HQC VIEN CONG NGHE BUU CHINH VIEN THON e ‘cHYONG TRINH PHT DAO TAO DAI HOC TU XA xU LY AM THANH, HINH ANH (Diing cho sinh vién h@ dao tgo dai hgc tie xa) Luu hanh ndi bd HANOI -2007XU LY AM THANH, HINH ANH Bién soan: TS. NGUYEN THANH BINH THS. VO NGUYEN QUOC BAO.LOI NOI DAU ‘Tai ligu hutng din hoe tp mén "Xie ly am thanh va hinh anh” dinh cho khdi dao tao tir ‘xa chuyén ngdinh dign tir vién théng. Tai ligu nay s& gidi thigu nhimg kién thire co ban vé xit ly am thanh va hinh anh, D&e big, ti gia chi trong t6i vin dé xi IY in higu img dyng trong mang vién thong: dé 1A eée phuomg phip nén tin higu, lu tr, cde tigu chun nén tn higu fm thanh va hinh ‘inh, Nhiing kia thie duge tinh bay wong ti ligu sé gdp hoe vign tiép cfn nhanh véi cée vin d2 tye tidn thuimg gap trong mang vién thong ‘Vi hoi rg kiém tite trong finh ve it Kj than cing nha inh én rt Kim, va vi ‘guy thai gian qué eo hep dinh cho bién soan, tai ligu huréng din nay chwa thaw tim duge toan b@ én thie en 6 vé tinh vei ém thanh va hinh anh, DE im hibu v8 mot sé vin 48 e6 ton dé cong mén hoe dbi hoi hge vién phi nghién etru thém trong sé siich tham khao durge tac gid cap ti trong phin cudi ct ti ign [Néi dung cuin sich duge chi kim bai chong: ~ Chuong 1: Ky thudt xir ly am thank = Chong 2: Ky thude xi hinh anh, é c6 thé hoe tt mon nay, sinh vién ein phi c6 kigm thie eo bin v8 xi in hig Cc kién thite nay cée ban c6 thé tim hiéu trong cudn “Xir If tin higu s6” dnh cho sinh vién Dai hoe tir xa ella Hoe vi ‘Bay la Ldn bién soan du tén, chic chin ti igu cdn nhigu so sSt, rit mong eée ban doe trong qué tinh hge tip va céc thiy e6 gidng’day mén hye nay dng gop cic ¥ kién xy dung ‘rong thé gian gin nhit, tc gia sé ob ging cép nhip, b6 xung thém dé ti ligu hue din doe hodn hin hon Moi y kién ding gép 48 ngh wit vé theo dja chi emails inhntptit@yahoo.com Tp. Hé Chi Minh 19/05/2007 Nhém bién sognCHUONG1 KY THUAT XU' LY AM THANH 1.1 TONG QUAN VE XU LY AM THANH 1.1.1 Gi6i thigu so-lurge vé Am thanh & hg théng xir ly Am thanh Addl Bie tink cha dm thank tong te [1] ‘Muc dich cita Ii néi 1a ding 48 truyén dat théng tin, C6 rit mhigu each mo t dic diém cia vige truyén dat théng tin, Dua vao IY thuyét thong tin, 1oi ndi c6 thé duge dai dign boi thust nat la ndi dung thing digp, ho¥e Ta thong tin, MOL eéch khie dé biéu th 18 nO: TR tin hiéu mang ng dung thang digp, nbus 1 dang song dm thank. | I, | y Hin 1.1 Dang s6ng cia tin higu ghi nbn duge ti Am thanh cba ngudi KY thuit din tign ching trong vige ghi im sit dung cée thing s6 vé ca, dign cing nhur tring of thé lim nén niu edch thie ghi im ig vii cée loi ép sult khing khi Khe nhau, Biga 4p dén tir m9t microphone la tin higu trong ty cia ap sudt khdng khi (hod d6i khi la van t6e). Dit durge phan tich bing eéch thire ndo, thi eéc phuumg phép khi so sinh v6i nhau phai ding mot ti Ie thi gian, ‘Trong khi ce thiét bj tuong ty hign dai trong 6 vé xitIy im thanh t6t hon ning thiét bi 6 dién, ede tigu chudin xit ly thi hau nh Khong 6 gi thay déi, mic dit cng nghé e6 vé xi ly tt hon. Trong hg thdng xir If mm thabb tong ty, théng tin duge truyén dat bing thong sé lién tue bign thign v6 han 1g théng wit ly am thanh s6 1) tuéng c6 ning tinh nang twomg ty niu hg th6ng xi IY Am thanh tog ty If tudmg: e& hai hoat dng m9t ech “trong subt” va tao lai dang séng ban du khong I6i, Tuy nin, trong thé gid thw, ed digu kign IY tuding rt hiém ton tai cho nén hai logi bh théng wit If m thanh hoat Ong sé khac nhau trong thye té. Tin higu s6 sé truyén trong khodng céich ngin hom tin higu tung ty va v6i chi phi thp hon. Trong gio trinh nay, tp trung d& cp «én he théng s6 xit I am thanh. ‘Théng tin ding dé truyén dat cia dm thoai vé ban chit cé tinh rai ree [2], va nd 06 thé durge biéu dign boi mot chudi ghép gbm nhigu phin tir tir mot tap itu hen ede ky higu (symbol). (Céc ky higu tir mdi m than o6 thé duge phan logi thanh cdc dm vi (phoneme). MBi ngén ngit 6 ie t@p dm vi khie nhau, duge die trung boi ede con s6 6 gid tr tir 30 dén 50. Vi du nh tiéng ‘An dug bigu din boi mot tip Khoang 42 &m vj Tin higu thoai duge truyén véi té 46 nhur thé nao? Déi véi tin higu 4m thogi nguyén thiy chur qua higu chinh thi tc 46 truyén wée Iwgng c6 thé tinh duge bing cdch Iu ¥ gidi han vat ly ciia vige néi lau lodt cia ngudi di tgo ra dm than thogi la khodng 10 am vi trong mot gidy. Mi 3mit am vj duge biéu dign béi mét s6 nhi phan, nhu vay mot ma gém 6 bit e6 thé biéu dién duye tit cd cée am vj cia tiéng Anh. Voi tc dG truyén trung binh 10 am vi/gidy, va khéng quan tim én vén 62 luyén di git cfc Am vi ké nhau, ta ¢6 thé ude hung dupe tbe 66 tray tanh bin cia dm thogi khoding 6Obit/giy. Trong hé théng truyén im thogi, tin higu thogi duge truyén hvu tt vi xir theo nbidu ch thre Khe nhau. Tuy nbign di véi moi loai he théng xi ly 4m thanh thi e6 hai dia cin quan tm chung la: 1. Vige duy ti ngi dung euia thong digp trong tin higu thoai 2. Vige biéu din tin higu thoai phai det durge myc tiéu tin Ioi cho vige truyén tin hose lin ‘nit, hoge & dang linh dng cho vige higu chinh tin higu thosi sao cho khéng lam giim ‘nghiém trong ndi dung cis thong digp thoai Vige bidu dign tin higu thoai phai dim bio vige cde ndi dung thing tin e6 thé due 68 dang trich ra béi ngudi nghe, hoje béi céc thiét bj phiin tich mOt each ty dong. LAL2- Khéi nig tn higu La dai huomg vit 1y bién thin theo thdi gian, theo kh6ng gian, theo mot hog nhigu bién ge lip khée, vi dy nh: > Am than, tiéng néi: dao déng s6ng theo thai gian (t) > Hinh anh: cuimg 46 sing theo khéng gian (x, y.2) > ja chin: chin dong dia If theo thoi gien Bigu din todn hoc cia tin higu: him theo bién dde lap Vidy: > u(t)=2P -5 & f(ey)=x° -20y-6y" Thong thutmg cic tn higu ty nin khong biéu didn duge bai mét him sa clip, cho nén ‘tong inh todn, ngui ta thudmg ding him xip xi cho cée ti higu ty nhign, 1H théng: li thie bj vat I, thet bi sia hoe, hoge chuong tinh thye hign cée phép toin ‘n@n tn higu nhim bién di tin igu, rat wich théng tin, ... Vigethye hign phép toén con duge goi 1a wiry tin hig, LLLL3 Phin log tn higu: ‘Tin higu da kénh: gém nhieu tin higu thanh phiin ,cting chung m6 ta mt déi twgng ndo 46 (thuimg duge biéu dign diréi dang vector, vi dy nhw tin higu dign tim (ECG-ElectroCardioGram) , tin higu dign néo (EEG — EleetroEncephaloGram), tin higu anh miu RGB. ‘Tin higu a chi ign thign theo nhidu ham mat bin de Kip, vi dy nburtin iu hinh an, tin higu tivi tring den, ‘Tin higu lién tye theo thi gian: la tin higu duge din nghia tai moi diém trong doan thai sian (ab), by iu x(@)Hin 1.2 Tin hi tue theo thoi gian ‘Tin higu rOi rac thoi gian: latin higu ehi duxge dinh nghia tei nhimg thoi diém 16% rae khitc shaw, ky higu x(n). Hinh 1.3 Tin higu rire theo thoi gian ‘Tin higu Lién tue gid tr: 18 tin higu c6 thé nbn trj bat ky trong doan [Y,,,, Yaa]. vi dy tin higu tuong ty (analog). Hinh 1.4 Tin higu lign tye gid tr] ‘Tin higu rd rae gid tri: tin higu chi nbén trj trong mét tp tr] ri rae dinh trade (tin higu sé).inh 1.5 Tin Toi re gid tr ‘Tin higu analog: latin higu lién tye v8 thoi gian, lién te vé gi ti. Hinb 1.6 Tin bigu analog ‘Tin bigu si sin gun pe v6 th gianni ge v8 i Hinh, 1.7 Tin higu so ‘Tin higu ngfu nhign: gid tj cba tn higu rong twomg lai hing thé bide nude dupe. Ce tin higu trong ty hin thuimg thuge nhdm nay ‘Tin higu tt dinh: gid tr tin higu 6 qud khi, hign tai va tuong lai déu duge xe dinh 18, thong thang, 06 cdg thie xéc dink LLL Phin logi hé thing xie by GG a lop tng a thing tome tr vt hg thdng sb, Trong 46 hg théng xij 6: hg théng 6 thé lap trinh duge, 1é mé phong, cdu hinh, sin xudit hang loat véi d6 chinh xic cao, gid thinh ha, tin higu sé dé luu trit, vin chuyén va sao xu, nhuge diém 1a khé thye hign vii cic tin higu c6 tin s6 cao ing 6LLLS He théng sé xie ly dm thank [3] ‘BO nhay cia tai ngus rit cao, 6 c6 thé phan bigt duge s6 Iugng nhigu rit nhd cong nhur chip nhgin tim bign dm thanh rt Lin, Céc Ae tinh eta mt tin higu tai ngudi nghe duge e6 thé durgc do dac bing céc céng cu phi hop. Thang thung, tai nguisi nhay nbét & tim tin s8 2kHz va ‘kHz, mie dit ciing c6 ngudi cé thé nhn dang duge tin higu trén 20kHz. Tam dng nghe duge c¥a tai ngudi duge phan tich va nguii ta niin duge ket qua Ta €6 dang dip tg logarith. ‘Tin higu dm than duge truyén qua hé théng s6 la chudi cdc bit. Bei vi bit c6 tinh chit. rac, dé dang xéc dinh s6 Ingng biing eich dém sé luong trong mét gidy, dé ding quyét dinh te 46 truyén bit cin thiét 48 truyén tin higu ma khong lim mAt théng tin, 3}-——_ | | Some Excessive noise, noise but level could be 2 — —tevetestit Sor 8 distinguishable 1 No noise Hinh 1.8 Dé nhdn divge tim imée tin higu khée nhaw mot edch phn bigt, tin higu dinh- dinh cia tin higu nhiéu phi no hot hofe dé sai bgt gita edie me dO. Ti s6 tin higu trén hi phi ti thidu 14 8:1 hog 1A 184B, iruyén bari 3 bit 16 mie thi ti s6 tin higu trén nhigu phai LA 244B, truyén bai 4 bit, 1.1.1.6 Mé hinh héa tin higu am thanh [4] (Cé rit nhigu ky thudt