qa} cng
l H mod q.
C = {a + b; 2a + b; 3a + b; ...; qa + b} cng l H mod q.
.
Do , tn ti k [1; q] sao cho ak + b..q.
Nhn xt. Bi ton cho thc cht l yu cu tm 1 s x nguyn sao
.
cho x + 17..3n v x l lp phng 1 s nguyn. B trn cho thy
.
s tn ti ca x nguyn x + 17..3n . Cn vic tm x l x l lp
phng 1 s nguyn th ta s dng phng php quy np nh trn.
i vi 1 ngi yu ton, ta phi khng ngng sng to. Ta hy th
tng qut bi ton cho:
thay v m3 , ta th thay mk vi k l s nguyn dng c nh.
thay v 3n , ta th thay pn vi p l 1 s nguyn t.
thay s 17 bi y N vi y c nh.
Kt hp cc thay i trn, ta c 1 bi ton "tng qut" hn
D on 7.1 Cho p l s nguyn t. y, k N v y, k c nh.
Khng nh hoc ph nh mnh sau
.
n N, x N : xk + y ..pn
(7.1)
(7.2)
Din n Ton hc
.
7.1. m3 + 17..3n
132
Rt tic, khi ny, (7.2) li sai!!!. Ta s chng minh (7.2) sai khi n 1.
Tht vy, chng minh d on 7.1 sai, ta cn c b sau
B 7.2 Cho p l s nguyn t dng 4k + 3 v a, b Z. Khi
.
.
.
a2 + b2 ..p (a..p) (b..p)
.
.
T (7.2), suy ra x2 + 1..3. p dng b 7.2 vi p = 3, ta suy ra 1..3:
v l.
.
Vy khi n 1 th 6 x Z : x2 + 1..3n .
Khng nn lng, ta th thm mt vi iu kin (7.1) tr nn cht
hn v ng. Nu bn c c kin no hay, xin hy gi vo topic ny
tho lun. Sau khi thm mt s iu kin, ta c 1 bi ton hp hn
nhng lun ng.
nh l 7.1 Cho p nguyn t l. y, k N v y, k c nh.
Bit rng gcd(k, p) = gcd(k, p 1) = gcd(y, p) = 1.
Chng minh rng:
.
n N, x N : xk + y ..pn
(7.3)
Chuyn S hc
.
7.1. m3 + 17..3n
133
Quay li bi ton. Ta chng minh (7.3) bng phng php quy np.
Vi n = 1, theo b 7.3 th
x0 {1; 2; ...; p 1} : xk0 y
.
(mod p) xk0 + y ..p
.
Gi s bi ton ng nn hay tn ti xk + y ..pn
.
Ta s chng minh n + 1 cng ng hay tn ti xk0 + y ..pn+1
Tht vy, t gi thit quy np suy ra xk + y = pn .q
.
Trng hp 1: q ..p pcm
Trng hp 2:
gcd(q, p) = 1
(7.4)
Din n Ton hc
.
7.1. m3 + 17..3n
134
(7.6)
.
Gi s (7.6) ng n n 1, tc l tn ti x0 x0 x0 + y ..pn1 .
Theo cch chng minh quy np (7.6), ta chn c xn = apn + x0
.
tha xx0 + y ..pn .
n
Chuyn S hc
.
7.1. m3 + 17..3n
135
(mod pn )
Li cm n
Rt cm n Nguyen Lam Thinh, Karl Heinrich Marx,nguyenta98, The
Gunner ng gp kin v m rng cho bi vit ny.
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
136
7.2
(7.7)
4
(t; p) = 1
c + (ac + 1)2 = p2
8
c = 8t2
2
t2 + 8t2 a + 1 = p2
M d chng minh
2
2
2
8t2 a + 1 < t2 + 8t2 a + 1 < 8t2 a + 2
2
2
8t2 a + 1 < p2 < 8t2 a + 2 : mu thun
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc
137
Do , d = 8 b loi.
c c
Trng hp 2: d=4
; + 2 (ac + 1)2 = 1
4 4
c c
2
; + 2 (ac + 1) l nhng s chnh phng (*)
4 4
.
c
c
Nu l s chn + 2 (ac + 1)2 ..2
4
c4 c
2
; + 2 (ac + 1) = 2: mu thun.
4 4
c
c
c
Do , l s l. M l s chnh phng 1 (mod 4)
4
4
4
Mt khc, do c chn nn ac + 1 l s l (ac + 1)2 1 (mod 4)
c
+ 2 (ac + 1)2 1 + 2.1 3 (mod 4): v l do (*).
