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Hoa
ca
ging
nhm
A
Hoa
ca
ging
nhm
B
9h sng
Na m
3h
chiu
9h sng
Ci nhn
Hoa
phn
Ci
nhn
phn
Ngy 2 tra
Tung
phn
ng
Hoa
ng
3h chiu
Tung
phn
Kh nng thch nghi nhit khc nhau r rt ty theo chng v ging. Cc ging lai
gia cc chng hu ht c phm vi thch ng nhit rng hn:
* Chng Mexican: chu lnh tt nht trng c trn nhng vng ni cao trn 1.000m
v xa xch o.
* Chng Guatemalan: chu lnh trung bnh, thch hp cao 700 - 1.000m.
* Chng West Indian: thch hp kh hu nhit i nng m, c ma kh r rt, cao
100 - 700m, gn xch o.
LNG MA V M KHNG KH
Thch nghi cao vi cc lng ma khc nhau, bnh thng cn lng ma 1.200 1.600 mm/ nm, yu cu quan trng l cn c vi thng kh hn kch thch ra hoa.
- Tng canh tc dy: ti thiu 2m vng nhiu ma d ngp ng; ti thiu 1,5m
vng ma trung bnh; ti thiu 1,0m vng kh hu bn kh hn a trung hi. Khng c
tng st, tng kt von qu cn; tng t qu mng km thot nc c th ln lung.
- Rt nc nhanh, khng ngp, ng tm thi, cc b.
- Thong kh, hm lng oxy cao.
* Ha tnh:
- pH: 5,0 - 6,5, t qu chua dng vi v thch cao ci to
- Khng b nhim mn, kim.
- Cht khong y v cn i.
- Cht hu c tng t mt trn 2%.
Yu cu l tnh t rt quan trng v kh ci to trong thi gian ngn. Cc cht khong v hu
c c th sm b sung, iu chnh.
Gi:
Cy B khng chu c gi mnh gy rng qu, gy tn thng v qu nghim trng
kh tiu th trn th trng. Gi kh nng c th lm kh ho hoa, ht phn khng th ny
mm, cy khng u qu.
Ma gy hng tn cy, rng qu.
Sng m nng v thng xuyn c th gy chy mp l.
nh sng: Cn trn 2.000 gi nng/ nm. Nng to gy sm, nm qu, cnh, thn.
CHN NI TRNG PH HP
Cy B kh nhy cm vi iu kin kh hu, t ai. Nng sut thp ch yu do kh
hu, cn sinh trng km ch yu do t.
Ti Vit Nam cy B c th trng c ti nhiu vng sinh thi. Tuy nhin cy trng cho
nng sut cao v cht lng ngon, Ty Nguyn l vng trng thch hp hn c, c bit l trn
t Bazan tng canh tc dy, thot nc tt, cht hu c cao.
Ngoi ra trn nhng chn t ph hp trng cy di ngy nh c ph, cao su, cao cao, iu,
su ring... cng c th trng c cy B.
PHN III: TRNG V CHM SC - GING B
* Ging b:
Chn trng ging B ph hp iu kin sinh thi v yu cu th trng l nhn t
quyt nh cho thnh cng lu di ca vn B kinh doanh thng mi.
Thng tin chung
Cc ging B trng trt nm trong 3 chng chnh sau y:
* Chng Mexican: C ngun gc t ni cao ca Mexico, chu lnh cao nht. Nhc
im ca chng ny l qu nh, v qu mm v ht tng i ln. Con lai c chn lc t
chng ny l nhng ging c gi tr, v d: ging Fuerte v ging Zutano, y l nhng con
lai gia Mexican v Guatemalan, kch thc qu ca chng va phi, v qu nhn.
* Chng Guatemalan: C ngun gc t vng cao nguyn ca Mexico, t chu lnh hn
so vi chng Mexican. Cc ging ca chng ny nh Hayes, Hopkins v Hass, thng qu
kh ln, v dy, th rp v sn si, v qa trng thnh mu xanh lc n nu en. Ht nh
v gn cht vi tht qu. Cht lng ngon.
* Chng West Indian: Thch hp nhng vng nng c cao thp v m khng
kh cao. Qu thng kh ln, v hi mng nhng kh dai, ngoi hnh p. Nhng ging c
trng ph bin l Pollock, Booth v Simmonds.
Cc ging B thuc 3 chng trn c nhp vo Vit Nam t cui nhng nm 1950,
trng nhng vng c cao di 800m. Do nhng cy B hin nay trong sn xut c l
phn ln thuc chng Guatemalan, West Indian hoc l nhng con lai gia 2 chng ny. Do
gy trng t ht qua vi th h nn khng cn gi nguyn nhng c tnh ging v do
khng th i chiu vi tn ca ging gc khi nhp ni.
