GIO TRNH HA KEO

I CNG

1 /15

CHNG 1: TNH CHT B MT CA H KEO

S hp ph (Adsorption)
Cc cht hot ng b mt, cht khng hot ng b mt
* Cht hot ng b mt l cht cha b mt, c hp ph dng.
- Cht hot ng b mt c nhng tnh cht sau :
+ C sc cng b mt b hn ca dung mi: dd < dm
+ C tan tng i b, v nu khng nh th th n c xu hng tch ri khi b mt m tan su
vo trong cht lng.
- Cu trc phn t gm hai phn:
- Nhm a nc (phn cc) : -OH, -COOH, -NO2 , -NH2, -Cl .... Phn phn cc c momen lng
cc ln v d hydrat ha lm cho cht hot ng b mt c i lc ln vi nc v b ko vo pha lp
nc.
- Nhm k nc (khng phn cc): gc hydrocarbon -R, l phn k nc, l nguyn nhn lm cho
cht HBM c tan nh.
* Cht khng hot ng b mt l cht c xu hng ri khi b mt tan su vo dung dch, khi
hp ph m.
- Cht khng hot ng b mt c cc tnh cht sau :
+ C sc cng b mt ln hn ca dung mi, nh th qu trnh ri khi b mt mi l qu trnh nhit
ng hc t din ra. Kt qu l lun c dd > dm
+ C tan cao, v th cht mi c th ri khi b mt m tan su vo dung dch
- Cc cht in ly v c bn u l cht khng hot ng b mt, l cc acid, baz, mui. Phn t
ca chng khng c phn k nc, khi tan th in ly thnh nhng ion hydrat ha mnh.

2 /15

HP PH TRN RANH GII KH RN

1. Phng trnh hp ph ng nhit Langnuuir:
P: p sut kh trn b mt
: phn b mt b chim ( hp ph)
1- : phn b mt cn trng
- Tc qu trnh hp ph: vhp k1P (1 )
- Tc qu trnh kh hp ph vkhp k2.
=> Khi t TTCB: vhp vkhp k1P (1 ) k2.
=>

k1P
k1P k2

k
a
; K 1 , a: hp ph ti thi im t; am: hp ph cc i.
am
k2

=> a am.

KP
1 KP

Khi P nh, K.P<<1 => a = am.KP

Khi Pln; K.P>>1 => a = am

2. Phng trnh hp ph ng nhit Freundlich:

(p dng cho cht c b mt hp ph ko ng nht)
1
1
a bP
. n ; b, n : hs thc nghim.

Lga = lgb +

1
.lgP
n

3. Thuyt hp ph a phn t:
* Thuyt hp ph a phn t ca Polanyi:
* Thuyt hp ph a phn t ca BET:
P
1
C 1 P

.
V (P0 P) Vm.C Vm.C P0

V: Th tch cht b hp ph P.
P0: p sut hi bo ha.
Vm: Th tch kh trn lp n phn t.

3 /15

S HP PH TRN RANH GII LNG - KH

1. Phng trnh Gibbs
Phng trnh Gibbs nu ln mi quan h gia lng d cht b hp ph trong lp b mt () vi nng
cht tan trong dung dch (C) v sc cng b mt trn ranh gii lng kh ().
a

C d
.
RT dC

d
: c gi l hot ng b mt.
dC

: Sc cng b mt.
* Nu nng cht tan trong lp b mt > trong th tch dung dch:
C

d
0 => a>0: hp ph dng.
dC

* Nu nng cht tan trong lp b mt < trong th tch dung dch:

C

d
0 => a<0: hp ph m.
dC

* Nu nng cht tan trong lp b mt = trong th tch dung dch th hp ph khng xy ra.
2. Qui tc Traube
Kh nng lm gim sc cng b mt ca cht HBM ph thuc vo chiu di ca hydrocarbon.
Trong hp cht hu c mch cacbon no, tnh hot ng tng 3,2 ln khi gc hirocacbon tng thm 1
nhm CH2.
Tuy nhin qui tc Traube ch ng cho trng hp dung mi l nc (mi trng rt phn cc).