4
Do , d = 4 b loi.
Trng hp 3: d=2 .
c
c
Tng t t Trng hp 2, ta c l 1 (mod 8)
2
2
c chn nn ac + 1 l (ac + 1)2 1 (mod 8)
c
+ 4(ac + 1)2 1 + 4.1 5
2
(mod 8) : v l
Do , d = 2 b loi.
Trng hp 4: d=1
Tng t trng hp 2, ta c ngay c l v do (c; c + 8(ac + 1)2 ) = 1
nn c l s chnh phng.
Vy ta c pcm.
Nhn xt. Ta thy trong bi ny, b v c c 1 mi lin quan kh cht
ch vi nhau nn ta th gii theo b, c s dng k thut GCD tc l t
d = GCD(b; c) ta c cch chng minh th 2.
Chng minh (Chng minh 2). t d = (b; c)
Chuyn S hc
c = dm
b = dn
m; n N
(m; n) = 1
Din n Ton hc
138
Khi
2
(7.7) m (dam + 1)
= d (5m + 2n) (2m + n)
d|m (dam + 1)2
d|m m = dp (p; n) = (d; n) = 1
(d; dam + 1) = 1
2
(7.7) p d2 ap + 1 = (5dp+ 2n) (2dp + n)
p| (5dp + 2n) (2dp + n)
p|5dp + 2n p|2n
(p; 2dp + n) = 1
(p; n) = 1 p|2 p {1; 2}
2
Trng hp 1: p=2 , khi 2 2ad2 + 1 = (10d + 2n) (4d + n),
2
suy ra 2ad2 + 1 = (5d + n) (4d + n). Nhng v (5d + n; 4d + n) =
(d; 4d + n) = (d; n) = 1 Cho nn ta phi c
5d + n = x2
(x; y N , (x; y) = 1)
4d + n = y 2
Suy ra d = x2 y 2 . Mt khc
2ad2 + 1 = xy a =
Ta chng minh 2 x2 y 2
Tht vy
2
xy 1
xy 1
=
2
2d
2 (x2 y 2 )2
d=m
Din n Ton hc
(7.8)
Chuyn S hc
139
2d + n = y 2
(x; y) = 1
n = 5y 2 2x2
d = 4z 2 2y 2
Nu x = 2z vi z N
n = 5y 2 8z 2
2
2
(7.8) ad2 + 1 = 4z 2 y 2 a 4z 2 2y 2 + 1 = 2zy
Phng trnh cui cng v nghim nguyn do 2 v khc tnh chn l.
Suy ra, x l d l c l. (ii)
Kt lun: (i), (ii) c l s chnh phng l.
Khng ngng tm kim, ta s tm mt li gii khc sc tch hn. Nu
ta bit n cng c vp (n) th s thy n s rt hiu qu cho bi ton
ny, ta c cch chng minh th v sau.
Chng minh (Chng minh 3). Gi s c chn khi ta c:
v2 (c) = v2 (5c + 2b) + v2 (2c + b)
Nu b l th ta c v2 (c) = v2 (5c + 2b) = v2 (5c) v2 (5c) < v2 (2b) = 1.
iu ny v l!
Do c l. Xt p|c l mt c nguyn t ca c.
Ta c vp (c) = vp (5c + 2b) + vp (2c + b).
Ta thy rng vp (c) > vp (5c + 2b), vp (2c + b) > 0.
Do vp (5c + 2b) = min[vp (c); vp (4c + 2b)]
vp (5c + 2b) = vp (4c + 2b) = vp (2c + b)
vp (c) = 2vp (5c + 2b): s chn nn suy ra c l s chnh phng.
V hi vng cn nhng li gii khc hay hn, sng to hn t cc bn.
Mong bn c tho lun thm v ng gp kin cho bi ton.
Li cm n
Rt cm n Karl Heinrich Marx,nguyenta98, Vng Nguyn Thy
Dng v perfectstrong ng gp kin cho bi vit ny.
Chuyn S hc
Din n Ton hc
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Titu Andreescu, Dorin Andrica, Number Theory: Structures, Examples and Problems
[5]
[6]
[7]
Ti
nguyn
Internet,
c
http://diendantoanhoc.net/forum/,
http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/,
http://boxmath.vn
[8]
[9]
bit:
142
Din n Ton hc
Chuyn S hc