Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Bin son ln 1
H Ni - 2007
Li ni u
MC LC
1
Phm vi p dng............................................................................................................... 1
Thut ng v nh ngha................................................................................................... 1
Quy nh chung................................................................................................................. 3
Vng bo v.................................................................................................................... 13
10
11
12
Dy xung................................................................................................................ 29
13
Mng ni t ............................................................................................................ 38
14
Cc ni t .............................................................................................................. 39
15
16
17
18
19
Nh ....................................................................................................................... 57
20
Hng ro .................................................................................................................. 57
21
Cy v cc kt cu gn cy ..................................................................................... 59
22
23
Cc kt cu khc ..................................................................................................... 61
24
S n mn ............................................................................................................... 66
25
Lp dng kt cu ..................................................................................................... 67
26
Dy in trn cao..................................................................................................... 67
27
Kim tra.................................................................................................................... 68
28
o c...................................................................................................................... 68
29
Lu tr h s........................................................................................................... 68
30
Bo tr ...................................................................................................................... 69
TCXDVN 46:2007
Phm vi p dng
1.1
1.2
Tiu chun ny a ra nhng ch dn thit k, kim tra v bo tr h thng chng st cho cc
cng trnh xy dng. Tiu chun ny cng a ra nhng ch dn cho vic chng st i vi cc trng
hp c bit nh kho cha cht n, nhng cng trnh tm nh cn cu, khn i bng kt cu khung
thp, v cc ch dn chng st cho cc h thng lu tr d liu in t.
1.3
Tiu chun ny khng p dng cho cc cng trnh khai thc du, kh trn bin, cc cng trnh
c bit hay p dng cc cng ngh chng st khc.
Ti liu vin dn
TCXD 25:1991
k.
TCXD 161:1987
TCVN 4756:1989
BS 7430:1998
BS 923-2: 1980
BS 5698-1
Guide to pulse techniques and apparatus - Part 1: Pulse terms and definitions.
UL 1449:1985
Thut ng v nh ngha
3.1
H thng chng st: Ton b h thng dy dn c s dng bo v mt cng trnh khi tc
ng ca st nh.
3.2
3.3
t.
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
3.4
3.5
Cc ni t: B phn hoc nhm cc b phn dn in c tip xc vi t v c th truyn
dng in st xung t.
3.6
Cc ni t mch vng: Cc ni t to ra mt vng khp kn xung quanh cng trnh di
hoc trn b mt t, hoc pha di hoc ngay trong mng ca cng trnh.
3.7
Cc ni t tham chiu: Cc ni t c th tch hon ton khi mng ni t dng vo mc
ch o c kim tra.
3.8
in cm t cm: c trng ca dy dn hoc mch to ra trng in t ngc khi c dng
in thay i truyn qua chng.
in cm t cm ca mt dy dn hoc mch to ra th in ng c tnh t cng thc:
V =L
di
dt
Trong :
V l trng in t ngc tnh bng vn (V);
L l in cm t cm tnh bng Henri (H);
di
l tc thay i dng tnh bng Ampe trn giy (A/s).
dt
3.9
in cm tng h: c trng ca mch mt in p c to ra trong mt vng kn bi
mt dng in thay i trong mt dy dn c lp.
in cm tng h ca mt vng kn to ra mt in p t cm c tnh nh sau:
V =M
di
dt
Trong :
V l in p t cm trong vng kn tnh bng vn (V);
M l in cm tng h tnh bng Henri (H);
di
l tc thay i dng trong mt dy dn c lp tnh bng Ampe trn giy (A/s).
dt
3.10 in cm truyn dn: c trng ca mch mt in p c to ra trong mt vng kn bi
mt dng in thay i trong mt mch khc m mt phn ca n nm trong vng kn.
in cm truyn dn ca mt vng kn to ra mt in p t cm c tnh nh sau:
V = MT
di
dt
Trong :
V l in p t cm trong vng kn tnh bng vn (V);
MT l in cm truyn dn tnh bng Henri (H);
di
l tc thay i dng trong mt mch khc tnh bng Ampe trn giy (A/s).
dt
2
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Quy nh chung
4.1
Cc hng dn trong tiu chun ny mang tnh tng qut, khi p dng vo mt h thng chng
st c th cn xem xt ti cc iu kin thc t lin quan n h thng . Trong nhng trng hp
c bit kh khn th cn tham kho kin ca cc chuyn gia.
4.2
Trc khi tin hnh thit k chi tit mt h thng chng st, cn phi quyt nh xem cng trnh
c cn chng st hay khng, nu cn th phi xem xt iu g c bit c lin quan n cng trnh (xem
mc 7 v 8).
4.3
Cn kim tra cng trnh hoc nu cng trnh cha xy dng th kim tra h s bn v v thuyt
minh k thut theo cc yu cu v phng chng st c quy nh tiu chun ny.
4.4
i vi nhng cng trnh khng c cc chi tit bng kim loi ph hp th cn phi c bit quan
tm ti vic b tr tt c cc b phn ca h thng chng st sao cho va p ng yu cu chng st
va khng lm nh hng n thm m ca cng trnh.
4.5
i vi cc cng trnh xy dng c a phn kt cu bng kim loi th nn s dng cc b phn
bng kim loi trong h thng chng st lm tng s lng cc b phn dn st. Nh th va tit
kim kinh ph cho h thng chng st li khng lm nh hng n thm m ca cng trnh. Tuy nhin
cn lu rng khi st nh vo phn kim loi nh vy, c bit phn kim loi c bao ph, c th
ph hu cc lp bn ngoi phn kim loi; i vi khi xy c ct thp c th gy khi xy. C th
gim thiu, m khng loi tr c hon ton, ri ro trn bng gii php s dng h thng chng st
c c nh trn b mt cng trnh.
4.6
Nhng kt cu kim loi thng c s dng nh mt b phn trong h thng chng st gm
c khung thp, ct thp trong b tng, cc chi tit kim loi ca mi, ray v sinh ca s trong nh cao
tng.
4.7
Ton b cng trnh phi c bo v bng mt h thng chng st kt ni hon chnh vi nhau,
khng c b phn no ca cng trnh c tch ra bo v ring.
6.1
Vt liu
Tt c vt liu ch to cc b phn khc nhau ca mt h thng chng st cn tun theo tiu chun
TCVN 47561.
p dng phin bn hin hnh i vi cc tiu chun trch dn khng km nm ban hnh.
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Khi la chn vt liu, cn xem xt nguy c b n mn bao gm n mn in ho. i vi vic bo v
dy dn, cn ch lp bo v chng li s n mn trong mi trng khc nghit, v d:
a) Ph dy dn bng ch dy t nht 2mm trn nh ng khi. Bc ch c hai u v ti cc im
ni
b) Nu c th th b phn thu st nn trn, nu khng c th dng lp PVC mng 1mm
bc trong trng hp cn chng g (c bit i vi nhm).
Cc mi ni trong c th c din tch mt ct bng khong mt na mi ni ngoi (xem 12.10.2). Cc
mi ni mm do c th c s dng nhng cn tun theo tiu chun TCXD 25:1991.
6.2
Kch thc
Bng 1. Vt liu, cu to v din tch tit din ti thiu ca kim thu st, dy dn st, dy xung
v thanh chn di t
Vt liu
ng
Cu to
Dy dt c
50 mm
chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm
Dy trn ce
50 mm
ng knh 8 mm
Cp
50 mm
200 mm
ng knh 16 mm
Dy dt c
50 mm
chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm
Dy trn ce
50 mm
ng knh 8 mm
Cp
50 mm
Dy trn cf,g
200 mm
ng knh 16 mm
Dy dt c
70 mm
chiu dy ti thiu 3 mm
Dy trn c
50 mm
ng knh 8 mm
Cp
50 mm
Dy dt c
50 mm
Dy trn c
50 mm
ng knh 8 mm
Cp
50 mm
Dy trn cf
200 mm
ng knh 16 mm
Dy dt c
50 mm
Dy trn c
50 mm
ng knh 8 mm
Cp
50 mm
200 mm
ng knh 16 mm
50 mm
chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm
Dy trn c
ng ph thicb
Nhm
Hp kim nhm
Thp m kmc
f,g
Dy trn cf,g
Thp khng g
4
Dy dt c
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Vt liu
Cu to
Dy trn ch
50 mm
ng knh 8 mm
Cp
70 mm
Dy trn cf,g
200 mm
ng knh 16 mm
Cu to
Cc ni t
Tm ni t
Ghi ch
Cpb
50 mm2
ng knh ti thiu ca
mi si 1,7 mm
Dy trn cb
50 mm2
ng knh 8 mm
Dy dt c
50 mm
Dy trn c
ng knh
15 mm
ng
ng knh
20 mm
ng
Thp
Dy ni t
chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm
chiu dy thnh ng ti
thiu 2 mm
Tm c
500 mm x 500
chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm
mm
Tm mt co
600 mm x 600
tit din 25 mm x 2 mm
mm
ng knh
25 mmd
chiu dy thnh ng ti
thiu 2 mm
90 mm2
chiu dy ti thiu 3 mm
Tm c m
kmc
500 mm x 500
chiu dy ti thiu 3 mm
mm
Tm mt co
m kmc
600 mm x 600
tit din 30 mm x 3 mm
mm
5
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Vt liu
Cu to
Cc ni t
Dy ni t
Dy trn c ng knh
m ngce
14 mm
Tm ni t
Ghi ch
m ng 99,9 % ng, dy
ti thiu 250 microns
Dy trn c
khng mf
ng knh
10 mm
Dy dt c
trn hoc m
kmf,g
75 mm2
chiu dy ti thiu 3 mm
Cp
kmf,g
70 mm2
ng knh ti thiu ca
mi si 1,7 mm
Thp ng m 50 mm x50
kmc
mm x 3 mm
Thp
khng g
Dy trn c
ng knh ng knh
16 mm
10 mm
Dy dt c
100 mm
chiu dy ti thiu 2 mm
dy ti thiu (mm)
Thp m
0,5
Thp khng g
0,4
ng
0,3
Nhm v Km
0,7
Ch
2,0
GHI CH: Cc s liu trong bng ny l hp l khi mi nh l mt phn ca h thng chng st. Tuy nhin vn
c nguy c tm kim loi b nh thng i vi cc c st nh thng.
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
7.1
Nguyn tc chung
Cc cng trnh c nguy c chy n cao nh nh my sn xut thuc n, kho cha nhin liu cn s
bo v cao nht khi cc nguy c b st nh. Chi tit cho vic bo v cc cng trnh ny c cho
trong mc 18.
i vi cc cng trnh khc, tiu chun v phng chng st c cp n trong tiu chun ny l
p ng v cu hi duy nht c t ra l c cn chng st hay khng.
Trong nhiu trng hp, s cn thit phi chng st l rt r rng, v d:
a)
Ni t hp ng ngi;
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Tuy nhin, trong rt nhiu trng hp khc th khng d quyt nh. Trong cc trng hp cn
tham kho 7.2; 7.3; 7.4; 7.5; v 7.6 v nhiu yu t nh hng n xc sut st nh v cc phn tch
v hu qu ca n.
Tuy nhin mt s yu t khng th nh gi c v chng c th bao trm ln tt c cc yu t khc.
V d nh, yu cu khng xy ra cc nguy c c th trnh c i vi cuc sng ca con ngi hoc
l vic tt c mi ngi sng trong to nh lun cm thy an ton c th quyt nh cu hi theo
hng cn c h thng chng st, mc d thng thng th iu ny l khng cn thit.
Khng c bt c hng dn c th no cho nhng vn nh vy nhng c th tin hnh nh gi
cn c vo xc sut st nh vo cng trnh v nhng yu t sau:
1)
2)
3)
4)
V tr to nh.
5)
7.2
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
ng mc c gi tr l 8,2 v 10,9 th ly gi tr mt st phng xung t l 10,9 ln/km2/nm; v tr
nm vng c gi tr > 13,7 th ly gi tr mt st phng xung t l 16,7 ln/km2/nm. C th
tham kho ph lc E v mt st phng xung t cho cc a danh c lp trn c s bn mt
st (Hnh 2) v khuyn co mc ny.
Din tch thu st hu dng ca mt kt cu l din tch mt bng ca cc cng trnh ko di trn tt c
cc hng c tnh n chiu cao ca n. Cnh ca din tch thu st hu dng c m rng ra t
cnh ca kt cu mt khong bng chiu cao ca kt cu ti im tnh chiu cao. Bi vy, i vi mt
to nh hnh ch nht n gin c chiu di L, chiu rng W, chiu cao H (n v tnh l m), th din
tch thu st hu dng c di (L+2H) m v chiu rng (W+2H) m vi 4 gc trn to bi ng trn
c bn knh l H. Nh vy din tch thu st hu dng Ac (m2) s l (xem Hnh 3 v v d Ph lc D):
Ac = LW+2LH+2WP+ H2
(1)
(2)
7.3
trong nm
Trung bnh
0,2
0,1
0,5
10
0,5
0,15 n
1,0
20
1,1
0,3
3,0
30
1,9
0,6
5,0
40
2,8
0,8
8,0
50
3,7
1,2
10,0
60
4,7
1,8
12,0
80
6,9
3,0
17,0
100
9,2
4,0
20,0
Khong gii hn
7.4
Xc sut st nh tng hp
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Hnh 2. Hnh 2
10
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
7.5
Cc h s iu chnh:
Gi tr h s A
0,3
0,7
1,0
1,2
1,3
1,7
Gi tr h s B
0,1
0,2
0,4
1,0
1,4
1,7
2,0
Gi tr h s C
0,3
0,8
1,0
11
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Khu cng nghip then cht, cng trnh di tch lch s, bo tng, to nh
trng by tc phm ngh thut hoc cng trnh c cha cc th c
bit d b hu hoi (*)
1,3
1,7
Gi tr h s D
Cng trnh xy dng trong khu vc c nhiu cng trnh khc hoc
c nhiu cy xanh vi chiu cao tng ng hoc ln hn
0,4
Cng trnh xy dng trong khu vc c t cng trnh khc hoc cy xanh
c chiu cao tng ng
1,0
Cng trnh xy dng hon ton cch ly hoc cch xa t nht hai ln
chiu cao ca cc cng trnh hay cy xanh hin hu trong khu vc
2,0
Gi tr h s E
0,3
Vng i
1,0
1,3
1,7
Phng php xc sut trong tiu chun ny nhm mc ch hng dn cho cc trng hp kh quyt
nh. Nu kt qu tnh c nh hn 10-5 (1 trong 100.000) kh nhiu th nhiu kh nng khng cn
n h thng chng st; nu nh kt qu ln hn 10-5, v d nh 10-4 (1 trong 10.000) th cn c cc l
do xc ng lm c s cho vic quyt nh khng lm h thng chng st.