4 /15

S HP PH TRN RANH GII LNG - RN

1. S hp ph cc cht khng in ly (hp ph phn t)
* Lng cht khng in ly b hp ph trn b mt cht rn trong dung dch:
- Theo phng trnh Langnuuir: a am.

KC
1 KC
1

- Theo phng trnh Freundlich: a bc

. n
- hp ph: a

V.(C0 C)
m

Co: nng ban u

C: nng cn bng ca cht b hp ph V: th tch trong xy ra s hp ph
m: lng cht rn hp ph
Vi nng kh long c th s dng phng trnh Langmuir hay Freundlich.
* S hp ph phn t chu nh hng ca cc yu t sau:
a. nh hng ca dung mi: Dung mi cng ha tan tt cht b hp ph th s hp ph cht tan y cng k
V d: khi hp ph cht bo din ra trn cht hp ph a nc (nh silicagen) t mi trng dung mi k
phn cc (nh benzen), i vi cht bo A c phn t lng cao hn s tan tt trong mi trng ny hn
cht bo B c phn t lng thp, l ra s hp ph A l nhiu hn B nhng thc t li t hn.

b. nh hng ca bn cht cht hp ph v cht b hp ph: B mt phn cc s hp ph tt cht b hp p

phn cc v ngc li. Trng thi vt l v xp ca cht hp ph cng nh hng rt ln n kh nng h
ph. V d: cc cht hp ph trng thi v nh hnh hp ph cc cht kh v cht lng tt hn cc cht
tinh.
c. nh hng ca cht b hp ph:Khc bit v s phn cc gia cht tan v dung mi cng ln th s hp p
cht tan b mt phn cch din ra cng mnh.
Xu hng lm gim sc cng b mt bt buc cc cht HBM c trong dung dch phn b c nh h
trn b mt: nhm phn cc hng vo pha phn cc v ngc li.
d. nh hng ca thi gian, nhit v nng : S hp ph trong dung dch xy ra chm hn trong kh
kh v cht tan trong dung dch khuch tn chm hn. Vic gim nng trong lp phn cch ch c b
bngkhuch tn, khuch tn trong mi trng lng chm hn trong mi trng kh. tng nhanh vic th
lp cn bng hp ph thng phi khuy.
- Khi nhit tng th theo nhit ng hc s hp ph trong dung dch s gim, tuy nhin mc gim t h
so vi s hp ph kh.
Tuy nhin i vi cht ha tan km trong dung mi, nu khi tng nhit lm tng ha tan ca cht ,
s hp ph s tng nh vo s tng nng dung dch. Hin tng ny c th thy c khi quan st
hp ph naptalin ha tan trong dung mi n-butan trn b mt hydroexin ca silic.
2. S hp ph cht in ly
i vi dung dch nc, cc cht in ly l nhng cht khng hot ng b mt, s c mt ca chng tro
dung dch lm tng sc cng b mt ca dung dch, trn mt thong ca dung dch chng b hp ph m.
Khi c mt trong dung dch mt vt hp ph rn th trn b mt phn cch vt rn-dung dch thng c
hp ph dng nhng cht in ly. S hp ph cht in ly thng c tnh chn lc, ph thuc vo ha
ca ion, bn knh ion, mc solvat ha ion.
5 /15

Cc ion trong dung dch cht in ly l nhng phn t tch in, cho nn s hp ph cc ion l qu trnh d
ra s phn b li in tch. ng lc ca qu trnh l in trng trong khu vc lp b mt. V d nh
chuyn cc cation t th tch pha lng n ranh gii ca pha rn lm cho n c tch in dng hn.
tng tc tnh in cc ion tri du c ht n gn lp b mt phn chia hai pha v hnh thnh lp in k
S hp ph ion c tnh trao i, l s trao i gia ion ca lp in kp vi ion ca mi trng.
Dung dch cc cht in ly trong nc l dung dch thng gp nht trong thc t, phn ny ch yu ta kh
st s hp ph cc cht in ly trong nc.
Tnh chn lc ca s hp ph cht in ly
Cc ion cht in ly c hp ph u tin theo nhng tnh cht sau:

- Phn b mt cht hp ph c in tch xc nh, nn ch hp ph cc ion tch in tri du vi n.

