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tinhoc:

1. Tn gi thng thng.
Khng tun theo quy tc khoa hc no, thng xut hin t xa v bt ngun t
nguyn liu hoc tn nh bc hc tm ra, hoc mt a im no trong tnh
cht ca hp cht .
V d: Axitfomic (axit kin); olefin (kh du); axit axetic (axit gim),
2. Danh php hp l
Gi theo hp cht n gin nht, cc hp cht khc c xem l dn xut ca
chng, nguyn t H c thay th bng cc gc hu c.
V d
CH3 - OH : ru metylic (cacbinol)
CH3 - CH2 - OH : ru etylic (metyl cacbinol)
3. Danh php quc t:
Gi theo quy c ca Lin on quc t ho hc l thuyt v ng dng
(IUPAC).
a) Da vo b khung C xut pht t cc hirocacbon no mch thng. Cc hp
cht cng loi (cng dy ng ng), cng nhm chc th c ui ging nhau.
C th:
Hirocacbon no (ankan) c ui an:
CH3 - CH2 - CH3 : propan
Hirocacbon c ni i (anken) c ui en:
CH2 = CH - CH3 : propen
Hirocacbon c ni ba (ankin) c ui in:
CH = C - CH3 : propin

Hp cht anehit c ui al:


CH3 - CH2 - CHO : propanal
Hp cht ru c ui ol:
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - OH : propanol
Hp cht axit hu c c ui oic:
CH3 - CH2 - COOH : propanoic.
Hp cht xeton c ui ion:

- ch s nguyn t cacbon c trong mch chnh, ngi ta dng cc phn nn


(phn u) sau:
1 : meta ; 2 : eta ; 3 : propa ; 4 : buta ; 5 : penta ; 6 : hexa ; 7 : hepta ; 8 : octa ; 9
: nona ; 10 : eca ;
b) Tn ca nhm th. Cn ch rng, trong ho hu c, tt c nhng nguyn t
khc hiro (nh Cl, Br, ) hoc nhm nguyn t (nh - NO2, - NH2,, cc
gc hirocacbon CH3 -, C2H5 -,) u c coi l nhm th.
- Gi tn nguyn t hoc tn nhm th.

- Gi tn gc hirocacbon u xut pht t tn hirocacbon tng ng vi phn


ui khc nhau.
+ Gc hirocacbon no ho tr 1 gi theo tn ca ankan tng ng bng cch
thay ui -an bng ui -yl v c gi chung l gc ankyl.
V d: CH3 - : metyl, C2H5 - : etyl,
+ Gc hirocacbon cha no ho tr 1 c ui -enyl i vi anken, ui -nyl i
vi ankin v ui -ienyl i vi ien.

V d:
CH2 = CH -: etilenyl (thng gi l gc vinyl)
CH C -: axetilenyl hay etinyl.
+ Gc ho tr 2 to thnh khi tch 2 nguyn t H khi 1 nguyn t C hoc tch
nguyn t O khi anehit hay xeton. Gc ho tr 2 c ui t -ylien. V d:
CH3 -CH2 -CH = : propylien.
c) Cc bc gi tn hp cht hu c phc tp:
- Bc 1: Chn mch C chnh.
l mch C di nht hoc t C nhng cha ni i, ni ba, nhm th, nhm
chc,
- Bc 2 : nh s th t cc nguyn t C (bng ch s rp) trong mch
chnh xut pht t pha gn nhm chc, ni i, ni ba, nhm th, mch nhnh.
Quy tc nh s. u tin nh s ln lt theo th t.
Nhm chc ni i ni ba mch nhnh.
i vi hp cht tp chc th u tin ln lt: Axit anehit ru.
- Bc 3: Xc nh cc nhm th v v tr ca chng trn mch C chnh.
- Bc 4: Gi tn.
+ Trc tin gi tn cc nhm th v v tr ca chng trn mch C chnh, cui
cng gi tn hp cht vi mch C chnh.
Ch : Mch cacbon phi lin tc, khng c nguyn t khc chen vo gia, v
d i vi cht

+ Nu c nhiu nhm th ging nhau th gp chng li v thm t i (2), tri (3),


tetra (4), penta (5),

+ Theo quy tc: Con s ch v tr ca nhm th t trc tn gi ca n, con s


ch v tr ni i, ni ba v nhm chc ( mch C chnh) t pha sau.
V d: Gi tn cc hp cht sau.

