1/15/2015

Hiuvkhinim'giihn'trongtonhc(k1)|Math2IT

Math2IT
TRANG CH

LATEX

TON

LINUX

OS X

CNTT

TRI THC

KHC

MATH2IT

tm

Hiu v khi nim 'gii hn' trong ton hc (k 1)

Dinh Anh Thi |

10.9.14 |

Hiu ton hc | Ton s cp |

Like

Trong Ton hc, khi nim "gii hn" c s dng ch gi tr m mt hm s hoc mt dy

s tin gn n khi bin s tng ng tin gn n mt gi tr no . Tuy nhin khi nim tru
tng ny kh kh c th tip thu. Bi vit hy vng phn no gip bn hiu v sao li c khi
nim ny trong ton hc v mi lin h thc t ca n ra sao.
Ta bt u i vo tm hiu khi nim gii hn (limit) trong ton hc thng qua cc nghch l n
t thc t cuc sng.

Nghch l Znon

Trit gia Hy Lp, Znon x Elea (490 BC - 430 BC)

c th i vo hiu r ti sao li c khi nim "gii hn" trong ton hc (limit hay vit tt l lim)
http://math2it.blogspot.com/2014/09/hieuvekhainiemgioihantrongtoan.html

1/9

1/15/2015

Hiuvkhinim'giihn'trongtonhc(k1)|Math2IT

c th i vo hiu r ti sao li c khi nim "gii hn" trong ton hc (limit hay vit tt l lim)
ta hy cng nhau tm hiu hai cu chuyn nghch l ca Zenon. Cu chuyn u tin ni v v
thn Achilles (ting Vit thng gi l Asin) - mnh danh l v thn c th di chuyn vi tc
nhanh nht m c th gian khng ai bng trong thn thoi Hy Lp. Cu chuyn th hai ni v
cch mt mi tn i n ch nhng khng bao gi ti c.

Cu chuyn 1 - Achilles chy ua cng ra

Mt ngy n, thn Achilles chy thi vi mt con ra. Do c mnh danh l thn v tc nn
Achilles nhng ra mt on, Achilles ti x 1 , ra ti x 2 . C hai xut pht cng mt lc, theo
cng mt hng v nhim v ca thn Achilles l phi ui kp con ra.

Ch trong nhy mt, khng my kh khn, Achilles n c x 2 . Th nhng d ra chy chm

th vn tc ca n vn ln hn 0 v n i n c x 3 . Tip tc, Achilles ui n x 3 th ra n
x 4 , Achilles ui n x 4 th ra n x 5 , .

C tip tc nh th, cc im ny lun lun tn ti v nh th th Achilles, mt v thn v tc

li khng ui kp mt con ra. iu ny l v l theo l thng tnh, nhng hon ton khng c
g mu thun trong lp lun trn, vy iu g ang din ra?

Cu chuyn 2 - Mi tn khng bao gi trng ch

Ta bn mt mi tn n bia. Nu t v tr ch xut pht tn l A0 , bia l B .
Mi tn mun n c bia th phi i qua trung im A1 ca A0 B . T A1 mun n c B
phi qua trung im A2 ca A1 B . T A2 mun n B phi qua trung im A3 ca A2 B,

http://math2it.blogspot.com/2014/09/hieuvekhainiemgioihantrongtoan.html

2/9

1/15/2015

Hiuvkhinim'giihn'trongtonhc(k1)|Math2IT

C tip tc nh vy, mi tn phi ln lt qua trung im ca cc on thng chia nh, m s

im trong mt on thng l v hn ngha l mi tn phi i qua v hn im, ng ngha vi
vic khng bao gi n c ch.

Nhn xt
Ta bt u tm hiu s hnh thnh nn khi nim gii hn t hai cu chuyn th v trn, bt u
vi hai nhn xt:
Th nht, hai cu chuyn trn u c th xy ra trong thc t v chnh iu lm cho
chng tr thnh nghch l ni ting. Hon ton khng c th thut hay mo vt g y nh
cc cu vui m bn hay gp phi.
Th hai, cng t thc t, Achiles khng th no khng th chy bng ra, v kt qu l anh
ta s chy c n ng ch con ra ang ng. Cng nh mi tn khng c chuyn bay
mi m khng ghim vo tng. Thc t chc chn n s n c ch.
Phi tha nhn rng, gii hn khng phi pht minh t trn tri ri xung m con do con ngi
t to ra em li nhng iu vui th mang tnh cht gii tr. Con ngi gp phn "pht
hin" ra nh ngha ny.

Cng nh ton hc, mi nh ngha, nh l, cng thc, u c ngha ca n v u n t

cuc sng. Ci khc m ti mun khng nh y chnh l con ngi bt u nhn thy s tn
ti ca ton hc, m t nhng th m h thy c, tm ra nhng quy lut c bn nht ri t
dng chng d on "tng lai", d on ra c nhng quy lut m chnh chng ta cng
cha pht hin c. Chnh nhng kt qu d on n qu xa l vi chng ta nn lm cho
chng ta ngh rng ton hc lm ra nhng iu v ngha, l thuyt v so iu. Ch n khi
nhng d on tr nn hu dng v lm cho chng ta quen thuc, ta bt u chp nhn v
nhn ra ", c l n cng c cht hu ch". chnh l ton hc. Mt cht tn mn.

tng c bn v khi nim gii hn theo ngha ton hc t hai v d trn l g? Tnh kh
thi v thc t ca n ra sao?

Ta xt v d v mi tn, nu thi im bt u bn, khong cch gia mi tn v bia l

x0 = a > 0 .
http://math2it.blogspot.com/2014/09/hieuvekhainiemgioihantrongtoan.html

3/9

1/15/2015

Hiuvkhinim'giihn'trongtonhc(k1)|Math2IT
a

Ln 1: mi tn n c trung im ca A0 B , khi y khong cch l x 1

Ln 2: mi tn n c trung im ca A1 B , khi y khong cch l x 2

> 0
2
a
2

Ln 3: mi tn n c trung im ca A2 B , khi y khong cch l x 3

> 0

a
=
2

> 0

Ln th n : mi tn n c trung im ca An1 B , khong cch l x n

a
=
2

> 0

n y bn ngh mi tn c dng li khng? Xin tha l khng, n vn c tip tc bay i, bay

mi. y ta ang xt n thc t l khong cch gia ngi cung th v bia khng qu xa, v
nu n qu xa, lc bn khng th do trng lc, mi tn s ri gia ng. Thc t l mi tn
vn ghim thng vo bia, khi y c ngha n c qua trung im, ri qua trung im, mi nh vy.
Hay ni cch khc, ta khng c ln th n c nh, n ca ta s ln mi ln mi. Cc nh khoa hc
khi y ni rng n s tin v v tn (k hiu l n ). V thc t chng minh rng khong cch
n mt lc no s bng 0 (mi tn trng ch).
Tm li, khi s ln n (qua trung im) c ln mi, ln mi, n s t c mc ch ca n l
khong cch s bng 0 . Ta gi 0 y l gii hn ca khong cch x n khi n (n c ln mi).
Gii hn ny tn ti v thc t ch ra mi tn chc chn trng ch.
S d ta nhc ti cm t gii hn tn ti y v s c trng hp gii hn khng tn ti, chng
ta s tm hiu sau.
Khi y cc nh khoa hc k hiu cho ngn gn trong ton hc l
a
lim (x n ) =

c ngha l gii hn ca (dy) x n khi n

lim (
n

) = 0

l 0 .

k tip theo, ta s tip tc tm hiu thm mt vi nghch l khc v xem xem mi lin h gia
cc nghch l y vi nh ngha ton hc hon chnh v gii hn m chng ta c hc l g.

Like 7peoplelikethis.

10.9.14

Hiu ton hc, Ton s cp

Vit bi cng blog bng cch lin h dinhanhthimail@gmail.com.

Dinh Anh Thi : Tc gi blog, xut thn l sinh vin s phm ton, hin ang l nghin
cu sinh v Ton ng dng ti Php. Chnh v nim am m Ton hc, tin hc ng dng
v qua trng lp s phm nn Thi rt quan tm n vic ng dng Ton hc, Tin hc

http://math2it.blogspot.com/2014/09/hieuvekhainiemgioihantrongtoan.html

4/9

1/15/2015

Hiuvkhinim'giihn'trongtonhc(k1)|Math2IT

v qua trng lp s phm nn Thi rt quan tm n vic ng dng Ton hc, Tin hc
vo trong cuc sng thc t cng nh vic truyn t kin thc Ton cho hc sinh theo
mt phung php hin i v tch cc nht, gy hng th v hiu su cho ngi hc,
ngi c ni chung. Mi chi tit xin lin h dinhanhthimail@gmail.com. Blog c nhn
Anh Thi blog.

0Comments

Math2IT

Login

Share Favorite

SortbyBest

Startthediscussion

Bethefirsttocomment.

WHAT'STHIS?

ALSOONMATH2IT

EmbedCodeSyntaxHighlightingcho
Blogger

Lotbivkinthctrunghcphthng
1comment6monthsago

7comments6monthsago

inhAnhThiCcbnngngivitbiv

holalatigercmnanhThi,emlmthnh

givachdinhanhthimail@gmail.comnh:)

cngri,cmnanhnhiu

Tont'Lnutrang'(Backtotop)cun
mtchoBlogger

TuyntpcceBookshiuthmvthgii
tonhckth

1comment6monthsago

4comments4monthsago

VietOverlandTravelCmnbnnh.It

THITRUNGNGUYN angcncinycho

worksperfectly:)!!!Vietnamoverlandtours

mn"Lchston"sphc:D

Subscribe

AddDisqustoyoursite

Privacy

Bi ng Mi hn

Bi ng C hn

Bi lin quan
Tuyn tp cc eBooks hiu thm
http://math2it.blogspot.com/2014/09/hieuvekhainiemgioihantrongtoan.html

5/9

1/15/2015

Hiuvkhinim'giihn'trongtonhc(k1)|Math2IT

Tuyn tp cc eBooks hiu thm

v th gii ton hc k th (cp

nht ngy 10/12/2014)

Tnh hp l ca nghim h
phung trnh v khi nim
'condition number' ca mt ma trn (k
1)
vui: Anh chng chy xe (p
n)
Cc website hay dnh cho vic
hiu ngha thc tin ca ton
hc (update 12/9/2014)
Hiu v khi nim 'gii hn' trong
ton hc (k 2)

Gii thiu
Math2IT l chuyn trang v Ton hc
+ Gio dc v Cng ngh. Mong
mun chia s tri thc v kht khao i
mi nn gio dc nc nh. c
thm.

Theo di chng ti
Math2ITTon&Tin
Like 1,461

+38 xut url ny trn Google

Nhiu nht 7 ngy qua

Nhng cch v hnh chnh xc
bng thc k v compa
Nhng vic cn lm sau khi ci
Ubuntu 14.04 v mt s phin
bn khc
Nhng phn mm nn ci cho
Ubuntu, Elementary OS, Linux
Son tho ton hc trong LaTeX
http://math2it.blogspot.com/2014/09/hieuvekhainiemgioihantrongtoan.html

6/9

1/15/2015

Hiuvkhinim'giihn'trongtonhc(k1)|Math2IT

(k 1)
WolframAlpha : gii ton theo
tng bc
Tng hp nhng vic cn lm
sau khi ci Windows c mt
chic my tnh y mnh m
Ti liu tham kho dnh cho i
tng t hc LaTeX (cp nht
ngy 6/11/14)

Bi ngu nhin
Tnh hp l ca nghim h
phung trnh v khi nim
'condition number' ca mt ma
trn (k 1)
Nhng vic cn lm sau khi ci
Elementary OS
Tips: Cch khc phc li khng
nhn m thanh khi kt ni HDMI
trong Ubuntu, Elementary OS
Nhng bc hnh ng gii thch
cch vn hnh ca nhng vt
quen thuc xung quanh bn
Tuyn tp nhng cng c trc
tuyn gip bn thit k mt bn
CV (l lch) tuyt p

Nhiu nht 30 ngy qua

Nhng cch v hnh chnh xc
bng thc k v compa
Nhng vic cn lm sau khi ci
Ubuntu 14.04 v mt s phin
bn khc
Nhng phn mm nn ci cho
Ubuntu, Elementary OS, Linux
Ti liu tham kho dnh cho i
tng t hc LaTeX (cp nht
ngy 6/11/14)
http://math2it.blogspot.com/2014/09/hieuvekhainiemgioihantrongtoan.html

Son tho ton hc trong LaTeX

7/9

1/15/2015

Hiuvkhinim'giihn'trongtonhc(k1)|Math2IT

Son tho ton hc trong LaTeX

(k 1)
WolframAlpha : gii ton theo
tng bc

Google+
Math2IT
Theo di
+ 38

Lt xem
111171

Nhn xt mi
Ti liu min ph
bn c th cho mnh xin link face ca
bn.. mnh c th trao i trc tip vi
bn.. bn gip...
To phn trang c nh s cho blogger1 hour ago

inh Anh Thi

a, mnh thy n khi n lch th mi p
m bn, khi y th cc bi n "kht" li
c vi nhau...
To phn trang c nh s cho blogger2 hours ago

Ti liu min ph
Bn inh Anh Thi cho mnh hi thm ci
ny na nh !! hjhj trn trang ch blog
bi ng n c b...
To phn trang c nh s cho blogger11 hours
ago

inh Anh Thi

Hix, mnh cng nh mua n bn, mnh
khng r bn i, thng th bn nn hi
cng ty bn tn min...
http://math2it.blogspot.com/2014/09/hieuvekhainiemgioihantrongtoan.html

To phn trang c nh s cho blogger1 day ago

8/9

1/15/2015

Hiuvkhinim'giihn'trongtonhc(k1)|Math2IT
To phn trang c nh s cho blogger1 day ago

Theo di qua email

SUBMIT

Emailcabn...

Chuyn mc
ANDROID
EBOOK

BLOGGER-BLOGSPOT CHUYN TON HC

GAME

HI P

GIO DC

HI P LATEX

HI P TON

KHC

LINUX

PHN MM

LI LATEX

KIN THC THPT

MATH2IT

TEX CHUYN NGNH

TH THUT IT
TI SAO

HI P TIN

KHM PH

KIN THC CNG NGH

LINKS

HIU TON HC

THI

OSX

TEXTIPS

TON TON CAO CP

T HC LATEX

LATEX

TON S CP

VUI

2012 Math2IT | Thit k bi Template Trackers | Chnh sa bi inh Anh Thi

http://math2it.blogspot.com/2014/09/hieuvekhainiemgioihantrongtoan.html

9/9