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1. Tn gi thng thng.
Khng tun theo quy tc khoa hc no, thng xut hin t xa v bt ngun t
nguyn liu hoc tn nh bc hc tm ra, hoc mt a im no trong tnh
cht ca hp cht .
V d: Axitfomic (axit kin); olefin (kh du); axit axetic (axit gim),
2. Danh php hp l
Gi theo hp cht n gin nht, cc hp cht khc c xem l dn xut ca
chng, nguyn t H c thay th bng cc gc hu c.
V d
CH3 - OH : ru metylic (cacbinol)
CH3 - CH2 - OH : ru etylic (metyl cacbinol)
3. Danh php quc t:
Gi theo quy c ca Lin on quc t ho hc l thuyt v ng dng
(IUPAC).
a) Da vo b khung C xut pht t cc hirocacbon no mch thng. Cc hp
cht cng loi (cng dy ng ng), cng nhm chc th c ui ging nhau.
C th:
Hirocacbon no (ankan) c ui an:
CH3 - CH2 - CH3 : propan
Hirocacbon c ni i (anken) c ui en:
CH2 = CH - CH3 : propen
Hirocacbon c ni ba (ankin) c ui in:
CH = C - CH3 : propin
V d:
CH2 = CH -: etilenyl (thng gi l gc vinyl)
CH C -: axetilenyl hay etinyl.
+ Gc ho tr 2 to thnh khi tch 2 nguyn t H khi 1 nguyn t C hoc tch
nguyn t O khi anehit hay xeton. Gc ho tr 2 c ui t -ylien. V d:
CH3 -CH2 -CH = : propylien.
c) Cc bc gi tn hp cht hu c phc tp:
- Bc 1: Chn mch C chnh.
l mch C di nht hoc t C nhng cha ni i, ni ba, nhm th, nhm
chc,
- Bc 2 : nh s th t cc nguyn t C (bng ch s rp) trong mch
chnh xut pht t pha gn nhm chc, ni i, ni ba, nhm th, mch nhnh.
Quy tc nh s. u tin nh s ln lt theo th t.
Nhm chc ni i ni ba mch nhnh.
i vi hp cht tp chc th u tin ln lt: Axit anehit ru.
- Bc 3: Xc nh cc nhm th v v tr ca chng trn mch C chnh.
- Bc 4: Gi tn.
+ Trc tin gi tn cc nhm th v v tr ca chng trn mch C chnh, cui
cng gi tn hp cht vi mch C chnh.
Ch : Mch cacbon phi lin tc, khng c nguyn t khc chen vo gia, v
d i vi cht
panmitoylstearoyloleoylglixerol)
Mch chnh
Nhnh
Nhm chc
5,5 imetyl
u
heptan
Thn
2 on
ui
Vng chnh
Nhm th
2 amino 1 metyl
u
benzen
Thn
Vng chnh
chc ph
Nhm
2 hiroxi
benzen
1 - cacboxylic
Mch chnh
Mch nhnh
2 metyl butan
- Khi mch chnh cha hai nhnh v tr cn i th s 1 u gn nhnh n gin hn
* V d 5:
Mch chnh
Cc mch nhnh
4 etyl 3 metyl hexan
- Khi mch chnh c nhiu nhnh th cc s c nh theo quy tc s nh nht, ngha l phi nh s sao
cho tng ca chng trong tn gi l nh nht.
* V d 6:
Mch chnh
Cc mch nhnh
5 etyl 2,3 imetyl heptan (tng = 2 + 3 + 5 = 10)
- Nu nh s ngc li, hp cht s c tn l: 3 etyl 5,6 imetyl heptan c tng = 14. Theo th t
ch ci th etyl phi c c trc metyl.
2. Vi hirocacbon khng no
- Mch chnh l mch c nhiu lin kt bi v di nht, s 1 dnh cho C u gn lin kt bi
* V d 7:
Mch chnh
Mch nhnh
3 metyl hexa 1,4 ien
- Khi c c lin kt i v lin kt ba mch chnh th s 1 u gn lin kt i
* V d 8:
Pen 1 en 4 in
3. Vi hp cht mch vng
- Mch chnh l mch vng, s 1 dnh cho C trong mch chnh mang nhnh n gin nht, cc s tip theo
c nh theo quy tc s nh nht.
V d 9
V d 10
V d 11
Mch chnh
Nhm
chc
Nhm th
3 clo pentan 1 ol
- Khi hp cht hu c c t hai nhm chc tr ln th s c nhm chc chnh (c hn cp cao nht) v
nhm chc ph. Mc hn cp ca cc nhm chc nh sau: COOH > CHO > >C=O > OH > NH2.
S 1 t u gn nhm chc chnh.
* V d 17:
Nhm chc ph
2,3 ihiroxi butanioic
* V d 18:
Nhm chc ph
Axit 3 oxopentanoic
* V d 19:
Nhm chc chnh
Nhm chc ph
Axit formylbutanioic
* V d 20: