Mc Lc

Phn 1 Chc nng nhim v ,cu to cc b phn my tnh .

Trang
1-Cc b phn ca h thng my tnh
2-Mainboard
3-B vi x l
4-B nh my tnh
5-a mm v a mm
6- cng
7- a quang
8-Chut
9-Bn phm
10-Cc loi bus m rng v card phi ghp
11-Mn hnh v b ngun my tnh
Phn 2: RAM-CMOS v cu hnh h thng
1-Khi nim
2-S dng chng trnh SETUP
3-Ct gi phc hi CMOS
4/ Du a cng-Chng xm nhp tri php-Mt khu bo v
CMOS
Phn 3 : Sa cha cc h hng ca h thng my tnh
1.Cc dng c ti thiu dng trong sa cha
2.Sa cha h hng ca chut
3.Sa cha a mm , a mm , s dng chng trnh ndd
4.Vi rut my tnh -Cch phng v chng .S dng 1 s
chng trnh qut vi rut thng dng . Cch to a Bo bi .
5.Cc bc thc hin a 1 a cng vo hot ng :
- Format cp thp a cng (Low format)
- Phn chia 1 a cng thnh cc a logic (fdisk )
- Format cp cao a cng (high format)
6-Tm nguyn nhn khng sng mn hnh , kim tra b ngun.
Phn 4 Ci t chng trnh
1-Cc chng trnh SCANDISK,DEFRAGMENTER
2-Ci t WINDOWS 98
2

3-Ci t MSOFFICE
Phn 5 Tng thnh v nng cp my tnh
1-La chn cc b phn tng thnh lp rp 1 my PC:
Mainboard,RAM,card mn hnh,card sound,I/O, cng ,CDROM
2-Nng cp : Thay Mainboard,RAM,card mn hnh,card
sound,I/O,
cng ,CD-ROM
Phn 6 Ph lc : -1 s thng s ca Mainboard v Card
- Chng trnh lu Master boot
- Chng trnh Lu CMOS

Phn 1 Chc nng nhim v ,cu to

cc b phn my tnh .
Cc b phn ca h thng my tnh

S cu thnh v chc nng:

Mt h thng my PC thng c cc thnh phn cu thnh :

- Mn hnh
- Bn phm
- Chut
3

- Hp CPU:
+ Bng mch chnh (Mainboard)
+ a cng (Hard Disk)
+ a mm
+ CD ROM
Sau y ta s I su vo hot ng ca tng phn
mainboard
Mainboard cha cc linh kin chnh v cc ng dy dn kt
ni chng li to nn my tnh PC.

PC

I/O

Ra

Vo
A-bus
D-bus
C-bus
T s tng qut ca h vi x l m my tnh PC l 1
trng hp tiu biu,so
snh vi 1 Mainboard c th ta thy trn Mainboard c gn:
-PC Microprossecor
- B nh : ROM,RAM,Cache,PAL
- Cc khe cm cm cc bng mch vo ra (I/O).Vi cc
Mainboard i mi
cc card ny c lm lin trn bng mch chnh (onboard).
- Cc vi x l b tr :8087,8259,8037,8250...
-Cc chuyn mch h thng.
Cc ng mch in trn Mainboard lm dy dn c th 2,3,4 lp .
C 2 kiu Mainboard :
Kiu AT:
Nhng kiu c c kch thc 12 x 13 hay 30cm x 32,5 cm . V
sau gim xung cn 8,5 x 11 hay 21,5cm x 28cm tng ng
kh giy A4 gi l bo mch Baby/AT
4

Kiu bo ny hin nay cn dng nhiu c cu hnh h tr cho CPU

486 v sau t Pentium 75 tr ln n Pentium 200 .Phn ln
chng ging nhau , ch thay i cht t v u c sn phn iu
khin EIDE v I/O. Bo mch ny h tr cho Pentium Pro 150 180 v
200 , cn Pentium II th chuyn qua kiu ATX
Kiu ATX :
Kiu ny hin nay tr thnh tiu chun cu trc cho bo mch .
Cu trc ca n c thit k vi xu hng n gin v tin li
cho ngi dng c th s dng thit b hay ph tng ca cc hng
sn xut khc nhau.Hnh dng bo mch ny khc v xoay ngang 900
so vi hng kiu bo PC/AT v c nhng ci tin tin li nh sau:
* CPU tuy c b phn to nhit(heat - sink) nhng li nm
ngay di qut ca b ngun li dng qut ca b ngun
lm mt cho CPU
* Rnh PCI v ISA nm thp xung di v xa CPU d gn
card giao tip nht l nhng loi c chiu di bt thng nh
sound card , card video, card TV, card gii m hnh v m
thanh cho DVD,... m khng b vng mc
* Chc nng kim sot giao tip c sn (built-in inteface):
- Chc nng iu khin a mm ( bo no cng c).
- Chc nng iu khin EIDE
- Chc nng iu khin SCSI. Nhng bo mch c sn chc nng
SCSI thng l SCSI3
- Nu c sn tnh nng m thanh trn bo mch ta thy c thm
:
+mt u ni dng (connector) 4 hay 3 chn (pin)
nhn m thanh t CD
+ Mt cng ra loa (speaker out)
+ Mt cng ra (output) cho thit b m thanh ngoi vi
+ Mt cng vo cho micro
- Mt cng vo ch dng c cho chut PS/2
- Mt cng vo cho bn phm PS/2
- Hai cng ra USB (Universal Serial Bus= Cng ni tip a
nng).Loi cng ny trong tng lai s thay th cc cng ni
tip ,song song,bn phm,chut v nhng thit b mi khc .
- Mt cng ra song song dng cho my in v cc thit b khc
5

- Hai cng ra ni tip COM1 v COM 2

Trn thc t cn tn ti nhng loi nhng loi bo mch khng
chun ca cc hng sn xut my nhi .

B vi x l
Nu b ngun l tri tim ca my vi tnh th b vi x l chnh l khi
c ca n . B vi x l c pht trin trn cng ngh ch to cc
mch vi in t c tch hp rt ln VLSI (Very Large Scale
Integration ) vi cc phn t c bn l cc tranzixtor trng MOS c
tiu hao cng sut rt nh .
Trong h 80x86
:(8086,80186,80286,80386,80486,Pentium,Pentium I,II,III...)chng
thc hin tt c cc hot ng x l logic v s hc. Ni chung b vi
x l c s liu t b nh, x l n theo cch c xc nh bi
lnh , cui cng ct kt qu vo b nh.
1/Cu trc chung:
Address
Addressing
Bus Interface

Unit (AU)
Unit(BIU)
Data
Prefetch-Queue

Excution Unit(EU)
ALU

Instruction
Unit(IU)
Registers Control Unit (CU)

PQ(Prefetch Queue) : Hng i nhn trc

BIU(Bus Interface Unit): n v ghp ni Bus
IU (Instruction Unit ) : n v lnh
EU (Excution Unit)
: n v thc hin lnh .EU gm c:
ALU(Arithmetical Logical Unit) : B tnh s hc
CU(Control Unit)
: B iu khin
Registers
: Cc thanh ghi
EU duy tr trng thi CPU ,Kim sot cc thanh ghi a nng v ton
hng lnh.Cc thanh ghi v ng truyn d liu trong EU di 16 bit
( Vi cc loi mi c th l 32 hoc 64 bit).
BIU thc hin tt c cc tc v v Bus cho EU ; N thit lp khu ni
vi th gii bn ngoi l cc bus s liu , a ch v iu khin . D
liu c truyn gia CPU v b nh hoc thit b I/O khi c yu
cu t EU . Vic truyn ny khng trc tip m qua 1 vng nh
RAM c dung lng nh BIU gi l PQ(Prefetch Queue):Hng
i nhn trc. sau c truyn vo IU . Tip IU s iu
khin EU cho lnh c thc hin bi ALU.
Mt chu k lnh ca CPU c th c coi n gin gm 2 thi
khong : Ly lnh t b nh v thc hin lnh .PQ c th c t 4 n
6 byte. Trong khi EU ang thc hin lnh trc th BIU tm v ly
lnh sau vo CPU t b nh v lu tr lnh PQ ri .Hai khi
thc hin lnh v ghp ni bus BIU c th lm vic c lp vi nhau
v trong hu ht cc trng hp c s trng lp gia thi gian thc
hin lnh trc v ly lnh sau. Nh vy thi gian ly lnh c th coi
nh bng 0 v EU ch thc hin lnh c sn trong PQ do BIU ly
vo. iu ny lm tng tc x l chung ca my tnh.
2/Cc thanh ghi ca h 80x86:
Thanh ghi thc ra l 1 b nh c cy ngay trong CPU .V tc
truy cp cc
thanh ghi nhanh hn l vi b nh chnh RAM nn n c dng
lu tr cc
d liu tm thi cho cc qu trnh tnh ton,x l ca CPU
B nh c chia thnh cc vng (on ) khc nhau :
7

- Vng cha m chng trnh (Code segment)

- Vng cha d liu v kt qu trung gian ca chng trnh
(Data segment)
- Vng ngn xp (stack) qun l cc thng s ca b vi x l
khi gi chng trnh con hoc tr v t chng trnh con.(Stack
segment)
- Vng d liu ph (Extra segment)
Cc thanh ghi on 16 bit ch ra a ch u (segment) ca 4 on
trong b nh. Ni dung cc thanh ghi on xc nh a ch ca
nh nm u on(a ch c s) .
a ch ca cc nh khc nm trong on tnh c bng cch
cng thm vo a ch c s 1 gi tr gi l a ch lch (ofset)
Cc thanh ghi ca h 80x86 nh sau:
Thanh ghi con tr lnh IP
Cc thanh ghi d liu: AX,BX,CX,DX
Cc thanh ghi con tr,ch s: SP,BP,SI,DI
Cc thanh ghi on :CS,DS,SS,ES
Thanh ghi c
S lng cc thanh ghi v ln ca chng trong cc b CPU
hin I ngy cng
c tng ln cng l 1 yu t lm cho cc b vi x l ny hot
ng
nhanh
hn.
Dung lng cc thanh ghi trong 1 s vi x l hin I:
T my 386 cc thanh ghi a nng v thanh ghi c c ln gp
I (32 bit)
Cc thanh ghi on (6 thanh ghi) ln vn l 16 bit
3/ B nh n trong vi x l :
C ch b nh n lm cho cc CPU hot ng nhanh hn
,hiu qu
hn ,chnh v vy cc CPU hin I ngy nay u c b nh n
(Cache).Dung lng ca b nh n cng ngy cng ln hn. Nguyn
tc hot ng ca b nh n nh th no xin xem tip mc 6 ca
phn tip sau .
4/ Mt s ci tin mi nht trong k thut vi x l ca 1 s hng
sn xut:
8

Tnh n thi im ny (8/1999) k thut vi x l c thm 1 s

thnh tu sau:
H thp in p nui chip vi x l:
Cc b v x l Pentium Pro v Power PC th h hin nay u
dng cng ngh CMOS(Cng ngh n cc s dng cc cp
MOSFET knh n v knh p ch ti tch cc) vi kch thc c
trng 0,35 micron (xp x kch thc ca mi tranzixtor v cc
ng dn kim loi ni chng). Cc phin bn sau ca chng s rt
xung kch thc 0.25 micron.
Khi gim nh kch thc th cng sut in tiu th( nhit lng
to ra ) trn mi n v din tch tng ln theo quy lut bnh phng .
May mn thay 1 c tnh khc ca cng ngh CMOS cu nguy
cho vn ny :in p v cng sut tiu th ca tranzistor cng
quan h vi nhau theo quy lut bnh phng .iu ny c ngha l s
gim nh in p cung cp s b li vic tng cng sut tiu th . H
in p hot ng t 5V xung 2V s tit kim cng sut 6 ln
(25/4) ;h xung 1V s gim nh s tiu hao cng sut 25 ln(25/1).
chnh l l do ti sao cc nh thit k chip h thp in p
nui t 5V xung 3,3V ri 2,8V v 2,5V thm ch 1,8V i vi cc
chp th h k tip
Vn thay ng bng nhm :
Cng thi gian(9/1997) khi m Intel cng b b nh t bo a p
(Chng ta s kho st chng phn sau B nh my tnh) th IBM
cng b quy trnh ch to mi dng ng to ra chip CPU . H
gii quyt c cc b tc trong vic m kim loi ng cho qu
trnh CMOS 7S mi ca h .Trc y cc chip thng c dng
nhm lm cc mi dn .Nhng khi thu nh kch thc di
0,35micron in tr ca nhm gy cn tr tc - s chuyn mch
tc thi khng th thc hin trn ng tc thp . ng c in
tr thp hn , r rng l vy ; nhng ng thng gy nhim bn
silic v v th s lm hng cc tranzistor ca chip . IBM gii quyt
vn nhim bn bng cch tch bit mch ng vi silic sau
bc mch ng li . Qu trnh thc hin tch hp 6 lp ng kch
thc 0,2 micron gn vo silic .
9

So snh kch thc gia cc ng dn trong cc loi chip s

dng ng v nhm

386 : 1,5micron
PentiumII : 0,35micron IBM copper :
0,18micron
(dng nhm)
(dng nhm)
(dng
ng)
Mt s s liu
Vi
l

x B
rng
thanh
ghi
8086
16 bit
80286 16 bit
80386D 32 bit
X
80486S 32 bit
X
Pentium 32 bit

bus a
ch

Bus s
liu

Tng s
ng h
cc I

20 bit
24 bit
32 bit

16 bit
16 bit
32 bit

Khng
gian
a
ch
1 MB
16MB
4 GB

32 bit

32 bit

4 GB

25MHz

32 bit

64 bit

4 GB

400MH
z
800MH
z

Pentium
Merce
d

10MHz
16MHz
40MHz

Trn th trng my tnh Vit Nam hin nay s dng nhiu loi
chip ca cc hng khc nhau : Intel , AMD , Centaur
(Winchip),Cyrix. Gi thnh ca cc chip AMD , Centaur,Cyrix
thng r hn Intel 20% - 30% vi tnh nng c bn khng thua km
g v vy chng c mt rt nhiu trong cc my trong thc t vi t l
% tng ng Intel ; mc d tng th trn ton th gii Intel chim
th phn trn 80%.
10

B nh my tnh
1/Khi nim hot ng ca my tnh v vai tr ca b nh trong
hot ng :
Nhn vo 1 cch c th ta thy cng vic ca my tnh c nhiu loi
:
- Dng n gin hay gp :son tho,tr chi,lm vic vi mi
trng NC...
Khi ta vo 1 mi trng son tho,chi 1 tr chi,hay lm vic
vi NC ... chnh l
khi my tnh ang thc hin cc chng trnh .
- Tng qut cng vic ca my tnh l g ?
l 1 cng vic lp I lp li :
+ Nhn lnh
+ Gii m lnh
+ Thc hin lnh
Qu trnh lp ny c tin hnh lin tc cho n khi c 1 lnh
mi ( tc c 1 tc
ng mi ca con ngi vo qu trnh).
- Cc lnh nm u ?
Chng trnh my tnh l 1 tp hp cc lnh theo 1 trnh t nht
nh do con
ngi ngh ra.
V d: + Cng 2 vi 4
+ Hin th kt qu ra mn hnh
+ V 1 tu v tr trn bu tri sao ...
Cc chng trnh c chia lm 2 loi :
+ Chng trnh h thng : Cc chng trnh iu
khin ca h iu
hnh ,chng trnh iu khin thit b ngoi vi
chun...
11

+ Chng trnh ng dng : Cc chng trnh ny

thng c lu
tr trong b nh ngoi . Khi chy mi a vo
b nh trong (RAM)
V d : Ta chy chng trnh Tuvi.exe tc l :
Khi nhn lnh Tuvi.exe
Vi x l s :
- c vo b nh chng trnh Tuvi.exe
- c cc dng lnh ca Tuvi.exe
- Gii m cc lnh ny
- Thc hin cc lnh
Nh vy : Chng trnh v d liu c np vo b nh
trc khi thc hin .
- B nh do cc IC nh to thnh .Mi IC c 1 dung lng nh
nht nh.
- Tng dung lng nh ca cc IC nh l dung lng b nh.
- Nu dung lng b nh nh,chng trnh ng dng ln s
khng chy c
V d : Windows 3.11 cn ti thiu 4 MB b nh
Windows 98 cn ti thiu 16MB b nh
2/ Kh nng qun l b nh ca 1 b vi x l :
Ph thuc vo s chn a ch ca vi x l ( s bt a ch )
8086 c 20 bit a ch c kh nng phn bit 220 nh =
1MB
8386 c 32 bit a ch c kh nng phn bit 232 nh =
4GB
8486 c 32 bit a ch c kh nng phn bit 232 nh =
4GB
Pentium c 32 bit a ch c kh nng phn bit 232 nh
= 4GB
Pentium Pro150 c 36 bit a ch c kh nng phn bit 236
nh = 64GB
Pentium Pro 200 c 36 bit a ch c kh nng phn bit 236
nh =64GB
12