xirIy tin higu dvoe mo hinh héa va ép dung ede gidi thuét trong vige hoi phye &m thanh, Chat Iyong ca &m thogi phy thude rit Ién vao m6 hinh gid dinh phii hop v6i cd ligu. D5: v6i tin higu dm thanh, bao gdm Am thogi, nhac va nhiu khéng mong mudn, m@ hinh phat ting quit va khong sai Ign so véi gid dinh. Mot digu edn tum ¥ 1 iw hét ede tin higu dm thoai la cdc tin higu dng trong thyc t8, me di m6 hinh thye tign thi thung gi inh khi phan tich tin higu latin higu 6 tinh chat tinh trong mot khosing thei gian dang xét. ‘Mé hinh phi hop véi hu hét rit nhigu linh vue trong vie xi ly chudi thoi gian, bao gbm vie phue hdi am thanh li mé hinh Autoregressive (viét tit AR), duge diing lam m6 hinh chun cho vige phan tich dy dodn tuyén tTin higu hign tai duge biéu didn bai tng gid tri cha P tin iu trude 46 va tn higu nhiGu 18, Pi bic cia m6 hinh AR: slel=Ealeahe + du] an ‘M6 inh AR dai dign cho ede qué tri tuyén tinh fin, chip nbin tin higu tvong tr niu ‘a tin higu tong ty digu hia. Mot m6 hinh khéc phit hgp hom ddi véi nhiéu tinh hung phan tich 1 mé hinh auto regressive moving-average (ARMA) cho phép ede diém eye ¢ting nh diém 0. Tuy nhién m6 hinh AR e6 tinh linh dng hon trong phan tich hon mé hinh ARMA, vi du mot tin higu nhae phite tap efin mé hinh ¢6 bge P >100 dé biéu digm dang séng cia tin higu, trong khi cée tin higu don gid hon chi cin biéu dim bing bie 30. Trong nhiéu img dung, vige Iya chon bic iia m8 hinh phi: hgp cho bai ton sao cho dim bao vige biéu dign tin higu a tha vige khang lim mit di théng tin cia tin higu Ia vige hoi phit tap. Cé rit nhibu phuomg phép ding 48 ude lung bie cia m6 hinh AR nhwr phuong phip maximum likelihood/east-squares [Makhoul, 1975], va phuong phip robust to noise (Huber, 1981, Spath, 1991], v.v... Tuy ohien, di v6i vige xi ee tin higu am nhac phi tap thi thing thug sir dung_mé hinh Sin (Sinusoidal) rit e6 higu qua trong cde img dung dm thogi. Mo hinh Sin rét phd hop trong cée phyong phép ding dé gim nhigu. Tin higu duge cho bai céng thie sau LoS aloll foo +4) a2 iy ld md hinh téng quit déi véi eée ditu ehé bién d6 va didu ché tin s6, tuy nhién Ig Ikhdng phit hop déi véi cdc tin higu tuomg ty nhigu, mic di vigebigu dign tin higu nig of thé Auge bigu didn bo sb ugg him sin tm. LLL? Kién trie he thing sé xie If am thanh Déi voi may tinh s6 xit Iy dm thanh, nguti tathudmg ding phuong phép Diéu ché xung_ (Pulse Code Modulation , vigt tit PCM), Dang séng am thanh duge chuyén sang diy sé PCM nhur sau, xé¢ tin igu hin sin Lam vi dys + Tin gu géc la tin higu nhu Hinh 1.9 ‘Ar Displacement Time > Hinh 1.9 Dang séng am thanh nguyén thiy. + Ké dén, sr dyng mt microphone dé thu tn higu am thanh (tong khong Khi) va chuyén ‘43i thanh tin higu dign, tim dign ap ng ra cha microphone +1 volt nhu Hinh 1.10.a0 . 05 £ ° - 05 0 Te > inh 1.10 Dang séng eatin higu ign + Tin higu dign ap dang twong ti sau dé duye chuyén think dang sb ha bing thidt bi chuyén di turomg tw-s6 (analog-to- Hin 1.11 Ng ra cia b9 chuyén ddi tin higu trong ty sang tin higu 6 = Visé lugng diém dit ligu la v6 hen nén khdng thé ly tit ca cdc diém thuge tryc thoi gian, vige liy miu s@ duge thye hign rong mt khodng thoi gian du dfn, $6 lugng méu trong mot gidy duge goi 1 thn sb lly mu (sampling rate) Hinh 1.12 m6 1 43 mu duge My TIC =~ ° Converter Output 16.384 H Ta? 92,768 1 is Hin 1:12 Thychign vige ly miu + él qua oie vige My mi a mote ‘song img thoi gian gian 1a mot ch bigu din cho ede vj ti ia dang 7 +20,767 a 16.989 3 3 i 3 6.08 32,768 1 43 Hinh 1.13 Két qua ca vige liy mu ede gid tr}May tinh sau d sx dumg lai dang sng cia tin higu bing vige kétnbi cc dé di iu {pi voi nhau, Dang séng két qua duge mé ti & Hinh 1.14, a ware g sages i 7 5 -1604 MN Li ree 1+ « Hinh 1.14 Dang séng dug tit lai Lamu ring e6 mét vai diém khac bigtgita dang sng nguyén thi va dang séng tii tao, (Hind 1.9 va Hinb 1.14), 19 do: ‘A. Cée gid tri duge tno m tgi b6 chuyén 4éi tin higu tuomg ty sade fin:higu 36 li cic sb nnguyén va duge lim tron gi tr. B. Hinh ding cia tin higu tai tgo phy thuge vio sé lngng miu dupe ghinhan. Téng quit, mot day sé how hn (Agi dign cho tin higu $6) chi &6 thé bigu dim eho mot dang séng tin higu trong ty véi dd chin xc itu ban LLLS Tin sé ldy miu Khi chuyén d8i mt dm thanh sang dang s6, didu cin lwu yl tn sé ly mu eta théng xi phai dim bao tinh trung thy va chinh xée khi edn phye hai pi dang séng tin higu ban du. ‘Theo dinh léy mu Nyquist va Shannon, tin s6 léy mu quyét dinh tin s6 cao nbét cia tin higu phuc hdi. Bé tai tao lai dang song e6 tin s6 la F, cin phai lay 2° miu trong mot gidy. Tin s6 nay cin duge goi li tin 96 Nyquist. Tuy nhién, dinh IY Nyquist khéng phai la ti wu cho moi trudng hop. Néu mot dang song hinh Sin ¢6 tn s6 18 SOOHLz, thi tin s6 léy mu 1000Hz, Néu nhu tin s6 lly mu cao hon tin 6 Nyquist 68 gA¥.ra fal trang “higu img A” anh hurdng dén bien 49 cia tin higu va tn higu bj eng nhigu, tuy nhién Kie d6 thi cée thanh phan hai tin s6 thap Iai e6 tin ‘higu chinh xée hon khi duge phye héi, 1.1.2 Nhe Iai mt s6 khdi nigm toiin hge trong xit ly im than L121 Phép bién déiz [5] Phép bin diz cia mgt chudi duge dinh nghia boi e&p biéu thie X(2)= Se" (133) ‘x(a 3g kor" ik (1.30) Bién ddi z cia x(n) duge dinh nghia boi bi thie (1.6a). X(2) cn duge goi la diy cing sult cng suit v6 han theo bién 2” véi cdc gid tri etia x(n) chinh la cc hé s8 cia Min h6i ty ROC Ia { 2} [X(z)|) 16) 6. Tong quan xt) thiny XH) 7. Nan chudi xinyw(n) XW eivw"'ay 1.1.2.2 Phép bién doi Fourier BBign d6i Fourier eia tin higu roi rge thd gian duge eho bei biéuthire (16a) w= Lf xe ed (1.66) at Bién d6i Fourier Ia trading hop die bigt eta phép bién ddi z bling céch thay thé z =e". Nhu mé té trong Hinh 1.4, trong mit phing z, tin sé w la géc quay. Didu kign dit 48 tn tai bién «46i Fourier i |2] = 1, nhue vayLhe] < an Hinh 1,15 Vong tron don vj thuge mat phiing 2 [Gt die tinh quan trong cita bién d6i Fourier ciia mot chudi la X (e")1a him digu hda w, voi chu ky Ia 2 j bing 2.1, 6 c6 due bang bién d6i Fourier tuoms img. 1.1.23. Phép bibn déi Fourier r6i rac rong trig hop tin higu tong ty, twin hon wi chu ky F(n)=*(n+N) -w AD higusé >) DIA | loc Hin. 1.16 Céu hinh hg thing xi tin higu tyong ty bing phuong php sb 'Bé xe dinh quan hg gta phd eta tn higu Ign tye va ph cia tin higu ri pe Wo a te gud trinh My miu tin higu, én ye dé, ta cha ¥ dn quan bg gita bign de lip 1 vam ea tn higu x,() va x(n) nT = (1.16) 1 tdy miu: mt tin higu lign tuo o6 bang tin hiu hon, e6 fin s6 cao nbit la B Hertz 6 thé khéi phy tir cc miu cia né v6i dibu kign tin s6 My miu F, > 2B miu/gidy 1.212. Lay mi tin higu 6 mién tin sé vi tdi tgo tin higu lién tue Ta da bidt tin higu Tién tye 6 ning hung hitu han thi e6 phd lien tye. Trong phin nay, ta 8 xét qué trinh ly miu cia cée tin higu lopi 46 mt eich tui hodn vA sy thi tgo in higu tir ce smd cia phd cia ching Xét mot tin higu lién tue (A) voi mot phé lién tue X, UF). Gi sie ta bly miu X,(F) ‘ai cac thoi diém cdc nhau @F Hertz. Ta muda tai too X,(F) hode x,(t) tircée miu X,(F) ‘Néu tin higu tuong ty x, (0) 6 giéi han thoi gian 1 S gidy va T, duge chon dé T, > 25 thi aliasing khong xay ra va phd X,(F) 6 thé duge khdi phye hodin toan tit cde miu. 1.2.1.3 Lay miu tin higu & mién tin s6 va tai tgo tin higu ri rge ‘Xét mot tin higu rdi ae Khdng tin hod x(72) 6 phép Yee ay X() Gi sir ta ldy mu_X(@) twin hodn tai cdc diém eéch nhau Geo rad. Vi X(o) tun ho’n ‘éi chu ky 2.x, chi e6 cée mau trong pham vi tin sé co bin Ici tht. B& thud tign, ta by NV id each déu nhau trong kholng 0 « < 27 theo khoang cich Go = 20 /N Sexe?" k=O =1 (1.18) Xét = 2a N ta doe x(44) Sx(1=IN) nhn duge bing eich tip Iai twin hoa x(n) tai mi N miu, tin higu niy tudn hoan voi chu ky N, do 46 c6 thé duge trién Khai theo Khai trién Fourier Xét tin gu x, (on a1 Bye yams ge iz HAD = AEE MEM = Oday NL (1.19) 4 x.)