You are on page 1of 3

A THC I XNG HAI N

V CC NG DNG
A. L thuyt.
1. a thc hai n x, y khng i khi thay x bi y v y bi x gi l a thc i
xng (tx) hai n.
V d : P(x, y) = x3y + xy3 ; Q(x, y) = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3 l cc tx.
Cc a thc U(x, y) = 2x - 3y ; V(x, y) = x2 - y2 khng phi l cc tx.
2. Cc a thc t1 = x + y v t2 = xy gi l tx c bn.
3. K hiu Sn = xn + yn (n thuc N*) th Sn u biu din c theo t1, t2.
V d :
S1 = x + y = t 1
S2 = x2 + y2 = (x + y)2 - 2xy = t12 - 2t2
S3 = x3 + y3 = (x + y)3 - 3xy(x + y) = t13 - 3t1t2
S4 = x4 + y4 = (x2 + y2)2 - 2x2y2 = S22 - 2t22 = t14 - 4t12t2 + 2t22
...
* Cng thc truy hi : Sk = t1.Sk - 1 - t2.Sk - 2.
4. Mi tx hai n x, y u c th vit di dng a thc hai n t1, t2.
B. Cc ng dng.
I. Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t.
Bi ton 1 : Phn tch a thc :
f(x, y) = x5 + 3xy4 + y5 + 3x4y + x2y3 + 3x2y2 + x3y + xy3 thnh nhn t.
Li gii : Ta c :
f(x, y) = x5 + 3xy4 + y5 + 3x4y + x2y3 + 3x2y2 + x3y + xy3
= (x5 + y5) + 3xy(x3 + y3) + xy(y2 + y2) + x2y2(x + y) + 3x2y2
= t15 - 5t13t2 + 5t1t22 + 3t2(t13 - 3t1t2) + t2(t12 - 2t2) + t22t1 + 3t22
= t15 - 2t13t2 - 3t1t22 + t12t2 + t22
= t15 - 3t13t2 + t12t2 + t2t13 - 3t1t22+ t22
= (t12 + t2)(t13 - 3t1t2 + t1)
= (x2 + y2 + 3xy).(x3 + y3 + xy)
II. Gii h phng trnh.
Bi ton 2 : Gii h :

Li gii : t t1 = x + y , t2 = xy th h tr thnh :

Th t1 = 3 ta c :
2 t22 - 36 t2 + 64 = 0 => t2 = 16 ; t2 = 2.
Do x, y l cc nghim ca phng trnh u2 - 3u + 16 = 0 hoc u2 - 3u + 2 = 0.
T ta c x = 1 & y = 2 hoc x = 2 & y = 1.
III. Gii phng trnh.
Bi ton 3 : Gii phng trnh sau :

Li gii :

T kt qu bi ton trn ta c a, b v t c nghim ca phng trnh l x = -15


hoc x = 0.
IV. Chng minh ng thc.
Bi ton 4 : Cho x + y = 1, x3 + y3 = a, x5 + y5 = b.
Chng minh 5a.(a + 1) = 9b + 1.
Li gii : Ta c :
x3 + y3 = t13 - 3t1t2 = a => t2 = (1 - a)/3 ;
b = x5 + y5 = t15 - 5t13t2 + 5t22t1
(p dng cng thc truy hi)
=> b = 1 + 5t22 - 5t2 = (5a2 + 5a - 1)/9
Vy 9b = 5a2 + 5a - 1 hay 9b + 1 = 5a.(a + 1).
V. Lp phng trnh bc hai.
Bi ton 5 : Hy lp phng trnh c hai nghim :
y1 = x13 - 2x2 ; y2 = x23 - 2x2 vi x1, x2 l nghim ca phng trnh : x2 - x - 5 = 0.
Li gii : Theo Vi-et ta c t1 = x1 + x2 = 1 ; t2 = x1.x2 = -5.

= (-5)3 - 2.(14 - 4.(-5) + 2.(-5)2) + 4.(-5)


= -125 - 2.(1 + 20 + 50) - 20
= -125 - 142 - 20 = -287
Vy y1, y2 l nghim ca phng trnh : y2 - 14y - 287 = 0.
VI. Tm cc tr.
Bi ton 6 : Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca :
Li gii :

C. Mt s bi tp.
1. Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t.
a) f(x, y) = 10x4 - 27x3y - 110x2y2 - 27xy3 + 10y4.
b) 2x4 - x3y + 3x2y2 - xy3 + 2y4.
2. Lp phng trnh bc hai z2 + pz + q = 0 c cc nghim l :
z1 = x16 - 2x22 , z2 = x26 - 2x12 , vi x1, x2 l nghim ca x2 - x - 3 = 0.
3. Cho x, y dng tha mn x + y = 1. Chng minh rng : 8.(x4 + y4) + 1/xy 5
4. Gii h :
5. Chng minh : (x + y)4 + x4 + y4 = 2(x2 + xy + y2)2.
6. Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh : x3 + y3 + 1 = 3xy.
7. Gii phng trnh :
m Duy ng
(GV trng THCS Chu Mnh Trinh, Vn Giang, Hng Yn)

You might also like