12
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Vng bo v
8.1
Khi nim
Khi nim vng bo v c hiu mt cch n gin l th tch m trong gii hn cc b phn
chng st to ra mt s bo v chng li cc c phng in trc tip bng vic thu cc tia st vo cc
b phn chng st .
Kch thc v hnh dng ca vng bo v thay i theo chiu cao ca ngi nh hoc chiu cao ca
cc thit b thu st thng ng. Ni chung i vi cc cng trnh khng cao qu 20m, vng bo v ca
cc b phn thu dn st thng ng t di mt t ln c xc nh l th tch to bi mt hnh nn
vi nh ca n nm nh b phn thu st v y nm di mt t. Vng bo v ca cc b phn
thu st ngang c xc nh bi khng gian to bi hnh nn c nh nm trn dy thu st ngang chy
t im u n im cui. i vi nhng kt cu cao hn 20m, vic xc nh vng bo v nh trn c
th khng p dng c, v cn phi c thm cc thit b chng st lp t theo cch thc nh trong
Hnh 4 (xem thm mc 16) chng li cc c st nh vo pha bn cnh cng trnh.
8.2
Gc bo v
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
qu 2 ln chiu cao ca chng th gc bo v tng ng c th t ti 60o so vi phng thng
ng (xem Hnh 5.c). i vi mi bng, din tch gia cc dy dn song song c coi l c chng
st nu b phn thu st c b tr theo 11.1 v 11.2. i vi cc kt cu c yu cu chng st cao
hn th khuyn co p dng cc gc bo v khc (xem mc 18).
8.3
14
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Mu
B tr chung
(a)
(b)
(c)
A c = x 14 + 2(14 x 30)
A c = 1 456 m
A c =7 x 8 + 2(6 x 7) + x 9
(d)
(e)
A c = x 40
A c = 5 027 m
(f)
A c = 12 x 55 + 2(18 x 55) +
2(18 x 12) + x 18
A c = 4 090 m
(g)
A c =25 x 60 + 25 x 30 +6 x
60 + 6 x 50 + 6 x 25 + 6
x 25 + 6 x 30 + 6 x 24 +5/4
x x 6
A c = 3 675 m
(h)
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
M gang c
Ni t
K hiu:
1. Kim thu
2. Thanh kp
3. ng ni
4. Dy xung
5. Dy dn ngang
6. im o
7. Cc ni t
8. Kp ni ch A
9. ng bc cc ni
t
10. Kp dy dn
(a) ng khi ng knh nh nh
hn 1,5m v cao di 20m
11.Vng ai
12. Chp gang thay vng
ai 11
13. Kp ti nt giao nhau
(b) ng khi bng gch cao 60m
GHI CH: Hnh ny khng p dng cho ng khi BTCT s dng ct thp lm dy xung
16
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
a) Dy dn ng
Mt bng vng bo v ti ct nn
b) Dy dn ngang
Mt bng vng bo v ti ct nn
c) Bn dy dn ng vi cc gc bo v v vng bo v kt hp
K hiu:
VC: Dy dn ng
HC: Dy dn ngang
ZP: Vng bo v
GL: Ct nn
Mt bng vng bo v ti
ct nn
17
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
9
9.1
Quy nh chung
Trc v trong c qu trnh thit k, n v thit k cn trao i, tho lun v thng nht v phng n
vi cc b phn lin quan, c th theo 9.2; 9.3; 9.4 v 9.5.
9.2
Kin trc
Cc chi tit ca ton b h thng trang thit b k thut lp t trong cng trnh c th cn
hn u ni vi h thng chng st.
9.3
Tho thun vi cc c quan qun l h thng k thut ngoi nh v vic u ni gia cc h thng k
thut ngoi nh (cp in, cp nc, thot nc, thng tin, tn hiu) vi h thng chng st ca
cng trnh.
9.4
Cc cng trnh pht sng ca i pht thanh, truyn hnh phi c tho thun v vic u ni gia phn
thp thu pht sng vi h thng chng st.
9.5
Cc nh thu xy dng
18
i vi cc cng trnh c s dng mi che bng kim loi nh mt b phn ca h thng chng
st th phi thng nht gii php u ni vi h thng dn st v ni t;
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
j)
k) Cc bin php lin kt vi ct thp, kt cu thp hoc cc chi tit kim loi;
l)
10
B phn cc ni t
Cc chi tit c nh v chi tit im o kim tra in hnh ca h thng dy dn c th hin trn Hnh
6, Hnh 7 v Hnh 8.
11
B phn thu st
11.1
Cc nguyn tc c bn
B phn thu st c th l cc kim thu st hoc li thu st hoc kt hp c hai (xem minh ho ti cc
hnh t Hnh 9 n Hnh 14).
Khong cch t bt k b phn no ca mi n b phn thu st nm ngang khng nn ln hn 5 mt
(xem thm Ghi ch 1 v Ghi ch 2 trong Hnh 10). i vi nhng dng mi bng c din tch ln
thng s dng li thu st khu 10 mt x 20 mt. i vi nhng mi c nhiu nc, nu khong
cch S gia hai nc ln hn 10 + 2H, trong H l cao ca nc (tt c c tnh bng n v mt)
th phi b sung thm cc dy thu st (xem Hnh 11).
i vi nhng cng trnh b tng ct thp, b phn thu st c th c u ni vo h ct thp ca
cng trnh ti nhng v tr thch ng vi s lng dy xung cn thit theo tnh ton.
Tt c cc b phn bng kim loi nm ngay trn mi hoc cao hn b mt ca mi u c ni t
nh mt phn ca b phn thu st (xem minh ho ti Hnh 4, Hnh 6 v tham kho Hnh 15).
Lp ph nh tng, nh mi v lan can bng kim loi (xem mc 9), li bng kim loi sn thng
nn c tn dng lm mt phn ca b phn thu st (xem Hnh 4, Hnh 6 v Hnh 16).
19
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
11.2
20
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Mi ni cc kim loi
Kt cu BTCT c
mi v tng mi
khng dn in
Mi
thp
m km
Lin kt vi
kt cu thp
Lin kt vi trn
treo kim loi
Kt cu BTCT,
mi dn in
Chi tit s 4
K hiu:
1. lan can
2. Lin kt vi ct thp
3. Lin kt vi nh tng
4. Mi ni phi kim loi (b phn c
sn)
Hnh 6. Lan can, lp ph nh tng bng kim loi v ct thp c s dng lm kim thu
st v dy xung
Dy dn st b tr di mi ngi ch c s dng ch yu trong trng hp mi c dy nh
hoc c t ngay di lp ph bn trn mi, v khong cch gia cc dy dn khng ln hn 10m.
21
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
i vi cng trnh dng nh th hoc dng kin trc, kt cu tng t th x l nh cng trnh c bit.
Phn thp cao hon ton khng tnh n trong qu trnh thit k h thng chng st cho cc hng mc
thp hn ca cng trnh.
11.2.6 i vi cc cng trnh n gin c cha cc cht d gy chy n
Hnh 17 minh ho gii php b tr h thng chng st ch yu c s dng i vi cc cng trnh
n gin, c cha cc cht d gy chy n. H thng bo v chnh bao gm hai kim thu st ni vi
nhau bng mt dy thu st. Phm vi bo v c th hin trn mt bng, mt ct trong hnh v, ng
thi th hin nh hng ca vng ca dy thu st ngang (xem 18.2.1).
22
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
23
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
a) Mt ng th hin gc bo v
Ln nht 10m
K hiu:
ZP: Vng bo v
HC: Dy dn ngang
c) B tr tng th
24
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Hnh chiu B
Mt ct A-A
25
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
26
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Li thu st
Gc dc
Dy xung
1. Cc mi c gc dc ln t 45 tr ln 2. Cc mi c dim mi cch b nc
cha n 5m
ch yu cu dy thu st nc
27
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Dy dn hoc
rim mi dn
in
Kim thu st
Dy dn trn vin
mi, c c nh
di tm lp nh
hnh bn
Dy
ngang
dn
K hiu:
----- Dy dn i chm
Kim thu st (kim trn khng sn bc, cao 0,3m) hoc tm kim loi
b) Cc dy thu st nm di tm lp
Li 10x20m
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Ln nht 5m
Thu st mi
Thu st mi
Ln nht 10m
(in hnh)
* th hin lin kt vo kt cu
thp mi
GHI CH: Khng th hin dy xung trong hnh v ny
12
Dy xung
12.1
29
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hon ton t cc vt liu khng dn in st s cn cc dy xung b tr theo kch thc v dng ca
kt cu .
Tm li, h thng dy xung khi c th thc hin c th nn dn thng t b phn thu st n mng
li ni t v t i xng xung quanh cc tng bao ca cng trnh bt u t cc gc. Trong mi
trng hp, cn phi lu n hin tng lan truyn st (xem 12.5).
Lin kt bulng
2M8
Dy dn st
Thp
X g
Dm
GHI CH: Chiu dy nh nht khi s dng tm lp kim loi lm mt b phn ca h thng
chng st l:
- Thp m km
0,5mm
- ng
0,3mm
- Nhm, km
0,7mm
- Ch
2,0 mm
Hnh 16. Kp u ni b phn thu st cho mi bng trong trng hp mi kim loi c s
dng lm mt b phn ca h thng chng st
12.2
B tr dy xung.
B tr dy xung cho nhiu dng cng trnh, c hoc khng c khung thp, c th hin trn Hnh 18.
Trong cc cng trnh c chiu cao ln, khung thp hoc ct thp trong b tng phi c lin kt vi
nhau v tham gia vo s tiu tn dng in st cng vi cc ng thng ng v cc chi tit tng t,
chng nn c lin kt phn trn cng v phn di cng. Thit k ca h thng chng st do
s bao gm cc ct lin tc hoc cc tr thng ng c b tr ph hp vi 12.3. Vi cc cng trnh
c khung thp hoc cc cng trnh btng ct thp khng cn thit phi b tr cc dy xung ring r.
Hnh 18a) minh ha mt cng trnh c khung thp. Theo khng cn b tr thm cc dy xung
nhng cn ni t ph hp vi tiu chun ny. Hnh 18b) th hin cch b tr dy xung trong trng
hp mi ua 3 cnh. Hnh 18c) th hin cch b tr trong trng hp phng khiu v hoc b bi c
khu ph tr.
Hnh 18d), Hnh 18e), Hnh 18f) v Hnh 18g) th hin cc cng trnh c hnh dng m c th b tr
tt c cc dy xung c nh cc bc tng bao. Cn phi thn trng khi la chn khong cch cc
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S lng khuyn co
V tr v khong cch cc dy xung trong cng trnh ln thng ph thuc vo kin trc. Tuy nhin,
nn b tr mt dy xung vi khong cch gia cc dy l 20m hoc nh hn theo chu vi cao mi
hoc cao nn. Cng trnh c chiu cao trn 20m phi b tr cc dy cch nhau 10m hoc nh hn.
12.4
Vi cng trnh c chiu cao ln, iu kin kim tra v o c l kh, cn phi c bin php o kim tra
tnh lin tc ca h thng. Cn t nht hai dy xung cho cng tc o c (xem Hnh 4).
12.5
B tr ng dn xung
Dy xung cn phi i theo li thng nht c th c gia li thu st v mng ni t. Khi s dng
nhiu hn mt dy xung th cc dy xung cn c sp xp cng u cng tt xung quanh tng
bao ca cng trnh, bt u t cc gc (xem Hnh 18), ty thuc vo kin trc v kh nng thi cng.
Trong vic quyt nh tuyn xung, cn phi cn nhc n vic lin kt dy xung vi cc chi tit thp
trong cng trnh, v d nh cc tr, ct thp v bt c chi tit kim loi lin tc v c nh ca cng trnh
c kh nng lin kt c.
Cc bc tng bao quanh sn chi v ging tri c th c s dng gn cc dy xung nhng
khng c s dng vch lng thang my (xem 15.3.10). Cc sn c tng bao c 20m phi c
trang b mt dy xung. Tuy nhin, nn c t nht hai dy xung v b tr i xng.
12.6
b)
31
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Ct
Ti thiu
2m
Cng trnh c bo v
Ti thiu
2m
Cc ni t
a) Mt ng
Dy thu st
dng treo
b) Mt bng
Cng trnh c bo v
K hiu
Vng c bo v ti v tr ct
Vng c bo v ti v tr
vng nht ca dy thu st
c) Vng c bo v
GHI CH: trnh hin tng lan truyn st, khong cch ti thiu gia cng
trnh v dy dn/ ct chng l 2m hoc theo 15.2 (ly khong cch ln nht)
Hnh 17. B phn thu st v vng bo v cho cng trnh n gin c cha cht d chy
n.
32
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Mi ua
Phng khiu v
K hiu
Ct chu lc
Ct chu lc dn in s dng lm dy xung v ni t
Dy xung v ni t bn ngoi
GHI CH 1: Dy xung c th l mt b phn ca kt cu hoc thanh trn, thanh dt b tr mt ngoi cng
trnh
GHI CH 2:i vi kt cu cao hn 20m, dy xung t cch nhau khng qu 10 m mt chic
Hnh 18. Cc cch b tr dy xung (dy b tr thm bn ngoi hay s dng b phn dn
in ca cng trnh) cho cc dng cng trnh cao
33
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Chnh in th i vi
trng hp khng c cc
ni t vng
Chnh in th i vi
trng hp c cc ni t
vng
in th Vs thp khi
c cc cc tip vng
gim th
t 4x1.5m n 4.5m
ph thuc vo v tr
Tuyn i bn trong
Khi kh nng b tr tuyn dy xung pha bn ngoi l khng kh thi hoc l khng thch hp (xem
12.8.3), cc dy xung c th c b tr vo trong mt ng rng bng vt liu phi kim loi, khng chy
v c ko thng xung t (xem Hnh 20).
Bt c rnh c che kn, mng thit b, ng hoc mng cp chy sut chiu cao cng trnh khng
cha si dy cp no u c th c s dng cho mc ch ny.
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12.8
12.8.1 iu kin thc t khng phi lc no cng cho php cc tuyn i theo con ng thng nht.
Tuy c th chp nhn un gc nhn ti mt s v tr, v d nh ti cc g mi, nhng cn lu cc
nhnh vng trong dy dn c th lm in cm cao gim xung nhanh lm cho vic tiu tn dng in
st c th xy ra pha h ca nhnh vng. V c bn, ri ro c th xut hin khi chiu di ca dy dn
to ra nhnh vng vt qu 8 ln chiu rng phn h ca mch (Xem Hnh 21).
12.8.2 Khi khng th trnh c nhnh vng di, v d nh trong trng hp tng lan can, tng
mi, cc dy dn phi c sp t sao cho khong cch ca phn h nhnh vng p ng c
nguyn tc a ra 12.8.1. Cch lm khc l to l qua cc tng lan can cc dy dn c th
xuyn qua d dng.
12.8.3 Ti cc cng trnh c cc sn trn ua ra, cn xt ti nguy c lan truyn st t dy xung bn
ngoi n ngi ng di phn nh ra. Cc dy xung phi theo mt tuyn bn trong, ph hp
vi 12.7, nu kch thc ca phn nh ra c th gy nguy c v lan truyn st cho ngi hoc nu
khong cch cc dy xung ln hn 20m.
Ri ro vi ngi l khng th chp nhn nu chiu cao h ca phn nh ra nh hn 3m. Vi phn nh
ra c chiu cao ln hn hoc bng 3m th chiu rng w ca phn nh ra phi nh hoc bng (tnh theo
m) gi tr tnh theo biu thc:
w 15(0,9h-2,5)
(3)
Bt c chi tit kim loi trong hoc l mt phn ca kt cu hoc bt c thit b cng trnh c cc
thnh phn kim loi c thit k hoc ngu nhin tip xc vi t nn phi c cch ly hoc lin kt
vi dy xung (Xem mc 17). Tuy nhin, tr phi cc tnh ton 15.2 v cc yu cu B.2 ch ra rng
cn phi lin kt th nhng th c tip xc vi h thng chng st, trc tip hoc khng trc tip, thng
qua cc lin kt kim loi vi kim loi chc chn v tin cy th khng cn cc dy dn lin kt thm.
Ch dn chung tng t cng p dng cho ton b cc chi tit kim loi ln h ni hoc khng ni
vi t.
GHI CH: Trong phm vi vn ny, chi tit c coi l ln khi c kch thc mt cnh bt k ln hn 2m.
C th b qua cc chi tit nh nh cc bn l ca, gi mng bng kim loi hay ct thp ca cc
dm nh n c.
12.10 Lin kt
12.10.1
Quy nh chung
Cc yu cu v c v in.
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Cc chi tit kim loi bn ngoi trn kt cu hoc l mt phn ca kt cu c th phi tiu tn ton b
dng in do st nh vo n v do lin kt ca cc chi tit vi h thng chng st phi c tit
din khng nh hn tit din ca dy dn chnh. Ngc li, cc chi tit kim loi bn trong khng d b
h hi v lin kt ca n ngoi chc nng cn bng in p th nhiu lm cng ch ti mt phn cng
dng in st. Do cc lin kt bn trong c th c tit din nh hn tit din cc dy dn chnh.
12.10.3
i vi mi cng trnh, ti mi ct sn cn phi d tr cho vic lin kt my mc thit b trong tng lai
vi h thng chng st, v d nh lin kt vi thit b kim loi cp gas, nc, h thng thot nc hoc
cc thit b khc tng t. Cc kt cu li in, in thoi hoc ng dy khc trn cao khng
nn lin kt vi h thng chng st m khng c s cho php ca nh chc trch c thm quyn.
Cc mi ni
Cc im o kim tra.
Mi dy xung phi b tr mt im o kim tra v tr thun tin cho vic o c nhng khng qu l
liu, d b tc ng khng mong mun.
Cn t cc bng ch v tr, s lng v kiu ca cc cc ni t trn mi im kim tra.
36
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Ti a 8d
a) B tr chp nhn c
Vt qu 8d
Dy
xung
bn ngoi
Dy
xung
bn trong
37
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13
Mng ni t
13.1
in tr ni t
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14
Cc ni t
14.1
Quy nh chung
Trc khi bt u qu trnh thit k, cn quyt nh v kiu ca cc ni t thch hp nht vi tnh cht
t nhin ca t thu c theo th nghim l khoan.
Cc cc ni t gm c cc thanh kim loi trn, dt, cc ng hoc kt hp cc loi trn hoc l cc b
phn ni t t nhin nh cc hay mng ca cng trnh (xem B.1.4 v B.1.6).
14.2
iu kin t
Thanh ni t
14.3.1 V tr
Khi s dng cc thanh ni t, chng nn c ng vo t ngay bn di cng trnh v cng gn
dy xung cng tt. Thi cng cc thanh ni t xa cng trnh thng l khng cn thit v khng kinh
t (xem Hnh 24). Khi cc iu kin v t l thun li cho vic s dng cc thanh ng song song vi
nhau, s gim bt in tr ni t l nh khi khong cch gia cc thanh nh hn chiu di ng vo
t.
14.3.2 o in tr ni t trong qu trnh lp t
Trong qu trnh ng cc thanh vo t, nn tin hnh o in tr ni t. Lm nh vy s bit c
trng thi khng cn phi gim tip in tr na, c bit khi ng cc thanh di.
14.3.3 Kt ni vi mng ni t
im kt ni vi mng ni t phi c kh nng di di v d dng tip cn c t trn mt t
thun tin cho vic kim tra, o c v bo dng h thng chng st. Nu nm di mt t, im
kt ni nn c t trong mt ci h hoc cng c xy dng cho mc ch kim tra. Tuy nhin, c
th chp nhn cc b tr n gin trong mt s trng hp v d nh lp h thng nh, mng ni t
su hn bnh thng hoc cc trng hp khc ph thuc vo iu kin hin trng (xem B.1.2).
14.4
Cc thanh dt
Lin kt vi thang
my, ch ti nh v
y kt cu kim loi
Dy
xung,
(trng hp ny
l ct thp hoc
kt cu thp)
Ct nn
Lin kt
vi anten
Hnh 22. H thng chng st cho nh cao tng (trn 20m), th hin b phn thu st, dy xung lin kt vi cc b phn nh ln trn mi
40
Cc ni t
GHI CH: Kch thc li thu st khng qu 10m x 20m. Dy dn xung t cch nhau khng qu 10m
Li thu st mi lin kt
vi ct thp hoc kt cu
thp ca cng trnh
Li thu st trn mi
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15
GHI CH: Cc thng tin thm v kim loi trong hoc trn cng trnh c cho B.2
15.1
Khi st nh vo mng thu st, in th ca mng thu st vi t tng ln v, tr khi c bin php
phng nga thch hp, s phng in c th xy ra theo cc ng khc nhau xung t thng qua
hiu ng lan truyn st vo cc chi tit kim loi khc trong cng trnh.
C 2 bin php phng nga hiu ng lan truyn st, l:
a)
Cch ly
b)
Lin kt
Bin php cch ly yu cu khong cch ly ln gia h thng chng st v cc chi tit kim loi khc
trong cng trnh. im hn ch chnh ca bin php cch ly nm ch rt kh to ra v duy tr khong
cch ly an ton cn thit v bo m rng cc chi tit kim loi c cch ly khng kt ni vi t, v d
nh thng qua nc hoc cc hnh thc khc.
Nhn chung, lin kt l bin php thng c s dng hn.
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B tng
B
tng
phan
B
tng
phan
B tng
Hnh 22.
Hnh 23. V d v cc ni t c lp bc c s dng trong kt cu b cha
42
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Thp dt
Dy dn st bn
ngoi
im kim tra
dy dn st
Mp nh
im kim tra
Thanh ni t
Mt bng b tr cho dy dt n chia i bi dy
dn xung
Mt ct v hnh chiu cng trnh
Ko di cho thch hp
Thanh ni t
Mp nh
Thanh ni t
Dy xung
Thanh ni t
Dy xung
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Xc sut st nh
Dng in st (kA)
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Dy xung
ng kim loi, cp
in,ng thng hi
hoc cc chi tit
kim loi khc
Lin kt
a)
re =
w+t
3.5
b)
15.2
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15.2.3 in p duy tr bi h thng chng st
in p ny c 2 thnh phn: mt l tch ca dng in v in tr ni t v thnh phn khc l tch
ca bin thin dng in vi in cm t cm ca dy dn st. Trng hp nguy him nht, tng
ca hai tch ny s cho gi tr in p cn s dng trong tnh ton.
15.2.4 Quan h gia in p phng in v khong cch.
Hnh 27 minh ho quan h gia in p phng in trong khng kh, qua b mt th xy v qua vt
nt trong khi xy gch vi khong cch. in p phng in i vi mt khong cch cho trc c
xc nh t Hnh 27 so snh vi kt qu tnh ton in cm. V d tnh ton quyt nh c cn
lin kt cc chi tit kim loi vo h thng chng st hay khng c th hin ph lc D.
15.2.5 Tnh ton in cm pht sinh gia mt dy dn st v cc chi tit kim loi d b nh hng bi
hiu ng lan truyn st.
Mc d cho n nay thut ng in cm t cm c s dng cho vic tnh ton in p cm ng,
trn thc t in p cm ng c sinh ra trong mt mch kn to bi chnh dy xung v cc chi tit
kim loi khc. Do ni chnh xc hn in p cm ng s t l vi hiu ca in cm t cm (L) tr
i in cm tng h (M) gia dy dn st vi cc chi tit kim loi. Hiu s ny c gi l in cm
truyn dn (MT) v c dng thay th cho in cm t cm trong vic tnh ton in p cm ng.
in cm truyn dn c th c tnh theo phng trnh (4).
Cho mt dy dn st ng c tit din trn bn knh r (m), cch cc b phn kim loi thng ng khc
mt on l S (m), trong S l khong cch gia tm ca 2 dy dn nh Hnh 26a) v l l chiu cao
ca mch, in cm truyn MT (o bng micro henry) c tnh theo phng trnh:
MT=0,46 x l x log 10
S
r
(4)
Vi nhng dy xung khng c tit din trn th phi dng bn knh hiu dng re (Xem Hnh 26b). V
d vi dy c tit din ngang l 25mm x 3 mm, re (m) c tnh theo phng trnh di y:
w+t
3,5
re=
=
(5)
0,025 + 0,003
3,5
=0,008
Tuy nhin cch tnh MT khng b nh hng bi hnh dng tit din ngang ca ng kim loi hay cc chi
tit kim loi khc. Khi tnh c MT th in cm VL (kilovol) pht sinh trong mch minh ho Hnh
26a c tnh theo phng trnh (6):
MT
di
x
n
dt max
VL=
(6)
di
l bin thin ln nht ca dng in (kA/s) ngha l 200 kA/s (xem ph lc
dt max
Trong
A.1)
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
VL =200 x
VL=240 V
T Hnh 27, khong cch t im cao nht ca mch (c th mt nhnh ngoi ca mng li) n
dy xung s phi nh n 0,4m ti mt v tr nht nh to ra nguy c phng in. Mt nhnh ngoi
gn n nh vy phi c lin kt vi dy dn xung cho an ton.
Vi cng trnh c mt bng dng ch nht hoc hnh vung c hn 4 dy xung, dy xung gc s
chu mt in p ln hn mc trung bnh ca tng dng in (i) (ngha l > i/n), do h s 30 % phi
c tnh thm vo in p pht sinh gn dy dn . Ngc li, vng gia ca cng trnh c rt
nhiu dy xung (cch xa dy xung nm gc) gi tr di/dt l thp hn gi tr c a ra bi s
lng dy xung khong 30 % v nguy c lan truyn st l tng i t, vi gi thit rng cc thit b
c lin kt sao cho in tr ca t khng to ra s chnh lch in th.
15.3
Khi khng th kim tra theo cch thng thng th nn s dng vt liu chng r lin kt vi thp
hoc ct thp v nn a ra ngoi kt ni vi b phn thu st. Cn trang b b sung dy xung v
b phn thu st nu khi kim tra in tr ni t ca bn thn cng trnh khng tha mn (xem 13.1).
15.3.5 Khi cng trnh c cc chi tit kim loi khng th lin kt vo mng c tnh dn in lin tc v n
khng hoc khng th c trang b h thng ni t bn ngoi, th s tn ti ca n c th c b
qua. Mi nguy him do cc chi tit kim loi c th gim thiu bng cch cch ly hon ton cc chi
tit kim loi vi h thng chng st, phng n x l cn tham kho cc khuyn co 15.2.
15.3.6 Khi b phn mi cng trnh c kim loi che ph hon ton hoc mt phn th cn phi thn
trng khi lin kt n vi h thng chng st.
15.3.7 Trong bt c kt cu no, kim loi gn vi mt ngoi hoc nh ra khi tng hay mi m c
khong cch ly n h thng chng st l khng v khng thch hp s dng nh mt phn ca
47
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h thng th cn gn cng trc tip cng tt vi h thng chng st. Nu c chi tit kim loi no
chy gn vi b phn thu st, v d nh ng ng nc chy n b cha nc trn mi, dy cp,
cc ng ng, mng xi, ng dn nc ma v cu thang, v nu cc chi tit ny chy gn nh song
song vi dy xung hoc lin kt vi n, n phi c lin kt cc im cui nhng khng thp hn
im kim tra. Nu cc chi tit ny khng lin tc th mi phn ca n phi c lin kt vi h thng
chng st, khi c cc khong khng cho php th s tn ti ca cc chi tit kim loi c th b
qua.
in p phng in (kV)
Trong khng kh
Qua vt nt ca
th xy
48
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15.3.8 Khi kim loi trong cng trnh nh khung chung trong nh th, tng bao, cc thit b my
mc m n c kt ni hoc tip xc vi ng ng nc hoc cc thit b c cp in m bn thn
n ni t phi c lin kt n dy xung gn nht bng ng i cng trc tip cng tt.
15.3.9 Kim loi i vo hoc i ra cng trnh dng c v bc hoc ng dn in, gas, nc, nc
ma, hi nc, kh nn hoc cc thit b khc phi c lin kt cng trc tip cng tt n cc ni
t. im kt ni phi c lm ti v tr m cc thit b i ra hoc vo cng trnh. Cc bc thang
phi c x l tng t.
Khi cc chi tit kim loi dng l mt phn ca thit b cha ra khong cch ly (xem 15.2), n phi
c lin kt vi phn gn nht ca h thng chng st im cao nht ca thit b v vi cc khong
cch khng vt qu 20m.
Do cc thit k h thng chng st rt a dng nn khng c khuyn co chnh xc no c a ra.