Ngun ging:
Hin nay pht trin ngh trng B ti Vit Nam da vo 2 ngun ging chnh:
* Ging trong nc: l nhng cy u dng p ng cc tiu chun chn lc, nhn
v tnh bng phng php ghp cung cp ging cho sn xut. Ging c mang tn, k
hiu do cc c quan nghin cu ging trong nc t ra.
* Ging nhp ni: Hin c 10 ging mi nhp ni trong my nm gn y ang c
nghin cu kho nghim, trong c nhiu ging thng mi ni ting khp th gii nh
Hass, Fuerte, Ettinger, Reed, Booth7.... Ging Booth7 hin ang c khuyn co trng
Ty nguyn trn nhng vng c cao 800m.
TIU CHUN CHN LC
Cc cy u dng c chn lc trong iu kin Vit Nam
Stt
Ch tiu chn lc
01
02
C qu trung bnh:
3 - 4 qu/kg
03
04
V qu kh dy
05
70%
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15%
07
Gi qu gi trn cy lu:
2 - 3 thng
08
u tin ging tri v (gi chn thng 1-4 hoc thng 9-11)
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Tn cy gn
10
t su bnh
11
Thch ng rng
V1
- Hoa nhm B
- Trng lng qu: 360 - 400 g
- Nng sut: 150 - 180 kg/cy
- V qu gi mu tm, v hi mng
- T l tht qu: 78 - 80%, tht qu vng kem, do, kh bo, khng x. Ht nh, gn kht tht
qu nhng d tch.
- Thi v thu hoch: thng 8 - 9
GING B NHP NI
BOOTH7
y l ging rt ph hp vng nhit i, sinh trng khe, nng sut cao, cht lng ngon,
gi chn mun bn c gi
- Hoa nhm B
- Trng lng qu: 280 - 450 g
- Nng sut: 160 - 180 kg/cy
- V qu gi mu xanh, v dy
- T l tht qu: 70 - 75%, tht qu vng kem, bo, khng x. Ht gn kht tht qu nhng d
tch.
- Thi v thu hoch: thng 9 11 t
HASS
y l ging ni ting chim ti 80% sn lng B ca th gii nh cht lng cao, thch
hp bo qun lu, vn chuyn i xa. Tuy nhim ging ny khng thch hp vng nhit i
thp nng m.
- Hoa nhm A
- Trng lng qu: 140 - 400 g. Trng lng rt nh nu trng vng thp nng
- Nng sut: 100 - 120 kg/cy
- V qu gi mu en tm n en sm, v dy v sn si.
- T l tht qu: 70 - 72%, tht qu vng kem, rt bo, khng x, mi thm ht d rt c
trng. Ht gn kht tht qu nhng d tch.
- Thi v thu hoch: thng 11 - 2
REED
Ging ny thch ng rng vi nhit , c th trng vng kh lnh ln vng nhit i thp
nng. Gi chn mun v c th bo qun lu sau thu hoch.
- Hoa nhm B
- Trng lng qu: 280 - 500 g.
- Nng sut: 120 - 160 kg/cy
- V qu gi mu xanh nht, v dy, dai v d bc.
- T l tht qu: 75 - 78%, tht qu cht lng cao, mu vng kem, rt bo, khng x, mi
thm ht d. Ht nh, gn kht tht qu nhng d tch.
t ti xp, bu va cht.
CC BC GHP CH NI NGN
Phn ngn thn trc (tri: l v ngn vn cn trn thn ghp) v sau khi
ghp (phi: l v ngn c ct vt v ghp)
Vi cy quanh nh.
Xen vn c ph.
Trng thun.
Ni chung t l N:P:K trong thi k cy cha mang qu l 1:1:1 v trong thi k mang qu l
2:1:2.
+ Nm trng mi: 0,5 kg/cy/nm.
+ Nm th hai: 1 kg/cy/nm.
+ Nm th ba: 1,5 kg/cy/nm
B con nn chia lng phn ny thnh 3 - 4 phn u nhau bn lm 3 - 4 ln/nm.
V ch bn phn khi t m.
- m (N), km(Zn), B (Bo) l nhng yu t quan trng nht.
- Canxi c vai tr quan trng hn ch bnh r v nng cao cht lng qu.
- Ch phun vi lng B v Zn tng u qu v tng nng sut.
- Bn va theo nhu cu, gim nhim mi trng t, nc.
- Mun thc hin bn phn cn i, cn phi nh k chn on t v l.
- Bn vi tng cng phm cht qu.
TO HNH, TA CNH
L k thut cn c coi trng to cho cy t th chc, b tn cn i, n nh sn
lng, hn ch su bnh hi.
- Trong 1 -2 nm sau trng, ct b cnh ngang di thp cha phn thn thong 50 70cm, nui mt thn chnh.
- Vo ma ma, cy ang ang mang qu c ta cnh thng thong v qut vi trn
thn.