Mc d c th cm thm nhiu vi mch nh vo my, nhng

trong thc t ngi ta cng ch thng dng n 128 MB nh tr
v trong cc ng dng thng thng.
3/Cc c trng k thut c bn ca b nh bn dn:
-Dung lng
- Tc hot ng (truy nhp)
- tin cy s dng
- Gi thnh , kch thc.
4/ B nh RAM (Random Access Memory) :
- B nh RAM ging nh 1 ca bng m ngi ta c th vit vo v
sau li c
th xo I vit cc thng tin mi
- Hai loi RAM
+ RAM tnh :
Dng phn t triger lm phn t nh
Tc truy nhp nhanh.Gi thnh t
+ RAM ng:
Dng t in lm phn t nh
Tc truy nhp khng nhanh
Lun phi lm ti thng tin
Gi thnh r
- Trong my tnh cc IC nh RAM thng c ghp thnh cc khi
nh 1MB,4MB,8MB,16MB... cm vo my cho tin li.
- Hai loi modun nh RAM:
SIMM (Single Inline Memory Modules ): Mdul nh 1 hng
chn
C loi 30 chn : Dng cho cc loi my c nh my 386
C loi 72 chn : Dng cho cc loi my c nh my
486,Pentium
Hnh dng bn ngoi v s mch in , tn cc chn ca 1 khi
SIMM nh sau:

13

page 282

14

 DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Modules ): Mdul nh 2 hng

chn.
Dng cho cc loi my 486,Pentium,cc loi i mi hin
nay...
- K hiu ca 1 IC nh :
WWW XX YYYY ZZ

M sn phm

Kiu b nh

Dung lng

Tc

truy nhp
EPROM : 27
Kilbit
nan giy
SRAM : 62,7C
DRAM : 41,51
V d : 7C1024 - 15
l SRAM ,128KB , tc truy nhp 15 nan giy
Ta thy 1 IC nh c dung lng 128KB vy
mun c 512KB phi cn 4 IC ghp vi nhau
mun c 1MB phi cn 8 IC ghp vi nhau...
Cc loi RAM mi c s dng trong thi gian gn y:
Hin nay trong cc l lch k thut my , trong cc bi kho cu
chuyn ngnh
my tnh ... thng c nhc n 1 s cc danh t v RAM . y l
cc vn mi
cn cp nht:
- VRAM (Video Random Access Memory): B nhh truy nhp
ngu nhin video
v cng h vi n :WRAM (Windows RAM)cho rng di
hn .
Thuc loi b nh 2 cng (Dual - ported memory) .y l b
nh RAM c
15

cng trc ,cng sau . D liu c th I vo ca trc ri I ra

trc tip ca sau
nn c tc cao hn .
- EDOVRAM : L dng tc nhanh ca VRAM
- EDODRAM : L dng tc nhanh ca DRAM
- SDRAM (Synchronous DRAW = DRAW ng b ): DRAW l
1 loi RAM gia
tc cho Windows :
- SGRAM ( Synchronous Graphics RAM = RAM ho ng b
)
- EDRAM (Enhanced DRAW = DRAW ci tin )
- RAMDAC : y l loi chuyn i Digital - Analog dng
RAM
Trong tng lai ; cng nh vi cc chip vi x l danh sch ny s
cn ko di na...
5/ B nh ROM: (Read Only Memory)
-L b nh vn gi c thng tin sau khi ct in nui vi mch
-Dung lng ca IC nh loi ny thng nh. Chng trnh c np
vo trong ROM bng thit b chuyn dng.Mt thit b np,xo
ROM mc trung bnh c gi khong hn 500$ . Mt vi mch ROM
trng(Loi EPROM: ghi c nhiu ln) dung lng 512KB c gi
khong 3$.
- B nh PROM (Programable Read Only Memory): Ghi c 1 ln.
- B nh EPROM(Erasable Programable ROM) : Ghi c nhiu
ln.
- B nh Flash ROM : L loi ROM c th thay i c ni dung
trc tip t my
tnh m khng cn c thit b ghi c bit no v cng khng cn
xo bng tia cc
tm
Hu ht cc mainboard i mi u dng Flash ROM cha
BIOS,nh gip ngi dng cp nht version mi c d
dng.Tu theo hng no sn xut , Flash ROM dng 1 trong 2 mc
in p lm vic l +5V hay +12V . Ta ch cn c phn mm ghi
Flash ROM (Ca hng to ra BIOS nh Award ,AMI ...)ri dng n
16

 cp nht ROM BIOS. Chng trnh ny ch c s dng khi tht

cn thit.
-K hiu ca vi mch : 27xxx ; 3 s sau ch dung lng ca ROM
(KB)
2708(1KB x 8) : 8KB
27256(32K x 8) ;256KB
27512(64K x 8): 512KB
- Kch thc vt l ca cc vi mch ROM u bng nhau.
6/ B nh t bo a p :
T thng 9 nm 1997 Intel cng b b nh StrataFlash y l
loi b nh c bit dng t bo a p (multilevel-cell) c kh nng
lu gi ni dung ngay c khi tt thit b . Thay v phi xc nh 1
hay 2 mc in p kh d cho t bo nh StrataFlash s gn 1 trong 4
mc in p . Cc t bo StrataFlash s c 4 mc in p : 2 cho
trng thi m v 2 cho trng thi tt . Nh vy mi t bo c th lu
d liu gp 2 ln loi chip nh flash thng thng ( Loi ROM c
th ghi xo bng my tnh khng cn thit b c bit) . Loi ny
c s dng rng ri trong cc my nh s, my tnh cm tay ,in
thoi di ng ,cc my tr li t ng . Tuy nhin hin nay tui th
ca loi ny cn tng i thp : S chu k xo l 10.000 ln so vi
100.000 ln ca cc loi chip Flash thng thng . Vi 1 my nh s
10.000 chu k xo chp 240.000 p hnh trn my nh (Tng
ng khong 6500 cun phim thng thng ) . Tng lai ca loi
b nh ny rt sng sa .
7/ B nh n trong vi x l :
a-B nh n:

CPU

SRAM

DRAM

Cache

B nh
chnh
ngoi

Registers
17

Bng,a t
B nh

Khi CPU lm vic vi 1 i tng ,thng tin (d liu,lnh) ca

i tng v cc thng tin ln cn s c a vo Cache .Khi CPU
x l n s tm thng tin Cache . Nu khng c n s tm b nh
chnh ,khi copy thng tin vo Cache n s copy lun c cc thng tin
ln cn vo Cache . Nu thng tin khng c b nh chnh th n s
tm b nh ph v khi copy n cng s copy lun c cc thng tin
ln cn vo b nh chnh d phng cho cc ln tip theo ca
CPU .
Ta c th so snh c ch ny vi m hnh mn sch t th vin
nh sau:

CPU

Cache1

T sch(BN chnh)
Th vin
(B nh ngoi)

Cache2
Ngi c (CPU) s nhanh chng tm c cc quyn sch cn
thit lin quan n vn anh ta ang quan tm v khi mn sch t
th vin v a vo t anh mn 1s cc quyn c ni dung lin
quan n nhau . V khi ly t t ra ln bn trc mt cng theo
nguyn tc (Tt nhin s sch by gi t hn,vic tm kim cng
nhanh hn) .
b-B nh n c a vo trong vi x l :
DRAM
Bng,a t
CPU

Cache

B nh
chnh
ngoi

B nh

Registers
c-B nh n c chia lm 2 (Cache1 v Cach2 ):
DRAM
Bng,a t
18

Cache1

Cache2

B nh
chnh

B nh
ngoi

CPU
Registers
d- Dung lng b nh n trong 1 s vi x l hin I:
C ch b nh n gip lm cho cc CPU hot ng nhanh
hn ,hiu qu
hn ,chnh v vy cc CPU hin I ngy nay u c b nh n
(Cache).Dung
lng ca b nh n cng ngy cng ln hn :
80486DX
8KB
80486SX
8KB
80486DX2
8KB
80486DX4
16KB
Pentium 100
16KB
Pentium 200
512KB
Pentium II (L2)
512KB
Pentium Pro(L2)
512KB (Tu chn 256 hoc 512)
Pentium MMX(L2) 512KB (Tu chn 256 hoc 512)
Pentium Celeron(L2) 512KB (c b xung vo 4/1998)
Pentium IIXeon(L2)
1MB

a mm v a mm
19

1/Khi nim:
- Ma tnh lm vic da trn s hot ng ca cc chng trnh
cha trong b nh.
- Ngi ta chia b nh lm 2 loi :
+B nh trong
+ B nh ngoi
a mm l 1 dng b nh ngoi.
- im li s pht trin ca b nh ngoi:
Bt u l cc loi bng c l,ba c l xuyn t a
mm a cng zip CD ROM DVD ROM DVD
RW.
- a mm d n ngy tn s ? Vic nghin cu a mm c cn
ngha na khng ?
Vic s dng a mm ngy nay hn ch .Tuy vy ngi ta vn
cha b hn a mm v dng n lu tr ,vn chuyn cc lng
thng tin nh vn tin li,gi thnh r.
Vic nghin cu hot ng ca a mm v a mm vn rt c
ngha to tin cho vic tip thu kin thc v hot ng ca
cc loi a khc.
Xin trch dn on vn sau t tp ch US-PCWold :

Nhng bo co v s li tn ca a mm
cng iu qu mc.Hng nm ,khi cc nh sn
xut cho ra i nhng phng tin lu tr mi
vi dung lng ln , ngi ta li vit hng
lot bi co ph . Nhng ri chic a mm
3,5 inch ng knh vn c tn ti ,ging nh
1 con mo gi lm mu nhiu mo sng dai hn
ngi ta tng ...
2/ Nguyn l ghi_c t:
- Gm 2 thn phn chnh :
+ u t: L 1 li ferit hnh xuyn ,c khe t.Trn li c qun
cun dy in t. Cc u ra ca cun dy ni vo mch
thu_pht thng tin
20

Hnh v

+ a t : L a nha do ,trn b mt c ph 1 lp bt t c
c tnh lu gi t

Hnh v

- Hot ng :
* Ghi : Thng tin cn ghi vo a dng 0-1 c bin i thnh tn
hiu in
(V d theo chun TTL : 0 : 0..+0,8 Volt
1 : +2,8..+5Volt)
Cc tn hiu in 0-1 ny chy trn cun dy u t s to ra t
trng t l vi 0-1
Trong khi a t quay v cc v tr khc nhau ca a s c lu
gi cc phn a nhim t t l vi 0-1 khc nhau.
*c: Ngc vi qu trnh ghi
21

3/Cu to ca a t 1.44MB:
- L a bng nha do , gia gn 1 a nh hn bng st c khot
l trc mot
ko a chuyn ng (quay).
- Kch thc a : 31/2
- a c t trong 1 hp nha vung mng.
a- T chc vt l :
Mt a mm c chia thnh cc n v vt l:
- Rnh t (Track): L cc vng ng trn ng tm m d liu
c ghi trn .
Vi a 1.44MB c 80 Track t ngoi vo trong
- Cung t (Sector):Mi Track c chia lm nhiu cung t (Sector).
S Sector/ 1 Track tu theo cch nh dng a (format).
Cng 1 a 31/2 nu format 1,44 MB c 18 Sector
nu format 1,66 MB c 20 Sector
nu format 2,88 MB c 36 Sector
b- T chc thng tin :
- Kha nim v tp thng tin(File):
File l 1 tp hp d liu c lin quan vi nhau v c cng kiu c
nhm li vi nhau to thnh 1 dy c cha trong thit b nh
ngoi.
A

T phiu = 1 a
Cc ngn ko A,B,C= cc file

C
A
Cc file c ln khc nhau
ng s ba khc nhau ; tc cn
nhiu it secto khc nhau

22

- Trong a mm ngi ta lu tr thng tin di dng gn vi cc

c tnh hnh trn

- T chc lu gi thng tin :

+ Boot Sector : Chim 1 sector
+ 2 bng FAT: Chim 2x9=18 sector
+ Bng th mc : Chim 14 sector
+ Cn li l vng d liu
/* C th dng chng trnh DISKEDIT.EXE xem Boot
Sector,bng FAT, Bng th mc*/
Boot Sector : Nm Sector vt l 1 , mt 0, Track 0
Trn Boot Sector c 1 chng trnh khi ng .Nu a mm l a
khi ng th khi khi ng ,chng trnh ny s np cc chng
trnh h iu hnh vo b nh. Trn Sector ny cn c bng thng s
a.
Bng FAT (File Allocation Table)
L 1 bng danh sch mc ni m DOS s dng theo di st
cc v tr vt l ca d liu trn a v sp t cc ch cn trng
lu gi cc file mi.
DOS cp pht cho file cc trang ,FAT lu gi bn cc trang.Nu
a b hng FAT th khng truy nhp c thng tin na; mc d
chng vn tn ti trn a.
Bng th mc :
Chim 14 Sector .Bng ny lu tr danh sch cc file ang lu trn
a
- Cch ghi thng tin trn a : DOS ghi ht rnh ca mt ny ri mi
tip tc rnh ca mt kia.
- DOS c 1 file nh th no ?

23

 xem FAT c t chc ra sao chng ta hy ly 1 v d v vic

DOS s dng
FAT c 1 file nh th no.
1- DOS nhn s hiu cluster u tin t th mc ,gi s l 2
.
2- DOS c cluster t a v cha n trong 1 vng nh gi l
vng chuyn d liu (Data Trannsfer Area -DTA),chng trnh
thc hin vic c s nhn d liu t DTA khi cn
3- V im nhp th 2 cha gi tr 4 , cluster tip theo ca file
c s hiu l 4. Nu chng trnh cn thm d liu DOS s c
cluster vo DTA
4- im nhp 4 trong FAT cha gi tr FFFh , gi tr ny ch
ra rng l cluster cui cng trong file. Tm li qu trnh ly
s hiu cluster trong FAT l lin tc c d liu vo DTA cho
n khi im nhp trong FAT cha gi tr FFFh.
im nhp
0
1 2 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
FDF FFF 004 005 FFF 006 007 008 FFF 000
Trong hnh ta cng thy c 1 file chim cc cluster 3,5,6,7 v 8
- DOS lu tr cc file nh th no ?
lu tr cc file DOS thc hin cc cng vic sau y:
1-DOS xc nh 1 im nhp cha s dng trong th mc v
lu vo tn file,thuc tnh file ,ngy gi to lp.
2-DOS tm trong bng FAT im nhp u tin nh du 1
cluster cha s dng ( gi tr 000 c ngha l cluster cha s
dng ) v cha s hiu cluster u tin ca tp tin ly trong
th mc vo .Chng ta gi s n tm thy gi tr 000 im
nhp 9.
3- Nu d liu cha va trong 1 cluster .DOS cha n trong
cluster 9 v t gi tr FFF vo im nhp th 9 ca FAT .
Nu vn cn d liu DOS tip tc tm cluster cha c s
dng tip theo trong FAT .V d n tm thy im nhp Ah ,n
24

s lu d liu vo cluster Ah v t gi tr 00A vo im nhp

9 ca FAT.Qu trnh tm cc cluster cha c s dng trong
FAT cha d liu vo ,cho im nhp ca FAT tr ti
cluster tip theo s tip tc cho n khi d liu c lu tr
ht .im nhp cui cng ca file trong FAT s cha gi tr
FFFh
4/Cu to a t 1,44 MB:
Hnh v

Khi CPU c/vit cc s liu ,a c quay bi 1 mot iu

khin tc
300vg/pht .a dng c 2 mt nn c 2 u t
c/vit . Hai u t c gn u cn truy xut (access arm)
.Chuyn ng quay ca 1 mot bc (Steeping Motor) s bin thnh
chuyn ng tnh tin theo phng bn knh ca cn truy xut qua 1
c cu trc vt xon .Do trn u t c cun dy cm ng nn :
- Khi c : S bin i t thng qua khe t ca cc phn t thng tin
lu tr trn a c bin thnh in th cm ng trong cun dy
trn u t . 2 u ra cun dy tn hiu s liu (Data Signal) c
to ra .
- Khi vit : Cun dy s pht ra t trng qua khe t t ho cc
bt t trn mt a to thnh cc trng thi tng ng vi cc mc s
liu 0-1 cn lu tr.
- a c ni vi b iu khin qua dy cp 34 dy . Vi cc my
i mi b iu khin a mm c lm lin vo bng mch chnh
(Onboard)