Tuy nhin, cn phi lu rng c th c vn khi cc ng ng hoc cp c bc cch nhit
hoc cch in.Vi trng hp nh vy, mi lin kt phi c thc hin im gn nht ni m
phn kim loi ca ng hoc cp c l ra. Mi lin kt sau phi c ni vi h thng ni t bn
ngoi cng trnh cng thng cng tt.
iu ny rt c th c p dng trong cng trnh bit lp m cc thit b c kt ni vi
nhau.Tuy nhin khi cng trnh bao quanh bi cc chi tit bng thp gm mt lot cc chi tit dng ng
ni vi nhau th bn thn n rt c th tr thnh mt im thch hp ni t. i vi h thng cp
in, vic ng dng cp kt hp ni t (CNE) l c vn v vic ngt dy trung tnh c th gy dng
ti ngc t in cc ni t. iu c th gy nguy him cho bt c ai ngt mch in cc ni t
o th nghim.
H thng kt ni in hnh c th hin trong Hnh 28. Quy tc chung l mi h thng cn c
nh gi v u im ca n v c tho lun vi cc bn c lin quan quyt nh phng n ph
hp.
15.3.10
Khi lp t thang my, kt cu kim loi lin tc bao gm c ray dn hng phi c
kt ni vi h thng chng st im cao nht v im thp nht ca b phn lp.
Khi ct thp hoc cc chi tit kt cu kim loi to thnh mt b phn ca h thng chng st, th vic
kt ni cc chi tit kim loi ny l cn thit.
Khi kh c th tn dng c ct thp hoc kt cu kim loi ca cng trnh th h thng thang my cn
c lin kt vi h thng an ton in ni t c im cao nht v thp nht. Trong mi trng
hp, cn lin kt im ni t ca bng in gn nht.
16
Kt cu cao trn 20 m
GHI CH: C th xem thm thng tin v cc kt cu cao trong B.2 v B.5.
16.1
Cc kt cu khng dn in
Cc kt cu dn in
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B phn ni t chnh
Vt cch in
Dy xung bn
ngoi
t trong ng i
vi tng hai lp
im o c
Mng ni t ca h
thng chng st
Cp in
Nc
Gas
Cc ng ng thit b
Thp v chp nh th
17
17.1
Cc b phn thu st
Vi cng trnh c mi che bng rm, tranh, cy, c hoc cc vt liu c kh nng d chy cao, c th
treo b phn thu st tch khi mi mt on t nht 0,3 m trn b phn khng dn in v khng
chy hoc cc b phn thu st c th t trn mt thanh g cng dt c rng ti thiu l 75 mm. Vi
mng dy c to ra bo v mi che bng rm r v cc mi nh c lp theo cch tng t
chng li cc cn gi v by chim, mng khng nn kt ni vi h thng chng st.
17.2
Dy dn v cc ghp ni
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Dy dn ng lin kt vi
nhau bn trong tng mi
Dy dt gn vo
tng mi
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18
18.1
Quy nh chung
18.2.2 Cc dy dn ng
Mt kt cu hoc nhm cc kt cu c kch thc ngang nh c th c bo v bng mt hoc nhiu
dy dn st ng. Nu s dng mt dy xung, gc bo v tnh ton khng nn qu 30o.
Nu s dng hai hay nhiu dy xung, gc bo v c th l 45o trong khng gian b gii hn bi cc
dy dn, nhng khng nn qu 30o bn ngoi khng gian . Minh ha v phng php bo v ny
c th hin trn Hnh 31.
52
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18.2.5.3
Vic s dng kho bng thp chuyn dng ni hn cha cc cht n tr nn kh
ph bin. i vi cc kho nh th, vic bo v st thch hp c thc hin bng cch ni t kt cu
t nht hai im.
53
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Xem ghi ch 2
Cng trnh c
Xem ghi ch 2
bo v
Xem ghi ch 2
Cc ni t
a)Mt ng
Ni t vng
b) Mt bng
K hiu
Vng bo v v tr
nh dy
Vng bo v v tr
dy vng nht
Cng trnh c
bo v
c) Mt ng u hi th hin vng bo v
GHI CH 1: Khi dng hai dy thu ngang tr ln, c th dng gc bo v 45o cho khng gian bao bi dy.
Ch khc gii hn gc bo v l 30o.
GHI CH 2: trnh hin tng phng in gia dy thu v cng trnh, khong cch ly ti thiu phi l 2m
hoc theo 15.2 tu theo gi tr no ln hn. Khong cch ly ti thiu phi c m bo v tr vng nht
trong mi iu kin.
Hnh 30. B phn thu st c hai dy thu st treo ngang v vng bo v cho kt cu c cha
cht n hoc cht rt d chy
54
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Ct
Ti thiu 2m
Cng trnh c bo v
im kim tra
Cc ni t
a) Mt ng
b) Mt bng
55
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18.2.7 Cc ng ng, lan can, ni vo cng trnh
Cc ng dn bng kim loi, dy thp, lan can, ng ray tu ha hoc cc bin hng dn khng lin
kt thng in vi t m ni vi cng trnh cha vt d chy, n, cn c gn vi h thng chng
st. Cc vt ny nn c ni t ti im u vo bn ngoi kt cu v ti 2 im xa hn, mt im
cch xa 75 m v im kia cch 75 m tip theo. Vic ni t cc lan can nn c thc hin ti cc
im sau:
- im i vo hoc i ra khi kt cu;
- Cch xa im i vo hoc ra 75 m; ngha l hng vo trong nu l kt cu ngm hoc
hng ra ngoi nu trn mt t;
- Cch xa im i vo hoc ra 150 m hoc bn ngoi kt cu trong trng hp nm pha trn
mt t;
- Cc im cch nhau 75 m khi lp t di mt t;
Cc yu cu ny cng p dng cho cc tuyn b mt trn c s dng cn trc hoc cu trc lu
ng (xem 15.3.9).
B phn
xung in
chn
Hp in tng
Dy ni t
Ni vo cc ni
t mch vng
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Cc l thng hi
Khng nn trang b cc b phn cao nh chp thp, ct c hoc cc dy anten v tuyn cho cc kt
cu d b st nh hoc b tr chng trong phm vi 50 m quanh kt cu. Khong cch ly cng p
dng i vi vic trng cy mi, nhng cc kt cu gn cy c nn c x l ph hp vi cc
khuyn co mc 21.
18.2.12
19
Nh
20
Hng ro
20.1
57
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ng thng hi
ng ten tivi
Kim thu st ng
Lin kt vo thnh
ng kim loi
ng
thng
c ni t
hi
Cc ni
t vng
b) Cc ni t vng cho nh bng vt
liu khng dn in xy trn nn
Ct ngten TV
ni t v h
thng mng lin
kt vi dy xung
c) Nh xy bng c ct ngten TV
c lin kt ni t v h thng mng lin
kt vi dy xung
58
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20.2
21
Cy v cc kt cu gn cy
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
a) Dy xung chnh chy t phn cao nht ca nhnh chnh ca cy ti cc ni t v dy
cn c bo v khi cc ph hng c hc mt t.
b) Nn cp thm cc dy dn nhnh ni ti dy dn chnh cho cc nhnh cy ln.
c) Cc dy dn nn c bn v bc li. Tng din tch mt ct ngang khng nn nh hn
50 mm2 i vi ng v nhm. Cc kch thc khng c cho c th v iu s gy
phin toi cho vic la chn gii php dy, nhng iu quan trng l cc dy dn phi c
tnh mm do.
d) Khi gn cc dy dn nn tnh n s pht trin t nhin ca cy v s ung a ca cy
do cc cn gi gy ra.
e) Ni t nn bao gm 2 cc c ng vo t hai pha i din v gn vi thn ca
cy. Nn chn mt cc ni t mch vng bao quanh cc r cy v ni vi cc cc bng
hai dy dn hng tm. Ni t v in tr ni t nn p ng cc iu mc 13.
f)
Khi hai hay nhiu cy gn nhau v c kh nng cc cc ni t mch vng bao quanh ca
chng giao nhau, nn s dng mt cc ni t mch vng chung c ni thch hp vi
cc cc chn di t bao quanh tt c cc gc cy.
22
22.1
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23
23.1
Lu bt v rp bng vi
23.1.1 Cc lu ln
nhng ni cc kt cu tm ln thuc loi ny c s dng cho cc mc ch trin lm v gii tr
lin quan ti s lng ngi tp trung ln cn c bin php chng st. Ni chung, cc kt cu nh vy
c ch to t cc vt liu khng phi l kim loi v dng bo v n gin nht thng bao gm mt
hoc nhiu b phn thu st nm ngang treo pha trn kt cu v c ni chc chn xung t.
Phn m rng phi kt cu ca cc b phn chng thng ng cho cc kt cu nh vy, nu thun tin
v kh thi, c th dng h thng thu st nm ngang. Nn duy tr mt khang trng t 1,5 m tr
ln gia dy dn v v bt. Cc dy xung nn c gn bn ngoi kt cu v c ni vi cc cc
trn mt t, cc cc ny li c ni vi mt cc ni t mch vng sao cho khng tip xc vi ngi
s dng.
i vi cc kt cu c khung bng kim loi nn ni nhng phn kim loi xung t mt cch c hiu
qu ti cc im c khong cch ngn hn 20 m dc theo chu vi kt cu.
23.1.2 Cc lu nh
i vi cc lu nh khng c hng dn c th no c, tuy nhin c th tham kho mt s dng b tr
chng st minh ha trn Hnh 34.
23.2
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23.3
Cc ct anten v cc dy thp ca chng, cc thp treo n pha v cc kt cu xy dng bng kim loi
tng t khc nn c ni t ph hp vi cc iu a ra ca tiu chun ny.
Cc kt cu cao nh cn trc v cc thit b nng khc c dng trong vic xy dng cc to nh,
trong cc xng ng tu v trong vic xy lp cng cng nn c b tr ni t. i vi cc cn trc
hoc cc kt cu quay lp trn ray, cn ni t cho ray mt cch hiu qu, tt nht l ti hai v tr tr
nn. Trong cc trng hp c bit, khi c th xy ra ph hy cc tr do st nh, c th p dng
cc bin php b sung v nn tham kho kin chuyn gia.
Bo v bi dy dn ng
Bo v bi dy dn ngang
Lin kt vi
vng kim loi
Vng c bo v mt t
Dy ni khung thp
vi cc ni t
Lu
Cc ni t
Cc ni t
a) Lu khng khung
b) Lu c khung
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Dy thp m km
(khng nh hn 6mm)
im kim tra n mn
Mt bng
Hnh 35. H thng chng st r tin dng cho nh nng tri bit lp xy gch lp ngi
23.4
Sn vn ng
Cc sn vn ng ln thng cha y khn gi trong ch mt t l phn trm nh thi gian. Tuy vy,
do s lng ln ngi c mt nn c th cn ti mt vi bin php chng st.
Vi cc khn i c nhiu bc cao, cc b phn thu st dng dy dn nm ngang c th c cng
ngang qua sn vn ng t bn ny sang bn kia. Vic ghp tt c cc phn kim loi cn c thc
hin ph hp vi tiu chun ny.
Bin php khc l tn dng cc thp treo n pha, va nh cc thnh phn thit yu ca h thng
chng st, va l cc gi ta cho cc dy dn nm ngang. Trong trng hp , cn c bin php
bo v ngi khi b nguy him do tip xc trc tip vi thp hoc vi in p t quanh cc chn
thp. C th ngn cn vic tip xc trc tip vi thp bng cch bc bn ngoi t mt t ln ti
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cao 3 m bng mt vt liu cch in c kh nng bo v hoc bng vic ro chn thp v hn ch vic
chm ti thp.
Vic gim in tr sut ca t xung mt cp khng gy hi ti con ngi ph thuc vo in tr
sut trung bnh ca t v vic lp h thng ni t. Ph lc B.4.2 a ra mt vi nhn xt chung,
nhng thng thng, nn tham kho kin chuyn gia (xem Hnh 19 v Hnh 36).
23.6
Cng trnh cu
Cc nguyn l tng t cng p dng cho cng trnh cu nh i vi bt k cng trnh xy dng tng
t khc (xem 9.5, mc 13 v Hnh 37).
Kt cu b tng ct thp v kt cu thp cn c ni t ph hp vi mc 13.
Khe gin v cc khe h khc c tnh lin tc v in nn c lin kt; cc ng dn nc, lan can, tay
vn, bin bo, ct n bng kim loi v cc b phn bng kim loi lin tc khc nn c ni vi ct
thp (xem 12.10.4).
i vi cu nhiu nhp cn m bo tnh lin tc v in gia cc kt cu bn trn. St nh vo nh
cu s gy ra dng in do st nh truyn xung t thng qua cc kt cu thp hn (xem mc 15).
Vi cc b phn ch to sn, nn c thm cc bn hoc cc n ngang ti mi u dng cho
mc ch lin kt. Ti chn cu thang trn cc cy cu dnh cho ngi i b, nn thc hin vic bao
ph cch in chng tip xc v nguy him do in p bc gy ra.
Cc tnh ton n gin ch ra rng hiu ng lan truyn st nhiu kh nng xy ra khi ng di cnh
ca cy cu hn l ng gia cc tr . Trong trng hp ny, nn p dng cc iu sau y:
a) Kt cu chiu sng, cc lan can, nn c gn vi ct thp. Trong trng hp ,
khng cn ni mt dy xung tch bit bn ngoi, nhng nu c dy xung nh vy th
nn ni vi ct thp ti cao cao nht c th c.
b) Trong cc vng c nguy him tim tng ni con ngi c kh nng t tp, nn t cc
bin cnh bo ch ra cc nguy him ca vic ng gn ra cu v cm che ging ln.
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K hiu
1. Mi kim loi s dng lm b phn thu st
2. Lin kt vi mi thp v ct thp ca mi ct b tng
3. Ct thp trong ct, s dng lm dy xung
4. Lin kt vi ct thp ni t
5. Cc ni t c bc b tng
6. Cc ni t mch vng lin kt cc cc ni t
Ghi ch: Cc kim loi lin tc hoc ni t cn ni vi cc ni t mch
vng
7. Ct chng st (xem Hnh 19)
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Ct thp
Lin kt vi
ct thp
b) Lin kt v ni t vi ct ca cu
btng ct thp
a) Lin kt v ni t vi
ct ca cu thp
Cc ni t dng thanh
Ct thp
Lin kt vi
ct thp
b) Lin kt v ni t vi ct ca cu
btng ct thp
Con ln
24
S n mn
24.1
Quy nh chung
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
24.2
Vic tip xc gia cc kim loi khc nhau c kh nng gy ra v lm tng nhanh s n mn, tr khi
cc b mt tip xc c gi hon ton kh v c bo v trnh khng cho hi m i vo.
S tip xc gia cc kim loi khc nhau c th tn ti nhng ni dy dn c c nh, hoc ta
vo cc b mt kim loi bn ngoi. S n mn cng c th tng ti ni nc chy qua mt kim loi ri
i vo trong tip xc vi kim loi khc. Nc chy ra t ng, hp kim ng v ch c th n mn cc
hp kim nhm v km. Kim loi ca h thng chng st nn tng thch vi cc kim loi c dng
bn ngoi trn bt k kt cu no m h thng i qua hoc c tip xc.