‘Ti cOng thie x,(n) trén, ta nhsinthly o6 thé Khoi phye tn higu x,(n) tr efe mf eta phé X(w). Nhu vay, ta phi tim ra méi tuong quan gitta x,(m) va x(n) dé e6 thé thye higa ‘choi phye x(n) tir X(w) Vi x,(n) 1a sie mo rong twin hodn eta x(n), nén x(n) 06 thé dage Khoi phue tit x, (1) néu khong 6 aliasing & ¢3i thei gian, nghia 1a néu x(n) c6 thé gian gid han nhé hon hoac bing chu ky N cia x(n) 1.2.14. Cie chun ma héa am thogi trong cic hg théng xie lf thogi [7] ‘Chuin ma hoa am thoi théng thudng duye nghién cttu va phat trién boi mot nhom ee chuyén gia di ginh hét thd gian va tim huyétthye hign eée edng vige kiém nghigm, m6 phong sao cho dam bao mt tip céc yéu cau dua ra dap img duge. Chi e6 ede tb chite voi ngudn tai nguyén khéng 16 méi c6 thé thye hign duge cée céng vige khé khan nay, thong thutng, thoi gian t6i thigu cin thidt dé hoan thanh mgt chuin tong truimg hop gp ahiéu thun loi tong qué tinh 1a khoding bin ni nui iu nay khdng o6 nghia 1a mot chun duge dia ra thi “khéng o6 18i” hose khéng cin phai edi tén, Do 46, ede chun méi ludn luda xuithign sao cho tt hon ehuén ed eting uh phi hop vai fe tmg dung trong tuong Ia Hii ding chun Ia ede 16 ehite c6 «rich nhigm trong vige gi sit vige phat trién ede chun cho mgt tg dung ey thé nto 46, Sau diy ti mgt sé b6i dong chun ndi tiéng duge mhiéu nha cung ep sin phim tn theo > Litn minh vién thong quéc té - International Telecommunications Union (ITU): Cée chun vign thdng etia ITU (chun ITU-T) €6 uy tin trong vige dinh ra ee chun mat hia ‘4m thoai cho hé théng mang dign thogi, bao gdm cée meng vo tuyén lin hitu tuyén. > Higp hoi cong nghigp vign thing - Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA): ¢6 tréch nhigm ban hanh cc ¢huiin ma fia thoai cho cée tng dung eu thé, fa mot than vién cia Vign tiéu chun quée gia Hoa Ky National Standards Institute (ANSI). TIA a than cng trong vige phat trién cdc chudn sir dung trong cde he thong ting dai t bio s6 Bic (7, bao gdm cic hé thong sirdung chudn da két phin thoi gian - Time division multiple access (TDMA) va Da truy-nhip phn chia theo mi - Code division multiple access (CDMA). > Vign tigu chuin vign théng chau Au - European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI): ETSI €6 ede hi vign tir ce made cing nhireée eng ty Chau Au, li t8 chite dra a cée chuaitt sin xudt thiét bj tai Chau Au, ETSI duge thanh lip béi nhém ¢6 anh hung hit trong liah vy mi hoa &m thogi IA nhom di Aging dBc bigt - Groupe Speciale Mobile (GSM), da dura ra rit nhiéu chun hiu dung va duge trién khai rit nhiéu trén thé gidi > BG qué phng Hoa Ky - United States Department of Defense (DoD). DoD of liga quan dén vige sing lip cée chun ma héa thogi, urge biét dén v6i ede chuan lin bang Hoa Ky (US. Federal) diing nhigu cho céc img dung quan sy is “Trung tim phat wién va nghién eu cfc héthéng v6 tuyén cia Nhgt Ban - Research and Development Center for Radio Systems of Japan (RCR). Cée chun € bio s5 duge phit hhinb bai RCR. 1sBang 2.3 Céc chun ma héa am thoai chinh Nim TTén chun “Tbe d6 bit tmyén Cie ing dung boiin Kbps) think ioe | U-TG.711 PEM 6 Sirdung e6ng cing 1984" | FS 1015 LPC 24 Lién Ic bao mit 1987" | ETS| GSM 6.10 RPE- 13, V6 tuyén di dng s6 LTP 1990° | ITU-T G.726 ADPCM. 16, 24, 32, 40 ‘Sir dung céng cong. 1990" | TIA 1854 VSELP 795 1G thong thogité bdo s8 TDMA Bile MY 1990° | ETSI GSM 6.20 VSELP. 56 “Hé théng té bio GSM_ 1990° | RCR STD-27B VSELP 67 ‘Hg théng té bio Nhat 1991" | FS1016 CELP 48 Lién lac bao mat i992 | 1TU-T G.728 LD-CELP 16 | Sirdung cing céng 1993° | TIA 1596 VBR-CELP 85,4,2,08 | Hg thong thon té bio s8 CDMA Ble My ios [TUT 6.7231 MP-| 53,63 | Ligm tac da phuomg ign, ign MLQ/ACELP_ ‘thogi truyén hinh 1995" | ITU-T G.729 CS-ACELP 8 Sir dung cong cing 1996 | ETSI GSM EFR ACELP 22 Sir dung cng cing 996° | TIA IS6#1 ACELP 74 1G thong thogi té bio s6 TDMA Bac My 1997" | FS MELP 24 Lién Igc bao mit 1999 | ETSI AMR-ACELP. 12.2, 10.2, 7.95, | Sirdng cong cng vign théng 7,40,6.70, 5.90, 515,475 “la duge mé ta mot phn ta duge gai thich diy 4 1a duge m6 ti ngdin gon ma khdng ¢6 mt KY thu chi iét IZ. Kidn write cna hg thing mii héa fm thogi [8] ‘Hinh 1.17 mé ta $0 48 kh6i cia bé théng ma héa 4m thoai. Tin higu 4m thoai twong tu lién twe €6 tir nguin cho trade s® duge sb héa boi bp mt b6 lge chun, bj liy miu (66 chuyén di ‘thai gan ri rac), vi b6 chuyén tn higu twomg te sang tn higu 8, Tin higu ng’ ral tn higu dm ‘thoai thai gian roi rae v6i ede gid tr dy miu eng ri rac h6a, Tin higu niy duge xem li tin higu Aim thoai 6. 16 speech (28 kbps) Encoded C28 kbps) biatream (128 kbps) inh 118 So dé khbi dom gin hoa cin 66 maha am thogi "71.2.1.6 Kién tric tong quét eta bp ma héa ~ gidi ma dm thogi [9] lat ra ‘atarmapote _ LS Tat] [fee to eramcert | parame rrumete a ae este 4f To Taser qT ‘dex 7 Toe | q Dek] [ De Dae | Syaec Combine and provessing ue inh 1.19 M6 ti so kh tng quit ci 6 mi hava gi ma thos. ‘Dai v6i b9 ma héa, tin higu 4m thogi diu vio duge xir ly va phan tich nhiim thu duge cic théng s6 dai dign cho mt khung truyén, Céc thing s6 ngiy duge ma hoa vi hugng tit voi ma chi 6 nb phn va duge gi di nur la mot chudt bt d8 duge nén, Cc chi s6 nay duge ding g6i via bidu din thanh chub bit, ching duge sip xép thir nx ruyén dra vio cée thong s6 da quyét dink Bisa nae Bistro ~ bic wel wien] Devate | [ Dove Devale parameter t || porter? | | parameter eae Comin 20 peng Hinh 1.20 M6 hinh chung cia b§ ma héa am thoai. Hinh trén: b6 ma h6a, hinh dui: bp ‘iti ma, BO gidi ma thye hign vige phén tich chudi bit nhan duge, cdc chi s6 nhj phan duge phye Bi sau qué tinh phn tich va ding dé két hop vi cde thing sb tong img cba bp gid ma dé co 18uge cfc thong sé di duge Ixong ti. Céc thong s6 gidi mi nay sé két hop véi nhau va duge xit If 46 tao Iai tin higu am thogi téng hop. 1.2.1.7 Clie yéu ciu cin 6 cia mbt bj ma héa dm thogi [10] ‘Mue tigu chinh cia cia mi hoa thoig la t6i da héa chat lngng nghe tai mét tbe dé bit nio 44, hoc ti thigu ha tée d§ bit img vb mgt chit lugng die thi. Tée d§ bit tuong img véi im thogi nao sé duge truyén hoge hu tr phy thude vio chi phi cia vige truyén hay liu tr, chi cia mi héa tin higu thogi s6, va ede yéu chu vé chit omg cia dm thoai dé. Trong hi hét cde b6 ‘mii ha dm thogi, tin higu duge xay dymg Igi s® khée v6i tin higu nguyén thy. Tée dé bit truyén bj sim bai vige bigu din tin higu 4m thoai (hog cdc thdng s6 trong m@ hinh tao fm thoi) voi 4 chinh xée bi gidm, va boi qué trinh loai bd cde thing tin dur thita eda tin higu, Cée yéu cu ly tudng eva mot b6 mai héa thosi bao Tbe d® bit thip: di v6i chudi bit ma héa e6 tbe bit ti 1G thug véi bing théng edn cho truyén dit ligu. Digu nay din dén néu téc d6 bit thip sé lam ting higu suat ciia hé théng. ‘Yéu cdu niy Iai xung 4$¢ véi cic cic dc tinh tt kh cba hé thng, nbur la chit Iueng cia 4m thogi. Trong thye t8, vige dnh déi gittacée Iya chon phy thuge vio ap dung vio img dang gi. ‘Chat lugng thoai cao: tin higu m thoai da gidi ma phai c6 chét lxong ¢6 thé chip nhin urge di v6i img dyng cin dgt. C6 rit nhidu kid cgnh v8 mt chit Iugng bao gbm tinh higu, twnhign, 4 nghe va cling nhu c6 thé nhfn dang ngudi nei > Nhiin dang tiéng n6i / ngon nai Khe nhau: k¥ thugt-nhgn dang tiéng noi 6 thé phn bigt due giong n6i cia nguii kin nam giéi, ngwir lin nit gigi va tré con efing nhu hin dang uve ngdn ng ni cia neu nb ‘Cudng 49 manh & tong kénh trayén nbidu: diy 18 yéu t6 quan trong d6i véi cdc he thing truyén thing s6 vi eée nhigu anh huring. manh dn chdt hong cia tinh higu thoai ‘Higu suit cao d6i vei cdc tin hiGu phi thoai (vi dy nher tin higu tone dign thoai): trong he thOng truyén din kink din, fe tin higu khic o6 thé t8n tai song song véi tin higu Am thogi. Cac tin higu tone nr li da tin tone di ~ Dual tone multfrequency(DTMF) cia tin hhigu am ban phim va nhge théng thuimg bi chén vio trong dum truyén tin higu. Ngay ca hing b6 mai héa thoai tée 49 thép cing c6 thé khdng thé tgo Iai tin higu m@t eéch hodn chink, > Kich thude b6 nhé thip v.49 phic tgp tinh todn thip: nhim mye dich sir dyng duge 6) am ha &im thodl wong thje-t& chi phi thye hin lién quan dén vige trién Khai bé thing phi thdp, bao gam ca vige b6 nhs cin thit dé hd trg kb thing hogt ding cing abu ede -yéu clu tinh tofin. Cée nha nghién ciru mi héa dm thogi di nd lye trong vige tim kiém hign the bai ton triém khai trong thye tin sao cho e6 higu qua nit > D9 tré ma héa thép: trong qué trinh xi ly ma hoa va gidi ma thogi, 49 tré tin higu ludn Juén tn tai, chinh la thai gian trugt gita am thogi ng& vio cia bé ma héa véi tn higu ng’ ra cia b6 gi ma. Vige tré qué mite s@ sinh ra nhiéu vin 48 trong vige thye hin trao d8i tidag n6i ai chigu trong thi gian tye. 1.2.2 Cée mé hinh ding trong xir ly am thanh [11] 1.2.2.1 Mé hink quang phi 1.2.2.1. Mé hink sin a i a‘Tin higu dm thanh 06 thé durge trign kha tir tap hyp cde m6 hinh sin nu nhur ©6 ¢6 dang WO YAwe*” (1.20) JouGyae, 4,(2)va cP) 1 tinh phn bign 49 va tn 56 uomg Ging eta Voi ge ‘thanh phin sin thi i. Trong thyc ttn higu due xem xét la tin igu ri rac thd gian thye, nur vy ta 06 thé vide Iai y(n) Simoes (@) 21) Véi $1) = foeydr +h (4.22) Vé eo bin, néu nh J €6 gid ti v6 cling Ion, th bt etn higu dm than mio etng e6 thé dluge trién Khai ti m6 hinh sin, phép tinh gin ding duge ép dyng tinh toén trong md hinh nay. ‘Thye 6, tinh higu nbiGu cting duge tién Khai thinh v6 s6 ede tin higu sin, va ta teh vige xi I rigng tin higu nay than phi xir ly Stochastic (A) duge ky higu la e(n). 11) = YA(n)eos(9(n))+ em) (1.23) Thanh phin A. c6 thé duge tinh bang phép bign 48i Short-Time Fourier sir dung luu 43 6 hinh 1. Phuong phép nay duge tng dung trong cdc phan mém ame, vié et cba tag hop m6 hinh 1h - spectral modeling synthesis. linea Magnitude jectory ee seni yEnc) upjecto FET se] Detection ry gectory pease and Phase usjectory Analysis Continuation [ ae Additive Synthesis Deterministic ‘Component ‘residual Spectral Fitting Fitter J Noise Coefisiem Level Hinh 1.21 Phin ch eée thinh phin hinh sin eta phn stochastic 20Phat hign dinh va ghép (Peak detection and continuation): dé thre hign vige phan tch cit thinh phi hinh sin tr in higu thing du, ta phi tim duge vi ghi chi Iai cde din tan s6 tai, te Ia ee thinh phn hinh sin nm vai tr chinh tong edn thie phn tch duge. Mot chién thuft duge str dung dé thye hign digu nay la vé “bang chi din” trong cdc khung STFT. 'Bé thyehign vige phn chia phn mio Ia tn higu, phn mio la nhibu, ea tin s6 va pha pha duge xie dinh mét céch chinh xéc. Ngoai ra, dé qua trinh téng hgp Igi hai tin higu 46 duge don gin, bién d6 cia céc thinh phin nén duge nOi suy gidta cdc khung tin higu, vi phép ndi suy tuyén, tinh thuong duge sir dung. Cac tin s6 cling nh pha cita tin higu cling ¢6 thé due n6i suy, tuy ‘hin cn phai hu ¥ 18 php ni suy thn s6 c6 ans hung chft che dén phép n6i suy pha. “Ting hop li cée thinh phin sn: Trong gi doan ting hop le, ed thinh phn sin c& dtuge tao bai bit ky phurong phap nao nb may t0 dao dong 38, may tao dao dOng bang séng hoa tng hop liy miu bing song, hofe kj thuft dya tn ea si FFT. Ky thugt FET duge sir dung nhigu do tinh tign Igi khi tin higu cé nhigu thanh phin hinh sin, ‘Trich tin higu thing dw (Extraction of the residual): Vige trich phé cita tin higu nhiéu thing du ¢6 thé duge thye hign 6 mién tin (duge mé ta trong hinh.1) hoe trye tiép tir mién thoi sian, ‘Sy higu chinh phé thing du (Residual spectral fitting): thin phin stochastic duge md ‘inh ha 1 in higu nhi&u bang rng, duge loc ber Ki dic tug tuyén inh, Phd eutng d9 cia tin higu thing du ¢6 thé durge xp xi bing gid tr trang binh cla him piecewise-linear. Vige tong hop trong mign tho gian o6 thé due thyc hign bing phép dio FFT, sau khi d3 dn dinh duge mot tip covimg d9 mong muén vi m6 tip pha ng nhign, Higu chinh am thanh: mé hin sin Li mt m6 hinh hifu dung vi n6 cho phép ép dung vi truyén cfc dim thanh nhac lay tr vige ghi bang thye té, Hinh 1.22 m6 ti mp ede bude thy hi cho vige higa chinh tn higu 4m nhac oe ieee Dexminitcinusoidal Musical Additive Pant Magnitude | Transformations | singe _| Syathess Sound Cont Noite Intensiy ~~) Musical Subtractive coetcent| T0Sformations | spectra Shap, S¥athesis seo | Pat Hinh_ 1.22 Co edu t8 chite cho vige biéu dign vige truyén tin higu dm nhge 1.2.2.1.2 Tin higwsin + nhiéu + née dém ‘Trong mo hinh sin + niu, digu eo ban 1a ede tn higu dm thanh 1 tng hop ca nhibu tin higu sin tin s6 dhip va cfc loginhigu bang rng hu nhu & dang tin. Khi , m6e thinh phn cia ‘im thanh khdng duge xem xét dén, dé li nit dém. Vige higu chinh &m thanh c6 thé durge thy auhigm dé cing bg cach tich iéng thinh phin nbt dgm dé xét riéng. Thue t, hiu ht cfc dung cu fm nhac mé rng trudng 46 cia mot not nhac khéng lam anh hudng dén chat hrgng xir ly. ‘Véi ly do nay, m6t mé hinh méi la sin + nhigu + nét dém duge phat hoa ding trong vige phan tich dm thanh, ¥ tung chinh ei vie trich dm dm trong thyct8 tir vige quan sat ring, ce tin higu inh sin trong mién thoi gan duye dn xa qua mién tin tinh ede inh e6 vit xe inh, trong ki dé efe xung ngin di ngiu trong mi thoi ian khi duge anh xp qua mign tin Ii c6 dang hinh sin, Nhwr vay, m6 hinh sin c6 thé duge mg dyng trong mién tan s6 biéu dién cae tin higu hinh sin. So 4 ciia vige phan tich SNT duge mé ta trong Hinh 1.23, j inh 1.23 Phan tch tn higu &m thanh theo md hinh sin + nhigu + nét dém Kh6i DCT trong Hinh 1.23 mé ta hogt déng eva phép r0i me cosin, Phép bin di, duoc din ngbia nhu sau: tb) =a xempood 20+ Dk a2 & 2N Phép bién d6i DCT thye hign vige mt xung duge bién di thanh dang cosin va nguge Ia 1.22.13 Mé hinh LPC Ma hoa di doan tuyén tinh e6 thé duge sir dung dé md hinh phd tinh. Tong hop LPC duge m6 ta trong lu d8 trong Hinh 1.24. V8 ban chit, m@ hinh chinh la giai thug trir ting hop thye hign mot tinh higu c6 phd “dc” duge loc bi mgt bé loe cus. Tin higu kich thich 6 thé sir dung ‘chin tin higu thing du € 6 duge qua qué tri phan tich, hoje c6 thé di dung cdc thong tin cia tin higuthosi/phi thsi pitch —a Excitation Allpole ‘Synthesis Fier viv RMS amplitude inh 1.24 Téng hgp LPC 1.2.22, M6 hinh mién thoi gian \Vige m6 tim thanh trong min tin rt & higu qui ty nhién trong mét wi mg dung, ‘ign vige nghién cia ve ting hop m than, vige phn ich trong min th gan Ini cba thé hom, 21.2.2.2.1 May tao dao dong sb ‘Ta ohn thdy m@t Am thanh phite tgp duge téng hop tr nhigu thinh phan hinh sin bing phép tng hgp FT", Néu ahw céc think phin binh sin khOng qué nbiéu, vige tng bgp timg thinh phiin duge thye hign bing céch lay gié tri tung binh eta may tao dao dng s6. chin) = ghagghon (125) Voie" = x,(n) + jx,(n)6 dang s6 phic, mdi bude nhay thé gian duge dinh nghia anh sau: Xq(0-+1) = 60802,X,(n) ~Sine,x,(n) (1.26) x (n-+1) = sineyx,(n) + e0810,x,(n) 27 “Thong sé bién 49 va pha ban diu e6 thé tinh dya theo pha ban du eva thye hign vige {gch pha vao s6 md. Tin higu x,( +1) e6 thé duge tinh theo cong thie sau x,(n +1) = 2c080,x,(1)— x,(0— 1) (1.28) ap tmg xung cia bp lge nh sau 1 1 MO Femara) Gi tr eye cia 6 Ioe big thte 10 nm trén chu vi dung tron dom vi Goi xy. Spy li ai bién trang thé cia hai miu toc d6 cia tn higu ng® ra x, pha ban du g, o6 thé duge tinh theo hg phwong tinh sau X— = sin(g,—@,) (1.30) Xe =sin(g, — 20, ) aan May tao dao dong sé dic Big hitu ich trong vige bigu din ting hop tin higu d6i vi cc bd vi xi da mye dich, Khi cée phép toin trén déu chim dng duge trién khai. Tuy nbign, phuomg, phip nay ding cho vige tgo tin higu tin. fai bit Ii *Vige cp nhat théng $6 yéu'edu tinh todn trén ham cosin, Day la mot diéu kh6 d6i voi digu ché t5c dam than, do phai thyc hign phép tinh cosin img véi ting mau trong sin thoi gian = Thay 48%. 96 cad indy dao dng sf sé lim thay d5i bién 46 tin higu sin. Khi d6 bd phan logic diéu khién bién d cin duge sir dung d8 diéu chinh han ché may. 1.2.2.2.2 May tao dao déng bing sing ‘Trong phuong php kinh dién vi lh dng ahit vé ng hop cdc dang song e6 chu ky (bao zim tin higu dang sin) la vige doc lip di lip lai mot bing chita n6i dung cin mét dang song da urge luu trt rude, Néu dang s6ng duge tong hop & dang sin, déi ximg thi vige lau tr cho phép chi cln uu tr chu Kj, va vige tinh todn s6 lage s& due ndi suy cho ed chu Kj. Dat buf[ ] 1a bG dém c6 ndi dung chita lA chu ky ciia dang sng, hoe bing dang séng. May 90 dao dong dang song host dng lip Ii theo chu ky quét bang dang séng la bi 96 ein gia 86 1 vi doc ngi dung cia bing dang s6ng tai vi ti 6. 2BGoi B 1a chidu di cia b6 dem, f, Hun s6 ma ta muén to tn sb tly mau F, ki 6 gid tr ctia gia s6 J la: == (1.32) Syrthay adi tin sb My miu Bai todn thiétké may tgo dao d6ng bing s6ng e6 thé chuyén thinh bai ton thay ddi tin sé iy miu, vi dy nu biém dé tn higu duge My mu gi thn 86 ldy mu F,, than tin iu duge liy eee mk tat sb F,. Néu 72 Zi L va M tic guy ii gin, vie thu ign hay ky miu e6 thé de nhur hig bing cae bbc: ‘Tang tn s6 ly mau bing he s8 2. Sirdng bloc théng thip 3. Gili tn sb tiy miu bing he sb. M xo x y yim) L hin) ym F FL FL ELM inh 1.25 So db khdi phn eta qua rin thay di dn s tby miu 2 2 * A Hn 1.26 Vi dy v8 thay tin sb My mba voi L/M = 3/2 1.22.23 Ting hop ly mdis bing séng ‘Téng bop ly miu bing s6og li phin ma rong cin may dao dng bing s6ng d6i vi 24# Dang séng phan tich khong phi dang sin + Baing dang song dupe hau tri véi nhiéu chu ky (Cée tin higu didu Khign rit quan trong trong vige nlsan duge Am thanh ty nin 1.2.2.2.4 Tong hop hat (véi Giovanni De Poli) (Cée bing song ngin ¢6 thé duge doe vii nhiéu te d Khe nhau, va két qua 1m digu €6 thé ching chéo vio nhau trong mién thé gian. Trong phyong phap mign thoi gian, vige ting hop ‘am thank nay duge goi li tong hgp hat. Tong hop hat bat dau tir y tuémg viée phan tich am thanh trong mign thoi gian duge thay thé bing biéu din ching thinh mét ehudi ede thinh phin ngin due goi li “hat”. Céc thong s6 cia ky thugt nay la ede dang séng cia hat thie £,(°), vi ti trong mign thoi gian /, va bién do a, 5,()=Da,g,(n-1,) 433) Khi s6 lugng “hat” Ién, thi vige tinh todn s8 tré nén phitc tap. Tinh chiit eta céc hat va céc vi tr trong mign thoi gian quyét dinh am séc cia Am thanh. Vig lua chon cc thing sty thude vio céc tigu chun dua ra bai ede ma hin thé hin. Vige lya chon cdc m6 hinh bigu din lin quan dén cfc qua trinh hogt dng_ma ede qua tinh nly e6 thé anh hung dén im thanh mio dé theo nhigu céch khic nha Logi eo bin va quan trong nbit cua téng bp hat (tng hop hat bit dng b9) phan phéi cic at khong theo quy lugt trong mién tin sé -thoi gian. Dang sng hat c6 dang 81 (i) = 0, (i)eos(2f,T,i) 34) Véi co, (i) ta cia 56 06 chibu di la d_ mau, ing dé éitu kin nhip thoi gian va bang tin pho fi, 1.2.2.3 Cie m6 hink phi tuyén 1.2.2.3.1 Diéu pha va diéu tin KS thujt tng hop phi tuyén théngdung nbit la digu tin (FM). Trong lign Igc théng tin, FM duge ding trong céc thip ky ln 48); nhumg img dung cia né trong giai thuét tng hop am thanh trong mién thoi gian-rai/Fpc dae biét aén Vi edi tén John Chowning. Va bin chit, CChowning 3 thyc hign céé’nghién clu trén cc pham vi khéc nhau cita vige tao tiéng rung bing ce b} tg0 dao déng don gidn, vi thu duge két qua la cée tin s6 rung nhanh sé tao ra cée thay 461 diy kjch tinh, Nhuw vay, digu ché tin s6 ctia mot may tgo dao dong eting di tgo ra tin higu am. thank ¢6 ph phic tp. Mé hink FM cia Chowning nh sau: ‘(v= Asin(o,n+ I sin(«o,n))= Asin(o,n + 6(n)) (135) V6i @, latin sé sing mang vi 2, latin sé didu ché, J la chi s6didu ché. Phuong trinh (16) thye 18 cting 1A phurong trinh didu pha. Tn sé tire thi cia phuromg trinh (16) (0) =0,~ Io, cos(o,n) 0.36) Hoye: S(1)= f.