25

- C th truy nhp a mm bng cc ngn ng lp trnh thng

dng : C,Pascal,Assembly ,Basic.a ch c s :3F0h . Thay i tc
truyn s liu DMA qua a ch 3F4h

a cng
1/Cu to vt l:
nh chp 1 a cng tho np

Hnh v nguyn l
a cng

26

Gm nhiu a t bng kim loi cng ,c sp thnh 1 chng

theo trc thng ng
t trong 1 hp kim loi kn trnh bi .
Mi a c 2 u t 2 mt 0 v mt 1.Khi lm vic u t khng
tip xc trc tip vi mt a nh a mm m cch 0,0003mm.Tc
quay 3600vg/pht(Hin nay c loi quay vi tc
7200vg/pht.So vi a mm (300vg/pht ) th tc truy xut thng
tin cao hn rt nhiu
a cng cng c phn thnh cc n v vt l nh a mm ,
nhng y c thm 1 khi nim na l t tr (Cylinder)
Cylinder: V chng a cng c nhiu mt nn v tr u t khi
di chuyn s to thnh 1 mt tr , l chng cc track sp nm ln
nhau vi 1 v tr u t.
2/T chc logic:
a-Cc khi nim quan trng:
- Mt a cng (vt l thc th ) c th chia logc thnh nhiu a
logic m DOS gn tn cho chng t C Z
- Mi 1 a logic c chia ra t a vt l c cu trc ging 1
i mm :
+Boot sector
+2 FAT Tables
+Directory Table
+Data
- Sector Partition l Sector vt l u tin ca a cng
- Boot Sector (Boot record) l Sector logic ca a logic.Mt a
cng c th c nhiu Boot record ng vi nhiu a logic
b- s dng c 1 a cng cn phi qua cc bc no ?
- Format cp thp a cng (Low format)
- Phn chia 1 a cng thnh cc a logic (fdisk )
- Format cp cao a cng (high format)
* Format cp thp:
- a cng phi c nh dng (Format )cp thp trc khi s
dng . l vic phn nh ra nhng Sector v Cylinder trn a
bng cch vit ln a nhng thng tin lin quan n Sector xc nh
1 cch r rng tng Sector ring r c t nm uv c nh
27

s th t. Nhng thng tin ny c ghi vo 1 vng Sector ID

Header
Vng ny cha cc thng tin:
+S th t u t
+S Sector
+S Cylinder
+Du khai bo ID t u
+K t CRC pht hin sai
Mch iu khin a s s dng thng tin ID tm n ng Sector
m n nhn lnh phi n.
- H s an xen (Interleave):
Lm khp tc quay ca a t(3600vg/ph=60vg/giy) vi tc
m u t c th x l d liu khi chng qua u t.
V d
Sector1

u t
6

8
2

V d a c h s an xen = 3
Cc a cng s dng trn my 386 n nay c h s an xen =
1
* Phn chia 1 a cng thnh cc a logic (fdisk )
:
- Mi phn khu c chia thng chim trn 1 s tr (Cylinder)
- C 3 loi phn khu trn a cng :
Phn khu chnh : Dnh cho DOS
Phn khu phi DOS
Phn khu m rng : Chia thnh nhiu a logic
- Sector phn khu : Head 0 , Track 0 , Sector vt l

28

Cu trc ca Sector phn khu(Bng Partition):

Chng trnh kim tra
v gi sector khi ng
446 bytes
Bng phn khu(64bytes)
Ch k AA55h (2bytes)
Ton b 512 bytes
Mt bng phn khu c 4 im vo .Mi im vo 16 byte cha
nhhng thng tin m t trn vn 1 phn khu:
Bi H S C Si H S C

im bt u

im kt thc S Sector nm

S Sector

nm
phn khu
phn khu

phn khu

trc ph.khu ny trong 1

80 : Active
Bi : Nhn bit phn khu tch cc
0 : No active
Si :
0: phi DOS
1: DOS vi bng FAT 12
4 : DOS vi bng FAT 16
5 : Phn khu DOS m rng
6 : Phn khu DOS ln hn 32 MB
V d : 80 00 01 04 06 1F BF 68 80 1F 00 00 60 D8 12 00
a logic tip theo phn phn khu m rng
29

80

06

00

05

a ch bt u D:\
Vic chia a vt l thnh nhiu a logic do chng trnh
FDISK thc hin
c- Boot Sector :
-Di 512 byte ti Sector logic 0 ca a logc
- C cha 1 chng trnh khi ng (Boot strap Loader)
- V bng thng s a
d- 2 bng FAT :
e - Th mc gc (Root directory): Ging a mm.

cc a Quang
1-a CD-ROM :(Compact Disk Read Only Memory)
a CD c pht minh vo nm 1982 .Cc tiu chun u tin
Reed Book do hai hng SONY v PHILIPS a ra . Vi s pht trin
k thut cc tiu chun ny cng thay i ;nhng c bn vn da
trn c s Reed Book
a CD ngy nay khng nhng c s dng trong lnh vc nghe
nhn m cn c dng lm b nh dung lng ln. S khc nhau
gia CD Player v CD ROM l CD ROM c thm b ghp ni
truyn s liu ti bus h thng ca PC v cc linh kin ghp ni
nhm cho CPU truy nhp cc s liu nht nh vi nhng lnh phn
mm.
Cu to a :
ng knh : 4.75 inches
Dy :1,2 mm
L gia c ng knh :15mm
Dung lng ph bin hin nay :640MB

30

a CD c nhng rnh phn x nh sng c ph bi bt nhm v

sau ph 1 lp sn bng bo v .
Khi a CD ch to ,thng tin c a vo trong a CD di cc
rnh c ph nhm di dng pits (S lm xung ) v lands (S li
ln);nhng li lm ny chnh l biu hin ca cc bit . pits v lands
c sp xp dc theo ng trn c quanh trc bao ph ton b b
mt a CD,ln vng t trong ra ngoi. Khng nh a ht cc loi
a CD bt u ghi t mp trong ra ngoi .
Do c ct to c bit nn tc truyn d liu v thi gian thm
nhp ca a CD- ROM cha cao so vi a cng.
Nguyn tc hot ng :

hnh v

Sensor: Cm bin
Diode Laser: it pht lazer
Beam Spliter: B phn tch tia sng
Bit Signal : Tn hiu s nh
phn(bit)
Reflected beam : Tia phn x
Sensing beam:Tia ti
Movable Mirror: Gngchuyn ng Optical Disk :a quang
it lazer pht ra c hi t qua h thng quang hc hi t ln b
mt a CDROM .Ta bit thng tin c ghi bi cc pits v lands .Cng
tia phn x s
yu I khi gp ch lm.Trong a c 1 sensor thu , nhy vi cng
tia phn x

31

Cng tia phn x ph thuc vo cc ch li lm m n I qua

,tc l ph thuc cc thng tin ghi trn a.u ra ca sensor l cc
tn hiu thng tin c chuyn sang dng in.
2- a CD-WR ( a CD ghi - c ) :
L loi a CD ghi li c .Vic ghi c thc hin bng phn
mm trn my tnhCD-WR cho php ghi d liu c , iu ny lm
cho a CD c th s dng li gn nh a mm .
Hn ch : -Tc ghi li thp ( Thi gian ghi 1 a CD-WR ln
gp I thi
gian
ghi 1 a CD-ROM thng)
- Gi thnh 1 a CD-WR cao hn khong 8 ln 1 a
CD-ROM
Sau y l 1 s s liu v CD-ROM v CD-RW hin ang lu
hnh do PCWold - US cung cp :

Tc
T/ ghi
c
CD-R
Gia The Th The Crea
o
o
c
o
tor
tip nh
t nh pht
sx
sx giy

Teac 4x 12 SCS
12
I12X X
Plextor
PXR412C

PCI
nt

VerbatimC nt

ln Tc ghi ln a
CD-RW
Pac Th Cre Pac Pket eo ator ket Wr
writ nh (ph itin
ing
t
wti g
phut
giy ng Gh
/gy sx )
i

CD-ROM
4X 13:3 18:
6
11
4X

13:4 12:
6
33

12X 10
X
12X 12, 4X

13:3 17:
32

DR
4x12
CR2801TE
PXR412Ce/IS
A
SonyCDU
928E/C
Mcronet4
X12PC

1X
EID
E
SCS
I
ISA
EID
E
SCS
I
PCI

43

7,5 2X
X
12X 10 4X
X

27:1
1
13:4
6

62:
23
12:
59

8X

26:4
3
13:4 18:
7
03

8X

8X

2X

12X 10
X

4X

HP CD- EID 6X
WPlus
E
7200I
HP CDW

CD-RW
5,2 2X 27:1 X
6

Plus7200e
Hi
Val
2x6x2 CD
RW
CD-RW
226 Plus
CD RW
426
Deluxe
CD RW
226
Yamaha
CRW4001
ti-PC
33

2X 27:
28

30: 34:
48 56

Ta c th dng cc s liu ny tham kho khi mua cc a

3/ a DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) a quang cng ngh s a
dng:
DVD l k v ca phng tin lu tr bng vt liu quang .a
DVD c ng knh120mm c th ghi thng tin trn c 2 mt vi
dung lng lu tr 2,6 n 17GB m thanh ,video hay d liu dng
s ( Loi CD ch c th ghi thng tin trn 1 mt vi dung lng
650MB).Cc loi DVD bao gm a DVD ROM lu thng tin ch
c; a DVD-R ghi thng tin 1 ln v DVD-RAM ,DVD+WR l
nhng a ghi li c nhiu ln .DVD c dng vi nhiu chc
nng khc nhau nh phn phi phn mm chuyn file sao lu file h
thng v cc file cn thit.
Gii phn tch nhn nh rng loi a DVD ghi c c trin
vng s thay th cho phng tin lu tr tho lp c nh a mm
,CD v zip ca Iomega.
C 2 loi DVD-RAM v DVD+RW u c th c c a
CD m thanh ,CD ROM ,CD-R,CD-RW v DVD-ROM. iu ng
ni l a c to ra trn DVD-RAM s khng lm vic trn
DVD+RW v ngc li . Rt nhiu DVD-ROM hin nay cng
khng c m bo c nhng a sn xut theo nh dng c
th ghi li ca DVD-RAM hay DVD+RW. y thc s l 1 cuc
cnh tranh gia 2 chun . a CD-RW gi khong 400$ cn DVDRAM khong 800$.
Ta hy xem bng sau
DVD-RAM
750$

CD-RW

Gi
150$
Gi a
25(a 2,6GB)
16(a 100MB)
Nhng nh
DVD-ROM,DVD-R
Ch a ZIP
dng c c CD-RW,CD-R,CD-ROM
34

ZIP
400$
20(a 650MB)
DVD-ROM,CD-R
CD-ROM

thc hnh
1. Hc sinh quan st cu to bn trong ca a CD-ROM , so snh
vi s nguyn l.
2. Hng dn sa cha , tu chnh nhng b phn hay hng nh mt ,
gng.

chut
(Mouse)
Cu to ca chut :
Mt vin bi thp bc nha lun tip xc vi 2 trc ln t vung
gc vi nhau.Khi chut dch chuyn ,bi ln,lm 2 trc quay theo
.Cc a gn trn 2 trc cng quay
t l vi chuyn ng theo 2 hng X,Y .Trn 2 a c cc rnh nh
.Cc rnh ny s lin tc ng,m 2 chm nh sng ti cc sensor
nhy sng to ra cc xung in.S lng xung t l vi chuyn
ng ca chut theo cc hng X,Y .Cc xung ny c a vo
my tnh x l. Trn chut cn c 2 hoc 3 phm .Khi cc phm
ny ng s to ra cc xung iu khin tc ng

35

Hnh v

Bn phm

C rt nhiu loi bn phm vi cc nguyn l khc nhau . Hin thng

dng s dng
loi bn phm p dng nguyn l m qut.
bn phm c 104 phm . y l tp hp cc cng tc ,c b tr
thnh 1 ma trn.
Khi tc ng(n phm),tn hiu ra c a n 1 vi x l bn phm .
Chng trnh phn mm s qut v xc nh xem phm no c n.
Vi x l bnn phm s bin i m qut thnh m ASCII CPU x
l

.
Hng
Vi x l bn phm
Ct

36

Ti CPU

V mt cu to vt l cc bn phm c ci tin cho ph hp vi

cc t th hot ng t nhin ca tay ngi . Ngi ta gi y l cc
bn phm cng thi hc (ergonomic) Bn phm c chia thnh 2
phn cch xa nhau vi inch ,ng thi phm dnh cho ngn ci c
nng cao hn .Phm Back space v phn bn phm s c t gn
nhau hn cc ngn tay v cnh tay khng b v ra xa .
Nhng sa i ny s gip trnh c mi mt ,t cnh tay,c
tay ,n vai ca ngi dng do cng tay c t sp hon ton (Vi
phm thng thng ,cng tay b xon khi ngn ci v bn tay t
song song vi bn phm).

Cc loi bus m rng v card phi ghp

1/ Cc loi bus m rng:

Bus m rng cho php PC lin lc c vi cc thit b ngoi vi ,cc
thit b ny c ghp ni vi my PC qua cc khe cm m rng
(slot).
Hin nay s dng thng dng trong cc my PC cc loi bus m
rng sau :
* Bus ISA: (Industry Standard Architecture):
Dng cho h thng ch c iu khin bi 1 CPU trn bn mch
chnh tc l tt c cc chng trnh v thit b u ch c iu
khin bi CPU
Tn s lm vic cc I 8,33MHz (8,33 Mbyte/giy cho s liu 2
byte 1 ln)
B rng d liu 8 hoc 16 bit
Bus a ch 24 bit

Hnh v cu to bus ISA

37

* Bus EISA: (Extended ISA):

Dng cho h thng cho php 1 vi x l nm ngoi bn mch chnh
c th iu khin ton b bus
Tn s lm vic cc I 33MHz
B rng d liu c th truy xut 2 ng 8 hoc 16 bit
Bus a ch 32 bit

Hnh v cu to bus EISA

* Bus PCI :(Peripheral component interconnect)

y l loi bus trong cc s liu v a ch c gi I theo cch
thc dn knh
(Multiplexing),cc ng a ch v s liu c dn chung trn trn
cc ng dy ca PCI . D liu c truyn ti theo mode burst
(a ch ch c truyn I 1 ln
sau c hiu ngm bng cch cho cc n v pht hoc thu
m ln trong mi xung ng h. phi pht li a ch ).
Tc truyn ti a 120Mbyte/s
38

Hnh v cu to bus PCI

2/Mt s loi card thng dng :

Card vo ra (Card I/O):
c ghp qua khe cm ISA hoc EISA phi ghp cc thit b
ngoi vi :
+ cng
+ mm
+ Chut
+ Cng COM,LPT
vi CPU
Card mn hnh : Cm vo khe cm ISA,EISA,VESA Local bus,PCI
phi ghp CPU vi mn hnh
Lm vic ca Card mn hnh :
* Cch hin 1 k t trong ch text :
K t hoc hnh v c hin ln mn hnh bng tp hp cc im
sng ti .Trong ch vn bn cc im ny c hnh thnh bng
vic c cho tia in t p hay khng vo mn hunh quang theo 1
khun mu c sn.Trong cc im c t chc theo ma trn.
Cc kch thc ma trn hay dng trong thc t l : 7x9,7x12,9x14
.Cc mu ch nh vy thng c to sn cho mi k t ASCII v
c cha trong 1 vi mch nh ROM gi l ROM to ch . Vi mch
ny l EPROM (K t u ca vi mch l 27) , ta c th d dng
thy c vi mch ny trn bt c Card mn hnh thng thng no.
39

S mch hin ch theo ma trn 9x14 trn mn hnh

hnh v

S khi ca 1 mch hin th c trang mn hnh vn bn gm

c 80 k t theo chiu ngang v 25 k t theo chiu dc (80x25).
M ASCII ca cc k t thuc 1 trang mn hnh cn hin th c
cha sn trong b nh RAM m mn hnh (mi k t cn 1 byte )
ghi nh m ca n . Nu ta cn hin th 1 trang mn hnh gm
80x25=2000 k t th ta cn dng n 1 b nh RAM m c dung
lng c 2KB .Ni dung ca b nh RAM m ny c b iud
khin mn hnh a ra nh k lm ti mn hnh sau 1 khong
thi gian nht nh ( Nh vy mn hnh hin th thng tin lm
vic ch ng ) . B nh RAM m ny cn phi c thm
nhp bng b vi x l ta cn c kh nng thay i c ni dung
cn a ra hin th . Cc a ch A0..A6 s xc nh v tr ca k t
cn hin th trong 1 hng cn cc a ch A7- A11 s xc nh to
tnh theo ct ca c 1 hng k t cn hin th . T hp cc bit a ch
A0-A11 ca RAM m s quyt nh to c th ca 1 k t trn
mn hnh .
Nh vy : RAM m s xc nh k t a ra u ? trn
mn hnh
Ci g ? ( ch g ) c a ra th lu trong ROM
to ch
Trn Card mn hnh ta cng thy rt d dng RAM m ny . Cc
loi Card mn hnh thng thng ph bin c RAM m = 1MB
40

* Cch hin trong ch ho :

Mn hnh ho 1 mu
Khi ny khng dng n ROM to ch na v b nh RAM m lc
ny thay v cha m ASCII ca k t th li cha cc im nh
(pixel) m t hp ca chng chnh l hnh nh cn phi th hin. Ch
lm vic ny gi l ch ho.
Gi thit ta phi hin trn khung hnh lm vic 640 im nh theo
chiu ngang v
400 im theo chiu dc th c khung hnh lm vic ny tng
ng vi 640x400=256.000im nh.Nu ghi nh mi im nh
nh vy ta cn dng 1 bit trong RAM m th tc l ta cn n b
nh = 32.000bytes (gn 30 KB)
Mn hnh ho mu:
Mn hnh mu khc mn hnh 1 mu bi s c mt ca cc cm 3
phn t trong lp hunh quang ph ln b mt pha trong ca n
hnh,mi phn t c kh nng pht ra 1 trong cc mu R,B,G Mu
ca 1 im nh trn mn hnh l s kt hp ca 3 im sng pht ra
t 3 phn t mu khi chng b 3 tia in t pht ra t 3 sng
catt n hnh bn vo . iu khin im nh ca mn hnh mu
ta phi c 3 tn hiu iu khin 3 tia R,B,G km thm 1 tn hiu
iu khin cng sng(I) ca im nh . Mn hnh mu loi
ny gi l mn hnh mu RBGI . ghi nh thng tin cho 1 im
sng trn mn hnh mu , trong b nh RAM m theo kiu lm
cho mn hnh 1 mu ta phi tn 4 bit thay v 1 bit .Nh vy hin
th trn khung hnh lm vic 640x400 im nh th b nh RAM
m cho mn hnh mu phi c dung lng 30kbx4. y l mn
hnh 16 mu.