Ch : Hin nay cng tn ti mt cch gi tn l t v tr ca ni i, ni ba,


nhm chc pha trc tn gi. V d:
CH2 = CH2 : 2-buten ; CH2 = CH - CH = CH2 : 1,3 - butaien ;
d ) Cho tn gi, vit cng thc cu to:
Vic u tin l da vo ui ca tn gi xc nh cht ng vi mch cacbon
chnh.
V d: Vit CTCT ca nhng cht c tn sau:
+ 1, 1, 2, 2 - tetracloetan
Ta i t ui an (hirocacbon no) etan (c 2C), tetraclo (c 4 clo th cc v
tr 1, 1, 2, 2). Do CTCT: CHCl2 - CHCl2.
+ 1 - clo , 2 , 3 - imetylbutan
ngun: su tm
thanks!!!!!!

Sau y l cch gi tn este theo yu cu ca mt s hc sinh.


Tn este gm: Tn gc hirocacbon R + tn anion gc axit (thay ui ic thnh at)
V d:
- HCOOC2H5 : etyl fomat (hay etyl metanoat)
- CH3COOCH=CH2 : vinyl axetat

- CH2=CHCOOCH3 : metyl acrylat


- CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3: metyl metacrylat
- CH3COOCH2CH2CH(CH3)2 : isoamyl axetat
- CH3COOCH2CH=CHCH2CH2CH3 : hex-2-en-1-yl axetat
- C6H5COOCH=CH2 : vinyl benzoat
- CH3COOC6H5 : phenyl axetat
- CH3COOCH2C6H5 : benzyl axetat
- C2H5OOC[CH2]4COOCH(CH3)2 : etyl isopropyl aipat
- (CH3COO)2C2H4 : etylenglicol iaxetat
- CH2(COOC2H5)2 : ietyl malonat
- (CH3[CH2]7CH=CH[CH2]7COO)3C3H5 : glixeryl trioleat (hay triolein hay trioleoylglixerol)

panmitoylstearoyloleoylglixerol)

: glixeryl panmitostearooleat (hay

- CH3[CH2]14COO[CH2]15CH3 : miricyl panmitat (hay sp ong)


Sau y l mt s quy tc c bn ca danh php IUPAC. Danh php ny c hi ha hc c
bn v ng dng quc t (the International Union of Pure anh Applied Chemistry) thng qua nm
1957.
I CU TO CA HP CHT HU C V CU TO CA TN GI
Theo IUPAC, cu to mt hp cht hu c gm mt mch chnh v c th c cc nhnh, nhm th hoc
cc nhm chc gn vo n.
* V d 1:
Nhnh

Mch chnh

Nhnh

Nhm chc

Do tn ca mt hp cht hu c phi phn nh c cc hp phn cu to ni trn. Tn theo danh


php IUPAC gm 3 phn: u, thn v ui:
- Cc nhnh, nhm th v nhm chc ph to nn phn u
- Mch chnh hay vng chnh to nn phn thn
- Tn nhm chc chnh to nn phn ui
Trong v d trn:

5,5 imetyl
u

heptan
Thn

2 on
ui

- u: hai mch nhnh metyl C s 5, c l 5,5 imetyl


- Thn: mch chnh c 7C (nh s t 1 n 7) khng c lin kt bi, c l heptan
- ui: nhm chc xeton C s 2, c l 2 on
V vy hp cht c tn l: 5,5 imetyl heptan 2 on
* V d 2:
Nhnh

Vng chnh

Nhm th
2 amino 1 metyl
u

benzen
Thn

V vy hp cht c tn l: 2 amino 1 metyl benzen


* V d 3:
Nhm chc chnh

Vng chnh
chc ph

Nhm

2 hiroxi

benzen

1 - cacboxylic

V vy hp cht c tn l: 2 hiroxi benzen 1 cacboxylic


II CCH CHN MCH CHNH V NH S
1. Vi hirocacbon no
- Mch chnh l mch c nhiu nhnh nht v di nht, s 1 phi dnh cho C u gn mch nhnh nht
* V d 4:

Mch chnh

Mch nhnh
2 metyl butan
- Khi mch chnh cha hai nhnh v tr cn i th s 1 u gn nhnh n gin hn
* V d 5:

Mch chnh

Cc mch nhnh
4 etyl 3 metyl hexan
- Khi mch chnh c nhiu nhnh th cc s c nh theo quy tc s nh nht, ngha l phi nh s sao
cho tng ca chng trong tn gi l nh nht.
* V d 6:

Mch chnh

Cc mch nhnh
5 etyl 2,3 imetyl heptan (tng = 2 + 3 + 5 = 10)
- Nu nh s ngc li, hp cht s c tn l: 3 etyl 5,6 imetyl heptan c tng = 14. Theo th t
ch ci th etyl phi c c trc metyl.
2. Vi hirocacbon khng no
- Mch chnh l mch c nhiu lin kt bi v di nht, s 1 dnh cho C u gn lin kt bi
* V d 7:

Mch chnh

Mch nhnh
3 metyl hexa 1,4 ien
- Khi c c lin kt i v lin kt ba mch chnh th s 1 u gn lin kt i
* V d 8:

Pen 1 en 4 in
3. Vi hp cht mch vng
- Mch chnh l mch vng, s 1 dnh cho C trong mch chnh mang nhnh n gin nht, cc s tip theo
c nh theo quy tc s nh nht.
V d 9

V d 10

V d 11

3 etyl 1 metyl xyclohexan 1 metyl 3 propyl benzen 2 etyl 1 metyl naphtalen


- Khi hp cht c nhiu vng ri rc th mch chnh l mch thng.
* V d 12:

1,1,1 triclo 2,2 bis(4 clophenyl) etan (DDT)


(bis thay cho i nu nhm th phc tp)
- Khi c nhm th hoc nhm chc gn vi vng, s 1 t C trong mch vng gn trc tip vi nguyn t
nhnh hoc nhm chc c khi lng nguyn t nh nht. Cc s tip theo cng c nh theo qui
tc s nh nht.
* V d 13:

4 amino 1,2 imetyl benzen


Trong cng thc trn, s 1 dnh cho C gn vi CH3 m khng phi C gn vi NH2 v khi lng nguyn
t ca C nh hn ca N
- i vi mch nhiu vng ghp, nhiu cu.
* V d 14:

Spiro [2,3] hexan


Trong : hexan l tn gi mch chnh 6C khng c lin kt bi, xp thnh 2 vng c s C theo th t tng
dn l 2 v 3 c t trong ngoc vung [ ] v cch nhau du phy. Hai vng c chung 1 nguyn t C nn
c tip u ng spiro.
* V d 15:

1,7,7 trimetyl bixiclo [2.2.1] heptan 2 on


Trong : heptan l tn gi mch chnh 7C khng c lin kt bi, xp thnh 2 vng v c 3 cu ni: cu
1234 c s nhp l 2C (C2, C3); cu 1564 c s nhp l 2C (C5, C6); cu 174 c s nhp l 1C (C7). Ch s ch
s nguyn t C mi cu c vit theo th t nh dn, t trong ngoc vung [ ] v cch nhau du chm.
Thm tip u ng bixiclo khi c chung cu ni.
4. Vi hp cht c nhm th, nhm chc
- Khi mch chnh c nhm th, nhm chc th s 1 t u gn nhm chc
* V d 16:

Mch chnh

Nhm
chc

Nhm th
3 clo pentan 1 ol
- Khi hp cht hu c c t hai nhm chc tr ln th s c nhm chc chnh (c hn cp cao nht) v
nhm chc ph. Mc hn cp ca cc nhm chc nh sau: COOH > CHO > >C=O > OH > NH2.
S 1 t u gn nhm chc chnh.
* V d 17:

Nhm chc chnh

Nhm chc ph
2,3 ihiroxi butanioic
* V d 18:

Nhm chc chnh

Nhm chc ph
Axit 3 oxopentanoic
* V d 19:
Nhm chc chnh

Nhm chc ph

Axit formylbutanioic
* V d 20:

Axit 4 hiroxi xiclohexan cacboxylic

Bin son H Ch Tun - H Y H Ni

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