24.3
n mn ha hc ca ng
25
Lp dng kt cu
Trong qu trnh lp dng kt cu, tt c cc mng thp ln v nh ln nh cc khung thp, gin gio
v cn trc thp nn c ni t mt cch c hiu qu. T khi bt u tin hnh lp t h thng
chng st, cn duy tr vic ni t lin tc.
26
Dy in trn cao
Trong sut qu trnh xy dng ng dy in trn cao, thit b trn cao ca h thng cp in cho
phng tin chy trn ray, v.v, c th gim thiu nguy him ti con ngi bng cch lp t v kt
ni mt h thng ni t hon chnh trc khi bt k dy dn no ngoi dy dn ni t c ko ra.
Mt khi cc dy dn c ko ra v c cch in, khng nn th ni cc dy dn ny trong qu
trnh lp t, m nn ni t theo cch ging nh khi thc hin vic bo dng sau khi a ng dy
vo hot ng.
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27
Kim tra
Ton b h thng chng st nn c mt ngi c trnh chuyn mn thch hp kim tra k bng
mt thng trong sut qu trnh lp t, sau khi hon thnh v sau khi thay i hoc m rng, xc
nhn rng chng c lm tun th theo tiu chun ny. Vic kim tra nn c tin hnh nh k, tt
nht l khng qu 12 thng. i vi cc khu vc c iu kin kh hu khc nghit nn tng tn sut
kim tra.
Thm na, trng thi c hc ca tt c cc dy dn, lin kt, mi ni v cc in cc t (bao gm cc
in cc tham chiu) nn c kim tra v ghi chp li. Nu vi bt k l do no, nh do cc cng vic
khc ti cng trng tm thi khng th xem xt cc phn lp t c th th cng nn ghi chp li iu
.
Trong sut qu trnh xem xt nh k h thng chng st, vic ghp ni bt k b phn b sung no
mi nn c kim tra m bo rng n ph hp vi nhng quy nh ca tiu chun ny.
28
o c
Khi hon thnh qu trnh lp t hoc bt c chnh sa no, nn thc hin cc php o cch ly v kt
hp v/hoc cc kim tra sau y. Cc kt qu c ghi trong s theo di h thng chng st.
a) in tr ni t ca mi in cc t cc b vi t v b sung in tr ni t ca h
thng ni t hon chnh.
b) Mi in cc t cc b nn c o tch bit vi im kim tra gia dy xung v in
cc t trong v tr tch ri (php o cch ly).
c) Tin hnh o ti im o v tr ni (php o kt hp). Nu c bt k s khc bit ng
k trong cc php o lin quan ti cc v tr khc, nn iu tra nguyn nhn ca s khc
nhau ny.
d) Cc kt qu ca vic kim tra tt c cc dy dn, lp ghp v mi ni hoc tnh lin tc v
in o c.
Vic o c chi tit c th tham kho tiu chun BS 7430 hoc cc tiu chun quc t c lin quan.
Nu in tr ni t ca mt h thng chng st vt qu 10 th nn gim gi tr ny, ngoi tr cc
kt cu trn nh miu t trong 13.5. Nu in tr nh hn 10 nhng cao hn ng k so vi ln
kim tra trc, nn iu tra nguyn nhn v thc hin cc bin php khc phc cn thit.
Vic o kim tra nn c tin hnh nh k, tt nht khng qu 12 thng.
GHI CH 1: Vic chn mt chu k ngn hn 12 thng mt cht c th thun li thay i ma m php th
c thc hin.
GHI CH 2: Trc khi ngt vic ni t bo v st nh, nn o kim tra m bo rng kt ni b ngt, s
dng mt thit b kim tra in p nhy.
29
Lu tr h s
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30
Bo tr
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PH LC A
(tham kho)
cc tia st nh vt qu 200.000 A
10%
cc tia st nh vt qu 80.000 A
50%
cc tia st nh vt qu 28.000 A
90%
cc tia st nh vt qu 8.000 A
99%
cc tia st nh vt qu 3.000 A
max)
c cho l c
i max = 200 Ka
di
dt
A.2
= 200 kA/ s
in th
Trc khi hin tng phng in xy ra, in th ca khi cu tch in c th c tnh s b bng
cch gi thit in tch Q l 100 C v bn knh ca hnh cu tng ng vo khong 1 km. Do
in dung ca c khi vo khong 10-7 F. T cng thc Q = CV, in th tnh c s vo khong 109
V. iu ny c ngha in p ban u m my l trn 100 MV.
A.3
Cc hiu ng v in
Khi cng dng in b tiu hao qua in tr ca phn cc ni t ca h thng chng st, n s
to ra s tt in p khng v c th lm tng tc thi hiu in th vi t ca h thng chng st.
N cng c th to nn xung quanh cc ni t mt vng c chnh lch in th cao c th gy nguy
him cho ngi v ng vt. Tng t nh vy cng cn phi lu n in cm t cm ca h
thng chng st do on dc ng ca xung in do st gy ra.
tt in p do hin tng trn gy ra trong h thng chng st do s l tng s hc ca hai
thnh phn l in p cm ng v in p khng.
A.4
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Hiu ng nhit
Vic quan tm n hiu ng nhit ch gi gn trong vic tng nhit trong h thng dn st. Mc d
cng dng in cao nhng thi gian xy ra l rt ngn nn nh hng v nhit trong h thng
bo v l rt nh.
Ni chung, din tch ct ngang ca dy dn st c chn ch yu sao cho tho mn v bn c
kh, c ngha l n ln gi cho tng nhit trong khong 1oC. V d nh, vi dy dn ng
c tit din 50 mm2, mt c st nh 100kA vi thi gian l 100 s s gii phng t hn 400J trn 1m
dy dn, dn n tng nhit khong 1oC, Nu dy dn l thp th tng ny cng t hn 10oC.
A.6
Hiu ng c
Khi mt dng in c cng cao c tiu tn qua cc dy dn t song song gn nhau hoc dc
theo mt dy dn duy nht nhng c nhiu gp khc, n s gy ra cc lc c hc c ln ng k.
Do cc im gi h thng dy dn l rt cn thit (Xem Hnh A.1 v Bng A.1).
Bng A.1 Khong cch cc tr h thng dn st.
Cch b tr
500
1.000
Dy dn thng ng t 20m tr ln
500
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Dy dn dt
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PH LC B (tham kho)
Gii thch mt s iu khon ca tiu chun
B.1
Mng ni t v cc ni t
(mc 13 v mc 14)
B.1.1 Khi qut
Thng tin y v i tng ni t c trong tiu chun TCVN 4756.
B.1.2 Hiu ng lan truyn st v vng tim n in p bc ln cn v tr ni t
Nguy c lan truyn st trong cng trnh c h thng chng st v chnh lch in p trong vng t
xung quanh khu vc ni t ph thuc vo in tr ca t. Nguy c lan truyn st cn ph thuc vo
mt s yu t khc c cp A.4. Chnh lch in p khu vc ni t l hm ca in tr sut
ca t. Trong Hnh 19, c st c m phng xy ra trn mt h thng chng st. Dng st c
truyn xung t qua cc cc ni t, in p khu vc ni t tng ln v s chnh in p tc dng
ln cc lp t. C th lm gim s chnh lch in p ny bng cch ni vng cc cc ni t vi
nhau.
Chnh lch in p c th gy nguy him ti tnh mng ca con ngi nu nh n vt qua vi ngn
vn, ti ng vt nu nh vt qua vi trm vn. Do s chnh lch in p ny l hm ca tch dng
in st v in tr ni t ca cc ni t nn hin nhin l vic gim in tr ni t xung cng
thp cng tt tr nn ht sc quan trng. Thc t nn gii hn gi tr in tr ni t ln nht l 10
bo v cho ngi v ng vt, tuy nhin gi tr ny cng nh th cng tt. Mt bin php khc
khc phc chnh lch in p trn b mt t l chn su cc cc ni t vi mi cc su t nht l
1m, v bc lin kt gia dy xung v b phn ni t bng vt liu cch in chu in p nh thng
ti thiu 500kV nh polyethylene dy 5mm. Mi nguy c i vi con ngi trong cng trnh gim i
ng k nu nh c sn thay v nn bng t hay .
B.1.3 S dng cc ng ng k thut lm mng ni t
Khng c s dng cc ng ng dn nhin liu vo cng trnh lm mng ni t.
Cc ng ng k thut khc c th c s dng cho h thng chng st bn trong cng trnh vi
iu kin cc im ni phi kim sot d dng.
GHI CH: ng ng gas khng c s dng lm cc ni t (Hnh 28).
B.1.4 Mng ni t
V d v kch thc cc ni t trong t c in tr sut 100m nhit 10C thng thng to ra
in tr ni t ca mng ni t khong 10 nh sau:
-
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Cc cc ni t cn c chn su trong mt s trng hp nh c lp st nm di lp cui si.
Khng nn tin cy vo su mc nc ngm. Nc ngm, c bit trong lp si, c th b rt sch
v s khng c tc dng m bo cho in tr ni t thp cho h thng ni t.
in tr ni t gim khng ng k khi gim tit din ca cc m kch thc ln ca cc ni t cn
lm tng gi thnh h thng v gy kh cho thi cng.
V d v quan h gia ng knh cc ni t vi trng lng ca cc di 1,2m c k bng B.1
Bng B.1 Quan h ng knh v trng lng ca cc ni t
ng knh d (mm)
13
1,4
16
2,3
19
3,2
25
5,4
Bng B.1 ch ra rng trng lng ca cc 1,2m, ng knh 25mm th nng hn cc 1,2m ng knh
13mm ti 4 ln
i vi cng loi vt liu trong cng mt loi t th mt thanh cc 4,8m d=13mm hoc 4 cc 1,2m
d=13mm cho mt gi tr in tr vo khong 1/3 ca thanh 1,2m d=25mm
B.1.5 Trng hp c bit
Cn c s cn nhc c bit i vi cc trng hp sau:
Hng ro c s dng kim loi (xem 20.3.1);
Cy ci (xem mc 23);
Nh nng thn (xem 24.4)
Cng trnh trn (xem 13.5)
Nu cng trnh trn c chng st theo phng n c cp trong 13.5 v kim loi trong v
trn cng trnh c ni vi h thng chng st nh gii thiu 15.3 th s c c mc bo v
st thch hp cho ngi trong cng trnh. Tuy nhin c th nguy him cho con ngi ra vo cng trnh
khi c st v s chnh lch in p bn ngoi khi st truyn xung h thng chng st ca cng trnh.
Nu b mt ca t hoc c tnh cht dn in cao trong phm vi khong 30-50m ti cng trnh th
ni t c m t mc 14 c th c s dng v n c th c ni vi mng ni t mch vng.
Nguy c i vi ngi ra vo gim i mc d khng hon ton b loi b.
B.1.6 S dng mng b tng ct thp lm b phn ni t
Khi mng b tng ct thp c s dng lm b phn ni t th c th p dng cng thc tnh gn
ng nh sau:
R=
.1,57. V
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B.3
Cy v cng trnh gn cy
(Mc 21)
Mc 21 cp ti gii php chng st cho cy. H thng chng st c thit k bo v an ton
cho cy v gim in p bc nm trong vng chn ng dy dn st, cc ni t. ng di tn
cy khi c ging st l rt nguy him.
Khi b st nh, dng st lan truyn theo nhnh, cnh ti thn cy v c th gy hiu ng lan truyn
st sang cc hng mc cng trnh lin k. Cng phng in ca cy c th ly bng 250kV/m so
vi kh nng khng dng ca khng kh l 500V/m. Cc s liu ny l c s ca mc 21 quy nh
khong cch ti thiu gia cng trnh v cy.
Khi cng trnh qu gn cy, c nguy c lan truyn st t cy sang cng trnh khi c st th h thng
chng st ca cng trnh cn phi ph vng bo v ln c cy . Nu cy nm trong vng bo v ca
h thng chng st ca cng trnh th cng trnh c coi l an ton.
B.4
(Mc 23)
B.4.1 Lu tri nh
i vi lu tri nh tun th theo 23.1.1 c th s tn km. Mc d vy, trong vng nhiu st th nn c
bin php chng st. C th l:
a) chng st cho lu tri nh c th s dng mt hoc hai cn kim loi (dng ng lng n
ten) pha bn ngoi lu, b tr sao cho lu nm trong phm vi c bo v nh 9.2.
Chn ca cc cn kim loi cn c ni vi cc chng ni t t xa lu v cm vo t
m. Thm na c th s dng mt dy kim loi trn t trn mt t xung quanh lu v
ni ti chn ca mi cn kim loi.
b) Trong trng hp lu trong khung kim loi th khung lm vic nh l mt dy dn st.
Khung phi c ni xung t nh hng dn phn a) hai u ca lu.
c) Khi c ging st, i vi lu khng c chng st, th cn phi tm cch loi b in p
bc tc dng ln c th ngi. C th thc hin iu bng cch nm ln trn mt vt
kim loi t trc tip trn t. Nu khng c iu kin nh vy th c th ngi b gi trn
mt t v trnh tip xc vi lu v vi ngi khc.
B.4.2 Sn vn ng
Khi ct n cao b st nh, dng in st truyn xung nn qua chn ct v c th c lng
chnh in p ca t nn t gi thit rng cc lp ng th di nn phn b dng cc bn cu.
Do vi dng trung bnh khong 30kA v in tr sut ca t 103 .m, chnh in p ca t
nn s vo khong 50 kV/m trong khong 10m t chn ct v n thay i t l nghch vi khong cch
v din tch (Hnh 19, Hnh 36).
Vi gi thit , i vi ngi gradient in p khng c vt qu 10kV/m tng ng vi khong
cch 22m t chn ct. S dng mt cc ni t thch hp di hnh thc mt li trn bn knh 10m
c th lm gim ng sut in p xung quanh ct. Thm na c th chng li in p bc bng cch
bc tm cch in bng PVC di lp asphan. trnh tip xc trc tip vi chn ct c th sn ph
keo epoxy dy 5mm t chn ct ti cao 3m.
Lu trnh vic tng nhit qu mc gii hn di tc dng ca bc x mt tri s lm gim gi tr
ca lp bo v.
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B.5
(11.2.4)
Phng php hnh cu ln c m t mc ny c th c s dng nhn bit cc phn khng
c bo v st nh ca cng trnh cao nhiu m un phc tp. Phng php ny da trn nguyn
l qu trnh tip xc ca u tch in st ti cng trnh.