nh 1 Card mn hnh

41

 Card m thanh :
Tn hiu m thanh- l dng tn hiu analog mun lm vic vi
my tnh cn phi qua bin i thnh tn hiu s ,hoc t tn hiu s
ngc li -thnh tn hiu tng t .
Bn thn my tnh thng dng khng c b phn c thit k
lm nhim v ny Phn cc mch in t c thit k thm ,gn
vo my tnh qua cc khe cm m rng lm nhim v ny chnh
l cc Card m thanh.
Vic s ho tn hiu m thanh v khi phc li tn hiu m
thanh t tn hiu s
l qu trnh gn ng - c sai s . Mun c m thanh trung thc
cn tng tn s s ho (tng tn s ly mu ). y l 1 c trng k
thut c bn ca Card m thanh.
Trn Card m thanh cn c thm cc mch ci thin cht lng m
thanh : Nng gim cc tn s , to hiu ng lp th ...
Cc Card m thanh c ghp vi my tnh qua cc khe cm ISA
hoc PCI
Card ho : Chc nng x l v hin th thng tin xut t my
tnh.
L 1 loi Card hnh cao cp ,gip my tnh hin th hnh nh
nhanh hn v d card
PCI,card AGP,card 3D...

nhCard m thanh , ho
42

S liu v 1 s loi Card ho

Board

Gi $ Chip2 Chip3 ca
6/97 D
D
ring RAM
Video
max
Khn
g

8/8

Khon
g

4/4

Khn
g

4/4

Khn
g

4/4

135
Diamond
Stealth
3D 2000 Pro

S3Vir Khn
g
ge
/DX

4/4

149

S3Vir Khn
g
ge
/DX

4/4

ATI 3D Pro
219
Turbo
PC2TV
170
Diamond
Stealth
3D 3000
ATI
3D 129
Xpression
+ PC2TV
STB Nitro 149
3D

ATI
Range
II
S3
Virge
/ VX
ATI
Range
II
S3Vir
ge
/GX

Hercules
Terminator
3D/DX

43

Lo T. T.
i
RAM qut
RA DAC
max
M

Vid
1024x
eo
768hz
220 150
SG
RA
M
VR
220 120
AM
SG
RA
M
ED
OD
RA
M
ED
OD
RA
M
ED
OD
RA

170

150

170

120

170

100

170

120

STB
199
Velocity 3D

Matrox
Mystique
220

179

Hercules
Stingray
128/3D

249

Number
NineFX
Reality 772

279

M
ED 220
OV
RA
M
SG 220
RA
M

S3Vir Khn
g
ge
/VX

4/8

Khn
g

4/8

4/4

ED 180
OD
RA
M

120

Khn
g

4/4

VR 220
AM

150

Matro
xMG
A116
4SG
Allian
ce
Prom
otionAT3D
S3Vir
ge/V
X

120

140

Card MPEG :
Khc vi card ho ,card MPEG c tng frame nh trn CD
ROM di dng nn ri gii nn n to li cc frame nh bitmap
dng r trc khi cho n hin th ln mn hnh( Thng thng qua
video adapter).Vi nhng CPU c tc cao ( Chng hn t Pentium
133 tr ln ) ta c th dng phn mm lm cng vic ca card
MPEG vi tc chp nhn c .Trong trng hp ny ta khng
cn trang b card MPEG
Nu ta c mn hnh rng v mun chy chng trnh ng dng
song song vi vic xem phim th vn phi trang b card MPEG.
Mt s chun giao din thng dng trong cc my tnh hin nay :
* ST506 ,ESDI : Nhng loi ny do s dng cho my XT ,hoc
khng ph bin ta s khng cp n. Ch yu l cc loi sau:
* Card IDE (Integrated Driver Electronics) v Card EIDE: in
t tch hp
44

Cc mch in t s kim sot cc n v c ct trong a . IDE

ch qun l c 2 a cng ni vi h thng . Sau ngi ta ci
tin thnh loi EIDE (Enhanced IDE) qun l c 4 thit b . Cc
IDE hin hnh a ra tc chuyn giao t 1MB n 4MB mi
giy.
Card IDE ch iu khin c a cng IDE m thi tc l cc
a cha c di 540MB d liu . Nu mun iu khin cc
ln hn phi dng EIDE hoc dng IDE km theo 1 phn mm
(Disk Manager Ontrack)
* Card SCSI (Small Computer System Inteface) :
1 Card loi ny,theo tng cp cao dn, qun l c t 8 thit
b (SCSI-1 ,SCSI-2) cho n 14 thit b (SCSI-3). Card SCSI-3 qun
l c 14 thit b v trnh tin ch li t ng ng m terminator
khi cn thit v c th cho php khi ng t a cng bt k hay
a CD-ROM,tu ngi dng.
Card IDE cng nh SCSI c th dng Bus ISA hay Bus PCI . Vi
cc mainboard loi mi hin nay cc Card ny c tch hp
lun vo mainboard ( On-board). Ta c th xem cc s liu ny
phn ph lc cui sch.
* Cng ni tip a nng USB (Universal Serial Bus):
Chun cng nghip mi ny dng u ni loi 1 c va vi tt c
thay cho mi cng c khc trn PC . Ta c th cm mi th vo
cng USB : mn hnh,bn phm ,chut,modem,joystick,my in ,my
qut,video camera. Ta cn c th cm 1 chui thit b ngoi vi ci
ny ni ci kia , ngha l ta c 1 chui thit b chy t 1 cng duy
nht trn PC.Mt s sn phm USB nh my qut v Camera s c
th hot ng khng cn dy cm in ring- Dy ni USB c kh
nng cung cp ngun in.
Cng USB hot ng nhanh gp 10 ln cng song song ,gp 100
ln cng ni tip
d liu trao i 2 chiu c th nhn tn hiu phn h cng bc t
Joystick,cho php lp n 127 kiu thit b ngoi vi theo kiu nan
hoa.
u im u tin ca USB l tc xut nhp nhanh v d lp t
:Bn ch vic cm cp ni vo pha sau my tnh .Chng cn phi
bn tm ti Driver ,card cm thm hay xc lp thng s h thng
45

mi , thm ch cng chng cn khi ng li my. USB l 1 sn

phm c nhiu hng c tn tui lu tm ci tin v pht trin
Compaq,Digital,Equipment,IBM,Microsoft,NEC
v
Northern
Telecom. Cc cng ty ny t khong 1995 cng tm ra 1 loi cng
chun mi nhm n gin ho vic lp t cc thit b nhp d liu ,
ng th cho php s dng in thoi ni chuyn v my tnh
.Cc thng s ca USB9.0 c hon tt vo thng 11/1995 . Su
thng sau Intel cng b cc chp Intel430HX v 430VX PCIset l
cc chip u tin h tr USB T thng 6/1998 USB c h tr
hon ton bi h iu hnh Windows98 .Nhiu my tnh mi
c trang b khng phi ch 1 m n 2 cng USB . n giai on
ny c hn 400 thit b dng USB .
Vi cc cng song song hay my in c c th dng 1 thit b cm
vo chuyn i ra USB .Tng lai ca USB rt sng sa.
Ngoi cc loi Card thng dng tr thnh hng ho ,tu theo
yu cu thc t ngi ta s ch to ra cc loi Card phi ghp vi
my tnh theo yu cu ring .Trong iu khin cng nghip cc loi
Card ny thng c ghp vi ISA hoc EISA.

Mn hnh v b ngun my tnh

1/Cc loi mn hin th :
- ng tia in t CRT(Cathode Ray Tube):
- Mn hnh tinh th lngLCD (Liquit Cristal Display)
- Mn hnh Plasma
- Mn hnh 3 chiu.
Thng dng trong cc my bn l loi mn hnh CRT
Cho loi my xch tay l LCD
2/Nguyn l lm vic ca mn ng tia in t CRT(Cathode Ray
Tube):
a/S lu nh trong vng mc mt ngi:
Khi quan st 1 hnh nh hin tt vi f >= 25 ln/giy mt ngi
khng nhn ra c s nhp nhy .Ngi ta li dng khuyt
tt ny ca mt xy dng nguyn l qut nh.
46

b/ Cu to ng CRT v Nguyn l qut nh:

hnh v nguyn l ng CRT

ng tia in t hnh phu, phn m rng l phn mn nh. Bn

trong phn mn nh ny c qut lp pht quang ( Khi c in t p
vo th cht ny pht ra nh sng ,cng sng ph thuc s lng
in t p vo,ph thuc gia tc ca chng khi bay n .
Tia in t pht ra t catot p n mn pht sng . Cng tia
in t ny
li ph thuc sng ti ca hnh nh. Nu khng c qut tia in t
s p mi vo im gia mn hnh.
B li ngang s lm tia in t chy t tri sang phi mn
hnh(Qut thun) ri li tr v tr v bn phi mn hnh (Qut
ngc) . Thi gian qut ngc rt nh so vi thi gian qut thun.
B li dc s lm tia in t chy t trn xung di ri li t
di ln trn,cui cng tr li v tr u.
Vic qut 1 hnh nh ln mn hnh ging nh ta cm 1 ci bt v
rt nhanh theo kiu qut ;bt y l tia in t.
Vi mn hnh mu nguyn l cng tng t .Ch khc l khng
phi 1 catot pht tia in t m l 3 catot cho 3 mu Xanh L
(R,B,G) v mn hnh l 1 t hp cc im mu R,B,G k st nhau
.Cc in t pht ra t catot ch c th p vo cc im pht
mu . Cng tng t nh vy vi cc mu Xanh v L. Mt im
nh s l tng hp gi tr ca 3 im mu .
Cc im mu b tr nh sau :
47

R
B

Hng Sony khng dng nguyn l b tr cc im mu nh trn m

dng nguyn l TINITRON
R

Trong mn hnh my tnh sng ca cc im khng phi do cc

tn hiu video a n m c lu gi trong b nh trn card mn
hnh.
Card mn hnh l b phi ghp gia CPU v mn hnh
3/ Mn hnh tinh th lngLCD (Liquit Cristal Display):
LCD l cng ngh hin th da trn cc c tnh cn nh sng ca
tinh th lng khi b phn cc bi in p .Tinh th lng l 1 dng c
bit ca vt cht c cu to t cc phn t hnh que.
LCD bao gm 1 lp tinh th lng nm gia 2 tm lc phn cc
.Tm lc l bn Plastic c c tnh ch cho php xuyn qua n nhng
sng nh sng I song song vi 1 mt phng xc nh . Gia cc tm
lc v lp tinh th lng l li in cc mng trong sut . Bi LCD
tiu th t nng lng hn cc thit b pht x nn chng c s
dng nhiu trong nhng lnh vc cn tit kim nng lng.
T nhng nm 1996 v trc ch nhng my tnh xch tay (notebook) cao cp nht mi c trang b mn hnh LCD c phn gii
800x600 .Phn ln dng li mc 640x460 . Nhng n thi im
ny nhng mn nh LCD c phn gii 1024x728 ph bin .
Vn hin cn tn ti vi LCD l cha c b tng tc ho
c th hin th mu thc phn gii 1280x1024. Vn chc s
c gii quyt trong thi gian ti.
4/ B ngun my tnh :

48

Cung cp cc in p +12,-12V,+5V,-5V cung cp cho cc vi

mch v thit b ngoi vi. Mt b ngun tt phi cho ra cc mc in
p ng theo yu cu nh trn.
Ta kim tra tnh trng ng n ca b ngun bng cch o cc chn
in p ra.

Phn 2
RAM-CMOS v cu hnh h thng
1-Khi nim : Mt my PC do nhiu b phn ghp ni vi nhau
.iu ny xut pht t yu cu gii quyt cng vic v t kh nng
ti chnh ca ngi dng . C my dng cng ln , c my dng
cng nh ,mn hnh khc nhau VGA,EGA...Ni tm li cu hnh
ca 1 my PC rt a dng . cho h iu hnh bit c cu hnh
ca tng thit b ngoi vi ,ca b nh iu khin chnh xc hot
ng ca h thng v i vi 1 h thng ang hot ng n nh th
khi ta thm vo hay thay th 1 thit b ngoi vi bng 1 loi khc th
h thng c nhn bit c s thay i ny khng . h thng c
th nhn din c cu hnh my ,cc thng tin cu hnh ny cn
c khai bo trong 1 bng c BIOS chun b sn , l bng
thng s SETUP . Cc thng tin c khai bo ny tn ti thng
xuyn 1 vng nh ghi c c nh vo ngun nui l 1 qu pin
nh , vng nh ny c gi l RAM-CMOS . Nguyn thu vng
nh CMOS trong IBM /PC di 64Bytes .Cc thng tin lu trong
CMOS bao gm cc thng s a ,ngy gi thc , ch hot ng
ca bn phm ,ch khi ng... Sau ny do my tnh b xung
thm nhiu thit b ngoi vi v cc thit b khc na nn vng nh
ny c tng ln 128 bytes ri hin nay 256bytes .
2-S dng chng trnh SETUP :
49

 vo Setup ta phi n 1 phm hoc t hp phm no khi my

ang khi ng (C th quan st thng bo trn mn hnh) .Thng
l Del hoc Ctr + Alt + Esc . Mn hnh Setup ca BIOS s xut hin
nh sau :
ROM PCI/ISA BIOS
CMOS SETUP UTILITY
AWARD SOFTWARE INC
STANDARD CMOS SETUP
I/O
CONFIGURATION SETUP
BIOS FEATURES SETUP
PASSWORD
SETING
CHIPSET FEATURES SETUP
IDE HDD
AUTODETECTION
POWER MANAGEMENT SETUP
SAVE & EXIT
SETUP
PCI CONFIGURATION SETUP
EXIT WITHOUT
SAVING
LOAD SETUP DEFAULTS
ESC :Quit
: Selection
Item
F10 : Save & Exit
Shif +
F2 : Change Color
y l mn hnh SETUP ca hng AWARD INC lp trn my
Pentiun 586 .Tu theo
hng m mn hnh ny c hnh dng khc nhau ,nhng cc mc th
c bn cng vn nh vy . Cc chc nng :
1. STANDARD CMOS SETUP
Cho php t cc tham s v a , ngy gi , loi a
cng,mm...
2. BIOS FEATURES SETUP
t cc ch bo c chng trnh l xm nhp boot sector
hoc bng partition
trnh t khi ng t a no ,t mt khu...
3. CHIPSET FEATURES SETUP
t cc thng s ca RAM ,
50

4. POWER MANAGEMENT SETUP

t cc ch tit kim in
5. PCI CONFIGURATION SETUP
t cc thng s cho cc thit b PCI
6. LOAD SETUP DEFAULTS
Load cc thng s ngm nh ca BIOS
7. I/O CONFIGURATION SETUP
t cu hnh cho cc cng vo ra
8. PASSWORD SETING
Thit lp ch t mt khu bo v chng t tin truy nhp
(Phi kt hp vi
phn 2)
9. IDE HDD AUTODETECTION
T ng tm a cng
10. SAVE & EXIT SETUP
Ghi cc thay i v thot ra khi ng
11. EXIT WITHOUT SAVING
Thot ra nhng khng ghi
Khi thit lp cc thng tin ny nu ta khng c kin thc hoc thit
lp sai th my s hot ng khng bnh thng : Khng nhn ra
cng ,khng khi ng c, khng c a mm,khng c chut
,my in khng ghi c ... Cc trc trc kiu ny rt a dng do ta
t CMOS sai , mc d cc b phn vt l khng c g h hng c.
V vy nu khng c hng dn th khng nn thay i cc thng
s ca RAM CMOS
3-Ct gi phc hi CMOS:
a-Dng a Rescue :
Vic lu gi thng tin trong CMOS v cc thng tin trn phn khi
ng ca a cng rt quan trng . Ngi ta hay dng chng trnh
Rescue.exe trong b Norton Utility thc hin . Tin hnh nh
sau:
- Vo Norton Utility Rescue Disk
- Run Program Continue OK
- Chn a mm A
- Creat : Chun b 3 a mm
51

- Sau lm ln lt theo ch dn trn my

- Cui cng xut hin thng bo c th a va mi lm xong khng
? Ta c th khng th .
b- Dng phng php in mn hnh :
Nu bn c my in c th lu cc thng tin trong chng trnh
SETUP bng cch in mn hnh . M cc mc cn in ri n phm
Print screen. Ct cc bn in lu tr , khi c vn ta da theo cc
thng tin ny thit lp li h thng.
c- Dng chng trnh lu thng tin trong CMOS:
Lu cc thng tin CMOS vo 1 file .Khi c s c , m file , vit
li thng tin ct vo CMOS.
4/ Du a cng - Chng xm nhp tri php - Mt khu bo
v CMOS :
I khi chng ta c nhu cu bo v my tnh ca mnh trnh khi
nhng ngi khc t m ,hoc khng mun ngi khng am hiu k
thut thay i cc thng s trn my ta c th p dng cc phng
php bo v nh t mt khu hoc dng cc chng trnh c bit
che du a cng . Ngay trong CMOS ca my tnh cng ci
sn 1 chc nng t mt khu . Chng ta c th tn dng chc nng
ny chng ngi l s dng my.
a- Chng khi ng my v truy nhp CMOS :
u tin trong mc BIOS FEATURES SETUP
Chn Security mc ny tu loi CMOS c th c 2 hay3 tu chn ,
chng hn 3 tu chn:
- System : Hi mt khu khi bt ngun khi ng my
- Setup : Hi mt khu khi mun vo CMOS
- None : Khng s dng mt khu
Dng cc phm PgUp,PgDwn (hoc dng + ,-vi loi BIOS Phoenix)
thay i cc gi tr ny. Gi s ta chn c mt khu (System hoc
Setup).
Tip theo , sang mc PASSWORD SETING :
G Enter . Xut hin thng bo :
Enter Password :-