- Kh nng hp ph th ph thuc vo bn cht cc ion. i vi ion c cng ha tr, ion no c bn knh
th kh nng b hp ph cao. Nguyn nhn l do cc ion c bn knh ln s c phn cc ln v c lp
solvat ha mng hn nn d tin gn b mt vt rn hn, c hp ph mnh hn.
- Trong ha keo, vn quan trng nht l s hp ph ln b mt tinh th m trong thnh phn tinh th c
cng bn cht vi ion ca dung dch. S hp ph nh th c tnh cht l s kt tinh (hnh thnh mng li t
th mi bng s hp ph, lc lin kt c bn cht l mt lc ha hc).
V d: Cc tinh th AgI khi cho vo dung dch KI th b mt tinh th hp ph ion I , cn nu cho vo du
+
dch AgNO3 th li hp ph ion Ag .

Mng tinh th hnh thnh bng lc ha hc nh th cng xy ra i vi cc ion ng hnh (ion c cng d
vi ion ang xt. V d: ngoi ion I , cc anion Cl , Br , CN , CSN ... cng c th b hp ph ln b m
tinh th AgI.
3. Hp ph trao i: c mt s c im sau:
- C tnh chn lc cao, ngha l s hp ph trao i ch xy ra vi nhng loi ion xc nh nh:
+ Cht hp ph acid (acidoid, nh SiO2, SnO2) c kh nng trao i vi cation.
+ Cht hp ph acid (acidoid, nh Fe2O3, Al2O3) c kh nng trao i anion.
+ Ngoi ra cn c cht hp ph lng tnh, ngha l trong iu kin xc nh no , loi cht hp ph ny
kh nng trao i c cation ln anion.
- Qu trnh hp ph khng phi lun lun thun nghch.
- S hp ph trao i c tc nh, nht l i vi cc qu trnh phi trao i cc ion nm su trong cht
ph.
+
- Nu s trao i din ra vi s tham gia ca ion H hay OH th pH ca mi trng s thay i.

6 /15

CHNG 2: TNH CHT HOT NG CA H KEO

S khuch tn
Khuch tn l qu trnh t san bng nng trong h ( ha th ca mi cu t ng nht mi i
trong th tch h), tc l qu trnh chuyn cht t vng c nng ln n vng c nng nh. Q
trnh t xy ra trong h do nh hng ca chuyn ng nhit. Qu trnh khuch tn l bt thun nghch
tin hnh cho n khi nng hon ton ng u. Mc khng ng u c c trng bi grad
nng - l bin thin nng trn mt n v khong cch, n quyt nh mc v hng ca q
trnh khuch tn.

nh lut Fick I: Lng cht m chuyn qua tit din S (t vung gc vi chiu khuch tn), th t
thun vi S, vi khong thi gian khuch tn t v vi gradien nng theo khong cch (dC/dx).
dm D.

dC
.S.dt (p dng vi lng nh cht)
dx

trng thi dng (n nh), lng cht khuch tn: m D.S.t.

dC
dx

2 -1
D: h s khuch tn (cm .s )
2
Trong iu kin chun (S = 1 cm , dt = 1 giy, dC/dx = 1) th D=m
H s khuch tn ph thuc vo tnh cht ht v mi trng phn tn.
Dng khuch tn i: i D.

dC dm

dx S.dt

nh lut Fick II: cho thy s bin i ca nng (C) theo thi gian (t) khi trong h khng thit
trng thi dng, p dng cho s khuch tn theo khng gian ba chiu.
dC
= D.C
dt

Phng trnh Einstein: cho thy s ph thuc ca D vo nhit tuyt i T, nht ca mi trng ph
tn , v kch thc ca ht r.
D

RT
T
R
k. ; k : hng s Boltzmann, R= 8,314J/mol.K
NB
B
T

*Nu ht gn hnh cu, h s ma st B = 6r, do : D

kT
6 r

-5 2
Gi tr D trong cc h khc nhau nh sau: h dung dch phn t v ion c D10 cm /giy, cc h keo
-7
-9 2
10 - 10 cm /giy.