~1f,008(2af,9) 37) Hinh 1.27 mé ta vigetién Khai pd cia gi thujt FM don giin, Tin s6 diéa ché duge 1b tg0 dao ding trong ki tin dling d& didu khién ere séng mang ding dé diéu khién 6} 25‘0 pha don vi, tao pha theo chu kj. Véi tin s6 song mang, tin s6 dtu ché va chi sd didu ché cho true, ta 06 thé 8 ding dy don ec thinh phin ph ti s6 eva dm than két qu. eames mm mami 7 cS ae a Basten» no sl i at ei ee Hinh 1.27 Phin trién khai phn ph6i pd cia diéu pha. Vige phan tich dya trén die tinh lugng gidie sin(oo,n+ Fsin(c) x(n)= =A J(dsigon) +3, (fil, rho, 9) +(-I} sill, ~ko, ey Re Voi J,(Z) la bie thir cua him Bessel, Cét-him Bessel duge vé trén hinh 9 img véi nhidu gid tj A tén trye s6 lugng side-frequencies va gid tri J trén true chi s6 didu ché. line 1 — Medkdation index ¥ Hinh 1.28 Céc gid tri cia ham Bessel 26Bing thong co gi tr xdp xi bing pw =2(1-+0241")o, 2Ie,, (1.39) 1.2.23.2 Méo phi tuyén Khai nigm téng hop am thanh bing méo phi tuyén — Nonlinear distortion (NLD) rét dom sin: ng6 ra cia mach tg0 dao d6ng duge diing nh la thong s6 cia mét him phi tuyén. Trong rin thoi gian ri ge s6, him phi tuyén duge Iuu tri trong mot bang, va ng® ra cia bg dao dng durgc ding nhu la chi sé d8 truy ahip vao bing. Diéu thi vi cia NLD Ia If thuyét nay cho phép thie ké mot bing méo cho bai cde dic diém KY thuét eta mét phd mong mud, 'Néu bé tao dao dng c6 dang tin higu sin, ta c6 thé tinh todn NLD nr sau x(n) = Acos(«yn) (1.40) y(n) = F(x(n)) cay ‘Voi ham s6 phi tuyén, ding da thite Chebyshev. Da thite Chebyshev cép 49 7” duge dinh nnghia 48 quy nbur sau: T,(x)=1 (1.42) TQ)=x (143) T(x) = 2xT,(8)- To), (44) va 66 tinh chit: T,(cos@) = cosn@ (1.45) [Nhu vay, véi tinh chit (31), néw him méo phi tuyén li da thite Chebyshev edp d6 m, gia tri gd ray 66 duge bing céch sit dung b> dao dong sin x(n)=cosexn, nur vay y(n) = cos(mco,r) li hai bie m cia x. Ph cia y(n) vi v= Yh, coskeayn) (1.46) PO)=TALO) «a7 [Ngoai cic ma hinh trén, ic m6 hinh vit lj efing due ép dng trong vige ting hop, xit fim thank nhur mach dao dng vat 1¥. mach dao dng di va mach phin phi cOng hung mot chigu 1.2.3. M@ hinh tha gian ri rge [12] Trong hiu hét céc trang hop lién quan dén xir ly théng tin, vige biéu dign tin higu sao cho dm bio tinh tin Igi trong phn tich ma vn khéng lim mét di tinh chit cia tin higu la iu ‘mat ee nha khoa ge quan tm. Song, dm thanh xuét phat tr Ibi n6i cia ng tinh chit ty nin ‘va ngiu nhién nhat, Phin tich togn hoc thugn tign nbét la xem song am thanh 1a mét ham s6 theo bign thoi gian ¢. Ta ky higu x, (F) 1a dang séng tuomg ty theo tha gian £ 27| $s sume inh 1.29 iu difn tin higu A thogi ‘Trong gio trinh nay, ta ding ky higu x(n) mé ta cho chudi s6, Trong truémg hop liy ‘mu tn higu Am thogi, mét chubi co thé duge xem nur la mét diy cde mau cba tn higu tuong te duge ly miu mot eich déu din véi thoi gian Ky miu 1a T, khi d6 tin higu sou khi liy miu duge gy higu boi x, (x7). Hinh 1.1 mo té mot vi dy eva vige tin higu dm thoai duge biéu dién & ed hai dang latin higu tuomg ty va dang chudi cfc miu duge kay mau 6 tin s6 la SkHz. Xung dom vi duge dink nghia nh sau: 6(n)=1n=0 = Onguyge fai (1.48) ‘Chudi bude dom vi duge ky higu u(n)= 120 =0n<0 49) Ham mit x(n) =a" (1.50) Néu ao dang s6 phite, a = re" thi x(n) =r"e™" =r" (cosayn + jsin ayn) (si) 28ae Hinh_ 1.30 (a) Ly mu don vi, (b) dom vj buse,(c) ham (nd {i} yind=7 [ xind] ated tI yt) te) to) we va (d) ham sin suy gidm Hinh 1.31 So dd khdi (a) hg théng don ngo vao/don ngo ra; (b) he thong don ngo vao/da ngd ra Khi he thong g6ninhiéu ng ra, tin higu chudi ngd ra s& duge bigu dign bing mot vector urge mo ta nf 6 Hinh 1.31. HG théng tuyén tin dich bit bign lhe thing de bigt hit dng cho vige wiry tn higu am thoai. He théng duge dic trmg bai dap img xung, /i(n), Khi d6 tin higu ng ra duge tinh bai cng tite Yaxya(a—H) =x(n)* hin) (1.52a) v@) 29Haye Sik ale-B) = Hoy) asa Véi* Wa phép chap hai in higu 1.3 LY THUYET VA CAC BAI TOAN CO BAN 13.1 Phin tich dy dod tuyén tinh [12], Dy dod tuyén tinh (Linear prediction, viét tt la LP) 1a mot phin khéng thé thiéu co hiv hit tit cd gi thudt ma da thogi hign dai ngay nay. ¥ tudmg co bin 1a. mot miu thogi cé thé dupe xp xi bing mét két hgp tuyén tinh ctia cde mau trong qué khit. Trong mét khung tin higu, céc trong s6 ding dé tinh todn két hop tuyén tinh duge tim bing efch t6i thiéu héa binh phuong trung Dinh 18i dy dodn; céc trong s6 tng hop, hoge eéc he sé dur dodin tuyén tinh (LPC) duge ding dai dign cho mt khung ey thé ‘Trong phin chuong 3, sy sip xép LP theo he thing dya trén m6 hin nguge tr dong ‘Trong thyc té, phan tich dy la mt tign trinh uée Ingng dé tim ede théng sé cia AR, ma ce thong s6 nay duge cho bai cde méu cia tin higu. Nhu vay, LP la mot kj thuét nhin dang véi ‘ec thong 86 cba m6t hé théng dyoe tim te vige quan sét, Vi gid dinh 1a tin higu thogi due mo hinh nbu la tin higu AR, diéu ny di doe chimg minh tinh ding din cia n6 trong thy ti, ‘Mot eich biéu dién LP khée 1a phurong phip use Iugng phd. Nhu di trinh bay 6 ten, phan tich LP cho phép vige tinh toin cée thong s6 eda AR, 43 duge dinh nghia trong mat 46 phé cong swit (PSD) cia chinh ban thin tin higu, Bling céch tinh ton LPC eiia mst khung tin hi, ta e6 thé ‘go ra mt tin higu khde theo each thite ¢6 ndi dung phé gin nhur tong dng v6i tin higu gée. LLP cing c6 thé duge xem nhur IA mt qué tinh Logi b ede dur thi Khi thong tin bi Lap li trong mot sy trutmg hop cn khir, Sau cing, vige truyn dé figu c6 thé Khong edn thigt néu nue de ligu cdn truyn o6 thé duge dy doin truée. Bang céch thire chuyn ch cée du thia trong mét tin higu, s6 Iwong bit cin thiét 48 mang thong tin s8 ft hom va niu thé s@ dat duge muc tiéu nén dit Tigu. ‘Trong phin nay s& 48 cp dén bai toan oo ban cia phan tich LP 44 duge dink 3, két hop ‘Gi vige higu chinh Igi cho phi hep theo hiting ef tin higu dng, cting nhur vi du va cde gia thugt ‘cin thiét cho qué trinh dy don tuyéa tin 13.11 Bai toin dye dodn tuyén tinh Dy dodn tuyén tinh dupe m6 18. 1A mt bai todn nhin dang bg théng, véi fe thing sé ‘iia mt m6 hinh AR durge wéc Itong tir ban than tin higu. Mé hinh duge trinh bay 6 Hinh 1.32 Tin higu nhigu tring x{7] duge loc béi qua trinh ting hop AR dé e6 duge tin higu AR s[/n), vei cée thong s6 AR duye ky higu Ii a:. Dy dodn tuyén tinh thye hign uée dodn sf] dya vio M miu trong qu hi (1.53) Vai a, li eée ude lugng cia cdc thong sé AR duge xem I cée he s6 dy dodn tuyén tinh (LPC) Hing sé M tong eng thie 1 bge dy dosn. Nhu vay, vige dr dodn dr trén 18 hop tuyén tinh cia M miu trong qua kh cia tin higu, chinh vi thé vige dy dosn mang tinh tuyén tinh, L&i dy doan duge tinh bing céng thire: 30en] =s(n]-s{n] (54) AR signal Predicted signal sin} etn} Prediction inh 1.32 H@ thing niin dang dui dang dye dodn tuyéa tinh 1h ln) at sf > @ - Ani ae me s > Hinh 1.33 B9 loc bi dr don LBi dy don chinh la d9 sai bigt git miu tht sy va mu ude hong. Hinh 1.33 m6 ta hr 8 tin higu thy hign b9 loc 18: dy dodin. BO loc c6 ngd vao Ia tin higu AR vi ng6 ra chink 1a tin higu 15 dr don, Toi thiéu hod Idi Bai toin nbfin dang h@ théng bao gdm vige uée lngng cdc thong sb AR a: tir s[n]. DE thye hign vige ude lum, tiéu chun phai duge tht lip. Trong dé, binh phuong trung binl 18 dr doan duge tinh boi e@ng thitc: s=2lei}=e{(sone Seana) | (1.55) Duoe ti thigu héa bing each Iya chon LPC thich hap. Thong s6 LPC ti wu e6 thé due tim biing céch thiét lap céc dao ham riéng phan cla J khi a, tin t6i zero: 31- 2e (sin Saatn-a)pr-#} =o (1.56) ea, a Voi K=1.2yayM , khi (44) xiy ra thi a, =a,, lie my LPC chinh bing che thong 6 AR Dé toi dee doin 19 loi dr dosin eta b9 dr don duye cho bai cong thie PG= 10,2 &) toe) as?) La ti 86 gitta bién tin higu ng6 vao va bién cia 18i dy dodn theo don yj decibels (dB). D> Ii dr doin tng 8 do Iuemg. chit leong cia bG dr don, Mob dy dodn tt hon o6 kha ning tao ra Idi dy doan nho hon véi dé Igi cao hon. gong trun dotn ‘Tir Hinh 1,33, ta 06 thé nhiin xét khi a, = a, thi elm] = x{7]; nbue vay 18i dye dosin twong ‘ty nhur ding tin higu nhiu tring dé tao ra tin higu AR sf]. Bay Ia trudng hop t6i uu khi 18; binh phuong trung binh duge t6i thiéu héa, véi Joan = Ele [n]}= Els'[n]} =o? (158) Khi dd, 46 loi dy don dat gid tr] kim nit. Diéu kign t6i wu c6 thé dat duge khi bic cia b> dy doan Kin hon hoge bing bac ciia qué tinh tng hgp AR. Trong thyc t8, M thuring 1a 86 chua biét trusc. Mét phuong phép don gidn dé 6 thé ude Ingng duge gid tri M tir tin higu ngudn lave