52

Ta g vo 1 mt khu di t 1 n 8 k t sau g Enter .BIOS s

hin th thng bo yu cu xc nhn mt khu nh sau :
Cornfirm Password :G li mt khu 1 ln na ;ng nh ln trc -sau g Enter
,nu thy c thng bo:
PASSWORD ENABLED
th c ngha l mt khu c thit lp ng . Sau ny mi khi
mun vo CMOS
hoc khi khi ng my ta phi nh vo ng mt khu . Nu nh
sai s khng vo CMOS , hay khi ng c.
g b 1 mt khu t trc ta vo chc nng
PASSWORD SETING
khi thy thng bo
Enter Password :th ta khng g g c m n Enter . BIOS s hin th thng bo :
PASSWORD ENABLED
Press any key to Continue
thng bo mt khu b b .
Trng hp qun mt khu th c th dng cc bin php sau:
- Dng mt khu tn hng BIOS : Tc l khi c yu cu mt khu ta
nh vo cc t sau : Vi BIOS ca AWARD INC th g vo
CONCAT . Vi BIOS ca AMI th g vo AMI.
- Dng cc phn mm ph kho : Cc chng trnh tin ch
kim tra my nh PCCHECK,AMIDIAGS u c th dng ph
kho . Di y l 1 chng trnh dng ph kho CMOS c
vit bng Pascal . Chng trnh c th ph c hu ht cc loi
kho CMOS ca cc BIOS ang c mt ti Vit Nam :
Program Delete_CMOS_Password;
53

BEGIN
Port[$70]:=$2F;
Port[$71]:=$FF;
END.
- Thay i Jumper ( Cu ni trn Mainboard ) : Mt s loi
Mainboard c sn 1 Jumper xo CMOS . Cu ni ny c 2 v tr :
khi sang v tr Clear th CMOS s b xo . c th dng ng
dng ny ta phi bit chc chn Jumper no lm nhim v g ; tc l
ta phi c s ca Mainboard . Nu u m rt d cht Mainboard
.
- Tho pin nui CMOS : y l bin php m chng cn kho no
tc dng ! Nhng nu chuyn mn khng cao sau khng khi
phc li c CMOS th cng lm cho h thng khng hot ng
c,hoc hot ng trc trc.
b-Du a cng :
Chng ta c 2 phng php du a cng .Phng php th nht
l dng CMOS v phng php th 2 l dng phn mm.
Dng CMOS :
Chng ta bit rng CMOS c th chng ngi khc xm nhp bng
cch t mt khu ( d vn c cch ph ), ta c th li dng c tnh
ny.
Vo STANDARD CMOS SETUP . Trong mc Hard Disk t
thng s a cng l None (Khng c a cng ) v ta phi ghi nh
li cc thng s ca a cng bao gm
s Cylinder ,S Head,S Sector ri thit lp mt khu cho CMOS
,lu li v thot ra ,khi ng li my . By gi mun s dng li
my ta phi t li cc ng cc thng s cho a cng . Phng
php ny ch du c nhng ngi khng chuyn
- Nhng r rng l trong thc t th i tng ny l a s .
Dng phn mm :
Ngi ta lm ra 1 s chng trnh cho php du a cng ,khi
khi ng chng trnh yu cu cho mt khu ng th mi tip tc
,nu sai mt khu chng trnh s t ng lm treo my. Chng hn
chng trnh HDL.exe (Hard Disk Lock)ca ng Minh Tun . C
ch hot ng ca chng trnh nh sau : Khi ci t ln my
54

chng trnh s thm vo Partition ca a cng 1 on m ca mnh

v chuyn bng Partition I lu 1 ch khc trn a.on m ca
chng trnh s c np vo b nh khi my c bng Partition
khi ng , n s cho ngi s dng g vo 1 mt khu v kim tra
mt khu .Nu ng th chuyn iu khin cho h iu hnh np
bng Partition tht nu sai chng trnh cho php g li mt khu 1
s ln nht nh (thng l 3 ) khi g li vn sai th chng trnh treo
my . Cch s dng chng trnh nh sau:
Chng trnh c 3 tham s : I-Ci t ,U-G b , C-Thay i mt
khu .
t mt khu ta lm nh sau : C:\>HDL.EXE I
Khi thy thng bo Enter Password : ta g vo 1 mt khu ti
a 10 k t v g Enter ,khi thy thng bo yu cu xc nhn
RNTER PASSWORD:bn hy g vo mt khu ln na v g
Enter .
g b mt khu : C:\>HDL.EXE U
Khi thy thng bo ENTER OLD PASSWORD : hy g vo mt
khu ca mnh
chng trnh s t ng g b v phc hi bng Partition ca a
cng.
thay i mt khu : C:\>HDL.EXE C
Chng trnh s yu cu cho mt khu c v mt khu mi . Hy g
vo mt khu c v g vo mt khu mi 2 ln.
c-Chng s xm nhp ca cc chng trnh l vo Boot Sector hoc
bng Partition ca a.
Mun dng tnh nng ny ,ta vo CMOS chn mc BIOS
FEATURES SETUP
tnh nng Vius Warning hoc Boot Sector Protection t gi tr
ENABLED
By gi mi khi c hin tng ghi ln cc vng quan trng trn
ca a cng
BIOS s hin th 1 thng bo nh sau :
! WARNING !
Disk boot sector is to be modified
55

Type Y to accept or Write or N to abord write

Award Software Inc.
Thng bo ny c ngha nh sau : Cnh bo . Boot Sector trn a
ang b sa i .GY chp nhn, g N hu b .Nu bn
khng dng cc lnh tc ng ln vng h thng nh lnh SYS
chng hn m bn thy thng bo ny c ngha l virus
boot ang tn cng my ca bn .Hy bm phm N hu b v
tm cch dit virus.

Thc hnh
1- t cc thng s cho a mm :
- Du mm
- t thnh hin th 2 mm A,B
- t khng cho php truy nhp mm trn b iu khin
mm
2- t cc thng s cho a cng
- t khng xut hin a cng (Du a cng)
- t khng truy nhp c a cng trn b iu khin
3- t khng truy nhp c chut
4- t khng truy nhp c cng my in
5- t cc tnh nng s dng mt khu,xo mt khu
6- Thc hin lu tr thng tin CMOS

56

Phn 3
Sa cha cc h hng ca h thng
my tnh
Cch c s in - Cc dng c ti thiu
trong sa cha
I/ c s mch in:
Gii thiu k hiu ca 1 s phn t thng dng trong mch in :
-it bn dn
-Tranzixtor
-Vi mch
-in tr
-T in
-K hiu ngun in xoay chiu ,1 chiu
-Bin p
II/Cc dng ti thiu:
1/M hn :
- tho lp cc linh kin khi cn thit.Ngoi yu cu v cng
sut : nng
lm nng chy thic cn 1 yu cu rt quan trng l :Khng b r
in.M hn r
in s lm hng linh kin khi tho lp ; nht l cc linh kin
CMOS,FET
- C 2 loi thng dng :
+M hn dy qun :40W-60W. hn cc loi vi mch thng
dng loi 40W.
loi m hn ny c c im khng bn,hay t.
+M hn chp mch :(Mt s ngi do thi quen gi l m hn
xung)
Loi ny bn nhng ch hnh c cc mi hn thng dng
(*Trong khi ging ni thm v hnh nhng trong sn xut ln
v hn laser trong hn cc mch in nhiu lp : my in thoi di
ng panen c 8 lp mch in ...*)
- Thic hn
57

- Cht lm sch ch cn hn : Trc y hay dng sunfat km (

B 1 t mu km
vo axit sunfuric c sunfat km ) .Ph bin c th dng nha
thng . Ngy
nay dng thic cun :Trong li ca dy thic c nha thng
sn ,v vy
dng rt tin li.
- Ni mat u m hn phng nga r in:
Dng dy mm ni vo phn kim loi ca m hn , u kia ca dy
ni t.
2/ng h vn nng:
Trong nhng iu kin y cc trang thit b :c s tr gip
ca Osiloscop,
my m xung , cc thit b chuyn dng ... th vic pht hin v
sa cha h
hng s nh nhng hn .Tuy nhin vi 1 kh nng phn tch cn
thn ,chu o
v bao qut th 1 ng h vn nng thng thng vi tr khng
vo 5K/V 20 K/V trong tay 1 k thut vin my tnh cng s pht huy tc
dng khng
km .Thng dng hin nay c 2 loi :
+ Loi kim ch th
+ Loi ch th hin s + m thanh
Loi ch th kim thng c hnh dng nh sau:
- Mt hin s trn th hin cc gi tr o : U,I,R...
- Que o : Dy - v dy + .
- Pin nui ng h phc v cho vic o R ( Khng c pin vn
o c in
p )
- Cu chuyn mch o : U,I,R...
Tc dng :
- o in tr ,Kim tra thng mch:
Xem cu ch c t khng ? Dy dn
c thng khng ? Cng tc c hng
AC
58

khng ? Loa, bng n cn tt khng?

...

mA

DC

- o in p xoay chiu:
+ - o din p 1 chiu:
V d : Ngun +5V,-5V, +12V,-12V
trong my tnh c khng ?
in p ti chn cc vi mch cn kim tra bng bao
nhiu ?
- o dng in tiu th
Cch kim tra 1 s linh kin thng dng :
- in tr v m mu in tr
Tm
Mu : en Nu Cam Vng Xanh Lc
Xm Trng
Gi tr : 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
12 3
Vch 4: Sai s ca in tr (%)
- Kim tra I t :
- Kim tra tranzixtor
- Kim tra bin p:
- Kim tra t in :
Quy c nh s chn ca vi mch:

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9

Nhn t trn xung

Ngc chiu kim ng h s th t
chn tng dn
12345678
3/Cc loi dng c khc :
- Bt th in
59

- Panh gp
- Ht thic
- Knh lp
- Ko,di

KIm tra,sa cha chut

Chut l 1 thit b ngoi vi chun dng a cc mnh lnh ca
con ngi cho my tnh . Thng chut c lp vo cng ni tip
cng COM1 (a ch 3F8).
C th truy nhp bng ngt 23h . Hm cm chut l 20h.
- u cm chut vo my tnh thng l 9 chn ,(loi 25 chn
hin nay khng dng na ) theo chun RS-232 c in p 12V
- chy c chut cn c :
+Chut tt
+Phn mm iu khin tt
- Thit lp phn mm : Trong cc file :
.bat, setting
Ch cc khai bo trong RAM-CMOS m
bo sao cho
cng COM1 khng b kho . Nu khai bo sai
cng thng
bo nh chut hng thc.
- Nu chut ang chy bnh thng m b hng thng do chut
hng:
+ t dy : Khc phc : Ct on hng b I ,ni li .Trn cc
u dy ni vo chut thng c nh du cc u dy bng s
theo lut m mu.
+ Hng cng tc tc ng :
Khc phc : Thay cng tc gia sang .nh li cc
tip im.
60

Thc hnh
1. Khc phc h hng chut dng t dy
2. Thay cng tc tc ng b hng
3. nh li cc tip im ca cng tc tc ng
4. Kim tra diot pht quang,Sensor trn chut

khc phc h hng truy nhp a mm

c th can thip vo hot ng ca a mm , ta phi tc ng
qua cc thanh ghi ca cng 3F0h. C th s dng ngn ng C,Pascal
hoc tt hn c l dng Assembly y vi yu cu cho cc k
thut vin bo tr phng my tnh ta s khng I su vo cc vn
lp trnh m quan tm n cc vn k thut c th.
1/Cch ni 1 a mm vo bng mch chnh:
Hin nay , vi cc mainbord loi mi ,phn iu khin vo ra ca
cc thit b ngoi vi ( cng , mm,chut, my in,bn phm...)
c ngay trn mainboard (onboard) nn khng cn bng mch iu
khin I/O . ni a mm hoc cc thit b ngoi vi khc vi
mainboard ta ch cn ch nh sau : Cp ni 34 chn ca a mm
chn s 1 l chn ni vi dy c du mu . Ta tm trn mainboard
t hp chn cm 34 chn, cm sao cho chn s 1 ca cp( nh du
61

mu ) vo chn s 1 ca t hp chn cm u kia ca cp cng

c ni vo chn s 1 ca t hp chn cm trn a mm.
Vi cc mainboard c cn c b phi ghp I/O ring (Card
I/O)cm vo EISA slot
Trn card I/O c cc t hp chn cm: - 34 chn ( a mm)
- 40 chn (cho a cng)
- 26 chn (cng song song-my in)
- 10 chn (cng ni tip-chut)
Khi cm cp ni mm(hoc cc thit b ngoi vi khc) ta cng theo
qui tc chn s 1 (nh du mu ) nh trn.
Cu to ca cp ni 34 chn nh sau :

Hnh v
4,6 :Khng s dng
8 : Index signal
10: Motor A
11: Select A drive
12: Select B drive
13: Motor B
14:
16:

18:
20:
22:
24:
26:
28:
30:
32:
34:

Dy ngun:
62

 ( + 5 V)
en (Ni mt)
en (Ni mt)
Vng ( + 12 V)
Cn ch khng cm nhm u +5V sang u +12V s lm
hng cc vi mch
Thng thng th gia chn cm v jc cm c hnh dng tng
ng khng th
cm nhm c.
2/S hng truy nhp a mm:

Hng truy nhp a mm

Hng phn cng

Hng phn mm

/K
Do hng
Do hng khng
Hng chng trnh
a mm
c a mm
ng dng
Hng
Track0

Hng
phn
Data

63

Thit lp
RAM-CMOS sai

Cp ni
I/O

Do b
/k I/O

Do bn thn
a

u t

Khi motor

bn,hng

ko a hng

Khi iu

khin
vo ra u t

hng

3/ X l khc phc h hng:

a- Phn mm :
- Thit lp li RAM-CMOS:
Ch cc phn : STANDARD CMOS SETUP t a
ng loi :
A drive : 1.44 MB 3.5 inch
Khng t sai thng s hoc t None
I/O CONFIGURATION SETUP t
Onboard FDD Controller : Enable
Nu t Disable s khng truy nhp c
b- Phn cng :
- Sa cc a hng bng chng trnh tin ch NDD.EXE
- Cm li cc u dy vo Mainboard, Card I/O, a theo qui
tc ( Dy
chn 1)
- Lau u t bng a lau hoc bng bng tm cn hoc dung
dch ty
- Thay th tro i cc phn ,dn ghp cc phn cn tt ca
cc a hng

64

Thc hnh
1. Kim tra thit lp CMOS phn a mm
2. Cm ni cc cap ngun , tn hiu gia card I/O (Mainboard)
vi a mm
3. Thc hnh lau u t
4. Thay th tro i cc phn ,dn ghp cc phn cn tt ca
cc a hng

Vi rut my tnh -Cch phng v chng

S dng 1 s chng trnh qut vi rut
thng dng
Cch to a Bo bi
I-Vi rt my tnh - Cch phng v chng:
1/ Khi nim:
Nhiu ngi s dng my tnh nhm tng rng virus my tnh l
1 dng sinh vt in t . Thm ch h cn ngh rng virus c kh
nng truyn t my tnh ny sang my tnh khc m khng cn tip
xc vt l v chng c kh nng sng ngay c khi tt ngun my
tnh . May thay ngy nay cn rt t ngi suy ngh nh th . Vy rt
cc th virus my tnh l g ?
Ta bit cc chng trnh my tnh l cc dy ch th do con
ngi ngh ra ch th cho my tnh hot ng no c thc hin v
thc hin nh th no ; v ngi ta cng bit rng : virus thc cht
cng l cc chng trnh my tnh.
Cc virus c np v chy mc d ngi s dng khng yu cu
. Chng hot ng ,khng li du vt ging nh cc chng trnh
bnh thng.
Cc virus c th :
+ To khun a ,sao chp ,i tn tp
65

+ T sao chp vi cc thng tin cu hnh mi

+ Thay i thuc tnh cc tp
nh ngha : 1 virus my tnh l 1 chng trnh lm thay i cc
chng trnh khc
thm vo 1 bn sao thc hin c v c th thay i
chnh n.
Tiu chun ti thiu thit k virus my tnh l :
+ Thc hin c
+ C kh nng t sao chp
+ Bin i cc i tng thc hin c khc thnh cc i
tng nhim khun
2/ Phn loi:
C nhiu loi phn mm c hi:
+ Bom logic :
+ Bom thi gian :
+ Cc chng trnh i mu n cp m kho ngn hng
+ Cc con su
+ Cc loi virus
C hai loi virus :
+ virus file : Ly vo file xex,doc,dot...
+ virus boot : Nhim vo vng khi ng ,ngn cn qu trnh
khi ng , chim lnh b nh
3/ C ch ly lan:
Xut pht t nguyn l ta thy ch khi no chng trnh mang virus
c thc hin th mi b nhim . Qu trnh thc hin l :
+ Khi ng bng a b nhim virus
+ c cc file doc b nhim
+ Thc hin cc chng trnh com,exe b nhim
+ Ly t cc chng trnh sao chp t mng Internet
+ Ly t a mm , a cng ,CD-ROM, gc
* Nu dng DIR ca DOS hay NC xem 1 a b nhim ( xem t
C: ) th cng khng b ly vi rut.
* Copy sao chp cng khng b ,ch khi no chy cc chng trnh
mi b ly nhim.
4/ Chun on cc my tnh b nhim vi rt:
66