II. p sut thm thu ca dung dch keo:

Hin tng thm thu trong dung dch keo cng tng t nh trong dung dch thc, v chng ch khc n
v mt nh lng. Khi ta ngn cch hai dung dch c nng khc nhau bi mt mng bn thm, th s
mt dng dung mi di chuyn t pha dung dch c nng thp sang pha dung dch c nng cao hn
7 /15

san bng nng hai pha ca mng. Hin tng gi l hin tng thm thu. Dng dung mi s ng
lu chuyn khi to c mt gradien p sut cn thit chng li p sut thy tnh tng ng gi l p s
thm thu .
Ni cch khc, p sut cn tc dng vo dung dch ngn dng thm thu gi l p sut thm thu ca
dung dch.
* i vi dung dch tht (dd l tng) p sut thm thu dd theo phng trnh Vant Ho
dd CRT

mRT
MV

m: khi lng cht tan (g)

M: khi lng mol phn t cht tan
C: nng mol
R: hng s kh l tng
T: nhit tuyt i ca h ( K)
* p sut thm thu ca dung dch keo: k

m RT
RT
.
.
.N V
N

m: khi lng cht tan (g)

: khi lng ca 1 ht keo (g);

m
: nng ht (l s ht trong mt n v th tch, ht/lt)
.N.V

N l s Avogadro; k: hng s Boltzmann, k = R/N

dd k

* p sut thm thu ca dung dch keo c nhng c im sau :

- V dung dch keo khng bn vng nhit ng nn khi lu nng ht c th b gim do hin tng k
t. Nh th p sut thm thu ca h keo thng b gim theo thi gian.
- Trong nhng iu kin ging nhau v nhit ng v nng khi lng, bao gi h keo cng c p sut n
hn nhiu so vi dung dch thc.
p sut thm thu ch ph thuc vo s ht ch khng ph thuc vo bn cht v kch thc ht.
Kt qu ny chng t nu kch thc ht cng nh, do cng c nhiu ht, th p sut thm thu cng l
Dung dch thc cha cc phn t c kch thc rt nh so vi dung dch keo nn bao gi cng c p s
thm thu ln hn h keo.

8 /15

CHNG 3: TNH CHT IN CA H KEO

1. Cc hin tng in ng hc
.
2. Cu to lp in kp
Ni chung lp in kp gm: lp ion quyt nh hiu th (ion to th) c c do s ion ha hay hp ph
bm trn b mt cht rn v loi ion ngc du (gi l ion nghch) c chuyn vo dung dch hay cn tn
trong dung dch.
(Trong dung dch keo cn c th c cc ion khc sao cho h trung ha in).
* C nhiu gi thuyt khc nhau v cu to ca lp in kp, nht l cu to ca lp ion ngh
Helmholtz a ra l thuyt u tin v lp in kp, xem nh mt t in phng. Qua nhiu nm, Go
Chapman, Stern, cng nhiu ngi khc dn hon thin l thuyt cng nh thc nghim kim chng
quan im.
- Theo quan im hin i c kim chng qua thc nghim, s xut hin lp ion quyt nh in th
do s hp ph chn lc mt trong cc ion c trong dung dch hoc l do cc phn t trn b mt rn ion ha

V s hp ph chn lc to thnh lp in kp, c th ly v d in hnh nh dung dch keo AgI vi m

+
trng c tha ion Ag hoc ion I . V s ion ha cc phn t b mt to thnh lp in kp, c th ly
2+
2d keo acid silicic; cc phn t H 2SiO3 s ion ha nh sau : H2SiO3 = SiO3 + 2H . Ion SiO3 s
gi li trn b mt lm ion quyt nh in th cho nhn.
- i vi lp ion nghch, s phn b ca cc ion trong khng gian tn ti hai pha c thit lp trn c s
nhng xu hng tri ngc nhau: Lc tng tc tnh in v lc hp ph phn t gi cho cc ion nghc
gn b mt phn cch. Chuyn ng nhit ca cc ion c tc dng san bng nng cc ion trong lp b m
v c trong th tch dung dch gy nn s khuch tn ion.

- Khi s phn b t cn bng th bn phng cc in tch c hnh thnh gn b mt dung dch. Cc

to th to thnh "bn trong" ca t in. Cn cc ion nghch nm "bn ngoi ca t in, tc l nm tro
dung dch v li c phn thnh hai lp: lp phng gn st b mt pha rn nht, tip theo l lp khuch tn
Th in ng
Nm 1924, Stern a ra l thuyt v cu to lp kp kh hon chnh v gii thch c nhiu hin tng
cc thuyt trc gii thch khng c, nh hin tng i du in ca ht keo khi thm vo h cht
ly c ion ngc du vi b mt, c ho tr cao v hin tng cc ion cng ho tr c nh hng khc nhau
gi tr . Theo ng, ion c mt kch thc xc nh, do khong cch t tm im ca n n lp b m
khng th b hn bn knh ion; gia ion v b mt c mt tng tc c bit ch yu do lc phn t gy ra
mt khong cch rt nh gn b mt.

Theo Stern, i vi cc ion nghch c hai phn:

+ Phn th nht nm st b mt phn chia gi l lp hp ph (lp Helmholtz hay lp Stern) gm mt hay
lp phn t lin kt vi b mt rn do lc tnh in v lc hp ph Van der Waals. Do mt phn
nghch b ht vo b mt to nn mt t in phng nh trong thuyt Helmholtz, ti hiu th gim
nhanh (ngha l theo phng trnh biu din s liu thc nghim gim rt dc theo ng thng). Cc
9 /15

tch lp ny gn nh khng c t do.

+ Phn ion nghch th hai b chi phi bi chuyn ng nhit to thnh lp khuch tn ca lp in kp (
o
gi l lp Gouy), chiu dy ca lp ny dao ng trong khong t vi A n hng trm micron. Nng
ion nghch gim dn t b mt rn n su trong dung dch, ti n bng nng cc ion cng loi. Tro
lp khuch tn hiu th gim t t (theo ng cong).
Nu mt in tch ca hai phn ion nghch l 1 v 2 th mt in tch b mt bng tng ca
v 2. Mt in tch ion nghch trong lp hp ph b nh hng theo nng mnh hn, nn khi
long dung dch 1 gim nhanh hn 2 v cu to lp in kp ging nh lp in kp ca Gouy. Khi l
m c dung dch 1 tng nhanh hn 2 v cu to lp in kp ging nh lp in kp ca Helmholtz.
+ Gi tr l in th trn b mt pha rn (x = 0), 1 l in th trn ranh gii lp hp ph v lp khuch
(x = d). Trong lp in tch kp, 1 l mt i lng xc thc, c vai tr trong vic xc nh nhiu thng
khc, song thc t khng o c m ch c th o c i lng gn vi n, l th in ng (th
gi tt l in th zta).

* u im:
- Gii thch c hin tng in ng hc (dung dch chia thnh 2 phn, 1 phn ln kt cht ch vi b m
rn trong in trng mnh, phn cn li chu tc ng ca s khuch tn v chuyn ng nhit).
- Th 0 gm 2 phn: th in ng hc v th tng t Helmolt.
* Nhc im:
- Thc t vic tnh ton gi tr th ln hn gi tr o c, c bit khi cc ion tin st b mt.
- Khng gii thch c hin tng i du in tch trn b mt ht keo.