VUN GC
Trn nn t thot nc km, cy sinh trng chm v d b bnh thi c r. Hng
nm, t gc cy cn c vun cao dn (vun gc cao khong 50cm) kt hp bn phn
chung v t gc.
GHP CI TO GING
Nhng vn B trng t ht thng c mt s cy khng t yu cu v nng sut,
cht lng qu, kh nng khng bnh, ma thu hoch.... C th ct b thn c, nui chi mi
v ghp ging mi chn lc bng phng php ghp ch ngn tng t nh ghp trong vn
m.
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Aliette
Ridomil Gold
11
- Ct b b mt vng lot thy vt thng mu cam cam hoc nu. Bnh gy hi h thng
mch dn.
- Cy bnh b yu sc, vng ngn cy t pht trin. Khc vi bnh thi r l kch thc l vn
bnh thng, vi bnh lot tn l suy gim t t, t kh cnh, r t cn kh nhiu. i khi cy
b vng rng nhanh v cy cht t ngt.
- Qu eo gn mt t d b nhim bnh ny. Trn v qu, vng bnh mu en rt r thng
xut hin pha ui qu. Tht qu bn trong cng b h hng.
Phng tr tng hp:
- Bao gm v sinh ng rung, gc ghp khng bnh, ngun nc khng mang mm bnh,
khng to vt thng trn cy.
- Sau khi ct cnh to hnh hoc pht hin vt thng, x l thuc tr nm bnh. Vi vng
bnh mi b nhim, ct b m bnh v xt thuc tr nm.
- Cc thuc tr nm khuyn co l:
Aliette
12
Rp vy mm
Cc loi su n l, gm qu
Su cun l
B xt mui
Su c thn, cnh
Su c qu, ht
Trong iu kin trng cha tp trung nh hin nay, nhn chung cc loi su hi ny
cha gy hi c ngha kinh t.
PHN IX: KIM SOT CHT LNG - TIU CHUN QU B
Thi trng qu B cht lng cao yu cu rt kht khe v cc tiu chun ngoi hnh,
v sinh cng nh cht lng tht qu. Tiu chun qu B thng mi cn i hi phi ph hp
vi cc iu kin bao b, bo qun, vn chuyn.
TIU CHUN
* Hnh dng, kch c
Qu l
Thun u hai u
Hi trn n trn
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4. Qu gi vn eo trn cy t 1- 3 thng.
5. C th thu hoch nhiu t trn cng 1 cy.
6. Mun thu mt t phi ch tt c qu trn cy u gi (Lu : Qu thu hoch cng
mt ln trn cng mt cy c kch thc v gi khc nhau).
CC CH S XC NH GI THU HOCH
1. di thi gian t n ti lc t gi thu hoch
2. Kch thc v trng lng qu.
3. Bin i v qu.
4. Mu cung qu.
5. Mu tht qu.
6. V trong tht qu.
7. V ht.
8. Long ht.
9. Bt u c qu gi rng.
10. o hm lng cht kh.
* Mt s v d minh ha B khi gi:
Mt s ging khi gi v qu chuyn dn sang mu tm.
C qu tng ng khi cng gi.
V cng gi v qu cng gim bng v cung qu chuyn sang mu nu. Qu cng gi v
qu cng ni r u cm.
Qu gi tht qu chuyn sang mu vng.
Ht khng ng kht vo tht qu khi gi, lc qu nghe ting ku ca ht.
Qu gi c v trong tht qu v v ht mu nu cnh dn.
PHN XI: THU HOCH VN CHUYN - PHNG PHP THU HOCH
Trang b dng c thu hoch ph hp, thu hoch ng cch v cn thn l nhng thc
hnh tt trn ng rung duy tr cht lng sau thu hoch
DNG C THU HOCH:
- Ko ct, vt gn so, ti ng qu.
- So thu hoch di 3 - 5mm, u gn vt c mu/ dao ct nm trn ming ti hng c ng
knh ming ti 20 - 25cm, ming ti m nh may gn vi thanh kim loi cng un trn, ti
ng c 4 - 6 qu.
- Ti hoc gi mm cha c khong 10 - 15 kg qu.
- Bt gom qu.
- Thang 3 - 4 chn.
- Xe y vn chuyn qu ra khi vn.
THI GIAN THU HOCH TRONG NGY:
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- Thao tc nh nhng.
CC BC NG GI
- Lt Carton gi ng qu c di y ln bn hng.
- Xp qu theo phn loi, theo tng lp so le, u cung quay v cng mt hng.
- Lt rm dy tng gia gi.
- Ph rm mt trn gi.
- Ph tm y v buc c nh tm y.
VN CHUYN V IM THU MUA (VA)
- Phng tin thng dng l xe m t.
- Khng c cht thm ln trn gi B bt c vt dng g khc.
- Vn chuyn v va ngay sau ng gi.
- Trnh dng xe ngoi nng, ma.
- Giao hng theo cy, theo loi qu.
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