biéu 48 46 loi dy dodn nus 1 mot him. cca bac dur doan. Véi phuong phap nay, ta c6 thé quyét dinh durge bic cia dy doan img v6i d8 Iai bso ha, khi dé ki ting bac dc dodn thi dd Ioi khong ting. Gi tricia bie ir don tai dim thea ddidu ign bao hda nay duge xem la gid tr] wéc lugng tot nhit cho bic cia tin higu AR. ‘Sau khi da xc dinh duge gia tri M, ham-chi phi J dat gid tri t6i thiéu khi a, din dén e{n]=a{n]. Va ki db, 181 dy odin 6 bing v6 gi tr tin higu dw vio eda 6 téng hyp qua tinh AR ‘1.3.1.2 Phin tich dy dodn tuyén tinh cho tin higu dong ‘Tin higu thogi trong thye té 1a tin higu dng, nén LPC phai duge tinh img véi timg khung tin higu. Trong mot khung tin higu, m6¢ tp LPC duyge tinh tofn va ding dé dai dign cho cic thude tinh cia tin higu wong angt chu ky oy thé, véi gid dink rng sé igu théng ké eta tin higu vin ‘khong thay d6i trong mot khung. Qua trinh ‘todn LPC tir dit ligu tin higu duge goi la phiin tich dy doa tuyén tin, Bai toan dy dodn tuyén tinh cho tin higu déng diege phit biéu Iai nhw sau: day 1a bai toan thye hign vige tinh ede gid tri LPC Ging véi N’ diém di ligu voi thoi gian K&t thie i m= sfm—N+1], sfm—N-+2],.. s[m]. Vector LPC duge vigtnhu sau: =[a,lm] afm]. — aylnll «a.s9) | 32Voi Mla bie dir dodn ib tot due dodn D6 Ioi dy doan cita bb dy doan duge cho boi céng thite dsl PG[m]=10l0g,,| (1.60) Véi ,m (161) Cf LPC a,[m] duge tinh toan tir cée miu trong chu ky. D9 Igi diy doan dinh nghia & ccéng thire (4.23) la m@t him theo bién thoi gian m ‘Vid: Nhigu tring duge tao ra bai bd tgo ng nhién phin phbi Adu, sau 46 duge lye bai b6 ting hop AR véri a, = 1.534 a, a, =-0.061 a, =-0.157 Khung ting hgp eds tin higu AR duge ding cho phan tich LP, voi ting eng li 240 miu, Use long ty dong tong quan khéng hdi qui sit dung cia sé Hamming. Phan tich LP duge thye hiign voi bac tr 2 dn 20. Hinh 1.34 tém tit két qua, v6i d6 loi dy dodn durge tinh ton tgi M = 2 vv dat gi tri cao nhit tai M =10. Cc bie Kir hon 10 khing cho durge 46 loi cao ho nia, cho. nén ta 66 thé chi can xét dén M = 10, 0 PG os Hinh 1.34.6 loi dy dodn (PG) 1a mét him theo bién bie du doan M 331.3.13 Gidi thugt Levison-Durbin ‘Thong thudmg, vige tinh todn ma tra nghich dio khdng dom gidn, tuy nhién 461 véi bai todin niy, cée he s6 gid thust e6 thé duge tinh thing qua tinh ton ma tein tong quan, Hai gid ‘thuat Levison-Durbin va Leroux-Gueguen 1a hai giai thuat rit phi hgp cho vige tinh ton LP cia ‘cic hé thong tién khai trong thu t& Gidi thudt Levison-Durbin thye hign vige tim b§ dur dodn bge thir Mtr b9 dir dodn be thie (M —1). Bay 1 qua trinh tp 48 quy cho dn khi tim duge lin du tién b6 dy dod bf zero, sau 46 s8 ding b9 bie zero s® duge diing 48 tinh b9 du dodin bg 1 va qua trinh tiép tye cho dén hi fn ton due 9 cy dnc be tim, vao Ta cic hé s6 ty tuomg quan R[/], gia trj tinh durge 1a ce LPC va Giai tude: bién RC Dinh tri ban diu: 1= 0. tap J, = R[O] = Thye hign a8 quy, for 1= 125M © Buse 1: Tinh todn RC thir 1k, (D+ Sa (© Bude 2; Tinh toan cde LPC img voi b6 dy dodn bic a? =k; i? ka; FAQyeogd 1 Ding nu /=M © Bue 3: Tinh gi ti inh phuromg trung binh I8i dur dodn tuong ing voi 1a gi tai ba J. u0#) Gan J =1+1, quay Iai bude 1 13.14 Gidi thug Leroux-Gueguen Bai toin sir dug gidithuat Levinson-Durbin dia trén cic gid ti cia cde LPC, bai vi ching 6 thuge mét tim vue rOng va gid-tri bién cia bién do cha cde LPC khong thé tinh durge ang vi co sé I thuyét. Vd xay ra Khi git chat dtge dip dkng cho tinh ton trén dé chim tinh, Gai thugt Leroux-Gueguen khic phe diém yéu niy cia gi thust Levison-Durbin Leroux vi Gueguen [1979] di dé xuit mst phuomg phip tinh toi cite RC tr ce gi tr We tuomg quan ma khéng ein pha tinh théng qua cic LPC. Do 46, bai ton lign quan dén tim dng ‘véi diéu kign déu chim finh da duge gidi quyét. Xét théng s6 sau [= ERns[n—K}}= Dara x), (1.62) vei . 2" [n] = 18i dy doan sir dung 9 loc dy doin 15i baie the T +g = LPC eta 6 dur dosin ba thir 7 34= Rik] id tri ty tuomg quan cia tin higu s{71] inh iy: e[k]s rfp] (1.63) Sinh vign c6 thé ty chimg minh Bing 1.4 m6 ti cfc thing sb « cin tht img véi mi be / trong gia hut Leroux-Gueguen 1 (Ce thing sé cin thi M M-1 [ofc] M-2 ot} ofoh ea ie" [a1] M3 oH 2]... fohe" fa -2fa..0 La] M-4 oI}. ve *[oLe 3p e" LM] 1 2°EM +2h...,2%[0}e°R}....e°[M] o EM +Ih...e%0eD}....e°[M] Gia emus: = Dinh trj ban dau: 1=0, tap '[k] = R[k}& = Thue hign dé quy, for L=1,2,.5M M+ MyM ld) 9 Brida la RC fk, = img khi J = M © Bude 2: Tinh todn cée thong sé 5 [k= ke ke ok =-M + 14+1,...0,041,..M. © Gin J=1 +1, quay lai bude | 1.3.15. So sink gidi thugt Levison-Durbin vi Leroux-Gueguen thuat-Leroux-Gueguen phii hgp hon cho céc bai tod déu chim tinh d6i véi cée bién trung gian cé bién da duge biét trade. Nhuge diém ciia giai thugt nay la chi ¢6 cdc gid tr] RC 1a ‘ét qué tra vé, 1é Két qu khong cin thiét d6i v6i bd Ige Ini. Déi véie cde BO Ie e6 dang trye tiép, che gi tri LPC 06 thé 6 duge néu ding mt trong hai gii thuat. ‘Vig sit dung bé Ige mit cao thug trong vige tinh todn LP thug khéng don gidin do s6 Jugng tinh ton. Ngoai ra, d6i vi truémg hop the gian bién dai, cdc hg s5 duoc cp nhat tir khung tg gian may dén khung thé gian khée sé lm cho vige tinh toin cang phite tap hom d6i véi cau tric ludi. Ngoai ra, phuong phap Leroux-Gueguen sit dung bién di RC-sang-LPC khdng cung cp vige hru tri Ini cdc bus tinh toin quan trong so véi gid thudt Levinson-Durbin, Tét ca cae digu trén lim cho gidi thujt Levinson-Durbin théng dung bon trong thyc tn, dlc bigt la di vei ce bai tod sb. ef] 35‘rong cdc bi ton img dung thyc tf gai thuit Levison-Durbin ing trong ditu kign du chim tinh phai due cn nhc Ky sao cho dm bio fc bién pha nm trong tim ve cho php. 13.2 Dy doin tuyén tinh trong xi ly thogi [13] 'D5i vi vige dom gin ha mi hinh xr thoai, gi thu dx dod tuyén inh (LPC) la mt trong nbiing gi thuit dp dung to cde b6 mi hia chuin cho vige xir If am hogt dng & tin sb thap. 6 téc d6 2.4kbps, bé mi héa FS1015 LPC [Hang Tremain, 1982] la mt bude tién vugt bat trong nginh vir am thanh; mae di chit hong cia dm thanh duge gi ma khng cao, nhumg bh thing giai ma dom gin va 8 higu, Thugt ng “mi héa dye dosn tuyén tinh” ut hign ir ki vige tao ra im thanhthogi si dung bt ky pai thu img dung m6 hinh LPC, trong 66 chin FS1O1S la chudin dién hinh, Ban div, trong vige phit rin cho vige trayénthéng bio mit thabe ee tng dng qui si 9 mi ha FS1015 duge dc tumg bd tn higu thogi mal ting hgp ng@ ra thutmg cin dén cc hin vién van hanb tng dai 43 durgc hudn luyén sit dung, Mac di hau hét cdc bG mai hoa thogi dia vaio céng nghé LP dat duge higu st eao hom ngiy nay, nhumg vé co ban, hoat dng ca ching la c6 nun ge tr LPC, vig ei én nhim mye dich dat duge chit lxgng tt hon va higu suit ma héa i hon, 13.2.1 M6 hinh sie lj tn higu thogt (MB hinh xt If thoai da vio m6 hinh ma héa de don tuyén tinh urge mo ta trong Hinh 1.35. M@ hinh duge dimg dya vio vige quan sat cée dc tinh co bin cia tin higu thogi va bit chude k¥ thugt tgo dm thanh thogi cia ngudi. BS loc ting hop duge m6 phéng theo sy phat am, Kixiu im cia migng ngwdi, Tin gu la ngb vio cia bp loc hog tn higu kich thich mach drge mo hing theo dang xung truyén dng (Am thanb thoai) hofe 18 nbiéu nghu nbién (Am thank phi thoai). Nhu vy, phy thude vao trang thai am thanh thogi hay phi thogi cua tin higu, mach chuyén duge thit lap 6 vi ti thich hgp sao cho ng@ vio twong img sé duge chon dua vio mach, Mite ning lag cia tn hig ng ra dwoje didu kin 665i thong sb 4 li Lim céch nio mé hinh phi hgp véi ngi cinh cia ma hoa am thoai? Xét cée miu thoai mt cich rigng 1é mg vi tim khung tin higu khong ching lén nhau. Ung v6i timg doa kung T ahi vie ding [] lan dim bio ring vse tinh oan Inén nim trong ving bién eta Khing. 