3. Cu to micelle keo trong dung dch keo

- Ht keo gm mt nhn, thng c cu to tinh th v lp in kp bao quanh.
+ Trong lp in kp, ion c hp ph trn b mt nhn ng vai tr ion quyt nh in th, (ion quyt
in th cn c th hnh thnh do s ion ho lp b mt ht keo), cn ion tri du vi n l ion nghch. Nh
v ion quyt nh in th gi l nhn micelle keo.
+ Trong lp ion nghch bao gm lp hp ph ri ti lp khuch tn.
- Khi ht keo chuyn ng tng i trong mi trng phn tn, ch c nhn micelle v phn ion nghch h
ph cng dch chuyn vi nhau (do gn lin nhau bi lc tnh in v lc hp ph). Phn ion nghch cn
nm trong lp khuch tn th bt ng mt cch tng i. Tng in tch ca cc ion nghch trong hai
hp ph v khuch tn bng in tch ca ion quyt nh hiu th. Do , micelle keo trung ha in.
* Biu din cng thc ht keo :
Ta c th biu din cu to ht keo (micelle keo) di dng cng thc sau:

10 /
15

V d : keo AgI trong dung dch KI.

Theo tnh cht hp ph cht in ly, ion I- c hp ph trn b mt AgI, c th to thnh mng tinh th
+
mt s (m) phn t AgI, v ion ny ng vai tr ion quyt nh in th. Ion K l ion nghch. Keo AgI tro
dung dch KI l keo m.

nhn Micelle keo

* Ta cng c th biu din cu to ht keo theo s .
V d : S cu to ht keo m AgI.

11 /15

CHNG 4: BN VNG V S KEO T CA H PHN TN

1. bn vng S keo t:
Tnh bn vng ca h phn tn l kh nng duy tr c trng thi phn tn khng i theo thi gian.
- S keo t xy ra khi h khng c yu t lm bn hoc yu t lm bn b mt i, cc ht keo kt dnh
li vi nhau thnh tp hp ln hn, di tc dng ca trng lc n b lng xung.
iu kin h keo c bn
Mun cho h keo c bn vng, phi lm tng lc y tnh in, lm gim xc sut va chm hiu
qu ca cc ht keo.Thng ngi ta s dng cc phng php:
- To cho b mt cc ht keo hp ph in tch (lm tng 1 v ).
- Gi cho h keo c nng nh.
2. C ch v ng hc ca s keo t bng cht in ly:
Cc yu t nh hng n hin tng keo t nh: thi gian (s gi ca h keo), tc dng ca trng
in t, tc dng c hc, un nng hay lm lnh, s c mt ca cht in ly. Mi loi tc dng u c
mt c im ring, nhng c im chung cho chng l: ph hng ro nng lng v h thng gi
bn, chuyn sang trng thi bn vng nhit ng (gim nng lng t do ca h).
S keo t xy ra trong h keo l cc ht trc tip dnh kt vi nhau khi chng va chm vo nhau,
nhng khng phi bt c va chm no cng a n s dnh kt m ch c mt t l va chm nht
nh l c hiu qu.
Tnh cht ca b mt ht c nh hng n s keo t. Khi thm mt lng nh cht hp ph vo
h, nhng tnh cht b mt thay i mnh v hiu qu ca cc va chm cng thay i. Khi hu ht cc
va chm u dn n s dnh kt th ta gi l s keo t nhanh. Keo t chm l keo t m ch c mt
phn trong s cc va chm dn ti s dnh kt. Kho st ng hc ca s keo t nhanh cho thy tc
ca s keo t (hay s thay i nng ht trong mt n v th tch v mt n v thi gian) ph
thuc vo cc yu t: nng ht ban u, bn knh hot ng ca ht, h s khuch tn.
S keo t bng cht in ly.
Qui tc Schulze- Hardy
* Ch c cc ion tch in tri du vi ht keo mi c kh nng keo t.
* Kh nng keo t ca cc ion cng ln (ngng keo t cng nh) nu ha tr ca chng cng cao; i
vi cc ion c cng ha tr th kh nng keo t tng khi bn knh ion tng.
Nhng ion hu c c kh nng keo t mnh hn nhiu so vi nhng ion v c c cng ha tr bi v
chng km phn cc v b hp ph mnh trn b mt ht keo.