- Thao tc my tr nn chm chp

- Np chng trnh lu hn bnh thng
- Cc chng trnh truy nhp b nh khng bnh thng,nhanh
chng trn b nh
- Cc chng trnh truy nhp a vo nhng thi im khng bnh
thng vi tn sut cao.
- Khng gian t do ca a gim nhanh
- S lng sector a hng tng nhanh
- Cc chng trnh gp nhng li m trc y khng h c
- xut hin cc thng bo l
- Cc tp b mt khng r nguyn nhn
- Tn ,thuc tnh tp b thay i
- Kch thc tp b thay i
Tm li l cc hot ng khng bnh thng
5/ Lm g khi my tnh b nhim vi rut ?
- Nu khng nh vic nhim virus th cn lm cc bin php
loi tr:
+ Tt my tnh , ch 60 giy
+ Tho cc mi trng lu tr ra : a mm,bng t...
+ Tho cc thit b ngoi vi : My in,modem...Ch li mn
hnh ,bn phm,chut
+ a a sch vo (a ny cn chng ghi)trn a c chng
trnh tm v dit virus thc hin vic tm v dit
+ a cc file h thng sch vo
+ Tt my , ni li h thng.
Phng nga :
+ Dng a mm khi ng
+ Kim tra cc chng trnh trc khi a vo my
+ i tn cc tp d b ly nhim ,mc tiu ca cc chng
trnh virus
+ Khi to li h thng
6/ Mt s chng trnh dit virus thng dng:
+ Chng trnh DW
+ Chng trnh BKAV
+ Chng trnh D2
67

II- Cch to a Bo bi :
1/ Khi nim:
-S cn thit ca b a sa cha :Hin nay trong s dng chng
ta thng khi
ng my PC t a cng ;iu rt nhanh chng v thun
tin.Tuy nhin nu khi a cng b gp s c,nhim vi rut m vn
cn c kh nng cu c ,m khi ta li khng c b a sa cha
sn trong tay th tht l kh khn cho cng vic sa cha .
- B a c th 1 cho n vi a -u l a khi ng- trong c
cha :
+ Cc chng trnh qut vi rut.
+ Cc file chng trnh :
fdisk.exe,diskedit.exe,format.com,unerase.exe,unformat.exe,nd
d.exe
himem.sys.
Cc file chng trnh trn phi c sao chp t ngun sch
(Khng c kh nng nhim vi rut ).
2/Thc hin :
* Lm trn DOS:
Ngun chng trnh c th t a mm :
- Cho a mm khi ng c cha cc chng trnh cn thit
nh ni
mc 1 vo a .
-Khi ng my .
- Ti du nhc DOS g A:\> format A:/s
- B a c ra a a cn to vo ri n
- Sau bc ny ta c a khi ng .Chp cc chng trnh
cn thit vo.
- To hoc chp cc file config.sys ,
.bat cn thit.
-Gt chng ghi.
Ngun chng trnh c th t a cng :
- Cho a cn to lp vo a.
- nh lnh C:\> format A:/s
- Chp cc chng trnh cn thit vo
68

- Gt chng ghi.
*Lm trn WINDOWS:
-n Start Setting Controlpanen Add/Remove Program
Tab Startup
Create Disk . Cho a vo A OK . Ri v Add/Remove
Program .Nh vy
xong
- Chp cc chng trnh cn thit vo
- Gt chng ghi.
* Nu ng thi lm a Rescue cho my ang s dng th ta
phi lm 3 a mm ( Hoc n gin lm 1 a - Dng chng trnh
to a Rescue trong NU ).
Cc a bo bi dng cho sa cha ca chng ta c gi gn
cn thn , khi a cng ca chng ta ( hoc ca 1 my khc ) b s
c ,chng ta s em ra lm cng c phc v sa cha.

Thc hnh
1. To a bo bi
2. To b a Rescue 3 a bng NU trn windows
3. Gii thiu hot ng ca chng trnh qut vius DW,D2,BKAV.
4. Gii thiu hot ng ca chng trnh DISKEDIT

69

Cc bc thc hin a 1 a cng vo

hot ng
I- Format cp thp :
Dng chng trnh Low format Hard disk Trong RAM CMOS
II - Fdisk :
Dng a mm bo bi khi ng my:
A:\> FDISK
Xut hin mn hnh ca chng trnh FDISK nh sau :
menu a:
1.Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive
To partition khi ng ca DOS hoc to cc logic
2.Set active partition
Xc nh partition no l ch ng
3.Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive
Xo b 1 partition hoc 1 a logic
4.Display partition information
Hin th thng tin partition
Nu my c nhiu a cng vt l th FDISK c thm tu
chn th 5 l:
5.Change fixed disk
Thay i Fdisk a no ?
Thc hin :
Thng thng ta ch thc hin chng trnh Fdisk khi c s
c ; khi
70

 ta thng phi thng phi to li bng Fdisk . Nhng

trc khi to ta
phi xo b partition hoc a logic c .Cch lm nh sau:
T menu A chn mc 3 . n y xut hin menu B:
menu B:
1.Delete primary DOS partition
Xo vng phn khu DOS chnh
2.Delete Extended DOS partition
Xo vng phn khu DOS m rng
3.Delete loggical DOS Driver(s) in the Extended DOS
partition
Xo cc a logic trong vng DOS m rng
4.Delete Non-DOS partition
Xo vng phn khu phi DOS
Ta s xo t mc 3, ri n mc 2 , cui cng l mc 1 l kt thc
vic xo.
Quay tr li menu A:
Chn mc 1 .Xut hin menu C :
menu C:
1. Create Primary DOS Partition
2. Create Extended DOS Partition
3. Create Logical DOS Driver(s) inte Extended Partition
Ta s thc hin vic to cc a logic hoc partition t mc 1,
ri n mc 2 ,
cui cng l mc 3 l kt thc vic to lp( Ngc vi qu trnh
xo ).
Sau khi thc hin qua cc bc trn xong cn khi ng
li my ghi
nhn cc vic to lp.
III-Format cp cao cc a to lp bng Fdisk:
Bc tip theo : T du nhc A >\ ta nh lnh : A>\ Format
C:/s
Sau lnh ny C c Format v c cc file h thng - c
th lm a khi
ng c .
71

Ta tip tc Format cc a logic khc (nu c) bng cc

lnh :
A>\ Format D: hoc A>\ Format E: ....
Sau cng l bc ci t cc chng trnh ng dng.
IV- Khi khng khi ng my tnh c bng a cng :
Master boot nm Sector 1(sector u tin ) Track 0 (rnh u
tin) Side0(mt u tin) ca a cng .Cn Boot record (Bn ghi
khi ng) thng nm sector 1 ,track 0 ,side 1 ca a cng . C 2
phn ny u quan trng v quyt nh s khi ng my tnh .
512 bytes u tin nm sector 1 ,side 0 ca a cng gm 2 phn:
- Phn u (t offset 0 n 1BDh) l master boot
- Phn sau (t 1BEh n 1FFh ) l bng Partition
Hin ti on m master boot chun ch c di t 0 n 0DFh
.Phn cn li t
offset 0E0h n 1BDh cha dng , phn trng ny c th l ni n
nu ca cc on m virus.
Master boot l 1 on chng trnh ngn c np vo RAM t
a ch 0:7C00h
v c thc thi khi khi ng my .Master boot c nhim v sau :
- Kim tra bngPartition xc nh xem Partition no l ch
- Np Boot Record ca partition ch vo b nh ri chuyn
iu khin cho boot record ca a ch tip tc qu trnh
khi ng my. (Thng thng boot record nm sector 1
track 0 side 1 ca a C .Tuy nhin ta c th ci t boot record
bt k ch no trn a ,min l bng partition phi tr c
ti
Khi vius xm nhp master boot ca a C c th gy ra cc hu qu
sau:
- Khng khi ng c t a cng v master boot b nhim
virus v khng chuyn quyn iu khin cho boot record ch
hoc lm sai lch partition.
- Xut hin cc thng bo l trn mn hnh hoc ting ng
loa trc khi np h iu hnh.
- To ra cc vng lp np h iu hnh hoc nhn bn virus
va nhiu vng nh khc nhau gy ra hin tng trn nh
hoc lm gim dung lng ca b nh (chim lnh cc nh),
72

lm cho my khng ca kh nng ti cc chng trnh ln vo

b nh
- Lm sai lch CMOS
c im ca cc on m virus nhim vo master boot l lm
my khng khi ng c v li hu qu trong qu trnh chy
my.Cc on m ny ch s dng cc dich v ca ROM-BIOS m
khng dng cc hm ca DOS nn khng chu nh hng ca cc
version DOS khc nhau..Khi ta format a bng lnh FORMAT C:/S
sau ci li cc chng trnh sch m vn c virus v virus tr ng
ti master boot mt 0 ca a ,trong khi partition ca a
phn chia cho DOS vng can thip t mt 1 tr I .Lnh format c:/s
ca DOS khng format c mt 0 ca a nn virus trn master
boot khng b dit . Tc ng n c ch c phn mm Low level
format
Nu sau khi khi ng my tnh ta thy qu trnh khng thc
hin c
ta cho 1 mm khi ng vo v vn khi ng c my th nguyn
nhn ch do trong a cng c trc trc.
Nguyn nhn gy khng khi ng c bng a cng thng
do:
1- t tham s cho a cng trong CMOS b sai
2- Bng Partition b sai lch do virus
3- Boot sector khi ng b hng do virus
4- Cc file h thng b hng
pht hin hng hc thuc phn no ta c th da vo 1 s thng
bo li sau ca ROM BIOS:
Missing Operating System :
Thng bo li ny cho bit khng tm thy h iu hnh . Nguyn
nhn dn n
li ny l do cc nguyn s 1 hoc 2 . khc phc ta phi kim tra
tng phn 1 , trc tin l cc thit lp RAM CMOS . Cch thc
lm:
- Reset li my tnh
- Bm gi phm Del
- Trong mn hnh SETUP chn IDE AUTO DETECTION
hoc AUTO DETECT HARDISK v n Enter .
73

Chng trnh s t ng nhn din a cng .

- Tip theo chn SAVE SETTING & EXIT n Enter
- Nu my khi ng bnh thng l tt . Nu khng hy
dng a bo bi
khi ng sau dng chng trnh FDISK vi tham s MBR
nh sau :
A:>\FDISK.EXE /MBR
( y l 1 tnh nng cha c cng b chnh thc ca
chng trnh
fdisk c tc dng chun li master boot record . Khi bng ny
cha hng nng lnh ny vn c tc dng)
- Sau to cc file h thng cho a cng bng lnh :
A:>\ SYS.COM C:
Invalid Partition Table :
Trng hp ny bng Partition b hng nng ,thng do b nhim
vius .
Nu trc khi xy ra thm ho ny ta c a cu h lu c cc
thng tin ca bng Partition th vn phc hi c . Hoc dng 1
chng trnh lu master boot (Xem ph lc) phc hi . Nu
khng bt buc phi fdisk , format li a cng ri ci t li phn
mm.
None system disk or disk error
Replace and press any key when ready...
Thng bo ny xut hin trong trng hp Boot Sector khi ng b
hng hoc cc file h thng b hng . Trong trng hp ny ta ch
cn khi ng bng a mm ri dng lnh SYS C: l c.
Thc hnh
1. Thc hnh format cp thp a cng
2. Thc hnh chia 1 a cng thnh nhiu a logic , xc
nh a ch ng
3. Tm nguyn nhn khng khi ng c bng a cng ,
khc phc cc trng hp b virus nhim vo boot record ,
partition table . S dng chng trnh DISKEDIT son tho
a.
74

Xc nh v khc phc cc nguyn nhn

gy mn hnh khng sng
KIm tra b ngun

1-Khc nhau gia 1 Monitor v 1 my thu hnh (TV):

Monitor
- Khng c b thu tn hiu truyn hnh
truyn hnh
(Khuych I cao tn ,trung tn,tch
,iu khin tn
hiu sng tch xung ng b ...)
c to ra
- Xung to tn hiu ,iu
khin tn hiu dao ng dng ,mnh
c a t CPU sang.

TV
- TV c b thu tn hiu
- Xung to tn hiu
dao ng dng ,mnh
trong TV

Mn hnh TV khng lm Monitor c v :

Mn Monitor khng s dng qut xen k . Tn s dao ng
dng ca mn
Monitor cao hn mn TV 20% nn khng tng thch.
2- Cc tn hiu t CPU ti mn hnh trn cp ni :
cm pha sau CPU ,cc chn tn hiu nh sau :

1
6
11

5
10
15

For The Monitor

VGA ,8514/A & XGA mapped
to the monitor
75

1 Red Video
2 Green Video
3 Blue Video
4 Ground
5 Self test
6 Red Ground
7 Green Ground
8 Blue Ground
9 No Connection
10 Digital Ground
11 Ground
12 Reserved (SDA for DDC)
13 Horizontal Sync.
14 Vertical Sync.
15 No Connection (SCL for DDC)
3-iu kin vic hin th bnh thng:
- Ngun nui .
- Mainboard tt ( Bao hm c CPU,BIOS tt )
- Card mn hnh tt
- RAM tt
- Mn hnh tt
Cc iu kin ny phi ng thi c m bo th vic hin th
mi bnh thng
Thiu 1 trong cc iu kin trn l vic hin th ca Monitor s
khng thc hin
c.
4- Kim tra khi mn Monitor khng sng:
Khi bt in my tnh ,nu khng thy mn Monitor sng ta
phi:
- Vn chit p Bright ( sng)ln v chit p c th b x
dch I v v tr
ti nht.
- Kim tra ngun xem c trc trc g khng ? Nu nghi ng
c th khi
ng my tnh 1 lc sau mi bt mn hnh.
76

- Kim tra mn hnh bng cch thay sang 1 my cn tt

- Kim tra RAM bng cch thay th RAM chc chn cn tt
- Kim tra Card mn hnh bng cch thay th Card mn hnh
chc chn cn
tt
- Kim tra Mainbord sau khi qua cc bc trn khng c
kt qu.
5- Khc phc hin tng mn hnh b chuyn mu sc :
Ta bit rng : Cc hnh nh trn mn hnh l tp hp cc
im mu ,1 im
mu trn mn hnh mu l t hp ca 3 mu R,B,G theo 1 t l
nht nh . Nu t
l ny b thay i th vic hin th mu s khng ng na : xanh
qu , qu
,vng qu ... thm ch khng ln c mu sc na .
Vic kim tra h hng phi bt u t n hnh (cc catot
R,B,G ) ngc v b
gii m mu . y l 1 vic yu cu chuyn mn cao . Trong thc
t ,may thay i a s cc trng hp ch cn kim tra bng mch
in trn n hnh l tm ra h hng khc phc.
6-Kim tra tnh trng ca b ngun my tnh :
c th sa cha c b ngun ta cn c thm cc kin
thc ca k thut
in t . Cn kim tra hot ng ca n ta c th o cc in
p u ra cung
cp .Nu cc in p khng c hoc sai tr s th c th c h
hng trong b
ngun cn phi tho ra thay b ngun mi.
Thc hnh
1. Tm nguyn nhn khng sng mn hnh do hng RAM
2. Tm nguyn nhn khng sng mn hnh do hng Card mn
hnh
3. Tm nguyn nhn khng sng mn hnh do hng ngun
77

4. Tm nguyn nhn khng sng mn hnh do hng chit p

bright
5. Tm nguyn nhn khng sng mn hnh do hng chip
6. Sa cha cc trng hp mn hnh c mu sc khng chun
7. Kim tra b ngun my tnh.