Trc khi xy ra st, u tch in st hng xung t (hnh thnh trn cc m my dng) v cch
nhnh tch in ca n h thp dn. Khi u tch in st h xung th xy ra qu trnh tch in ngc
du trn mt t (cng hnh thnh u tch in st hng ln trn) v to ra trng in gia hai
mng tch in tri du. Cng ca trng in ny tng dn ti khi ln th u tch in hng
ln pha di phng ln trn gp u tch in st hng xung phng xung di v to thnh
tia st.
Do tia st s nh trn mt t hoc trn cng trnh ti ni m u tch in hng ln c phng
i v do cc u tch in hng ln c phng ln ti cc im c cng in trng cao
nht v c th phng thng ln trn tri m khng b cn nn chng c th phng theo bt c hng
no gp u tch in st t my phng xung. Mt v d cho hnh nh ny l st vn nh vo mt
bn ca cng trnh cao mc d thng thng n khng nh vo phn cng trnh nm di gc 45
ca hnh cn t im bo v cao nht ca cng trnh.
Cc im c cng in trng mnh nht trn t hoc cng trnh thng l khu vc gn nht vi
u tch in hng ln trc khi n phng ln. Cc im c khong cch bng nhau t im cui ca
cc u tch in u c cng nguy c b st nh cn cc im xa hn s t b nguy c st nh hn.
Do cc im trn b mt ca hnh cu tng tng c tm nm u tch in hng ln trc khi
xy ra st l cc v tr m u tch in hng ln c th phng in ln (xem Hnh B.1). Do u tch
in ca my dng c th phng xung bt c hng no nn tt c cc v tr m u tch in ca
my dng c th tip cn c c th m phng bng cch ln mt hnh cu tng tng c bn knh
bng chiu di ca bc cui (last step length), xung quanh cng trnh v thng xung mt t. Khi n
tip xc vi cng trnh c th to ra c st nh v nhng v tr hay b mt nh vy cn phi c b
phn thu st nh m t mc 11. Tuy nhin nu cc b phn ca cng trnh khng c cc im
gc nhn hay vt nh ra th b phn thu st hin hu c th chp nhn c. Nu c cc im gc
nhn hay vt nh ra th cn xem xt b sung thm b phn thu st.
Cng trnh cao c hnh dng n gin c th c chng st nh m t Hnh 22 nhng i vi cng
trnh phc tp cn p dng phng php hnh cu ln ny. Phng php ny cng c th p dng cho
cc cng trnh c b phn thu st t trn cng trnh hoc c cc b phn thu st treo pha trn.
Phng php ny cng c th s dng xc nh vng c bo v st ca bt c mt thit k h
thng chng st no.
Nhn chung kch thc cu cng nh th kh nng bo v chng st cng tt hn nhng s tn km
khi xy lp h thng. C cu c khuyn ngh c bn knh t 20-60m. Thng thng nn s dng
cu c bn knh 60m. Cn cu c bn knh 20m ch nn dng cho cc cng trnh c nguy c chy cao.
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Cc nhn
Mt bng
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PH LC C
(tham kho)
Hng dn chung i vi vic chng st cho thit b in trong v trn cng trnh
C.1
C.2
ng dng ca ph lc ny
Thng tin c bn lin quan ti cc kha cnh chng st c cho C.8, C.9
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Mt phn nh dng
st nh s truyn
xung cc ng hoc
dy cp bn cnh
Ct nh cao
nh
xung t
ng truyn d
liu, in thoi
ng khi
St nh s truyn dng
in ti cc cng trnh
khc hoc xung t
C.3
C.3.1 Mc ri ro
Trc khi thit k h thng chng st cho thit b, cn lu ti h thng chng st c bn cho cng
trnh. Thng tin C.4, C.5 gip cho vic quyt nh c cn phi bo v thit b in hay khng.
C.3.2 Chng st ca bn thn cng trnh
Khi cn nhc cc phng n phng chng st cho thit b in ca cng trnh th cn xem liu cng
trnh c chng st hoc s c chng st theo tiu chun ny cha.
Loi cng trnh c kh nng chng st l tng l cng trnh c vch bao che bng kim loi cho tt c
cc bc tng v mi, n to ra mi trng dng "phng c che chn" cho cc thit b in. Nu
nh tt c cc vch bao che v lp ph mi lin kt vi nhau mt cch tha ng th dng st nh t
bt c ch no ca cng trnh s c truyn xung t dng "tm truyn in" trn b mt cng trnh
v xung b phn ni t. Cc cng trnh kt cu thp hoc b tng ct thp c vch bao che kim loi
l cc cng trnh thuc dng ny v nh vy ch cn ch n vic bo v cc ng cp ngun cp
vo cng trnh (Hnh C.2).Cn lu t c khng tr thp t lin kt gia b phn ni t ca h
thng chng st vi cc h thng ng ng khc. Nn p dng phng php i ng cp in vo
nh minh ha Hnh 28 c km theo cc b phn chn xung nu kt qu tnh ton cho thy cn phi
c cc b phn ny.
Cng trnh xy dng bng b tng ct thp hoc bng khung thp khng c vch bao che kim loi th
dng st c th truyn bn trong cc ct. Hng dn i vi ni lp t my tnh v h thng dy dn
c cho C.7.2.
Nu nh vt liu xy dng cng trnh ch yu l kim loi th c th xp cng trnh c nguy c cao (xem
mc 18) v b tr h thng chng st tng cng (xem C.7.1).
Nhn chung cn lp t cc thit b chng qu p cng gn ti cc im kt ni ra/ vo cng trnh cng
tt.
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Thit
in
Bo v bn trong l
Ngun
Thit
in
Thit
in
Nn bo v qu dng
c hai u trong trng
hp phi m bo tht
tt vic truyn d liu
ng kt ni d liu
Ngun
Ngun
St nh
Mt ct A-A
81
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Chiu
cao
mch 2m
2) 0,02 H/m
3) 0,03 H/m
4) 0,04 H/m
5) 0,05 H/m
6) 0,07 H/m
7) 0,08 H/m
GHI CH 2. Cc ng ni t bn trong (A, B v C) ch ti tng ng 3,1%, 2,3% v 3,1% tng
cng st
GHI CH 3. in cm tng h i vi mch trn mt phng ng c c bng cch tr gi tr
in cm truyn dn ti v tr ca mt chn t gi tr ti v tr khc (b qua cc du m trong kt qu).
in cm truyn ti dy trn ct tnh bng 0.
V d:
i vi vng cao 2m nh trn hnh v v tng dng st nh
di
l 50 kA/s:
dt
di
= (0,015 x 10-6) x (2,0) x (5x1010) = 1 500 V
dt
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
nh gi mc ri ro
83
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Ae = din tch cng trnh + din tch thu st ca vng t xung quanh + din tch thu st ca cc cng
trnh lin hp lin k + din tch thu st hu dng ca cc ng ngun cp + din tch thu st hu
dng ca ng truyn d liu sang cng trnh lin quan.
C.4.2.2 Din tch cng trnh
L din tch mt bng ca cng trnh.
C.4.2.3 Din tch thu st ca vng t xung quanh
St nh xung t hoc cng trnh gy ra ti khu vc t cng trnh mt in p cao. Bt c ng
trc hay ng d liu i vo khu vc in p cao u l i tng ca hin tng qu in p.
nh hng ca mt c st nh xung t b tt dn khi khong cch gia chu vi ca cng trnh v
im nh tng ln. Vt qu mt khong cch nht nh th nh hng ca c st nh ti cng trnh
c coi l khng ng k. y l khong cch la chn D, m. Vi loi t c in tr sut 100.m
khong cch D c th ly bng 100m. Vi loi t c gi tr in tr sut khc th gi tr D c th ly
ng bng gi tr in tr sut cho ti gi tr maximum l 500m cho t c gi tr 500.m hoc hn
na.
Din tch thu st ca t xung quanh l din tch c ng c s l vin chu vi cng trnh v khong
cch D. Khi m chiu cao cng trnh vt qu gi tr D th ly chiu cao cng trnh lm gi tr tnh.
C.4.2.4 Din tch thu st ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k
Din tch thu st ca cng trnh lin hp lin k l ni c s kt ni in trc tip hoc khng trc tip
ti thit b in hoc in t t cng trnh chnh th c tnh vo.
Ly v d cy ct chiu sng t ngoi nh c cp in t nh chnh. Nh khc c trm my tnh
u cui, thit b iu khin v thp truyn.
Ti cng trng c mt vi ngi nh c h thng dy ni v khong cch khng ln hn 2D, din tch
thu st ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k l din tch gia chu vi ca cc cng trnh lin hp lin k v
ng nh dng bng khong cch D t chng. Bt c vng no nm trong din tch thu st ca cng
trnh chnh th u khng tnh (xem v d 1 trong C.6).
C.4.2.5 Din tch thu st hu dng ca cc ng ngun cp
Din tch thu st hu dng lin quan ti cc ng ngun cp k trong bng C.1.
Tt c cc ng cp vo ra (ti cc cng trnh khc, cc thp chiu sng, thit b xa, ..) c xem
xt mt cch ring bit v din tch thu st c cng t cc phn ring .
Bng C.1 Din tch thu st hu dng ca cc ng ngun cp
Loi ngun cp
10 x D x L
4xDxL
Cp thp p i ngm
2xDxL
0,1 x D x L
GHI CH 1: D l khong cch la chn (m) xem C.4.2.3. Vic s dng h thay cho D nh gii thch C.4.2.3
khng p dng
GHI CH 2: L l chiu di ca cp ng lc vi di ti a 1000m. Ni no gi tr L khng xc nh th c th
ly gi tr 1000m tnh ton.
C.4.2.6 Din tch thu st ca ng truyn d liu sang cng trnh lin quan
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Din tch thu st lin quan vi cc loi cp d liu c k trong bng C.2.
Nu c nhiu hn 1 ng cp th c th coi l tnh n l ri cng li. Trong trng hp cp a li th
tng cp c th c coi l n v khng ging nh l tng vng.
10xDxL
ng tn hiu i ngm
2xDxL
GHI CH 1: D l khong cch la chn (m) xem C.4.2.3. Vic s dng h thay cho D nh gii thch C.4.2.3
khng p dng
GHI CH 2: L l chiu di ca cp ng lc vi di ti a 1000m. Ni no gi tr L khng xc nh th c th
ly gi tr 1000m tnh ton.
C.4.2.7 nh gi kh nng st nh
S lng st c th nh trn mt din tch thu st c nh ngha mi nm, , theo cng thc sau:
p = Ae * N g * 10 6
trong
Gi tr F
1,2
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TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Bng C.4 H s hiu chnh G (h s mc cch ly)
Loi bao bc
Gi tr G
0,4
1,0
Gi tr H
ng bng
0,3
1,0
Ni t 300 n 900m
1,3
Ni trn 900m
1,7
C.5
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Ch s hu qu
Mc phi trn
R<0,005
R=0,005 0,0499
R=0,05 0,499
R>0,5
Khng ng k
Khng ng k
Thp
Trung bnh
Khng ng k
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
Cao
Trung bnh
Cao
Cao
Cao
GHI CH: tiu ch mc phi trn trong bng C.7 c da trn nh gi nguy c st.
C.6
V d tnh ton
V d 1
Mt tr s my tnh ca cng ty thng mi vng Thanh Tr H Ni cao 15m, di 100m, rng 60m.
Ta lc vng ng bng, xung quanh bao bc bi cc cng trnh v cy ci c cao tng t.
ng cp chnh di 250m i di t v tt c cc ng cp vi tnh l bng cp quang khng bc
kim. Mt ng cp cp in t ta nh chnh ra ct n cao 7m, cch cng trnh 100m.
xc nh s bo v cn thit, tnh h s ri ro nh sau:
a) lng st trn 1 km2 mi nm:
Trn c s bn mt st cho Hnh 2 v cc khuyn co ti 7.2, i vi vng Thanh Tr H Ni
mt st trn 1 km2 mi nm c ly bng 10,9 (Ng=10,9).
b) din tch thu st
- din tch cng trnh:
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TCXDVN 46 : 2007
=100*60 = 6000 m2
- din tch thu st ca t xung quanh cng trnh (Hnh C.5, phng trnh (1))
= 2(100*100)+1(100*60)+(*1002)
= 63416 m2
GHI CH: Gi thit khong cch D ca din tch thu st bng 100m.
= 6000+63416+15708+70000+0
= 155000 m2
c) xc sut xy ra st nh
- xc sut xy ra st nh trn din tch thu st hu dng c cho bi phng trnh:
p = Ae*Ng*10-6
= 155000*10,9*10-6
= 1,69
d) Ri ro
Ri ro xy ra qu p cm ng cho bi cc trng hp sau:
i vi ton b din tch
R=F*G*H*p
= 1*1*0,3*1,69
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= 0,507
gi tr R=0,507 ch ra rng hin tng qu p cm ng xy ra hai nm mt ln.
i vi din tch lin quan ti ng cp vo cng trnh
Ng = 10,9
din tch thu st
= 6000+63416+15708+50000
= 135000 m2
xc sut xy ra st tnh theo biu thc
= 135000*10,9*10-6
= 1,47
ri ro
= 1*1*0,3*1,47
= 0,44
theo bng C.6 cng trnh c ch s hu qu bng 2. Cn c theo bng C.7 c th suy ra rng cn s
dng thit b bo v qu p ph hp vi mi trng h c nguy c trung bnh.
i vi din tch lin quan ti cc ng cp ti ct n chiu sng
Ng = 10,9
din tch thu st
= 6000+63416+15708+20000
= 105000 m2
xc sut xy ra st tnh theo biu thc
= 135000*10,9*10-6
= 1,47
ri ro
= 1*1*0,3*1,47
= 0,44
theo bng C.6 v bng C.7 c th suy ra rng cn s dng thit b bo v qu p ph hp vi mi
trng h c nguy c trung bnh.
V d 2
Mt nh iu khin h thng x l nc thi ti vng Khnh Ho gn b bin c cc thng s hnh hc
cao di rng ln lt l 6m*10m*10m. Ta lc trn vng i, cng trnh c bo v theo tiu chun
ny. ng cp in chnh di 250m i pha trn cao, ng dy in thoi i trn cao, khng r chiu
di.
xc nh s bo v cn thit, tnh h s ri ro nh sau:
a) lng st trn 1 km2 mi nm:
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i vi vng Khnh Ho gn b bin mt st trn km2 mi nm c ly trn bn Hnh 2 v
khuyn co 7.2 l 3,4 (Ng=3,4).
b) din tch thu st
- din tch cng trnh
=10*10
= 100 m2
- din tch thu st t xung quanh cng trnh (Hnh C.5, phng trnh (1))
= 2(100*10)+2(100*10)+(
*1002)
= 35 416 m2
GHI CH: tng khong cch D c gi thit l 100m.