BI TP V CU HI
Bi 1: Xc nh b mt ring i vi cc ht sau:
-6
c dng khi lp phng vi cnh 10 m
-6
c dng khi cu vi ng knh 10 m
c dng khi tr vi ng cao v bn knh y bng 10
(p s: 6.10 6 m -1 ; 6.10 6 m -1 ; 4.10 6 m -1 )

-6

-4
Bi 2: Ngi ta nghin 1kg than ci thnh ht c ng knh 0,8.10 m. Khi lng ring ca than
2
-3
ci l 1,8.10 kg.m . Tnh b mt tng ca than ny?
(p s: 416,6 m 2 )
Bi 3: Tnh gi tr b mt ring ca kaolin c nghin thnh ht c dng khi cu ng knh
-5
3
-3
0,8.10 m, bit rng khi y khi lng ring ca kaolin l 2,5.10 kg.m v xem nh h n phn
-1
2 -1
tn. (Gi tr b mt ring tnh ra n v m , v m .kg
(p s: 7,5.10 5 m -1 75 m 2 .kg -1 )
Bi 4: Huyn ph t st trong nc gm cc ht dng khi cu, trong 80% ht c ng knh 10
5
-5
m, phn cn li l nhng ht c ng knh 5.10 m. Tnh b mt ring v phn tn ca h?
(p s: 5,24.10 5 m -1 ; 0,84.10 5 )
Bi 5: Xc nh s ht c to thnh khi phn tn 0,2 g thy ngn thnh cc ht dng khi cu c
-8
-3
ng knh 8.10 m. Bit khi lng ring ca thy ngn bng 13,54 g.cm .
(p s: 55.1011 ht)
-6 3
Bi 6: Bng phng php siu hin vi xc nh c trong th tch 2.10 m kh l si cha
-12
-3
80 tiu phn bi. Nng ca sol kh bng 1.10
kg.m , khi lng ring ca pha phn tn l
3
-3
2.10 kg.m . Tnh kch thc trung bnh ca ht, nu bit ht c dng khi lp phng?
(p s: 2,32.10-8 m)
-11 3
Bi 7: Bng phng php siu hin vi xc nh c 53 tiu phn du trong th tch 1,5.10 m sol
-5
-3
3
-3
kh. Bit nng ca sol kh l 2,1.10 kg.m , khi lng ring ca pha phn tn l 0,92.10 kg.m .
Cho rng cc tiu phn pha phn tn c dng khi cu, tnh bn knh trung bnh ca tiu phn?
(p s: 5,4.10 -7 m)
Bi 8: Di y l kt qu nghin cu s hp ph kh CO trn than hot tnh 273 K
P (mmHg) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
3
V (cm ) 10,3 19,2 27,3 34,1 40,0 45,5 48,0
Tnh hng s cn bng hp ph v th tch kh CO b hp ph cc i trn than. Cho rng qu trnh
hp ph tun theo qui lut phng trnh hp ph ng nhit Langmuir.
(p s: 7,4.10-3 mmHg -1 ; 150 cm3 )