Phn 4 Ci t chng trnh

1-Cc chng trnh SCANDISK,DEFRAGMENTER
2-Ci t WINDOWS 98
3-Ci t MSOFFICE

Thc hnh
1.Thc hnh ci t cc chng trnh t ch ng ln a ch
ng
2.Thc hnh ci t cc chng trnh t ch ng ln a b
ng
3. Kim tra hot ng ca cc phn mm vi my in
Phn 5 Tng thnh v nng cp my
tnh
I-Cc yu t cn xem xt trc khi tng thnh my:
1/ H iu hnh g s c ci trn my ?
78

Tu theo cc h iu hnh s ci trn my m ta s c cc yu

cu phn cng khc nhau : Chng hn xt trn phng din b nh
Vi DOS : Ta ch cn 1 cu hnh my thp : 286,386...1MB b
nh
l chy c nhiu ng dng
WINDOWS 3.X : Cng ch cn 4MB nh l
WINDOWS 98 : Cn 16MB
WINDOWS NT chy y cc ng dng cn n 64MB
2/ S dng cc chng trnh ng dng g ?
- My ch dy hc cc phn DOS , Pascal
- My ch son tho vn bn
- Ngoi cc ng dng thng thng cn cn truy nhp Internet ,
lp trnh Java...cn c cu hnh mnh .
- My chi tr chi in t : Ngoi cu hnh mnh cn cn c cc
phn cng c bit : Card h tr ho , Card m thanh ...
- My dng cho cc cng vic iu khin c th : C th li cn
dng loi tc chm hp l , dng 386 li tt hn 486...
3/ Cc yu t v kinh t :
- Li sut cng vic.
- Kh nng p ng ti chnh trong khi tin hnh cng vic.
II- La chn cc b phn cu thnh:
1/ Chn Mainboard :
- Mainboard l nn tng ca tc v vy la chn ng n
mainboard l iu rt cn thit
- Ngoi cc cn c nh ni trn cn cn xem xt n kh nng
nng cp v sau
nu c nhu cu : Vi 1 cng vic c th ta ch cn loi mainboard
Pentium lp chip 100mhz l , nhng vi d tnh s ho nhp
Internet ta cn mua loi lp chip 166 v sau c th thay chip 200
khng cn thay mainboard.
(Thng cc mainboard c th cho php cm cc chip c tc
trong 1 khong:
Bo Aristor chp Pentium II t t 233-450mhz
Bo P2XBL cm t 266-450 mHz
Bo azza PT-61B cm t 233-450mHz
Bo MSI - 6116 dng cho pentium II t 233-400mHz
79

...Ta c th tham kho trong thuyt minh my v c cc chuyn vin

k thut ni cung cp thit b.
- Vi cc loi my c nu ta dng mainboard 386 th BIOS ch
qun l cng nh hn 540MB
- Nu mainboard khng c khe cm PCI th ta khng cm c
cc card ho
chuyn dng mi s dng cho cc ng dng ho
- T 1 mainboard c th la chn ta c th tin hnh cc bc
tip theo
2/Chn chip :
- Khi mua mainboard thng ta mua lun c chip
- Thng thng nh ni trn vi 1 mainboard c th cm
nhiu loi chip
c th ta phi tham kho ti liu
- Khi la chn chip ta cng cn la chn loi qut lun,v nu qut
khng ng nht vi chip v hnh dng th khng th gn c vo
chip lm mt
3/ Chn cng :
Theo yu cu dung lng.
4/ La chn RAM theo khe cm m rng
Cc loi mi hin nay u dng loi DIMM
5/ Chn cc thit b ngoi vi khc :
- Chn mm
- Chut
- Bn phm
- Mn hnh
- CD-ROM
- Cc Card phi ghp
6/ Chn ngun :
C cc loi ngun c cng sut 180-240W
m bo cho cc pht trin ta nn chn cng sut ca ngun trn
200W
7/Chn v :
Tu theo hnh dng kt cu ca mainboard chn v .
III- Tin hnh:
80

- KIm tra b ngun :

o in p : y l cng vic u tin quan trng cn lm .Ta
bit rng b
ngun cung cp cc in p +12V,-12V,+5V,-5V cho cc IC trn
bng mch v cc thit b ngoi vi. Rt c th l b ngun chng ta
mua v cho ra cc in p khng ng yu cu. Nu cc ng cung
cp in p cho ra cc in p nh hn nh mc th my tnh s
khng hot ng bnh thng ; v nghim trng hn li cho ra cc
in p ln hn nh mc (do hng n p chng hn) kt qu thm l
thm hi !
- Ni mn hnh v card mn hnh,RAM
- Ni bn phm
- Bt in kim tra :mn hnh, mainboard,RAM,card mn hnh,bn
phm:
Sau 3 bc ny ,khi my tnh c bt ln nu cc b phn mn
hnh ,
mainboard,RAM,card mn hnh , Chip vi x l tt th mn hnh s
sng . Km theo c cc thng bo v thiu a cng,a mm . Nu
mn hnh khng sng ta phi p dng cc kin thc ca bi xc nh
cc nguyn nhn gy khng sng mn hnh .
Sau chuyn sang bc tip.
- Ni card I/O
- Ni mm . Khi ng my.
- Chy SETUP thit lp cu hnh my.
- Khi ng ,xem xt cc trc trc :
Ht bc ny m khng c g trc trc xy ra th ta phi
ghp c card I/O v sau c mm vo bng mch chnh 1
cch trn tru . Ta phi phi ghp dn dn tng thit b vo bi nu
a ngay tt c vo m c vng mc 1 thit b no s rt kh
xc nh ; cha k 1 sai hng ny li c th ko theo sai hng khc
- Ni cng,chut
- Chy SETUP AUTODETECT HARD DISK
- Khi ng xem xt .
cng ca chng ta phi c ci h iu hnh . Nu my
khi ng thng sut th khng c vn g .Nu khng khi ng
81

c ta phi xem li a cng l chnh ,bi my ca chng ta

khi ng bng mm tt ri .
- Ni CD-ROM ,card m thanh
- Chy th chng trnh
- Chy SCANDISK ,DEFRAGMENT :
Bc chy SCANDISK ,DEFRAGMENT thc hin sau khi
cc bc trn
thng sut nhm sp xp ti u ho a cng , m bo cho my
tnh ca chng
ta hot ng trng thi tt nht. Cng vic ny nu lm ln u
tin cng tn
kh nhiu thi gian , v cc a cng hin nay thng c dung
lng ln.
IV-Nng cp :
1-Bin php Overclock: Bin php ny cho kt qu khong 15-20%
tc nhng hay gy hng chip nht l vi loi AMD-Kx ngy nay
t dng.
2- Thay chip , thay mainboard: Bng loi chip tc cao hn
ng chn.
* Nhg bc cn lm trc khi thc hin:
- Xc nh bo mch ch :
Xem trong thuyt minh my.Nu khng c ; xem trn mn hnh
khi khi ng bit s nh danh BIOS .n phm Pause dng
mn hnh v ghi li s . Nu BIOS c xut x t Award hoc Ami
hy vo mng Internet v tm BIOS Page ca
Wim(www.ping.be/bios/),ri i chiu ph hp phin bn BIOS ca
bn vi hng sn xut v model ca bo mch.
- Kim tra BIOS : Cn bit phin bn ca BIOS v cc chip ca Intel
v Evergreen c th yu cu nng cp c BIOS trong my tnh .
Evergreen cung cp cp nht cn Intel th khng .Vo a ch
www.intel.com/overdrive/bios xc nh xem BIOS ang dng c
cn nng cp hay khng . Vic nng cp BIOS tin hnh bng cch
khi ng t a mm cha chng trnh cp nht
- Kim tra tnh tng thch ca chip v bo mch.
82

- Kim tra xem chn cm ca chip c va khe cm trn bo mch

khng .
* Thng thng khi thay cc chip ta thng phi thay i cc yu
t sau :
- t li tc CPU :
- t li h s nhn tc lm vic CPU
- t li in p nui cho chip
Cc cng vic ny c thc hin nh vic thay i cc chuyn
mch(Jumper) tng ng. Thay i t hp cc Jumper nh th no
cn cn c vo thuyt minh ca bng mch (mainboard)ang s
dng .
Nhiu trng hp ,khi thay chip khc loi ta cn phi t Jumper
tng ng vi loi chip s dng.
* Hng dn hc vin cm cc chuyn mch ( JUMPER) khi thay
cc chip khc nhau
3- Nng cp b nh :
Trc khi tin hnh lp thm cc khi vi mch nh ( cc thanh
RAM)ta phi tm mua ng chng loi (DIMM hoc SIMM ) c
th lp va vo my ca chng ta
Tin hnh :
Chm tay vo v st my kh tnh in:
(My phi ni t ; nu khng khng c tc dng thm ch
cn nguy him nu my b r in)
Kim tra li b nh ang dng:
Cc thng bo xut hin khi ang khi ng hoc trong
System Properties
Vo Start Setings Control Panel System
Tm v tr b nh :
Phn bit khe cm SIMM (72 chn )v DIMM (168 chn)
Tho b nh c (nu cn):
Hai ngn tay n xung 2 ly gi 2 bn thanh RAM . Thanh
SIMM s t
ng ra , thanh DIMM s t tri ln.
83

 Lp b nh mi vo :
lp SIMM ta a thanh RAM vo hi cho xung khe cm
,ri ko ng ln khi nghe thy ting cch vo khp ca 2
mu gi 2 bn l c
Lp DIMM ch cn n thng xung ht c ri ko 2 bn mu
gi vo
Khi ng li my tnh :
Quan st nu kch c b nh tng ln l hon thnh .Cng c
trng hp phi cp nht li trong BIOS

Cc hnh v

4- Thay cc thit b ngoi vi c tnh nng k thut cao hn:

*Lp card m thanh mi : Trn th trng hay dng loi Sound
Blaster 16 ,32 hay 64
Tin hnh :
Chm tay vo v st my kh tnh in:
(My phi ni t ; nu khng khng c tc dng thm ch
cn nguy him nu my b r in)
Xo phn mm sound card c :
84

Start Seting Control Panel System Devicer

Manager. Nhn du cng bn cnh tiu Sound ,Video and
Game Controller. Ri n Move

hnh v

Tho card c :
Tt my tnh ,gi nguyn dy ni t ca my kh tnh
in .M v my .Tho tt c cc dy cp ni ng sau sound
card ang dng ( Cc dy loa , micro,ng m thanh vo,vv...)
Trong hp my c 1 dy cp m thanh mng ni t CD-ROM
n sound card ( hoc n board m ).Tho u ni trn sound
card.Tip theo tho cc vt gi card v nhc ra 1 cch cn thn.
Lp sound card mi :
Trc khi lp thm card mi hy ni n vi cap m thanh ca
CD-ROM .Vn vt g card.Ni li cc dy ni ra ngoi.
Ci t Driver v cc ng dng ca sound card:
Khi ng li PC ta thy Windows thng bo l ang tm phn
cng mi xut hin v ci phn mm cho n . C th phi a
a mm hoc a CD-ROM vo ci t. Tin hnh cc bc
theo hng dn trn my.

hnh v

85

 Nghe th :
Mun kim tra sound card mi :
Chn
Start.Program.Accessories.Multimedia.Media
Player.Nu khng c Media Player c th ci bng cch Start
.Seting.Control Panel nhn p chut ln biu tng
Add/Remove Programs v chn mc Windows setup
Nhn vo hp kim tra k mc Multimedia , nhn OK ri tip
tc lm theo hng dn Khi c Media Player trn mn hnh ,
chn file.Open v chn 1 trong cc tp tin m thanh trong th
mc Media sau nhn chut vo nt Play -C hnh tam gic
hng ln .Nu khng nghe thy m thanh g c chn
Start.Setings.Control Panel nhn p chut vo biu tng
System ri chn Device Manager. Nu c du chm than mu
vng xut hin bn cnh Sound ,video and game controller l
c trc trc khi ci t phn cng.chn Start.Help tm
Hardware Conflit Traubleshooter ri lm theo cc hng dn
trn mn hnh.
* Lp t card ho tc cao : Cc nhn hiu hay dng :
ATI , Diamond , Hercules , Matrox , STB, Videologic
Tin hnh :
Chm tay vo v st my kh tnh in:
(My phi ni t ; nu khng khng c tc dng thm ch
cn nguy him nu my b r in)
Kim tra m bo my c khe cm PCI : V hu ht cc card
loi ny s
dng bus PCI
hnh v

86

 Chun b sao phng d liu trn cng trnh cc ri ro khi lp

thm phn cng mi
Cm card vo my
Ci t phn mm :
Khi ng my tnh . My s yu cu ci t phn cng mi
.Ta s lm theo cc yu cu v hng dn trn my

hnh v

Th v iu chnh board ho :
Tin hnh chy th card mi vi cc chng trnh ng dng .
Nu hnh b x hoc mu x dch dng phn mm ca card
chn li phn gii thp hn ,t mu hn hoc tc lm ti
chm hn. Nu khng c kt qu tip tc thay i cc thng s
ci t khc.

Thc hnh
1. Cho ra 1 yu cu gi nh cu hnh PC :
- Yu cu v tc
- Yu cu v b nh
- Yu cu v kh nng nng cp
- Hn ch v ti chnh...
Xc nh cc cu thnh t yu cu :
- Chn mainboard
- Chn loi chip
87

- Chn dung lng b nh

- Chn loi , dung lng cng
- Chn loi card mn hnh...
2. Tin hnh lp rp my ny , khc phc cc trng hp xy ra
3. Thc hnh thay i cc Jumper trn my tnh ,kt hp thay
cc chip chuyn tc ca my tnh
4. Lp thm b nh ,
5. Thc hnh lp rp a CD-ROM
6. Thc hnh lp rp thm card m thanh , card ho
7. Thc hnh thay BIOS ,Flash ROM (nu iu kin vt cht
cho php)

Ti liu tham kho

1.The 80x86 Family Design , Programming and Interfacing
John Uffenbeck 1998
2. K thut vi x l
Vn Th Minh 1998
3. Cu trc my vi tnh
Trn Quang Vinh 1998
4. Bi ging ca Trung tm tin hc Thi Nguyn Phm Vit Bnh
5. Thuyt minh k thut ca 1s loi my tnh trong thc t
88

6. Tp ch my tnh cc nm 1997,1998,1999.

Ph lc:
Thng s k thut ca mt s loi
Mainboard
Card m thanh , Card hnh nh
89

 Aristor AM-608BX
- Slot 1 for Pentium II 233.. 450MHz
- Flash BIOS for 5V and 12V
- Ultra-DMA/33
- PCI bus Master IDE
- AGP version 1.0
- USB
AZZA PT-6IB ATX mainboard
- 1 PCI Local bus
- Ultra-DMA/33
- 1 port FDD
- 2 Serial port (UART)
- 1 Parallen port
- 1 IrDA (Cong hong ngoai)
- Support Pentium II 233..450mhz
- Voltage for chip 1,8V to 3,5V
DFI P2XBL
- Support Pentium II 266..450mhz
- 3DIMM
- 3 PCI , 2 ISA, 1chung cho ISA and PCI
- 2 Serial port ND16C550
- 1 Parallen port SPP/ECP/EPPDB-25
- 1 FDD ,IrDA
- 2 USB
P6BX-A+
- 3 DIMM
- 2 ISA 16 bit
- 5 PCI 32 bit
- 1 AGP
GA-686BX
- 1 AGP
- Slot 1 for Pentium II 233..450mhz
- 4 DIMM
- Flash BIOS 2Mbit
- UltraDMA/33
90

 GA-BX2000 Intel 440BX AGPset:

- Supports Intel Pentium II/III and CeleronTM Processors
- Slot1 with AGP Slot
- Supports 66/75/83/100/112/124/133mhz system bus
- Clock multiplier 3.0/3.5/.../6.5
- 4 DIMM up to 1GB DRAM
- Suspend - to -RAM (STR)
- Includes DualBIOSTM technology
- Power-on by K/B,P/S2 Mouse ,LAN & Modem
- 3 Fan Power & Speed Detection Connectors
- Intel LDCM Utility
- TREN MICRO PC-cillin 98 anti-Virus utility (scan only)
GA-6L7 Intel 440LX AGPset:
- Supports Intel PPGA CeleronTM Processors
- Socket 370 with AGP slot
- Supports 66/75/83MHz system bus
- Clock multiplier 4.5/5.0/6.0/.../6.5
- 3 DIMM up to 768MB DRAM
- 3 Fan Power & Speed Detection Connectors
- TREN MICRO PC-cillin 98 anti-Virus utility (scan only)
GA-5SMM SiS 530 AGPset:
- Supports Intel MMX TM AMD K6 - III IBM/Cyrix IDT
TM
Processors
- Supports 66/75/83/90/95/100/105/112/124/133MHz system
bus
- Clock multiplier 1.5/2.0/.../5.5
- 3 DIMM up to 768MB DRAM
- Support Ultra DMA 33/66 IDE Device
- Power-on by K/B,P/S2 Mouse ,LAN & Modem
- Chipset with built - Enhanced Graphics Engine(share or
4/8MB SDRAM)
- TREN MICRO PC-cillin 98 anti-Virus utility (scan only)
GA- 630 3Dfx Voodoo BansheeTM
- 128 bit 3D/2D Graphics Engine Voodoo Banshee from 3Dfx
- 16MB 125 Mhz SGRAM for ultra high resolution
91

- 250mhz RAMDAC for Direct3D,Glide,and OpenGL under

Windows 95/98
- Optimized driver for Glide,and OpenGL under Windows
NT4.0
GA-6BXE :
- Intel 440BX AGPset (AGP : Cng ho tng tc)
- Slot 1 & AGP slot support
- Supports 66/75*/83/100/112*/124*/133* MHz
- AC Recovery ON/OFF Control Build in BIOS
- Support 3 Fan Detection Connectors
- System Health Check & Report by BIOS during boot
- Intel LDCMR Utility
GA-6EX :
- Intel 440EX AGPset (AGP : Cng ho tng tc)
- Slot 1 & AGP slot support
- Supports 66/75*/83/100 MHz
- AC Recovery ON/OFF Control Build in BIOS
- Power on by Keyboard PS/2 Mouse,LAN,Modem & Others
- AUTO H/W detect CPU voltage
GA-6EMMP :
- Slot 1 support
- Supports 66/75*/83 System speet
- 2 DIMM up to 256 MB DRAM
- Power on by keybord ,PS/2 Mouse,LAN,Modem & others
- 3 level ACPILED
- Ati RAGE Pro on board (2 oder 4MB SGRAM)
- YAMAHA PCI Sound 740 onboard
- AUTO H/W detect CPU Voltage
- Micro ATX From Factor (24,5x20cm)
GA-5SG100 :
- SiS 5591 & 5595 AGPset
- Intel;,AMD,IBM,Cyrix Processor 90-550 MHz Ready
- Socket 7 & AGP Slot Support
- 60/66/75/83/100 Mhz main clock
- CPU Temperature sensor by Thermistor (Very close to CPU)
92