= 100+35416+0+250000+1000000
= 1,2855*106 m2
= 100+35416+0+250000
= 285,5*103 m2
= 100+35416+0+1000000
= 1,0355*106 m2
c) xc sut xy ra st nh
Xc sut xy ra st nh trn tng din tch thu st hu dng c cho bi phng trnh:
ps = Ae*Ng*10-6
= 1,2855.106*3,4*10-6
= 4,37
Xc sut xy ra st nh trn din tch thu st hiu qu lin quan ng cp chnh c cho bi
phng trnh:
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pm = Aem*Ng*10-6
= 0,2855 *106 * 3,4 * 10-6
= 0,97
Xc sut xy ra st nh trn din tch thu st hu dng lin quan ng in thoi c cho bi
phng trnh:
p = Aet*Ng*10-6
= 1,0355 * 106 * 3,4 * 10-6
= 3,52
d) Ri ro
Ri ro xy ra qu p cm ng cho bi cc trng hp sau:
i vi ton b din tch
R=F*G*H*p
= 1*2*1*4,37
= 8,74
gi tr R=8,74 ch ra rng hin tng qu p cm ng xy ra chu k trung bnh c mi 1,4 thng mt
ln.
i vi din tch lin quan ti ng cp chnh i vo
R=F*G*H*pm
= 1*2*1*0,97
= 1,94
Theo bng C.6 cng trnh c th c cn nhc p dng ch s tn hi bng 3 khi m xy ra s ph
hy h thng cp nc ca th trn.
Theo bng C.7, c th suy ra cn s dng thit b bo v qu p cho mi trng h c nguy c cao.
i vi din tch lin quan ti ng in thoi
R=F*G*H*pt
= 1*2*1*3,52
= 7,04
Theo bng C.6 v C.7, c th suy ra cn s dng thit b bo v qu p cho mi trng h c nguy c
cao.
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ng cp in
chnh di 250m
Trung
tm
my tnh
ng cp in
chnh di 100m
Hnh C.5 Din tch thu st cho cng trnh v cc hng mc lin k
C.7
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Thp pht
tn hiu
Dn sng
ng
nc
Rnh
cp
Mng li ni t
ca cng trnh
Mng li ni
t ca thp
Dy cp truyn hnh (nu
cn thit th b tr trong ng
dn kim loi)
Cp in (nu cn thit th b tr trong
ng dn kim loi)
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Cc ni t
mch vng
Cc thanh
thp
Cc
mi hn
Cc thanh thp
ng kim loi
Hn
Cp
trc
ng
Lin kt vi
v st
ng kim loi
B cp bc v st
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
cng trnh khung kim loi thng thng cc thit b in t c th lp gia cng trnh, khng nn
tng nc, nhng cng c th lp st tng ngoi v gc nh. i vi cng trnh bng vt liu khng
dn in vi mt h thng chng st th cng l tng t. Trong cng trnh xy bng cc vt liu khng
dn in nh trong nh c lp t h thng in t th cng cn lu v nh trnh lp t nhng v
tr cc kt cu cao nh ng khi, hoc ni st vi ng truyn st xung.
C.7.2.2 V tr cp gia cc hng mc ca h thng in t trong nh
Hnh C.8 v Hnh C.9 minh ha xut nguyn tc i dy bn trong. Trong trng hp khu vc t
my tnh, h thng i dy nm trong cng trnh c kim sot chng st th khng phi l vn
nghim trng nhng d sao th vn tt hn nu tun theo cc yu cu cho nh c khung kim loi. Nn
trnh cc vng kn rng gia cc ngun cp chnh v dy lp t in t.
Nn i dy cp ngun v cp ca thit b in t cnh nhau gim thiu cc khu vc to ra vng kn.
N c th thc hin d dng bng cch s dng cc ng bao dy cho mi loi. Hnh C.9 ni t li
c s dng cc b trn cc sn v im ni t chung cho ton b. y l h thng ni t hn
hp.
H thng i dy cho thit b in t khng c lp cng h vi ng ni chng st. i dy c th
trn sn v nn trnh cc vng trn tng ng. i dy trc ng nn theo nh Hnh C.9. B tr nh
Hnh C.9 c th s dng cho thit b t theo chiu ngang trong nh di.
i vi cng trnh xy dng bng vt liu khng dn in, b tr dy c m t mc ph ny l cn
thit gim thiu cc nguy c lm h hi thit b, hng cc d liu. Ni no m vic i dy khng th
p dng nguyn tc nh mc ph ny th nn tm kim li khuyn ca chuyn gia.
C.7.3 Bo v ng cp i t ngi nh ny sang ngi nh khc
Ni m ng cp i gia cc ngi nh tch bit hoc gia cc n nguyn ca chng m khng c
cc hnh lang ni th cn c bit ch bo v.
Nu c th, ng cp quang c th c s dng cch ly hon ton cc mch in t t nh ny
ti nh khc. y l gii php hu hiu nht cho ng truyn a knh hon ton c lp khi cc vn
nhim t, khng ch c st. Mc du vy khng nn s dng ng cp quang vi lp bc kim loi
hoc dy dn bn trong.
Ni m khng chn dy cp quang truyn m s dng cc loi dy khc nh l dy ng trc, dy
i li th cn ch pht hin nhng h hi dc theo tuyn. h thng ni t ca cng trnh c th ni
s dng ng bc cp, ng i dy i cng nhiu loi cp. Ni m c nhiu ng dy i song
song th tt nht l in p gia chng cng chnh t cng tt. thm na ng ni t c th ni gia
cng trnh vi cng trnh.
Ni cp ng trc c lp t gia cc cng trnh th lp v ca n c th c ni vi h thng ni
t ca cng trnh ti v tr vo/ra ca ngi nh.
Trong mt s loi cp ng trc hoc h thng chn, c th ch cn ni cp xung t ti mt im.
Nu cn thit cn b tr cc thit b bo v qu p thch hp.
Ni ch c mt hoc mt s lng nh cp i t cng trnh ny sang cng trnh khc, nh trng hp
ng d liu, ng in thoi, v ni khng dng ng cp quang, cn lp thit b chn qu p
tiu dng in st xung t, v d dng thit b dng ng kh hoc kp bn dn ch cho dng c in
p thch hp tng ng vi in p lm vic ca thit b i qua. Mt h thng c trng cho vic ni
t thit b chng qu p c minh ha trn Hnh C.10.
C th kt hp gia cc phng php trnh by mc ny, v d dng thit b bo v i vi cc
ng tn hiu v thit b kt hp vi vic bc ni cc ng cp gi mi trng ngng in p
cho php. Tr trng hp ng cp quang qu di, bn thn thit b khng tr cao khng m bo
95
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
tr phi chng c th chu c in p trn 100kV do s chnh lch in th ln gia cc cng trnh
khng c bo v do dng st truyn di t t mt trong cc cng trnh .
Tt c mi v vch
bao che kim loi
c lin kt
V kim loi
ng
in
Thit b 1
Thit b 1
Thit b 2
Thit b 2
Vng kn
t cm
(a) H thng cha c bo v
Thit b 1
Thit b 2
ng
d liu
ng
in
Thit b 1
Thit b 2
96
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
ng dn cp kim loi kt ni
vi t
:Lin kt ni b gia im ni
t h thng v mng cp
Sn
Gi ca h
thng lin kt vi
mt ng th ca
Mt ng th
ca h thng
Khuyn co ni li
cp vo gi
Cch ly gia mt ng th
ca h thng v kt cu
Ghi ch 1: C th p dng nguyn tc gim din tch mch vng i vi thit b nm bn ngoi. Tt c
cc lin kt nm trong mt mng cp gim din tch mch vng nh c) ca Hnh C.8
Ghi ch 2: XXXX minh ho ct thp hoc cc b phn xy dng bng kim loi trong sn
Hnh C.9- H thng ni t phc hp c p dng cho thit b trong nh nhiu tng
97
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Chn qu dng
Thit b in
u vo
im in p
0
T cm
Thit b in
u vo
im in p
0
b) Khuyn ngh cho vic lp chn qu dng
Ghi ch: Xung c gim thiu bng cch ni dy trung tnh xung im ni t B' bng ng thng
c tnh v hiu ng ca st
98
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Mc vt %
200
30
50
10
99
Cc thng s khc ca xung st l rt quan trng trong vic nh gi cc kha cnh gy nguy hi ca
st song gi tr cc tr ca dng st di/dt l mt trong cc nguyn tc nh gi in p khng v trong
khong thi gian xung l du hiu ch s nng lng sm. minh ha dng st m nh xung t xem
Hnh C.15.
Cm ng st c th gy ra hai hiu ng ln thit b in t. Ph bin l thit b b ph hoi bi 1 c st
n. Hiu ng th hai l cc phn mm b ph hy bi cc xung ng ca st. T hp ca cc c st
t c u ti cc c nh lp li xy ra trong vng 1-2 giy l vn ng phi cn nhc i vi s
hot ng ca my tnh tr phi cc php kim sot c s dng loi b cc kt qu ca my tnh
trong thi gian vi giy .
C.8.2
im st nh
Cp
nh bnh cha s l
(nhn ngang) nh ln
trn cc cng trnh khc
a) Cm bin v cp h trn l s l
Cp h trn nh
mi
b) Cp h trn mi
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
u cm bin
Cp trong ng
dn kim loi
B phn thu st (v
d tay vn) pha trn
u cm bin
Kim loi bo v cp
c ni t
Dy cp
a) Cm bin v cp h trn l x l
b) Cp h trn mi
Lin kt ct mi
Mi
Bnh cha
Dn n h thng
iu khin
100
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Mng cp
Cp bn trong c dng
in khng ng k
Dng in trung bnh truyn
trong cp do c s bo v ca
mng cp
Mng cp
Thang ngoi
Mt ct A-A
Hnh C.14- V tr cc dng st cao, trung bnh, thp c th truyn xung qua cc ng cp ca
l phn ng
di
dt
Dng in st
dc ln nht =
Thi gian
Ghi ch: Sau c st nh ban u c th c nhiu xung in cng thp hn v thi gian ngn
hn gi l cc xung th cp hoc xung lp
101
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Mt bng
Mt ng
St cm ng v nguyn tc chng
102
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
C.9.1 in p cm khng
Khi cng trnh b st nh th dng in i xung t pht trin di in p rng gia cc b phn ca
cng trnh, cc cu kin kim loi v h thng chng st v phn t pha ln cn cng trnh. Di in
p ny chnh l nguyn nhn sinh ra dng in chy trong cc ng cp dn bn ngoi cng trnh ti
vng t lin k. in p c sinh ra l in p cm khng s cp nhng phn tng ln nhanh
chng dng sng st hiu ng truyn dn xy ra mt phm vi hp hn.
Bt c dng in no chy trong ng cp v phn bc u l kt qu ca in p cm khng c
xng qua dy ni ti thit b in t vi in p chung v lin mch.
Trong di xung st th phn cha nhiu nng lng nht l phn xung vi tn ti 100kHz, in tr ca
t v li cp, phn bao bc nh l cc in tr sinh ra cc in p cm khng dng sng.
C.9.2 in p cm ng
Dng st chy trong dy dn st hoc trong cc knh dn vng cung sinh ra mt t trng thay i
theo thi gian vi khong cch n 100m ty thuc vo cng dng st. Trng in t ny sinh
ra hai hiu ng:
a) mt dng t cm in t L trong ng dy (v d dy loi ng knh 2mm L=1H/m);
b) mt vng tng h ngc chiu trong dy dn (cm dn = MT) hoc vng kn ring bit
(cm tng h);
Trong trng hp in p sinh ra t l thun vi di/dt ring phn bi L, MT, M (hnh C.17). i vi dy
dn n th mnh ca trng l t l nghch vi khong cch ca vt dn. i vi trng hp phc
tp th tnh cc gi tr L, MT hay M. V d dng st i qua dy dn xung cc chn ni t nh minh
ha hnh C.4. iu ny rt quan trng i vi vic tnh n dng t cm ca t ti thit b v cc
thit b ngn nga qu in p v mn li ni t kiu ui ln.
in cm truyn
trong mch: MT
in cm tng h
trong mch: M
Hnh C.17- in cm
C.9.3 Xng dng t st nh trc tip
Cc c st nh trc tip ti ng dy in hoc h thng in cng nh cc u sensor hoc tip
khng (hnh C.11) c th xng dng gy ph hy. y l nguy c cn phi c tnh n vi vic dy
dn i bn ngoi c chiu di ln. Vic i dy trong cc ng bo h s lm hn ch ng k tc hi.
in p rt cao ca s xng in gy ph hoi cc b phn khc ca h thng, nh tia la in. l
103
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
mt phn lin quan ti cc b phn nh ra ngoi cng trnh. B tr chng hp l th trnh c tc hi
(xem C.7.4).
C.9.4 Ni trng in
mnh ca trng phi c tnh n trn ton b din tch st nh trc khi hnh thnh c nh
khi m gi tr ca chng t ti ngng ngn c ca khng kh (xp x 500kV/m).
S hnh thnh gii thot im thay i trng xp x 500kV/m.s c th xy ra. Hiu ng ca mi s
thay i trng l khng n gin khi bo v chng chng li hiu ng dn v cm st.
C.9.5 in p do xung in t t st (LEMP) gy ra
Xung in t t st (LEMP) c sinh ra lin quan ti hin tng in t khc gi l xung in t
nguyn t (NEMP). C hai im khc nhau quan trng trong di v cng ca hai hiu ng sinh ra,
t NEMP sinh ra xung tng nhanh hn nhiu (thi gian tng khong 10ns) vi bin t qung v
NEMP ch nh hng ti vi h thng xung phng x. So vi st th xung ny v cng nh. St nh
xung cng trnh hay t gn thc ra khng sinh ra xung in t t st nhng to ra v nguyn tc
mt cp t trng t gn nhau v sinh ra in p t cm (v in p cm khng) nh m t
C.9.1 v C.9.2
Cc xung trng in cm ng st trong cng trnh c cha thit b in t thng l khng ng k.
Trong trng hp hn hu cc ng dy bn ngoi c th b h hi tr phi chng c ni lin mch
hoc c che chn st.
Ni chung tc dng xu nht ca xung in t t st c phng nga bng cch p dng cc bin
php chng st nh trc tip. St nh trc tip sinh ra xung sc mnh hn l xung in t t st v
bo v chng st nh trc tip vn l quan trng nht, bo v chng xung in t t st ch l th
yu.