Bi 9: xc nh b mt ring ca TiO2 ngi ta cho kh nit hp ph ln 1 gam TiO2 nhit

75K. Kt qu nh sau:
P (mmHg) 1,20 14,0 45,8 87,5 127,7 164,4
3
V (cm )
235 559 649 719 790 860
Bit 75 K p sut hi bo ha ca N2 bng 570 mmHg, th tch ca N2 c iu chnh iu
kin tiu chun.
Tnh th tch kh nit b hp ph cc i trn TiO2 ; hng s C trong phng trnh BET
v b mt ring ca TiO2 trn 1 g mu? (p s: 620 cm3 ; 290; 2667m2.g-1)
Bi 10: So snh cng nh sng phn tn ca hai nh tng c cng nng v cng kch thc
ht l nh tng a: benzen trong nc, nh tng b: n-pentan trong nc. Bit chit sut ca cc cht
o 273 K ln lt l: benzen trong nc c nB = 1,5 ; n- pentan trong nc c nP = 1,36 v nc c
no = 1,33.
(p s: cng nh sng phn tn ca nh tng a ln hn b khong 30,8 ln)
Bi 11: Dung dch latex polyisopren c chiu sng ln lt bng nh sng n sc vi bc sng
-9
-9
trong cc ln chiu l 530.10 m v 680.10 m. Hi trong trng hp no cng nh sng trong
h nghin cu mnh hn, v mnh hn bao nhiu ln?
(p s: 2,71 ln)
o
Bi 12: Huyn ph cha 1 gam hemoglobin trong 1 lit nc c p sut thm thu 25 C bng
-4
3,6.10 atm. Xc nh khi lng ca ht hemoglobin?
(p s: 10-19 g)
Bi 13: Xc nh h s khuch tn ca phm -Congo trong dung dch nc, nu gradien nng
3
-4 2
bng 0,5 kg.m v lng cht dch chuyn qua tit din 25.10 m sau 2 gi l 4,9.10-7g.
(p s: 196.10-9 m2.gi-1 )
Bi 14: Vit s cu to ca micelle keo ZnS c to ra khi cho dung dch long km sulfat tc
dng vi dung dch amoni sulfur, trong cc trng hp:
Dng d km sulfat
Dng d amoni sulfur
3
Bi 15: iu ch sol dng AgI cn dng 80 cm dung dch KI 0,015N. Vy cn dng bao
3
nhiu cm dung dch AgNO3 0,005N iu ch c sol y? Vit cng thc ca micelle keo c
to thnh.
(p s: >240 cm3 )
Bi 16: Dung dch keo As2S3 thu c t dung dch rt long Asen (III) hydroxyd vi lng d dung
dch long H2S theo phn ng sau:
H3AsO3 + H2S As2S3 + 6 H2O
Khi t h vo in trng, cc ht keo di chuyn v in cc no? Gii thch bng cng thc micelle
keo v in tch quyt nh hiu th ca ht keo?

Bi 17: Sol AgI c iu ch t phn ng trao i gia AgNO 3 v lng d KI. Tip theo ngi ta
dng mt trong cc dung dch K2SO4 v (CH3COO)2Ca (c cng nng mol) lm keo t sol thu
c trn. Hi dung dch no trong s 2 dung dch trn s gy keo t mnh hn? V sao?
-6
Bi 18: Ngng keo t ca dung dch mui nhm sulfat i vi dung dch keo As 2S3 l 96.10
-3
-3
kmol.m . Hi cn bao nhiu ml dung dch mui nhm sulfat nng 0,01 kmol.m gy keo t
-1 3
10 m dung dch keo As2S3 ni trn?
Bi 19: Keo Fe(OH)3 c c do s thy phn khng hon ton mui st (III) clorur b keo t bng
cc dung dch sau: natri sulfur, natri clorur, bari clorur. Cht in ly no c tc dng keo t mnh hn?
V sao?
-5
-1
Bi 20: Tc ri ca ht thch anh trong nc l 2,5.10 m.s ; di ca ng cha huyn ph
-3
-2
ny l 0,2 m; hiu in th l 200 V; nht ca mi trng l 1.10 N.s.m v hng s in mi
ca h huyn ph ny l 80. Tnh th in ng hc ca ht thch anh trong h ny?
(p s: 35,2 mV)
-10 2 -1
Bi 21: Xc nh bn knh ht ca sol bc iodur, bit h s khuch tn ca h l 1,2. 10
m .s ;
-3
-2
nht ca mi trng l 10 N.s.m v nhit l 298 K.
(p s:1,82.10 -6 m)