- System Healt Check & Report by BIOS When boot

GA-612 : (Card man hinh)
- Optimized drives for OpenGL 1.1 , DirectX 5.0 GDI and
much more
- Full 2X AGP Support(AGP VxD)
- Full Sideband AGP Initiator Support
- Full - Featured 3D Function Integrated 24bit 220 Mhz
RAMDAC
- 8 MB 100MMHz SDRAM on board
SV-401 (Card mn hnh)
S3 Trio 64 VGA Card
-PCI Bus 64 bit video memory hight ferfomance Windows
accelerator
-64 bit S3 Trio 64 VGA Chipset
- Supports VGA feature connector for video ovelay on graphics
and genlock capability
- MediPro control panel sofware for changing Windows
resolution,refresh rates and color depth
- Support VESA VGA standard version 1.0a vertical refresh
rates of 72Hz for flicker-free display
- Provided 64 bit graphics engine to enhance Bit Block
Transfers(BITBLT) withROPs
point line draws ,trapezsoidal,polygon fills, clipping and
hardware cusor
EC505 (Card mn hnh)
- Using Trident 3dimage 9850 Chipset
- AGP Bus (Rev 1.0) Compable
- Support VESA DPMS ,VESA DDC
- Support up to 83Mhz SGRAM
- 2MB or 4MB Display Memory
- Max.Resolution up to 1600x1200
- Max Color Depht up to 24 bit
- Integrated True Color 230 Mhz RAMDAC
- NTSC/PAL TV Out Composite & Video (EC505V ver.only)
93

- 64 bit GUI Engine

Servex VGA Card (Card mn hnh):
- 64 bit S3 Trio 64 VGA Chipset
- PCI bus 16 bit video memory high peformance Windows
Accelarator
- MediPro control panel sofware for changing
Windowsresolution,refresh rates and color depth
- Supports VESA VGA standard version 1.0a vertical refresh
rates of 72Hz for flicker-free display
VGA Card (Card mn hnh):
EC237V S3TM Trio 64V2/DX Chipset PCI VGA Card
- Using S3 Trio64V2/DX Chipset
- PCI BUS (Rev 2.1) Compatible
- Support DPMS which is idal for Enegy Start Program
- Optimize Peformance by using EDO DRAM
- 1MB or 2MB Display Memory(Optinal)
- Max.Resolution up to 1600x1200
- Max Color/Gradation: 16,7 milion (24bit)
Servex Sound Card (Card m thanh)
- 16 bit YAMAHA OPL719 Chipset
- Supports Plug and Play ISA 1.0a
- Compatible with Sound Blaster , Sound Blaster Pro, Windows
Sound System
SV-204 (Card m thanh)
Yamaha - 718 Sound Card
- 16 bit Yamaha OPL718 chipset
- Supports Plug and play ISA 1.0a
- Support software Wavetable ,General MIDI files compliant(32
voice channels /128 instruments)
- Programable sample rate of up to 48khz(under Win95)
- Built in high quality Sigma-Delta CODEC (Crystal 4231)
- Compatible with Sound Blaster , Sound Blaster Pro,Windows
95
- Support Industry standard PC game compatiblity
- Build I Phone connector
94


LXA800D:
Processor : - Intel Pentium II
- 233/266/300/333mhz
- Intel 440LX BIOS Chipset
1MB
Flash
EPROM
(Support
PnP,APM,ACPI,ATAPI,DMI&Windows
95)
- IDE AUTO LBA Mode Supports HDDs over 8.4GB
- Anti virus Protection Cache
- L2 Cache is CPU Built inMemory
- Up to 512 MB SDRAM or 1GB EDO
- Four 168 pins DIMMs(64bits)
- Synchronous DRAM (SARAM)& 3.3V Extended Data
out (EDO)
- DIMMs Depth of 1MB,2MB,4MB,8MB,16MB and
32 MB
- Support ECC using parity DRAM Modules On bord
I/O
- Support Tow PCI Enhandced IDEs PIO
Mode3,Mode4 and
Ultra DMA33 HDDs.Twin Headers for four IDE
Devices
Including IDE HDDs and CD ROMs Plug and
Play
- Plug and Play Specification 1.1
- Plug and Play fos DOS ,Windows 3.X,and
windows 95AGP
- AGP V1.0
TXB820DS
- Intel Pentium P54C/Cyrix TM6x86,6x86MX/AMDTM K5,K6
90/100/120/133/150/166/180/200/233 Mhz
- Intel Pentium Processors with MMX TM Technology
- Socket 7 CPU Upgradability
- 125/150/166/180/200/233 Mhz with Penntium OverDrive
Processor
95

- IDE AUTO LBA Mode supports HDDs up to 8,4 GB

- Direct mapped L2 write back Cache
- 256/512KB on-board Synchrounous Pipelined Burst SRAM
8MB to 256MB
- Plug and Play fos DOS ,Windows 3.X,and windows 95
W-P6KL
- Slot 1 support PentiumII Processor,233-300MHz
- AGP 66/133mhz slot x 1,PCI slot x 4 168 pins DIMM x 4
Upto 512MB ECC support
- Modem Ring - Power on/Soft Power Off,Hard
Monitoring(CPU Volt /Smart Fan Status/System Temperature)Manager,Switching
Volt
LM78,S/W
LANDeskClient
Regulators
ATX
Double
Decker(2lrDA/PS/2
Mouse
&
Keyboard/2USB/2S/1P/FDD 3Mode Upto 2,88)
-AWARD PnP PCI BIOS with ACPM , GreenPC
,DMI&Bootable from CD,SCSI, LS-120 & ZIP
- ATX Power Connector/ATX From factor 12 by 7,7
W-P55TX2
- CPU : INTEL,Pentium P55C/MMX,AMD K5/K6,Cyrix/IBM
M1-M2-75 -266mhz
- Chipset : INTEL 82439TX PCIset
- Modules : 72 pins SIMM x 4 for FP/EDO RAM & 168 pin
DIMM x 2 for SDRAM
- Cache Memory : Onboard 512 KB Pipeline Burst SRAM
Onboard
I/O
:
Super
Multi
I/O
for
1
FDD/2S/1P(ECP,EPP)/USB/FastIR
- Connector : Supports P2/2 Mouse & Standar AT style
Keyboard
- BIOS : Award PnP & Flash EPROM System
- From Factor : 220mm x 220 mm Half AT size
- Function : Ultra 33 synchronous DMA Mode /ACPI/PC97.
Supports SCSI/CD-ROM/LS 120/zip driver Boot-Up.An
AT/ATX power connector & thermal sensor
W-P55VT2-Rev.E
96

- CPU : INTEL,Pentium P55C/MMX,AMD K5/K6,Cyrix/IBM

M1-M2-75 -266mhz
- Chipset : VIA 82585VPX97 PCIset(Intel TX level)
- Modules : 72 pins SIMM x 4 for FP/EDO RAM & 168 pin
DIMM x 2 for SDRAM
- Cache Memory : Onboard 512 KB Pipeline Burst SRAM
Onboard
I/O
:
Super
Multi
I/O
for
1
FDD/2S/1P(ECP,EPP)/USB/FastIR
- Connector : Supports P2/2 Mouse & Standar AT style
Keyboard
- BIOS : Award PnP & Flash EPROM System.Supports DMI &
Green PC
- From Factor : 220mm x 220 mm Half AT size
- Function : Ultra 33 synchronous DMA Mode /ACPI/PC98.
Supports SCSI/CD-ROM/LS 120/zip driver Boot-Up.An
AT/ATX power connector & thermal sensor
W-P6KF
CPU
:
INTEL,Pentium
Pro
150233MHz&PentuimII(Klamath)233-266MHz
Slot
1
for
P6/MMX & Pentium Pro
- Chipset : INTEL 8244FX PCIset
- Modules : 72 pins SIMM x 4 for FP/EDO RAM up to 512MB
Onboard
I/O
:
Super
Multi
I/O
for
1
FDD/2S/1P(ECP,EPP)/2USB/FastIR
- Connectors : Supports P2/2 Mouse & PS/2 style Keyboard
- BIOS : Award PnP & Flash EPROM System and SCSI BIOS
- Power Management : Support hardware Sleep /Resum &
SMM
- From Factor : 178mm x 305 mm ATX size
- Expansion Slot : 32 bit PCI Master bus x5,16 bit ISA busx3
W-P55TX
- CPU : INTEL,Pentium /MMX,AMD K5/K6,Cyrix/IBM M2
- Chipset : INTEL 82430TX PCIset
- Modules : 72 pins SIMM x 4 for FP/EDO RAM & 168 pin
DIMM x 2 for SDRAM
- Cache Memory : Onboard 512 KB Pipeline Burst SRAM
97

Onboard
I/O
:
Super
Multi
I/O
for
1
FDD/2S/1P(ECP,EPP)/USB/FastIR
- Connector : Supports P2/2 Mouse & Standar AT style
Keyboard
- BIOS : Award PnP & Flash EPROM System
- From Factor : 220mm x 280 mm Half AT size
- Function : Ultra 33 synchronous
DMA Mode
/ACPI/PC97/ECC Parity Check
W-P55TV2
- CPU : INTEL,Pentium /MMX Technology,AMD
K5/K6,Cyrix/IBM M1-M2- Chipset : INTEL 82430VX PCIset
- Modules : 72 pins SIMM x 4 for FP/EDO RAM & 168 pin
DIMM x 2 for SDRAM
- Cache Memory : Onboard 512 KB Pipeline Burst SRAM
Onboard
I/O
:
Super
Multi
I/O
for
1
FDD/2S/1P(ECP,EPP)/USB Connector
- Connectors : Supports P2/2 Mouse & Standar AT style
Keyboard
- Expansion Slot : 32 bit PCI Master bus x3,16 bit ISA busx4
- BIOS : Award PnP & Flash EPROM System
- From Factor : 220mm x 260 mm Half AT size
MS-5156 Intel 430TX PCIset B.AT mainboard
- Support Intel 75 to 233mhz Pentium Processor with MMX
Technology,or AMD K6 and Cyrix M2 Processor
- Vcore Voltage :2.0V to 3,52V for future 266/300mhz CPU
- PC97/ACPI Compliant
- Modem ring Wake-Up ,Soft Power Off
- Support AT/ATX power supply connector
- Optional Hardware Monitor
- System Voltage Monitor
- CPU fan Speed Monitor
- 4SIMM+2DIMM Support SDRAM,EDO ,FPDRAM,Max 256
MB Memory on board
- Support Ultra DMA33Synchronous DMA mode
98

- System boottable from LS-120 ,ZIP,CD ROM through BIOS

setup
- 3 ISA and 5 PCI slots. 25cmx22cm BabyAT
MS-5145 B.AT TX1 mainboard
- Support Intel 75 to 233mhz Pentium Processor and Pentium
- Processor with MMX Technology,or AMD K6
and Cyrix M2 Processor
- Support SDRAM,EDO ,FPDRAM,Max 256 MB Memory on
board
- Peripherals protection through Poly fuse
- CPU fan on/off Control
- Support Ultra DMA33Synchronous DMA mode transfer up to
33MB/sec
- Support PIO Mode4 and Bus master IDE ,transfer up to
14MB/sec
- Dual channel ,support independent Timing of up to 4 IDE
HDD/CD ROM Devices
- 26,5cmx22cm BabyAT
MS-5146
Baby SI13 Mainbord
SIS 5571 Trinity Chipset
MS-5164
Baby AL7 Mainboard
Ali Aladdin 4+chipset
MS-6111 ATX LX1 Mainboard
- Support Intel 233 to 266MHz or even faster Intel Pentium II
Processor with MMX Technology
- Modem ring Wake-Up ,Soft Power Off
- Peripherals protection through Poly fuse
- With NS LM-78 Controller on board(Intel Soft Ware LDCM)
Hardware Monitor
- Processor Temperature Monitor
- Chassis Intruction Monitor (Reserved)
- Fan Speed Monitor
99

- fan Speed Control on CPU Power supply and System fans

- Supports a maximum memory size of 512 MB with SDRAM ,
or 1GB with EDO/FP DRAM
- System boottable from LS-120 ,ZIP
through BIOS setup
- Support Ultra DMA33Synchronous DMA mode transfer up to
33MB/sec
- Provide 1 AGP slot ,support 66/133mhz 3.3V devices(30% to
50% faster than PCI)
- Keyboard Password Wake-up (for Winbond 977TF V.C or
later version)
- MSI Super Package CD (3 in 1)
S chuyn cc cu ni (Jumper) thit lp
cc ch lm vic cho CPU ca 1 s
mainboard

Bo mch 80486 PCI Green Mainboard

Bo mch TX98
Bo mch SP-586 TB
Bo mch 486 PCI/ISA MP060
Bo mch Pentium II /Celeron 440EX
(Cc s ni Jumper)

Chng trnh np Master Boot khi b virus

xm nhp
trnh nhng iu ng tic ,trong khi my cn ang sch , bn
nn sao lu master boot v partition ca a cng ra 1 a mm khc
khi cn c th np li.

100

Vic np li master boot trong bt k tnh hung no cng c tc

dng lm ti master boot v loi I mi rc ri dnh vo master
boot .
Tin hnh khi my cn ang sch :
Bc 1 :
Vo chng trnh Debug np Sector = 1,Track=0,Side=0,m a
=80h vo 1 vng nh no dnh cho ngi s dng (chng hn
chn 4000:0) bng cc lnh Debug sau:
C:>\ debug
A 100
MOV AX,0202
MOV DX,0080
MOV CX,0001
MOV DI,4000
MOV ES,DI
MOV BX,0
INT 13
INT 20

G
Sau lnh G(Go) 512 bytes ca master boot v bng Partition s
c np vo b nh t a ch 4000:0
C th xem 512 bytes ny bng lnh D(Dump) :
D 4000:0 L200
Bc 2 :
Chuyn 512 bytes t vng nh 4000:0 sang vng CS:100 bng lnh
M(Move):
M 4000:0 L200
Bc 3:
Lu 512bytes trn vo tp MastBoot.luu bng lnh :
N MastBoot.luu
R CX
: 200
W
101

( Lnh R (Register) nhp vo thanh ghi CX s hexa 200h = 512

bytes)
Sau 3 bc ny trn a C: c file MastBoot.luu lu tr bng
Partition . a file ny vo a cu h cng vi file debug.exe .
Khi gp trc trc master boot ta dng a cu h khi ng .Sau
chy debug . Ri np li master boot nh sau:
A 100
MOV AX,0301
MOV DX,0080
MOV CX,0001
MOV DI,4000
MOV ES,DI
MOV BX,0
INT 13
INT 20

G
Sau lnh ny master boot li c ghi t file MastBoot.luu .Tr li
sch s.
Chng trnh ny c th nghim phc hi masterboot c
hiu qu
khi b vi rut nhim vo boot sector .
Chng trnh ct gi v phc hi thng tin
trong CMOS
Program CMOS_Save_Restore;
uses crt,dos;
const FileName='CMOSINFO.SAV';
Var giatri,temp,i:byte;
F:file of byte;
{Thu tuc in thong bao loi}
Procedure Err_Handle;
102

Begin
Write('Error ! Program Terminated');
Halt(1);
End;
{ Ham doc va ghi CMOS vao file}
Function Read_CMOS:integer;
Begin
Assign(F,FileName);
{$I-} {Tat kiem tra vao ra de bat loi }
Rewrite(F);
{$I+}
If IOResult<>0 then Read_CMOS:=-1
Else
Begin
For i:=0 to 127 do
begin
Port[$70]:=i;
giatri:=Port[$71];
Write(F,giatri);
end;
Read_CMOS:=0;
Close(F);
End;
End;
{ Ham doc du lieu tu file & ghi vao CMOS}
Function Write_CMOS:integer;
Begin
Assign(F,FileName);
{I-}
Reset(F);
{I+}
If IOResult<>0 then Write_CMOS:=-1
Else
Begin
For i:=0 to 127 do
begin
103

Read(F,temp);
giatri:=temp;
Port[$70]:=i;
Port[$71]:=giatri;
Port[$70]:=i+128;
Port[$71]:=giatri;
end;
Close(F);
Write_CMOS:=0;
End;
End;
{Thu tuc hien man hinh tro giup}
Procedure Help;
Begin
Writeln('Usage:CMOS S|s - Save CMOS Infor to file
CMOSINFO.SAV');
Writeln(' CMOS W|w - Restore CMOS Info');
Writeln(' Press any key to continue ...!');
Readln;
End;
{Main Program}
BEGIN
Clrscr;
Writeln('CMOS Info - Save & Restore Utility');
Writeln('Cread Date 09/10/1999');
Writeln('---------------------');
If (ParamCount=0) then Help;
If (ParamCount=1) and (ParamStr(1)='W')or (ParamStr(1)='w')
then
Begin
Write_CMOS;
If Write_CMOS=-1 then Err_Handle
Else Writeln('CMOS Updated . OK !');
End;
If (ParamCount=1) and (ParamStr(1)='S')or (ParamStr(1)='s')
then
104

Begin
Read_CMOS;
If Read_CMOS=-1 then Err_Handle
Else Writeln('CMOS Saved . OK !');
End;
END.

105