C.9.6 Mc khng ch xung (TCL)/ nguyn tc gii hn xung thit k ca thit b (ETDL)
i vi s hot ng ca thit b in t th mi trng xung quanh lu di hay tm thi u c thit
k h thng bo v va an ton v kinh t, ng thi c ni t.
Tiu ch ngn xung dng hay xung in p c a vo khi th h thng. y l mc xung ln nht
cho php h thng vn hot ng, khng b h hi (gi l gii hn xung thit k ca thit b ETDL).
Trng hp st gi tr ny l N vn ca xung m khng gy ph hy thit b. gii hn xung thit k ca
thit b bng N vn. Khi lp t thit b th cn chc chn rng xung trong h thng ti thit b l P vn
khng cao hn gi tr N vn ca thit b. (cho php s dng h s iu chnh trong tnh ton). P vn gi
l mc khng ch xung, cn hiu N-P vn gi l phn l an ton.
xc nh mt thit b bo v chng xung qu in p cn kim sot in p xung trong vng mc
khng ch n l in p cho i qua vi mc xp x mc thit lp. Khi lp thit b th phi m bo
mc khng ch xung ca thit b phi ph hp, thit b c an ton trong h thng, ng thi lu
ni ni t cho thit b.
Mt khc cn lu ngn nga in p cm khng, t cm ng k trong bn thn thit b.
C.9.7 Cc nguyn tc bo v
Cc ni dung C.9.1, C.9.2, C.9.3, C.9.4 v C.9.5 cp c ch pht sinh dng in t st. Ngoi tr
trng hpanten, thit b c bo v chng li in p cm khng, t cm ca st hoc tc dng ti
cng trnh s c bo v khi trng in v xung st.
Vic dng st xng vo thit b phi c ngn nga bi n l nguyn nhn s ph hoi nghim trng
(C.7.4).
104
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
= R*I
= 59*10-3*1*103
= 59V
105
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
C.11 V d tnh ton vic bo v li trong ca cp ng trc
Ly v d vi 20m cp bc c ni hai u. 10% cng dng st i qua cp v bc cp c in
tr l 5/km.
i vi c st 200kA th in p sinh ra c tnh:
V
= R*I
= 0,1*200*103*0,1
= 2000V
= R*I
= 0,1*20*103*0,1
= 200V
= R*I
= 0,1*200*103*0,1*0,1
= 200V
= R*I
= 0,1*200*103*0,1*0,1
= 20V
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
= 0,3
in p cm ng chung:
V
= R*I
= 0,3*400
= 120V
= R*I
= 0,3*100
= 30V
trn u ti i ra;
C.13.1.3.2 Loi v tr B
Thit b bo v chng xung c lp t cc v tr nh sau y th thuc loi B:
-
trn h thng phn phi, gia bn ph ti t bng phn phi chnh ti v pha cp ti cc u
ni, cm;
trong thit b
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
C.13.1.3.3 Loi v tr A
Thit b bo v c lp pha ph ti t cu ch, cm vi khong cch ni trn 20m so vi loi C.
C.13.2 mnh xoay chiu i din cho thit b qu in p th nghim
Mc xp x ca php th c cho trong cc bng C.8, C.9, C.10 cho cc loi v tr khc nhau v mc
th ca thit b bo v chng qu p trong php th.
Bng C.8 Loi v tr A (trc)
Mc th
in p (kV)
Dng (A)
Thp
166,7
Trung bnh
333,3
Cao
500
in p (kV)
Dng (kA)
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
in p (kV)
Dng (A)
Thp
Trung bnh
10
Cao
20
10
C.13.3 Th thit b bo v qu in p
My pht th cho loi v tr B v C l my pht xoay chiu lin hp, c th pht c in p 1,2/50s
v dng xoay chiu 8/20s. i vi loi v tr A, mt b ngn khng cm ng u ra c lp gii
hn dng gi tr hp l. Dng ngn s khng nh hn 8/20s.
Phng php th i vi thit b chng qu p c cp mc 23 ca UL 1449 : 1985.
C.13.4 Cng xoay chiu i din cho ngng th ng d liu
Mc th hp l c la chn theo bng C.11 cho th v thit b c chn.
108
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Th xng qua in p
kA
in p (kV)
Dng (A)
Thp
2,5
1,5
37,5
Trung bnh
75
Cao
10
125
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
- tr khng trn mch;
- in dung phn nhnh;
- rng di tn;
- t s sng in p;
- h s phn x;
C.13.7 My pht sng hn hp
C.13.7.1 Gii thiu chung
S n gin ca my pht minh ha hnh C.18
Gi tr cc thnh phn vi phn Rs1, Rs2, Rm, Lr, v Cc c xc nh khi my pht mang mt xung in
p 1,2/50 s, v mt xung dng 8/20s ti mch ngn, ngha l my c tr khng hiu qu l 2.
thun tin th mt tr khng u ra hiu qu c nh ngha cho my pht xung da trn vic tnh
ton t s ca in p cc tr mch m v dng cc tr ngn mch. Mt my pht nh th c in p
m l 1,2/50 s v dng ngn mch l 8/20 s c coi l my pht xoay chiu lin hp.
Theo BS 923-2
Thi gian trc
Theo BS 5698-1
Thi gian ca gi
tr bn phn
in p vng m
12
50
50
20
6,4
16
GHI CH: Cc dng sng 1,2/50s v 8/20 s c nh ngha trong BS 923-2 v minh ha Hnh
C.19 v C.20. Nhiu khuyn co gn y li da trn nh ngha v dng sng theo BS 5698-1 nh th
hin trn bng C.12. C hai nh ngha trn u p dng c i vi tiu chun ny v u tham chiu
n my pht sng n.
Dng ngn:
Biu dng:
Cc:
dng/m
Pha chuyn:
trong di t 0o n 360o
Ch s lp:
t nht 1 ln mi pht
110
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
RC l in tr thay i
cC l t in tch in
Rs l in tr nh dng di xung
Rm l in tr phi hp tr khng
Lr l cun cm nh dng thi gian nng
111
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
112
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
PH LC D (tham kho)
Mt s v d tnh ton
D.1 V d tnh ton xc sut st nh tng hp
Mt bnh vin thuc tnh Nam nh cao 10m v chim mt din tch l 10x12 (m2). Bnh vin xy
dng vng ng bng, khu vc c t cng trnh khc hoc cy xanh c chiu cao tng ng.
Kt cu cng trnh bng b tng ct thp vi mi khng phi bng kim loi.
xc nh rng liu c cn n h thng chng st hay khng, tnh h s ri ro tng hp nh sau:
a) S v st nh trn 1km2 trong 1 nm: Trn c s bn mt st nh cho Hnh 2
v hng dn 7.2 xc nh c gi tr Ng l 8,2 ln st nh xung t trn 1 km2 trong
mt nm.
b) Din tch thu st: S dng cng thc (1) 7.2, din tch thu st Ac (m2) c tnh nh
sau:
Ac = LW+2LH+2WH+ H2
= (70x12) + 2(10x10) + 2(12x10) + ( x 100)
= 840 + 1400 + 240 + 314
= 2794 m2
c) Xc sut st nh: S dng cng thc (2) trong 7.2 xc sut st nh trong mt nm, p l:
p = Ac x Ng x 10-6
= 2794 x 8,2 x 10-6
= 22,9 x 10-3
d) S dng cc h s iu chnh: Cc h s sau ln lt c p dng:
- H s A = 1,7
- H s B = 0,4
- H s C = 1,7
- H s D = 1,0
- H s E = 0,3
Tch cc h s
=AxBxCxDxE
= 1,7 x 1,0 x 1,7 x 2,0 x 0,3
= 0,35
D.2 V d tnh ton v lin kt cc chi tit kim loi vi h thng chng st
Di y l v d tnh ton quyt nh c hay khng lin kt cc chi tit kim loi vi h thng chng
st.
113
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
Tnh hung: mt ng thp c thng ng c b tr cch dy xung ca h thng chng st 2m
c lp t chung c cao 15m ti th x Bc Ninh, trong 1 nm c 8,2 ln st nh xung/km. Din
tch ca ta nh l 40m x 20m (xem Hnh D.1).
ng
ng bao vng thu
st
= 3300 * 8,2 * 10
p=27,06 * 10
ln b st nh trong 1 nm
( lm trn 27*10
p ( 4 x10
=
105
p0
= 27x10
= 2700
114
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
p
p
nh hn 100, cng dng in s l 100 log10
nh th hin trong Hnh 25.
p0
p0
= 440 kV
Theo Hnh 27, khong cch 0,85m l cn thit, cng vi 30 % khi tnh n v tr gc s ra tng l 1,1m.
Khong cch thc t l 2m, do vic lin kt l khng cn thit im cao nht ca ng.
b) ng ni t nhng khng lin kt ng v cc ni t. Tng in p duy tr bi h thng chng st
(V) c tnh nh sau:
V=VR+VL
Trong
VR l in p khng pht sinh trong h thng mng ni t.
VL c ly gi tr nh trong trng hp a) m VR c tnh thm vo nh sau:
VR =
200 x103
x10 x6 [do mi cc ni t c th c mt in tr tnh bng () l nx10]
6
VR=2 MV
V =2+0,44 =2,44 MV
T Hnh 27, khong cch 6m l cn thit vi in p nh trn v do ng cn c lin kt vi h
thng chng st im cao nht hoc thp nht kh in p khng. Phn tnh ton trn chng t
rng in p to bi hiu ng lan truyn st ph thuc ch yu vo s lng dy xung v ln in
tr t.
Khi khong cch 2m (bng khong cch ly S) c s dng nh gi in p phng in t Hnh
27, n c ngha l c ly gn nht ca chi tit kim loi kt ni vi ng n cc chi tit kim loi kt ni
vi dy xung l 2m. Nu ng c khong cch ly 2m vi dy xung nh trong trng hp ny nhng
thm vo n c nhnh i gn vi im cao nht ca dy xung trong phm vi 1m, th khong cch
1m phi c kim tra theo Hnh 27 vi in p do st to ra bo m rng c khong cch ly
thch hp.
115
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
PH LC E (tham kho)
S liu v mt st nh ti cc a danh ca Vit Nam
TT
Tnh, Thnh ph
Mt st nh
Huyn
(s ln/km2/nm)
An Giang
13,7
B Ra Vng
Tu
8,2
Tn Thnh, Chu c
10,9
8,2
Ch n
10,9
Bc Cn
Bc Giang
8,2
Bc Ninh
8,2
10,9
Tx Bc Liu
10,9
13,7
13,7
10,9
5,7
8,2
13,7
14,9
14,9
13,7
8,2
c Linh
10,9
10
11
116
Bc Liu
Bn Tre
Bnh nh
Bnh Dng
Bnh Phc
Bnh Thun
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
TT
Tnh, Thnh ph
Mt st nh
Huyn
(s ln/km2/nm)
Ph Qu
7,0
Bc Bnh
5,7
Tuy Phong
3,4
12
C Mau
13,7
13
Cao Bng
9,2
14
Cn Th
13,7
15
Nng
8,2
Hong Sa
7,0
13,7
10,9
M'rk
8,2
8,2
10,9
k Nng, Krng N
10,9
13,7
13,7
10,9
Xun Lc, Cm M
8,2
16
17
18
19
c Lk
in bin
c Nng
ng Nai
20
ng Thp
13,7
21
Gia Lai
8,2
10,9
Ch Prng, Ch S, A Yun Pa
13,7
10,9
22
H Giang
117
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
TT
Tnh, Thnh ph
Mt st nh
Huyn
(s ln/km2/nm)
B, V Xuyn,
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
118
H Nam
H Ni
H Ty
H Tnh
Hu giang
Hi Dng
Hi Phng
Ho Bnh
Hng Yn
Khnh Ho
8,2
10,9
8,2
10,9
Sc Sn
8,2
10,9
8,2
8,2
Hng Kh
10,9
10,9
13,7
8,2
10,9
10,9
8,2
10,9
13,7
8,2
10,9
3,4
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
TT
Tnh, Thnh ph
Mt st nh
Huyn
33
34
35
36
Kin Giang
Kon Tum
Lm ng
Lo Cai
(s ln/km2/nm)
5,7
8,2
Trng Sa
7,0
13,7
Ph Quc
7,0
8,2
k T, Ngc Hi
5,7
10,9
8,2
Huoai, Th
5,7
Lc Dng
13,7
8,2
Bo Thng, Bo Yn, Vn Bn
10,9
37
Lng Sn
8,2
38
Lai Chu
8,2
39
Long An
13,7
14,9
41
Nam nh
8,2
42
Ngh An
8,2
10,9
Qu Chu, Qu Hp
13,7
119
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
TT
Tnh, Thnh ph
Mt st nh
Huyn
43
44
Ninh Bnh
Ninh Thun
(s ln/km2/nm)
8,2
10,9
1,4
Bc i, Ninh Sn
5,7
Ninh Hi
3,4
45
Ph Th
10,9
46
Ph Yn
Tp. Tuy Ha
3,4
8,2
5,7
8,2
Tuyn Ha
10,9
8,2
10,9
8,2
10,9
8,2
10,9
8,2
10,9
47
48
49
50
51
Qung Bnh
Qung Nam
Qung Ngi
Qung Ninh
Qung Tr
52
Sn La
10,9
53
Sc Trng
10,9
120
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
TT
Tnh, Thnh ph
Mt st nh
Huyn
(s ln/km2/nm)
54
Ty Ninh
M T, Ng Nm, Thnh Tr
13,7
13,7
14,9
55
Thi Bnh
8,2
56
Thi Nguyn
8,2
57
Thanh Ho
8,2
13,7
10,9
10,9
13,7
58
Tha Thin Hu
59
Tin Giang
13,7
60
Tp. H Ch Minh
13,7
Cn Gi
10,9
C Chi
14,9
13,7
10,9
10,9
Sn Dng
8,2
61
62
Tr Vinh
Tuyn Quang
121
TCXDVN 46 : 2007
TT
Tnh, Thnh ph
Mt st nh
Huyn
63
64
65
Vnh Long
Vnh Phc
Yn Bi
(s ln/km2/nm)
13,7
10,9
10,9
Tam o, M Linh
8,2
10,9
GHI CH:
1. S liu tham kho bng E.1 c tra theo bn Hnh 2 v cc khuyn co 7.2.
2. i vi huyn c ng ng mc ct qua, mt st ly theo gi tr ng ng mc ln cn cao nht m
cc vng trong huyn c th b nh hng.
3. Mt st cc hi o c Vin Vt l a cu khuyn co ly t 2,5 n 7,0 ln/km2/nm.
122