13.223 BO gidi ma Hinh 1.41 mé ta so 48 khOi eta bp gidi mi theo m6 hinh tgo &m LPC véi ede thong sb duge didu Khién bai ludng bit. Gia si ring cia b® to chudi'xung tao ra cfe xung cé bién 46 don Yi, trong khi bé tao niu tring o6 tin higu ng6 ra e6 bien dé kha dei hme dom vi. Vige tinh ton 49 Igi duge thye hign nhur sau: DSi véi tin igu li phi thoai, cng suat cia tin higu ca b6 loc tng hop phai bing véi 15i dir dodn cha bo ma hoa. Ky higu d6 Igi la g , ta 6 (1.66) ‘1,3.2.2.4 Gidi han ctia m6 hinh LPC Gigi han 1: Trong mét sé trxdmg hop, mot khung &m thanh e6 duge phan logi la tin higu «dang thogi hay phi thoi. GiGi han 2: Vige sir dung hoi tod nhiBu agi nhién hoge boda tain chudi xung ¢6 chu ky tgo ich thich khéng phit hop vi thye tél si dung tin higu Am thoai thy. Gigi han 3: Thong tin v8 pha cia tn higu iguyén thy KhOng duge xem xét Gi6i han 4: Phuong phip thus hign-vige ting hop cic khung tho, trong khi mét chudi >xung ding dé kich thich bg Ioe téng hop véi cae he s6 e6 dug ti vige phan tich LP vi pham nén tng eta m6 hinh AR, 1.4. PHAN TICH CHAT LUQNG XU LY THOAT 1.4.1 Cac phuong phap ma hoa Dich vy thoai la dich vy co ban va quan trong nhit trong céc dich vu cung cp cho khich hing cita cde nh Khai thle di dng & Vigt Nam eiing nbur trén thé gidi, BE dim bio hi tg tt kch hing nhim det duge Igi thé canh tran, cc nha Khai théc di dng cin hd tr tot dich vu ec ban nay. Do 46, vige danh gid cde chi tigu chit lngng chat Iugng thoai e6 vai td rét quan trong. ‘Céc phuong thite dn gié chit lugng thogi 43 duge nhigu t6 chi vign théng (nhw ITU.ETSI..) nghign ci, xy dung. Trong phan nay trinh bay mt sé phuomg php dnb gis chit lung thogi dic bigt la cho mang vign théng (c6 dinh, di ding). Vige nh gia chit lugng thoai c6 vai t rit quan trong déi véi ce nha khai thie mang théng tin di dng va cé dink. Vi thogi la dich vy théng tin co ban cho nén vige dam bio cung ofp «ich vu nay v6i eh wong Gn dinh 1a mot yéu 6 ca tranh eda ce nha Khai thée mene. 40Phuong phép anh gid chét Iugng thoai di duge nhigu t8 chic tiéu chun nhu ITU-T, ETSI, 3GPP thye hig chun h6a, Bai béo phan tich bin chit cia mot s6 phomg php dénh wid chit lugmg thogi eo ban: phuong phip dh gid theo thang diém MOS (Mean Opinion Score) dya trén khuyén nghj ITU-T P.800 [1], cée phuomg phéip danh gid dya trén m@ hinh gic quan PSQM (Perceptual Speech Quality Measurement) theo khuyén nghi ITU-T P.861 [2], PESQ (Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality) theo khuyén nghj ITU-T P.862 [3] va phuong phép dya trén m6 hinh dinh gid tuyén din E-model theo tigu chuin ETR 250 (4] eta ETSI. Cée phuomg phip nay urge so sinh vé uw nhuge diém vi pham vi ing dung, 1.4.2 Ce tham sé lién quan dén chat lirgng thogi Cée tham s6 truyn dn eo ban ién quan dén chit hrgng thoai la: + Tham 36 dinh gid cuimg > am tugng/tin hao téng thé (OLR-Overall Loudness Rating): OLR cia he théng phai khong duge vugt qué’ gi6i tian duige dinh nghia trong Khuyén nghj G.111 eta ITU-T. Cée gid wi déinh gid tén hao phia phit va thu (SLR va RLR) dbi véi hg théng GSM duge dinh gid cho d&n giao dign POL, Tuy nihién, tham s6 ‘anh hung chinh la dic tinh cia MS gm ca bé chuyén déi tuong ty - 35 (ADC) vi sb ‘tong ty (DAC). Do vay, théng thudng, ngudi ta danh gié OLR cia giao dign v6 tuyén, © TyB: thei gian truydn din tin higu git hai du cudi gly ra.nhimg khé khin trong viée thoai. Tx8 bao gém: t8 chuyén ma thogi, tr® ma héa kénk, tr mang va t8 xi ly tin higu thogi dé opi bo tiéng vong va gi nhigu 6 ehé 40 Handsfree. + Ting vong (echo). + Cit nguting (clipping): li higa tugng mt phin du hoe phan cudi cia eym tin higu thogi CSc tinh chat lién quan dn a6 nhay tin sé. + Xuyén im (sidetone loss). = Nhigu nén.. 1.43 Cée phuong phap dinh gid cht lwgng thogi co bai ie dénh gid chit lugng thoai trong mang GSM cing nhur ed hé théng théng tin khic inh va v6 tuyén) e6 thé duge tye hign bing céch dinh gi eéc tham s6 tuyén din e6 anh fit lugng thoai va xae djnh tac dng ciia cic tham s6 nay di voi chat lung ting thé, Tuy nhién, vige danh gid timg’tham 8 rit phic tap va tn kém. Hign nay, vige dinh gid chit Iugng thoai duge dya tn mot tham s6 chit Ingng tng thé li MOS (Mean Opinion Score). hing phuong phip sir dyng MOS déu mang tinh chit chil quan do chiing phy thuge vio quan diém cia ngudi sir dong dich vy. Tuy vay, ching ta 66 th8 phan chia ede phuong phip ddnh gid chit lugng thoai ra kam ha Logi eo ban: + Cae phuong phap enh gia chit quan: vige inh gid theo quan diém cha ngudi sir dung v8 mite chit lugng duye thye hign trong thoi gian thye. Phuong php nay duge quy dinh trong khuyén nghj ITU-T P-800. * Ce phurong phap inh gi khich quan: sir dung mot s6 mé hinh 48 wie hagng mie chit |zong theo thang diém MOS, Phuomg phip dinh wif Khiich quan c6 thé duge phan think: 8) Céc phurong phap so sinh: dya trén vige so sinh tin bigu thoai truyén din véi mét tin hhigu chun da bist alb) Gi phucong php wie hang tuyét dt: da tren vige use lugng tuyét Abi chit tuo tin higuthoai (phuong phip ny khdng sit dung cdc tin igu chuan 4 ist); vd: INMD (sit Biém ae tramg: li thing tn cia time tin higu duge bidu didn dé dang nio d. > Sal bigt: dang do ludmg nao 46 duge ding 48 tinh todn duge sy twong thich, ¢6 hai dang: 1 2. Todn cue: d6 tinh todn sai bigt ting giita mot tin higu tong voi mot tin higu ke 6 thé 6 sai bist. Vige phin tich diém de trumg bao gdm vige tinh tofin vector die trmg voi khodng thoi agian thong thuimg. Béi véi vige phiin tich dix dodin tuyén tinh, vector dic trung bao gdm vige tinh toan céc hg s6 dur dosn (hoe ede phép bién d6i gid ching). Mot logi vector dic trung théngdung ding trong nhiin dang tiéng nbi la Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCS), Vi cée vector de trumg o6 thé e6 nhiéu phn tir phic tap, nén gid tr mung binh cia vige tinh todn cin durge thiét lip. Phép do'sai bigt gia 2 vector de trumg duge tinh todn bing don vj ‘theo hg Euclidean. Nhu vay 49 sai bigt cuc b9 gitta vector dic trumg x cia tin higu 1 va vector dc trung_y cia tin higu2 duge cho boi de,y)= (Zev Ve Mie di sir dung hg dom vi Euclidean cho vige tinh ton s8 ting 46 phite tap hem so véi ede hg do long khde, nhung né Iai cho tae dung nhiéu hon véi d6 sai bigt Ion d6i voi mot de trum ddom. Néu nhu vige quay ui trong qua trinh tim kiém sy tuong thich nhét cin thiét thi mot day 6 rnhigm vy liu ti ede entry tarde dé trong qui trinh xit I tim kidm, duge goi la backtrace array. 13.12. Gidi thugt DTW adi xiong ‘Ting adi La mbt qué trinh phy thuge vio thdi gia, Tiéag ni eb nbigu dm Het tong ty hau nhumg véi khong thai gian phat Am khéc nhau, hoe c6 am tiét déng am nung khéc é chd nhdn am, vv... D8 phan tich duge sy sai bigttoan cy giita hai mau tiéng néi (dai din boi mot chubi cée vector) vin d8 v8 thd gian phi duge xem xét (1.68) 48Bai ton due m6 ta 6 hinh 0, m6 ta mot ma trim hai chiéu theo thd gian sit dung cho vige can chinh theo thai gian. Cot la me ta cho tiéng n6i miu (template) va déng la tiéng néi thu duge cin nha dang. Trong hinh minh hoa, tin higu vio “SsPEEhH” duge xem li mt dang “nbiu” cia tiéng néi mau. Tin higu vao nay s8 duge so sinh tring véi tit c& cde mau tiéng mdi duge Iu trie trong hé théng, Mau eb 46 twong thich tt nht sé c6 46 sai bigt nhé nhat so v6i tin higu vo edn so sinh, Gid tri 46 sai bit toan ec [4 tong cde sai bigt cue BO cla vige so sank. rf ee fa i dl (s[*[rlelelm Hinh 1.44 M6 ta canh chinh thoi gian git miu ting n6i “SPEECH™ va tin higu iéng noi dw vio “SsPEEHH” Lim cach nio dé c6 thé tinh duge 46 tug thich St abit (c6 gid tr 46 sai bigt toa cye rho nbét) gia tin igu cén so sénh va tiéng néi mu? Vige nay duge thyc hién bing céch uée Iugng tit ed khoang céch ¢6 thé 06, nhung eéich nay khéng higu qua khi s6 Inong khoding eich ¢6 dang hamn mG theo chidu di cia tin higu ng® vio. Thay vio d6, ta xem xét ahiing ring bude thn tai trong qué triah so tring (hoe e6 thé ip dt céc ring bude nay) va diing nhing rang bude nay & c6 duoe gidi thudt higu qué hon, Cée ning bude duge thiét lap phai khong phite tap va eine khong han ché nhidu, nhu: > Cée khoding eéch so tring khong thé thye hign vige di li; + Moi khung cia tin hig cin so tring phai duge ding trong qué trih so tring; > Cle git tr) sai bigt eve b6 duuge két hop bing phuong phip céng din vao gia tr sai bigt toiin eve ‘Moi khung trong tin bigu en so tring véi miu tiéng noi duge xem xét img véi timg tinh todin 46 sai bigt. Néu thai diém dang xét la, f) v6i ila chi s6 cua Khung tin higu ng@ vio, j 1a cia Khung tiéng n6i miu, thi eée vj tri trude 46 a (7-1, 7-1), (@-1,)), (f-1) . ¥ ting, chinh cia tp trinh ding la tai vi tr (, /), vie tinh todn dy trén 4G sai bigt nh nhit eta cd vi ti G-Lj-D, GL), GI-D- Giai thuat lap trinh dong thye hign cin phai dng b6 thoi gian: mbi cOt ciia ma tein thi thoi gian duge xem nhur li mot sy Ké vi ede tinh toin trude 46, do dé, img v6i mot miu tiéng dai N, s6 tugmg burée so tring ti da 1a N Goi D(i,j), d(é,j) tung img 1a 46 sai bigt todn cue vi A} sai bigt oye bd tai vi tri i Gj. Di, j) = min[D@-1, j-1),DE-1,)).DG.j-D]+ dG.) o 49Voi D(L) = d(1) 1a gid tri Khoi tg0 ban div, gid thus img dung 4 qui vio vige tinh ton céc 46 sai bit tai D(i, f). Gid tr eubi D(n,.N) chinh li gid ti chénh lgch gita template va tin igu cfm so sinh, ln sing N’s& kh nhau img véi mai template Si v6i vige nhdn dong tiéng n6i, gi thuat DP khong cn phai chay tren ed may tinh €6 b6 nhé I6n, vige Iuu trit duge thye hign boi mGt array, Iuu gitta timg ct don trong ma trin thoi sgian-thdi gian, Ma tin o6 v tt du ign 6 gid ula 0, nhu vy ebi nbiing hung di chuyén trong ma trgn duge mé ta 6 hinh 1 méi c6 thé xuat phat tir vi ti (7, /). fe besimoch pathy mee tamed (De symmetric DTW. Hinh 1.45 Ba hudng c6 49 tuong thich tt nhat ¢6 thé ii xing. Phuong trinh (1) duge thye hign bing phyong phép 4¢ quy. Tuy nhién, tr khi ngdn ngtt 448 duge t6i wu cho vige 48 quy, phuong php nay 6 thé tén nhigu thoi gin ngay cd déi véi nhiing tin higu cn so sin o& kich thude nh. Mot phuang phip khéc e6 thé cai tién duge tbe xr lf cing nbur eda b6 nh thye thi nbo hom 1a dng hai ving lip, sit dung hai array dé lu tree c6t ké vi ma tn thoi gian-thoi gan, i dén tir 8 (i,j) trong giai thugt DTW curCol oredCol Tr minimum sgiobal Figure 2. The ceils at (i) distance and ji.0) have dfferent possible originator cells. “he satt to (10) can only originate from (+10). However, the path to (ii can originate from the standarc locations as shown. | —N Hinh 1.46 Vi ti 6 (,/) va (0) 6 cée 6 dinh hung Khe nhau, Tir (0) chi e6 thé di ti 6 (1,0). Tuy nin tai 6 (i, ) thi c6 thé gi dn 3.6 nhur me Gin Gia huge tm chi phi ton ewe nbd nbd 301. Tinh tai c9t 0, bit diu tit €dy cia 6. Gia ti chi phi toan cu cia 6 bing gid tri chi phi cue bp, Sau d6, tinh tod gid tri chi phi toan cue eitacée 6 c6 kh nang cho duge gi tr] thap bing céch lly gid tj chi phi eye bp cia 6 cng thém cho gid tr todn cye cla 6 ngay dub 6, 6 nay duge goi la predCol (predecessor column), 2, Tinh gif trj chi phi toan eye ea 6 dau tién cita e6t ké tigp 1a curCol. Git tr} eue bd cita 6 ‘dng thém cho gié tr toa cve cia 6 phia dudi cing cia Ot trade n6. Tinh gif tri toain cue eva ede 6 con Iai cua eurCol. 4. eurCol duge diab Ii predCol va lip Iai bus 2 cho dén Khi tit ea che eft duge tinh ton xong. 5. Git tr chi phi todn eye tai vi wi eBt eudi cing, dong trén cue fi git) en tim. Magi caculate ist column (p-edCol; for i=t to number of input feature vectors curCof0] = lozal 20s: at (i,0)+ global cost at (~ for J=1 to number of template featera veciors curCalfj-local cost at (iJ) + minimum of global costs at (i J}, (+1411 0r (I +1). cca qué trinh nh sau: .0) ‘minimim global cost is value in curCalmumber cf template feaiure vectors] 48.1.3 Gli thuge DTW bat dbi xing “Mic di giai thudt oo bin DP o6 wu diém la dbi ximng (tt cd ct Kung cia tin higu cén so tring va miu ting ndi cl tham khio duge xem xét),tuy ahign gai thugt vin cdn yéu dim la tai ce v tri oft vi hing I thude vio ede v tr dvimg chéo o6 thé sinh 18. [Mot cach dé trnh vige nay Ta'thye hin vige ding dj, /) hai lin trong mdi bude tai vi ti uring chép, didu nay dn adn Ioqitbs IBi,ta Gao vi ti oft va hang, goi gid tr Ibi Mbp 4, 4, tuong ting cho cde bude di chuyén theo hing va ot, Phuomg tein (1) sti thi D(i, j) = min[DG - 1, j-1) + 2d (i, ), DU 1, f) + d+ f+ d,,DG,j-1)+ di.) +d,] ) Voi gid ti d,, d, 06 duge qua thyte nghiém Cée ring bude trong vige nhay dén cic 6 ké tgp: > (= Lj=2) dén vi tri (i,j) - goi Id duimg chéo ma ring (A 6c 1a 2) > (/-Lj =D én vi ti (Ff) - goi 1a dtiong chéo chun (49 dée 1 1) > G1, J) én vi ti (,/) - go; la dug ngang (4 dBc 1a 0) Gia si ring mai Kinng eva tn higu ng6 vo chi duge xét dn mot Kin duy abit, nh vay ta 6 thé khdng xét dén vige chun héa d9 dai cia miu tiéng n6i, Do vige tinh toda ta timg 6 khie ‘hau néa gid dhugt duge goi 1 gi thudt Ip trinh dGing bat di xing, 31Figure 9. The three possible directicrs in which the best match poth may move from cell (i) in asymmetric 1 i Hinh 1.47 Ba hung 66 gid tr so tring tétnhito6 thé i dn tr 3 (, ) trong gi hut DTW bit Gi ximg. predcol Col cu Figure 4. The cells at (i). | gobal (10) anid (1) have diferent ‘stance posse originator cells. The path to (1,0) can only i ‘originate from (1,0). The Path to (,1) can originate at ether (+4,1) or (1,0). However, the path to (12) can originate from the three é standard locations as shown. Vit Hinh 1.48 Céc vi tri 6 tai GJ), (60)va (iL) €6 ede 6 dinh hurémg khée nhau. Tai 6 (,0) chi o6 thé di dén 6 (F ~1,0); taid (é.1) 66 thé di dn (7-11) ho¥e (F 1,0); ti 6 (if) 06 thé di dén che vj tri chudn, Figure 5 The shaded area ‘shows the region into which the path can never move. The rectangular boxes show the 'spec al cases' for the ath. AS n symmetrical DTW, Tow Cis a special case as rormal. Additionally, in asyrrmetric DTW, row 1 is so treated specially Hinh 1.49 Ving t8 mu me ti ving mi cée hung di chuyén khéng bao gid i dén. Cae hinh chi nt me tI cc tram hop de bit. Trong gi thst DTW di xing, dng 0 la tres 32hop dic big, cdn tong gi huat DTW bit db ximg, ding 1 duge sity khée v6 cc tnximg bop cin Cie truémg hop fe bigt thutmg xay ra ti vit f= 2é—1, va j ue cho timg trang hop duge tinh nur sau i. gid tri chi phi toan “> 21-1: chi phi cue b6 + gid tri nhd nbét ti vi tri predColLj—I] va predCollj ~2] > 2i: chi phi cuc b6 + gid tri hd nhit ti vi tet predColl_j — 2] Magi cia qua trinh nhur sau: redCof0}-tocal cost at (0.0) for i=1 to number of input feature vectors ‘CuFCOKC] = local cost at (1.1) * global cost at (1-1 0) for j=1 to (minimum of number of tempiote fesiure vectors and 2i+1) store jin highest) Ifthe col (J) is @ special case tren Wit is row 4 then, CuCl} =foce cost at (15 + Global cost at (45-1). oso Ifthe col (1) isthe lower of the specid case aair curColfocal cost at (ij) + minimum of global costs at(i-1 1) or (+ 2). else cu Cul] soca cost el (IJ) + gobed cost a fI-14-21. end ond else Wit is row 4 then, ‘cur Coll =toced cos (+ stiri of yobad costs a (I-14) or (F1,1). ose ‘curColfl-loed cost at (f+ minmum of gobel costs at (14). 6-11) or(i-142). ond ond ond prodCol-curCal nd ‘minimum global costs value in curCa[highest/] id tj chi ph no nhit 1a e9teudi cing lau trong highest 1.8.2 M6 hinh chudi markov an [15] 1521 Tang quan ‘M6 hinh Markov (Hidden Markov Model - HMM) in durge sit dung trong vige théng ké 1mé hink go am thogi, Tinh higu qué cia mé hin duge thé hign trong vige o6 thé. m@ ta dc diém cia tin higu im thogi theo dang todn hoc dé dang cho vige xit If tin hig Cec trang thi cia HMM €6 duge trude Khi thye hign vige xt Ij ete trang thi (rich e thing s8), Nhu thé, ngd vio ca HMM chinh fi chudi cde thing s6 vector 15.2.2 Dink nghia mo hinh Markov ain MG hinh Markov dn 18 mt tp ede trang théi hu han, ma mdi trang thai 6 lién quan dn him phan phOi xic suét. Vige chuyén tip gia cdc trang théi duge dinh nghia bei mot tip xic suit duge goi la xe suit chuyén tgp (ransition probabil). rong mot tang hi cu thé, Két gua 6 thé duge tgo ra dya trén ham phn phdi xc suit tuong img. Két qua nay khéng phai la mot rac theo thoi gian, 3trang thi c6 thé nhin thy dupe thong qua vige quan sét ce trang thi, cho nén doe goi lat m6 hinh Markov dn. Trong mi hin Markov dn, cc ky hu su dy dupe a dung = S6 lugng trang thi eda m6 hinh, = S6 lugng ky higu quan sit theo thi ty, M .Néu vige quan sit I ign tye thi e6 gi tej M lao han ~ Tép cde trang thai xéc sudt chuyén tiép A =a, } .1Si, 7S N vei g, la trang tha hign ta Plas = Ha, + Xie suft trang th chuyén tiép phi chia man rng bude te giao sau 4,20, 15i,75N va Da, =1, 1sisN ~ Ham phan phi xée suat cia méi trang thai B = {b,(&)} b,(k) = pia, =v,|g,= 7} 1S PSN, 1SkSM vOiy, dinh nghia cho ky higu quan sit th & theo thi ty alphabet, va a, 1d vector thong sé hign tai. Didu kign bk) 20, I ‘mau) ciia cde mau khée nhau, Bay eding la eo sé d8 dang gid mot céch khich quan 46 trung, thye cia tin higu mau, ciing nh xae dinh sai s6 cho phép d6i v6i cde thong sO cua hé truyén inh ‘Mie dit hé mau RGB twong déi tign loi cho vige thi nghiém vi ede mau R, G, B li ede mau thyc, nhumg ta ¢6 thé néu ra mot s6 nhurge diém cia hé mau nay: 1. BS tgo ra edie miu quang phé cling nhu mot s6 miu khée (nm ngoai tam gide RGB) mot trong nhimg toa dO mau trong phuong trinh trén mau (2.1.13) sé c6 gid tri am. Didu nay a gy nh lin khi tind ton 2. Trong ba toa d@ 7’,g',b' khdag e6 mot toa d6 nio cho ta biét tne tip 45 chi hay quang théng cia ngudn sing. 3. BE tim duge 46 choi cia miu tong hop khi pha trdn nhigu mau, ein phai biéte@ ba toa d9 miu r,g',b’ ofa tt cfc mau 46. 'Bé Khie phy nhimg nhuge dim cia hg miu RGB, nim 1931, CIE 4a dé xuit mot khong gian miu méi, kg higu la khOng gian XYZ. Khi thiétké bigu d® mau méi ng ta dat ranhimg yéu cu nh sou 1 Tit cd cdc mau thye phai duge xéc dinh bai cée modul mau ¢6 gid tri dong. Nine vay ta 49 miu cia tit gf Gy mite (nim phia trong dudmg miu quang phi) phi nim trong tam gife miu XYZ. 2. BO choi phi duge Bidu didn bing mot tryc (Y) 3 ‘Diém trang ding ning phai nim 6 trong tim tam gide mau XYZ. Khong gian XYZ do CIE cong bé véi ba mau co ban X.Y,Z dap img duge ede yeu clu trén, Hé toa 46 khong gian XYZ, duge chon Lim sao cho eée veetor mau thye (nim bén trong during mau quang ph) déu di qua tam wie mau don vj XYZ (Hinh 2.1.15). Nhu vay, trong phuong trinh miu fF = x'X + y'¥ + 2'Z cde thinh phan x’ s€ 06 gid tri duong cho tit ea cdc mau thye. ‘Cac mau don vi X.Y,Z déu khéng c6 thyc vi d6 sach mau cia chiing Ién hon 100%. DS dlinh gi miu se eda mot nguén sing (khéng tinh dén d§ chéi eta nguén sing 46), ngwih ta sit dung tam gie mau don vj véi ede toa 49 mau x,y,z: x+y-+2=1 (Minh 2.1.16). 1Hinh 2.1.15 Khéng gian miu RGB va XYZ (Quan sit tam gide miu dom vi XZY ta thay ring: 1 Tit cd cde mau thye déu nim bén trong tam gide XYZ 2- Toa dé cia mau tring ding ning li: Xp 13 pee 3+ Cfic mau dom vi XYZ 16m hon 100%, ngoai duvong cong cae mau quang pl Dé thuain tign cho vige sir dung, tam gic mau don vi XYZ due bién ddi thanh biéu 48 ‘mau trong he toa d@ vudng goc XY (Hinh 2.1.17), 04 % 02 2 x 0 0204 06 08 10 Hinh 2.1.16 Biéu dd mau trén mat Hinh 2.1.17 Bigu dé mau XYZ. theo CIE phing don vi XYZ 8